Sharifian Morocco and the Ottoman Empire

The Western Reaches of Civilization under Siege

Four Islamic Empires and the Dar al-Four Islamic Empires and the Dar al-IslamIslam

A. Five Pillars of IslamA. Five Pillars of Islam

1. 1. ShahadaShahada — “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his — “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his messenger”messenger”

2. 2. SalatSalat ( (SalahSalah)— prayer toward Mecca five times a day)— prayer toward Mecca five times a day

3. 3. zakatzakat — alms (2½% of income above that for your own — alms (2½% of income above that for your own needs)needs)

4. 4. SawnSawn — fasting during the month of Ramadan — fasting during the month of Ramadan

5. 5. hajjhajj — pilgrimage to Mecca; — pilgrimage to Mecca; ihramihram; ; tawaftawaf

I. Sharifian Morocco

A. Dynasty (founded in 8th century)

1. sharif — descendent of Muhammad

2. Sufi influence

3. Opposition to Portuguese (16th century)

3. Opposition to Portuguese (16th century) (continued)

a. Portuguese took Ceuta (1415) and Tangiers (1471)

b. Muhammad ash-Sheikh (“al-Mahdi ”) took Fez

(1550)

c. Sa‘dians rule Morocco — 1554–1659

d. Battle of Alcazaralquivir (1578)

e. Sultan Ahmed I al-Mansur (1578–1603)

f. Moroccan army takes Timbuktu (1590)

A Moroccan Soldier Carrying an A Moroccan Soldier Carrying an ArquebusArquebus

El Badi Palace, MarrakeshEl Badi Palace, Marrakesh

El Badi Palace, MarrakeshEl Badi Palace, Marrakesh

Sankore Madrasa Gates (Timbuktu)Sankore Madrasa Gates (Timbuktu)

II. The Ottoman Empire

A. Early Figures

1. Osman defeated Byzantine army at Nicomedia (Izmit) in 1302

2. Mehmet II (1451–1481) conquered Constantinople in 1453

Ottoman Empire in 1683Ottoman Empire in 1683

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Mehmet I with HonorariesMehmet I with Honoraries

Mehmet II by Gentile BelliniMehmet II by Gentile Bellini

Siege of Constantinople 1453Siege of Constantinople 1453

Court SceneCourt Scene

II. The Ottoman Empire (continued)

B. The Ruling Institution — military organization (ghazis)

1. Sultan — “Shadow of God on Earth”

2. Harema. Imperial familyb. Personal servants and entertainersc. Those being educated for personal serviced. House servantse. Older women who teach, keep accounts, and

manage establishment

Patio of the ConcubinesPatio of the Concubines

II. The Ottoman Empire (continued)

B. The Ruling Institution (continued)

3. Grand Vizier = prime minister

4. Diwan = council of state

5. Timar = system of military land grants

6. Janissaries = “recruits”

7. Devshurmeh = “tribute children”

8. Ulama = “knowers” (Muslim scholars)

Janissary, drawing by Gentile BelliniJanissary, drawing by Gentile Bellini

SipahisSipahis

C. The Religious Institution — Islamic (Sunni)

1. Toleration for Christians (Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox) and Jews

a. called dhimmis (“People of the Book”)

b. Sultan appointed patriarch of “Constantinople”

c. Müfti (sheikh ül-Islam)

2. Only Muslims could hold high office

D. Süleymân the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566)

1. Views About:

a. Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq

b. Roger B. Merriman

c. Halil Inalcik

2. Hurrem (Khurrem) = Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana)

3. Topkapı Palace

SuleimanSuleiman

SuleimanSuleiman

Suleiman at MohacsSuleiman at Mohacs

Suleiman in Later YearsSuleiman in Later Years

Bas Relief in U.S. House of Bas Relief in U.S. House of RepresentativesRepresentatives

This is Not Hurrem (Khurrem) =This is Not Hurrem (Khurrem) =Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana)Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana)

Topkapi Palace from the BosphorusTopkapi Palace from the Bosphorus

Topkapi PalaceTopkapi Palace

TopkapiTopkapi

Gate of Salutation (Topkapi)Gate of Salutation (Topkapi)

Eunuch CortyardEunuch Cortyard

Imperial Hall (Topkapi)Imperial Hall (Topkapi)

Topkapi Palace InteriorTopkapi Palace Interior

Sultan’s BathSultan’s Bath

Enderun Library (Topkapi)Enderun Library (Topkapi)

Tilework from Enderun Library Tilework from Enderun Library (Topkapi)(Topkapi)

Gunroom (Topkapi)Gunroom (Topkapi)

D. Süleymân the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566) (continued)

4. Mimar Sinan, architect (ca. 1490–1588)

a. Shehzade mosque (1544–48) — Istanbul

b. Sulimaniye mosque (1550–57) — Istanbul

c. Selimiye mosque (1569–75) — Edirne

5. Barbaros Khayr ad-Din (d. 1546) — Admiral of Ottoman fleet

6. Ibrahim Pasha — Grand Vizier (d. 1536)

Selimiye Mosque in Edirne by SinanSelimiye Mosque in Edirne by Sinan

Dome of Selimiye Mosque in EdirneDome of Selimiye Mosque in Edirne

Barbaros Khayr ad-DinBarbaros Khayr ad-Din

Grand VizierGrand Vizier

E. Reasons for Its Success and Reasons for Its Decline

1. Trade

2. Administration

3. Leadership

4. Military Expansion

4. Military Expansion

a. Battle of Chaldiran (1514) against Safavids

b. Battle of Lepanto (1571) against Spain and Venice

c. Battle of Mohacs (1526)

d. First Siege of Vienna (1529)

e. Taking of Baghdad (1534)

f. Taking of Crete (1669)

g. Taking of Right-Bank Ukraine (1670’s) (“The Ruin”)

h. Second Siege of Vienna (1683)

Battle of Lepanto, 1571Battle of Lepanto, 1571

Siege of Vienna 1529Siege of Vienna 1529

Battle of Vienna 1683Battle of Vienna 1683

The EndThe End