Upload
richard-di-bona
View
113
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 1
Wilkie Lam BSc, MSc, CEng, MICE, MHKIE, CMILT Managing Director, LLA Consultancy Ltd, [email protected]
Dr. Thomas Huang BSc, MSc General Manager, LLA (Shanghai) Consultancy Ltd,
Richard Di Bona BA(Hons), MSc, MBA, CMILT, MCIHT Director, LLA Consultancy Ltd, [email protected]
2014 Smart City Expo & Congress
Shanghai, China, 16-18 October 2014
Smart Transport for
Smart Cities
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 2
Introduction
Hong Kong practice established in 1996 China practice (里里通) established in 2002 Over 1000 transport-related projects for various clients including the SAR Government, quasi-government organisations, major property developers, contractors, etc. ISO 9001:2008 certified.
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 3
20 Years’ International Experience
Our Projects
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 4
Partners
Clients
Real Estate
Architect
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 5
Latest Technologies and Trends
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 6
New Highlights of Smart Transport
Electronic Car Plate Electronic Road Pricing System
Smart Reversible Lanes Smart Crosswalk Smart GPS
Warning System of Traffic Safety
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 7
Smart Parking System Searching, Booking
Smart GPS
Identifying , Entering
Parking
Remote Payment
Smart GPS
Before Parking
Parking
Leaving
Indoor Positioning System
Indoor Positioning System
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 8
Micro Simulation
Plan Testing
Before Construction During Construction
Pedestrian Simulation of Retail
Retail Distribution Pedestrian Distribution
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 9
Problems with Current
Transport Planning
Approaches
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 10
Challenges: The Motor Car From 1960-2002: real income growth 2.0% p.a.
cars per capita growth 4.6% p.a. (Dargay, J., Gately, D. & Sommer, M. Vehicle Ownership and Income Growth, Worldwide: 1960-2030, Energy Journal, 2007, Vol. 28, No. 4)
• Compound growth: 130% income; 560% cars per capita
• Then add to this population growth
Despite massive investments in public transport • CapEx & OpEx
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 11
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 12
A Need to Critique Standard Practice
Standard practice has NOT solved traffic congestion
Let alone delivered “smart solutions for smart cities”
New thinking and new approaches are necessary
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 13
Functional Road Hierarchy
Trunk Routes:
Higher speed & capacity
For longer distances
Higher Speeds
Distributors:
Between trunk & local roads
Local Roads:
Low speeds
In/around neighbourhoods
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 14
Traditional Public Transport Hierarchy
Heavy Rail:
Commuter Rail
Metro
Intermediate:
LRT or Monorail
Bus Rapid Transit
Local:
Bus
Minibus
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 15
Issues with Public Transport Hierarchy
For driving, a Functional Road Hierarchy makes sense:
It is quite easy to drive from one road to another (congestion permitting) – no need to change vehicle
But on Public Transport, passengers must physically interchange between services:
Time consuming
Inconvenient
Adds uncertainty to journey time
Passengers may not have a seat on the next leg
There may be substantial distances to walk/ roads to cross
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 16
Issues with Interchange
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 17
Why Buses Can Be Good (or Not) With good bus networks, travellers sometimes prefer bus:
• Point-to-point journeys possible; no need to interchange
However, buses get caught up in congestion
• So journey times less reliable
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 18
Is Bus Priority (or BRT) the Answer?
Takes capacity away from other road users
Can intensify congestion and emissions
So might lead to more scarce land being used to reinstate road capacity
But the costs of
this seldom
considered
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 19
How Do Cities Plan Public Transport?
Due to the scale of investment and works required for mass transit, a strategic view is usually taken • This approach is infrastructure-focussed
• Aligns with how infrastructure engineers think
But for the passenger/ customer, the experience can be quite different • Many hassles faced by passengers are overlooked in the
strategic planning of infrastructure
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 20
Origin
Destination
Public Transport Trip: Strategic View
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 21
Origin
Destination
Journey Broken Down into Stages
Which is the weakest link?
Uncertainty at every stage.
Compound uncertainty worse.
Do not overlook any stage!
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 22
Walking is Not Always Easy! What about: The elderly? Disabled? With young
children? Heavy
shopping bags?
In bad weather?
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 23
Waiting Uncertainty: increases with interchange
Comfort, safety, security of facilities – and bad weather?
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 24
Onboard: Comfort, Crowding, etc
Crowding
Comfort: getting a seat? Temperature
Security
news.bbc.co.uk
www.straitstimes.com news.com.au
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 25
Feeders – Journey Time Reliability www.unblockcambridge.com
author’s photo author’s photo
author’s photo
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 26
A New Way Forward:
Personal Rapid Transit
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 27
What is Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)?
Automated guideway transit system
Vehicles for an individual or small group (family or friends) travelling together
On a segregated network
Trips are non-stop without transfers
All stations are on bypasses
• No interference with mainline traffic
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 28
What does Personal Rapid Transit Offer?
No travelling with strangers: Sense of security
Stations can be spaced far more closely than metro
Point-to-point journeys: • No transfers between lines needed
• Mass customisation
Likely quicker journeys for passengers: • No intermediate stopping
• Service available on demand, minimal wait
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 29
Smart Transport for Smart Cities
What would the key features be for
“Smart Transport for Smart Cities”?
Three perspectives:
The passenger perspective: the customer
The operator (developer) perspective
The city’s perspective: government, social, environmental
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 30
Smart City Transport: Passenger Perspectives
Accessible, especially for those with children, luggage, the mobility impaired, etc; with minimal road crossings
Provide reliable information on journey times
Comfortable, convenient, safe, secure, affordable
Like car without the hassle of parking or congestion
Like taxi without the hassle of finding one
Public transport without crowding, strangers, interchange or inconvenient service schedules
Personalised: “mass customisation”
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 31
Smart City Transport: Operator Perspective
Reliable and robust systems: good automation
Easy to manage:
• Reduced reliance of factors beyond immediate control
(e.g. issue metro operators face with bus feeders)
Affordable and quick to build
Cheap to operate
Offers adequate capacity and flexibility to add or alter routes (a current advantage of bus over rail)
Ideally, profitable to implement and operate
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 32
Smart City Transport: City Perspective
Affordable for cities:
• Minimise CapEx requirements
• Reduce or eliminate OpEx subsidies (ideally profitable?)
Easy to implement
• Modest space-take; minimal take of ground level space
• Able to fit/ retrofit into small areas
• Quick to implement
System attractive to users:
• Makes investment worthwhile
• Can have a real impact on traffic congestion
And so can help “green” the city
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 33
LLA’s Experience with Personal Rapid Transit
LLA has been following Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) for more than 10 years
We have reviewed a number of systems • Some are better than others
A critical difference is between heavy, supported PRT’s and lightweight suspended PRT’s
Heavy, Supported PRT Lightweight, Suspended PRT
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 34
Issues with Heavy Supported PRT Systems
Maximum gradient (of best-in-class) = 10%. So either:
• Wholly elevated: expensive; accessibility issues for stations;
• At street-level: substantial land-take and interference with pedestrians and street traffic; or,
• Elevated track with very long ramps for street-level stations
Systems become more expensive and visually intrusive
Harder to fit/ retrofit into urban environments
Fewer stations possible per km of track
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 35
The Need for a Light, Suspended PRT Solution
LLA prefers lightweight, suspended PRT: Maximum ramp gradient = 45 degrees. Turning radius = 3m Main track 5-15m above ground, with street-level stops: • Minimises ground level space-take • Allows good accessibility for mobility impaired • Does not interfere with road traffic or pedestrians • Can easily be fitted/ retrofitted into urban spaces
Modular track design enables rapid construction Can have stations 200m apart; and on either side of road
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 37
Capacity for five people, or two with bicycles, those with shopping bags, pushchairs, wheelchairs (level boarding)
Cornering: swivel suspension means that no super-elevation (cost) of track is required. Journeys are comfortable
Offers real-time journey information
Reliable journey times
Aboard the PRT
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 39
Due to cost of traditional LRT, monorail, metro systems, often there are relatively few lines
But a grid of lightweight, suspended PRT tracks is possible:
• Spreads demand across the network
• Increased boarding/ alighting capacity per unit area
• Decreases walk-in distances
• 500m grid results in most destinations under 200m from a stop
• More point-to-point journeys: improved market penetration
Property development benefits would be more widespread, covering larger areas of a city than possible with metro stations 1-2km apart
Developing an Urban Grid
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 40
Metro: Stations Spaced at 2000m
Within 50m
Within 200m
Within 300m
Within 500m 2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 41
Metro: Stations Spaced at 1000m
Within 50m
Within 200m
Within 300m
Within 500m 2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 42
One Line of PRT
Within 50m
Within 200m
Within 300m
Within 500m 2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 43
PRT with 1000-metre grid
Within 50m
Within 200m
Within 300m
Within 500m 2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 44
PRT with 500-metre grid
Within 50m
Within 200m
Within 300m
Within 500m 2km x 2km area:
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 45
Comparison of Area Coverage % of Area within
Station Catchment Area
Metro Spaced at
2000m
Metro Spaced at
1000m
PRT: One Line
PRT: 1000m
Grid
PRT: 500m Grid
Within 50m 0.3% 0.5% 2% 6% 10%
Within 200m 4% 7% 19% 61% 96%
Within 300m 9% 16% 31% 82% 100%
Within 500m 25% 44% 54% 100% 100%
Beyond 500m 75% 56% 46% 0% 0%
Track km (Two-way) 2km 2km 2km 8km 16km
Likely Capital Cost ¥2,000m ¥2,000m <¥100m <¥400m <¥750m
Grids of PRT offer Smart Cities an effective, efficient and Smart transport system
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 46
Take Advantage of the Cost Difference
Capital Costs (RMBm/km)
Capacity (passengers/ hour/direction)
Capacity per RMBm
System Range Say (A) Range Say (B) (B) ÷ (A)
Heavy Metro ¥320-1600m ¥960m 30-90,000 60,000 63
Light Metro ¥240-560m ¥400m 10-40,000 25,000 63
LRT ¥80-560m ¥320m 5-40,000 23,000 72
Tram ¥40-200m ¥120m 2.5-20,000 11,000 92
Monorail ¥210-610m ¥410m 1-15,000 8,000 20
PRT ¥30–60m ¥45m 8,250 8,250 183
Note: Cheaper LRTs &Trams are street-level systems (interfering with traffic)
PRT has a tremendous capital cost advantage over alternatives
Offers tremendous cost effectiveness, relative to alternatives
Lam, Huang, Di Bona Smart Transport for Smart Cities 2014 Smart City China Expo & Conference, Shanghai, China, 16-18 October, 2014 47
Any queries, please contact us
Booth 3D69
LLA HK 里里通(上海)
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]
Our Website :
www.lla.com.hk www.llashanghai.com.cn
Thank You!