Shaping Argument: 4 Ways

1)Classical Oration

2) Induction

3)Deduction

4)Toulmin Model

Shape:• the organization or

the arrangement

• Shape should fit the ideas…don’t force it

The Rhetorical Triangle

Speaker =

Subject = LogosPathos: Audience

Ethos

Rhetorical

Context

Exigence:an issue, problem, or situation that

causes or prompts someone to write

or speak.

Classical Oration: 5 part structureTerm Latin Term FunctionIntroduction Exordium • Introduces the reader to the

subject• Gets attention• Establishes Ethos

Narration Narratio • Provides facts and background info

• Est. why the subject is a problem & needs to be addressed

• Appeals to pathos (& logos)Confirmation Confirmatio • Includes the development

and proof • Specific & concrete details• Appeal to Logos

Classical Oration: 5 part structureTerm Latin Term FunctionRefutation Refutatio • Addresses the counter

• Bridge between the proof and the conclusion

• Appeal to Logos• Can come as the 2nd para.

Conclusion Peroratio • Brings the essay to a close• Appeals to pathos• Reminds reader of Ethos• Brings all the ideas together• Answers the question, So

what?• Last words…audience will

remember

“Not by Math Alone” (O’Connor & Romer, 2006)

1) Read the essay - together2) Label the parts (classical oration) –together3) Answer questions – on own

The Rhetorical Triangle

Speaker =

Subject = LogosPathos: Audience

Ethos

Rhetorical

Context

Exigence:an issue, problem, or situation that

causes or prompts someone to write

or speak.

Shaping Argument: 4 Ways

1)Classical Oration

2) Induction

3)Deduction

4)Toulmin Model

Shape:• the organization or

the arrangement

• Shape should fit the ideas…don’t force it

Shaping Argument: InductionTerm Latin Term Function

Induction Inducere (to lead into) • Arrange an argument so it leads from the particulars to the universals

• Uses specific cases to draw a conclusion

• Collects evidence and drawing an inference based on the evidence to make a conclusion

Example: Regular exercise promotes weight loss.

Exercise lowers stress levels.

Exercise improves mood and outlook.

Generalization: Exercise contributes to better health.

Shaping Argument: InductionTerm Latin Term Function

Induction Inducere (to lead into) • Arrange an argument so it leads from the particulars to the universals

• Uses specific cases to draw a conclusion

• Collects evidence and drawing an inference based on the evidence to make a conclusion

Examples When Used: * Scientific Method* Essay supported by reasons* Car buying

One more thing: • Not “true or false” arg.,

but…• “weak or strong”• Consider exceptions to the

rules…vulnerabilities• Cannot lead to certainty,

only probability

“from Outliers” (Malcolm Gladwell)

1) Read the essay - together2) Dissect according to induction

Shaping Argument: DeductionTerm Function

Deduction

(Syllogism: logical structure that uses major and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion)

• Reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise)

• Apply the principle to specific case (minor premise)

Example:

Major Premise: Exercise contributes to better health.

Minor Premise: Yoga is a type of exercise.

Conclusion: Yoga contributes to better health.

Shaping Argument: DeductionTerm Function

Deduction

(Syllogism: logical structure that uses major and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion)

• Reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise)

• Apply the principle to specific case (minor premise)

Example:

Major Premise: Celebrities are role models for young people.

Minor Premise: Lindsey Lohan is a celebrity

Conclusion: Lindsey Lohan is a role model for young people.

Note: Strength: if first 2 premises are true = conclusion is logically validWeakness: if either premise is false = conclusion can be challenged

“The Declaration of Independence” (Thomas Jefferson)Example of combo of both INDUCTION & DEDUCTION

1) Read the primary source - together2) Dissect according to induction & induction

The argument of the entire document can be distilled into this syllogism:

Major Premise:

Minor Premise:

Conclusion:

“The Declaration of Independence” (Thomas Jefferson)Example of combo of both INDUCTION & DEDUCTION

1) Read the primary source - together2) Dissect according to induction & induction

The argument of the entire document can be distilled into this syllogism:

Major Premise: Citizens have a right to rebel against a despot.

Minor Premise: King George III is a despot.

Conclusion: Citizens have a right to rebel against King George III

How does Jefferson PROOVE the minor premise?

The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsTerm FunctionClaim • Arguable assertions

• Conclusion whose merit we are seeking to establish

Support (evidence) • First hand or second hand “proof”

Warrant (assumption) • Expresses the assumption shared by the speaker and the audience

• Links the claim to the evidence• Similar to the minor premise

Backing • Further assurances or data• Without, the assumption lacks authority

Qualifier • “tempers” the claim; makes it less absolute• EX: usually, maybe, probably, most likely…

Reservation • Explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements

Evidence

Assumption

Backing

Qualifier Reservation

Claim

Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 Elements

Evidence:(it is raining)

Assumption(an umbrella will keep me dry)

Backing(the material is waterproof)

Qualifier(probably)

Reservation(unless it has a hole in it)

Claim(I should take my umbrella)

Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share

Evidence

Assumption

Backing

Qualifier Reservation

Claim

Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share

1) Grades should be abolished because they add stress to the

learning experience.1)Identify the assumption that would link the claim to

its support.2)Use the format:Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share

2) Until you buy me a diamond, I won’t know that you

love me!1)Identify the assumption that would link the claim to

its support.2)Use the format:Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share

3) If we want to decrease gang violence, we should legalize

drugs.1)Identify the assumption that would link the claim to

its support.2)Use the format:Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share

4) You must obey her because she is your mother.

1)Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support.

2)Use the format:Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

The Toulmin Model: 6 ElementsThink-Pair-Share

5) Wifi should be available to everyone without cost since the Internet has

become a vital part of our lives.

1)Identify the assumption that would link the claim to its support.

2)Use the format:Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation).

Vocab 4:2 Quiz…Prefix Meaning

De Opposite, away, from

Dis, Dif, Di Apart, not

Epi Upon, on top

Equi Equal

Ex, E Out, From, Forth