Shivaji University, Kolhapur Department of Electrical ... · MTDC Systems, Control and Protection ... control of HVDC transmission. ... 3 Simulation to study Vd-Id characteristics

BE Electrical (Semester-VIII) Page 1

Shivaji University, Kolhapur

Department of Electrical Engineering

Course plans for B.E. (Semester-VIII)

Scheme of Teaching & Examination

Semester VIII

Sr.

No Category

Teaching scheme per week Contact

Hours

Examination(Marks)

Course Title L T P Theory T W POE Total

1 ES Law for

Engineers 2 2 50 50

2 EE HVDC

Systems 4 2 6 100 50 150

3 EE EHVAC 4 4 100 100

4 EE

Electrical

Generation and

Utilization

4 2 6 100 50 150

5 EE Elective II 4 2 6 100 50 150

6 EE Project Phase

II 6 6 100 100 200

Toatl 18 2 10 30 450 200 150 800

Elective I

1. FACTS

2. Signal Processing For Electrical Engineering

3. Industrial Automation and SCADA

4. Restructured Power Systems

Elective II

1. Embedded Systems

2. High Voltage Engineering

3. Advanced Relaying

4. Electrical maintenance and electrical energy audit.


INDEX

Sr. No. Subject Code Page No.

1 HVDC Systems EE 412 03

2 EHVAC EE 413 13

3 Electrical Generation and Utilization EE 414 22

4 Elective II

(Electrical maintenance and electrical energy

audit.)

EE 416 35


Course plan for HVDC System

Course Code ELE 412 Course Title HVDC System

Prepared by Mr. Pravin G. Dhawale,

Mr.I.D.Pharne Semester AY 2017-18, Sem II

Prerequisites Student known the fundamental idea of Power Electronics & Power System.

Course Outcomes

At the end of the course the students should be able to:

CO412.1 Explain1 the basic principle HVDC system and overall HVDC system.

CO412.2 Describe2 the basic concepts of grid control and characteristics.

CO412.3 Compare2the different methods for protection of HVDC system.

CO412.4 Analyze4 the harmonics in HVDC system and use of different filters in HVDC

system.

CO412.5 Explain1the basic concepts for reactive power compensation in HVDC system.

CO412.6 Compare2the different types of multi-terminal DC Systems.

Mapping of COs with POs

POs

COs a b c d E f G h i j k

CO412.1 2

CO412.2 3

CO412.3 3

CO412.4 3

CO412.5 3

CO412.6 3

1 Mild correlation 2 Moderato correlation 3 Strong correlation

Course Contents

Unit

No. Title

No. of

Hours

1 General Background: Trends in transmission Voltages, Hierarchical Levels

in transmission and distribution, Standard rated voltage of EHV-AC and 8


HVDC, General aspects HVDC

Transmission: Constitution of EHVAC and DC links, Kinds of DC links,

HVDC projects in India and abroad, limitations and advantages of HVDC

transmission over EHVAC, Layout of HVDC station. Deep Hole Ground

Electrode, Electrolytic Corrosion, factors for General Design of Electrodes

2

Grid Control and Characteristics: Grid control of thyristor, valve-Analysis

with grid control with no overlap, overlap less than 60 degrees and overlap

greater than 60 degrees. Basic means of control, Power reversal, manual

control and its limitations-constant current versus constant voltage, desired

features of control, actual control characteristics-constant minimum ignition

angle, current and extinction angle controls – stability of control, power

control and current limits.

10

3

Protection: Disoperation of converters-short circuit on a rectifier –

commutation failure, causes and remedies – Protection of HVDC system,

d.c. rectors, damper circuits, Over-current protection and over-voltage

protection, clearing fault and reenergizing the line.

06

4

Harmonics and Filters: Characteristic and uncharacteristic harmonics-causes,

consequences and suppression-Troubles caused by harmonics, Harmonic

filters- Types, Location, series or shunt, sharpness of tuning.

06

5

Reactive Power Compensation: Concept of reactive power compensation-

reactive Power balance in HVDC substations-Effect of angle of advance and

extinction angle on reactive power requirement of converters.

04

6

Multi-terminal DC Systems: Introduction, Configurations and Types of

MTDC Systems, Control and Protection of MTDC Systems Types of

MTDC

Systems, Reversal of Power in MTDC System, Comparison between MTDC

and AC Interconnections HVDC Light: E Introduction to VSC transmission

&Structure , Introduction to HVDC light technology.

10


Reference Books:

Sr. No. Title of Book Author Publisher/Edition Topics

1 Direct Current

Transmission E.W. Kimbark

John Wiley, New

York Edn. 1971 1,2,3

2 HVDC Power

Transmission System K.R. Padiya Wiley Eastern Ltd 3,4

3 Power Transmission by

Direct Current

E. Usdimann

Springer Verlag

Springer Verlag,

Berlin Edn. 1975 1,5,6

4 EHVAC and HVDC

Transmission S.S. RaoKhanna Khanna Pub. Delhi. 2,3,5,6

Evaluation scheme:

Examination

Scheme

Theory Term Work OE Total

Max. Marks 100 --------- 50 150

Contact

Hours/ week

4 --------- 02 06

Scheme of Marks

Section Unit No. Title Marks

I

1 General Background of HVDC 26

2 Grid Control and Characteristics 22

3 Protection 22

II

4 Harmonics and Filters 20

5 Reactive Power Compensation 18

6 Multi-terminal DC Systems 24

Course Unitization

CO Evaluation Remark


CO412.1 CAT 1 1 question on unit 1 and 2 with 15 marks each

CO412.2


CO412.4


CO412.6

Unit wise Lesson Plan

Unit No Unit Title Planned Hrs.

1 General Background of HVDC 08

Lesson schedule

Class

No.

Details to be covered

1 General Background: Trends in transmission Voltages

2 Hierarchical Levels in transmission and distribution.

3 Standard rated voltage of EHV-AC and HVDC.

4 General aspects HVDC Transmission: Constitution of EHVAC and DC links

5 HVDC projects in India and abroad.

6 Limitations and advantages of HVDC transmission over EHVAC.

Review Questions

Q1 Draw a neat sketch of typical HVDC station layout. Explain the function

of each equipment shown.

CO412.1

Q2 Explain the types of DC links used in DC transmission system CO412.1

Unit No 2 Unit Title Planne

d Hrs. 10

2 Grid Control and Characteristics

Unit Outcomes:

UO To understand the basic concepts Grid Control and Characteristics CO412.2

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Grid control of thyristor.

2 Valve-Analysis with grid control with no overlap.

3 Overlap less than 60 degrees and overlap greater than 60 degrees.


4 Basic means of control, Power reversal, manual control and its limitations.

5 Constant current versus constant voltage.

6 Desired features of control, actual control characteristics-constant minimum ignition

angle.

7 Current and extinction angle controls.

8 Stability of control, power control and Current limits.

Review Questions

Q1 Explain basic means of control, power reversal and limitations of manual

control of HVDC transmission.

CO412.2

Q2 Explain power control and current limits. CO412.2

Unit No 3 Unit Title Protection

Plann

ed

Hrs.

06

Unit Outcomes:

UO To understand the basic concepts of protection of HVDC system CO412.3

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Misoperation of converters

2 Short circuit on a rectifier.

3 Commutation failure causes and remedies.

4 Protection of HVDC system.

5 Over current protection.

6 Over current protection & Over-voltage protection.

Review Questions

Q1 State and explain the misoperations of converters. CO412.3

Q2 Explain the process of fault clearing and reenergizing the HVDC line. CO412.3

Section II

Unit No 4 Unit Title Harmonics and Filters Planned

Hrs. 06

Unit Outcomes:

UO To understand the basic concepts of Harmonics and Filters in HVDC

system

CO412.4

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Harmonics and Filters.

2 Characteristic and uncharacteristic harmonics

3 Causes, consequences and suppression-Troubles caused by harmonics.


4 Harmonic filters- Types, Location, series.

5 Shunt, sharpness of tuning.

6 Case study

Review Questions

Q1 Explain the use of dc reactor and damper circuits in HVDC systems. CO412.4

Q2 Differentiate and explain characteristic and non-characteristic harmonics. CO412.4

Unit No 5 Unit Title Reactive Power Compensation Planned

Hrs. 04

Unit Outcomes:

UO To understand the basic concepts of Reactive Power Compensation in

HVDC system

CO412.5

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Reactive Power Compensation.

2 Concept of reactive power compensation.

3 Reactive Power balance in HVDC substations.

4 Effect of angle of advance and extinction angle on reactive power

requirement of converters.

Review Questions

Q1 Explain the reactive power balance in HVDC substation. CO412.5

Q2 Explain the effect of angle of advance and extinction angle on reactive

power requirement of converterers.

CO412.5

Unit No 6 Unit Title Multi-terminal DC Systems Planned

Hrs. 08

Unit Outcomes:

UO To understand the basic concepts of Multi-terminal DC Systems CO412.6

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Multi-terminal DC Systems: Introduction.

2 Configurations and Types of MTDC Systems.

3 Control and Protection of MTDC Systems.

4 Control HVDC System.

5 Converter operation.

6 Case study.

Review Questions

Q1 Explain the configuration and types of MTDC systems. CO412.6

Q2 State the HVDC projects in India with technical details. Explain one in

detail.

CO412.6


Model Question Paper

Course Title :HVDC

Time: 3 Hrs. Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Attempt any three questions from each section.

2. Figure to the right indicate full marks.

3. Assume suitable data wherever necessary

4. Draw neat sketches wherever necessary.

1

a Explain kinds of DC links with neat sketches. 08

b Compare HVDC transmission with EHVAC transmission on the basis of

technical performance, economical aspects and reliability.

10

2

a Draw and explain equivalent circuit of DC transmission for average current

and voltages in steady state. Hence explain basic means of control.

08

b Explain and compare constant current versus constant voltage control of DC

transmission.

08

3

a Sketch the layout of typical HVDC station and explain the function of each

equipment.

08

b Draw and explain individual and combined CIA, CC and CEA converter

control characteristics.

10

4

a Explain stability of control. How damper circuit helps in stability? 08

b Explain power control and current limits for dc transmission. Draw relevant

sketch showing these limits.

08

5 a

Explain short circuit and commutation failure faults in converters. State their

remedies.

08

b Explain protection of HVDC system using dc reactor and damper circuits. 08

6 a

What are characteristics and un- characteristics harmonics? State their causes.

Explain troubles caused by harmonics.

08

b Classify and explain harmonic filter. 10

7

a Explain the cause of over voltages in HVDC system. Explain methods of

protection against them.

08

b What is the effect of angle of advance and excitation angle on reactive power

requirement of converters?

08

8 a

State HVDC projects in India with their Technical details. Explain one in

detail.

08

b Explain configuration and types of MTDC systems. 08

Lab Plan

1 Study state & transient performance of 12 pulse HVDC transmission system


2 Study & Simulation of Thyrister Based HVDC Model.

3 Simulation to study Vd-Id characteristics with constant minimum ignition angle control

for

Controlled rectifier.

4 Study Simulation model of HVDC system (with bridge Rectifier and SPWM

Inverter).

5 Simulation to Study Vd-Id characteristics with constant extinction angle control of

inverter.

6 Simulation to study three phases SPWM Inverter.

7 Study of effect of angle of advance and extinction angle on reactive power on the

converter

and inverter side.

8 Simulation to Study of harmonics generated on converter and inverter side due to angle

of

advance and extinction.

9 Simulation to study effect of Tuned Filters on the converter harmonics

10 Simulation to study Low AC Voltage Detection & Voltage Dependant Current Order

Limiter

(VDCOL)

Assignments

Question

No.

Unit No.1- Assignment

1 Explain kinds of DC links with neat sketches.

2 Compare HVDC transmission with EHVAC transmission on the basis of technical

performance, economical aspects and reliability.

3 Draw and explain equivalent circuit of DC transmission for average current and

voltages in steady state. Hence explain basic means of control.

4 Explain and compare constant current versus constant voltage control of DC

transmission.



1 Explain short circuit and commutation failure faults in converters. State their

remedies.

2 Explain protection of HVDC system using dc reactor and damper circuits.


3 Explain over current protection and overvoltage protection.

4 Explain the process of fault clearing and reenergizing of HVDC lines.


1 Classify and explain harmonic filter.

2 What are characteristics and un- characteristics harmonics? State their causes.

Explain troubles caused by harmonics.

3 State and explain types of filter used in HVDC.

4 State and explain types of filter by its location and the manner of connection to

main circuit

5 Classify and explain harmonic filter.


1 Explain the cause of over voltages in HVDC system. Explain methods of protection

against them.

2 What is the effect of angle of advance and excitation angle on reactive power

requirement of converters?

3 State HVDC projects in India with their Technical details. Explain one in detail.

4 Explain configuration and types of MTDC systems.

5 Explain the cause of over voltages in HVDC system. Explain methods of protection

against them.



transmission.

2 Sketch the layout of typical HVDC station and explain the function of each

equipment.

3 Draw and explain individual and combined CIA, CC and CEA converter control

characteristics.

4 Explain stability of control. How damper circuit helps in stability?




2 Compare HVDC transmission with EHVAC transmission on the basis of technical

performance, economical aspects and reliability.

3 Draw and explain equivalent circuit of DC transmission for average current and

voltages in steady state. Hence explain basic means of control.


transmission.



Course plan for EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

Course Code ELE 413 Course EHVAC

Prepared by Mr.R.G.Datar Semester AY 2017-18, Sem II

Prerequisites The student should know about the basic concepts of Power System and high

voltage transmission system.

Course Outcomes


CO413.1 Describe2 the stability of EHVAC transmission line and its characteristics.

CO413.2 Explain2 line and ground power system parameters and their properties.

CO413.3 Explain2 voltage gradients of conductor and corona loss for EHVAC

CO413.4 State1 theory of the traveling waves and standing wave.

CO413.5 Describe2lighting protection systems and concept of Insulation Co-ordinations.

CO413.6 Compare4 types ofover voltage in EHVAC systems

CO413.7 Summarize2 power system performance in EHVAC and power frequency

voltage control


POs

COs

a b c d e f g h i j k

CO413.1 3

CO413.2 2

CO413.3 3

CO413.4 2

CO413.5 3

CO413.6 3

CO413.7 3

1 Mild correlation 2 Moderate correlation 3 Strong correlation

Course Contents

Unit

No. EXTRA HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM.

No. of

Hours


1.

INTRODUCTION TO EHVAC&CALCULATION OF LINE AND

GROUND PARAMETERS:Engineering aspect and growth of EHVAC

Transmission line trends and preliminaries, power transferability, transient

stability, transient stability limit, and surge impedance loading, Resistance

power loss, temperature rise properties of bundled conductors, Inductance and

Capacitance, calculation of sequence inductions and capacitance line

parameters for modes of propagations, resistance and inductance of the

ground return.

10

2.

VOLTAGE GRADIENTS OF CONDUCTOR:Charge potential relations for

multi-conductor lines, surface voltage gradients on the conductor line, surface

voltage gradients on conductors, distribution of voltage gradients on sub

conductors of bundle. I*I * R and corona loss corona loss formula charge

voltage diagram with corona ,attenuation of traveling waves due to corona

loss Audible noise, corona pulses, Their generation and properties, limit for

radio interface fields.

8

3.

THEORY OF THE TRAVELING WAVES AND STANDING:The waves at

the power frequency, differential equations and solutions for general case,

standing waves and natural frequencies open ended line double exponential

response, response to sinusoidal Excitation, line energization with trapped

charge voltage, Refection and refraction of traveling waves.

6

4.

LIGHTNING AND LIGHTNING PROTECTION&INSULATION CO-

ORDINATIONS:Lightning strokes to lines their mechanism, General

principal of the lightning protections problems, low footing resistance,

lightning arrestor and protection characteristics different arrestors and their

characteristics, Insulation level, Voltage withstands levels of protected

equipments and insulation condition based on the lighting.

6

5. OVER VOLTAGE IN EHV SYSTEM COVERED BY SWITCHING

OPERATIONS:Over voltage their types,recovery voltage and circuits breaks ,

Ferro resonance over voltage and calculations ofswitching surges single phase

4


equivalents

6.

POWER FREQUENCY VOLTAGE CONTROL AND OVER

VOLTAGE:Generalized constants, charging current, power circle diagram,

and its use, Voltage control shunt and series components, Sub synchronous

resonance in series capacitor compensated lines and static reactive

compensating systems.

6

Reference Books:


1. EHV AC transmission Engineering. Rakosh Das

Begamudre

New age international

publication All

2.

EHVAC &HVDC transmission

system engineering analysis and

design.

------ JohnWiley & sons

Inc 3,4,5,6

3. EHV-AC and HVDC Transmission

& Distribution Engineering S. Rao KhannaPublisher 2,3,4,5

Evaluation scheme:

Examination

Scheme


Max. Marks 100 ------ ---- 100

Contact

Hours/ week

4 ------ ---- 04

Scheme of Marks

Unit No. Title Marks

1 Introduction to EHVAC and Calculation of line and ground parameters 24

2 Voltage gradients of conductor. 16

3 Theory of the Traveling waves and standing. 16


4 Lighting and lighting protection and Insulation Co-ordinations. 32

5 Over voltage in EHV system covered by switching operations. 16

6 Power frequency voltage control and over voltage. 16

Weightage may differ.

Course Unitization



CO413.2


CO413.4


CO413.6


Section I

Unit

No

1 Unit Title Introduction to EHVAC and Calculation of

line and ground parameters.

Planned

Hrs.

10

Lesson schedule

Class

No. Details to be covered

1 Engineering aspect and growth of EHVAC Transmission line trends and preliminaries,

2 Power transferability,

3 Transient stability,

4 Transient stability limit,

5 Surge impedance loading,

6 Resistance power loss,

7 Temperature rise properties of bundled conductors,

8 Inductance and Capacitance,

9 Calculation of sequence inductions and capacitance line parameters for modes of

propagations,


10 Resistance and inductance of the ground return,

Review Questions

Q1 State and explain difference between EHVAC Transmission line and

HVDC. CO413.1

Q2 What is meant by Stability, explain different terms related to Stability? CO413.1

Q3 Explain Temperature rise properties of bundled conductors. CO413.2

Q4 Explain and derive Calculation of sequence inductions and capacitance

line parameters for modes of propagation. CO413.2

Q5 Explain Resistance and inductance of the ground return. CO413.2

Unit

No 2 Unit Title Voltage gradients of conductor.

Planned

Hrs. 8

Lesson schedule

Class


1 Charge potential relations for multi-conductor lines,

2 Surface voltage gradients on the conductor line ,

3 Surface voltage gradients on conductors,

4 Distribution of voltage gradients on sub conductors of bundle. I*I*R and corona loss

5 Corona loss formula charge voltage diagram with corona ,

6 Attenuation of traveling waves due to corona loss Audible noise,

7 Corona pulses, Their generation and properties, limit for radio interference fields.

8 Their generation and properties, limit for radio interference fields.

Review Questions

Q1 Explain Charge potential relations for multi-conductor lines. CO413.3

Q2 Explain Corona loss formula charge voltage diagram with corona. . CO413.3

Q3 Explain Attenuation of traveling waves due to corona loss Audible noise, CO413.3

Q4 Explain Corona pulses, Their generation and properties, limit for radio

interference fields. CO413.3

Unit

No 3 Unit Title

Theory of the Traveling waves and

standing.

Planned

Hrs. 6

Lesson schedule

Class


1 The waves at the power frequency,

2 Differenential equations and solutions for generals case,

3 Standing waves and natural frequencies open ended line double exponential response,

response to sinusoidal Excitation, lineenergization with trapped charge voltage,

Refection and refraction of traveling waves.

4 Standing waves and natural frequencies open ended line double exponential response ,

response to sinusoidal Excitation ,

5 Line energization with trapped charge voltage,


6 Reflection and refraction of traveling waves.

Review Questions

1 Derive Differenential equations and solutions for generals case Standing

waves. CO413.4

2 State and derive equation for Reflection and refraction of traveling waves. CO413.4

3 Explain the line energization with trapped charge voltage, Refection and

refraction of traveling waves. CO413.4

Section II

Unit

No 4 Unit Title

Lighting and lighting

protectionandInsulation Co-

ordinations.

Planned Hrs. 10

Lesson schedule

Class


1 Lightning strokes to lines ,

2 their mechanism,

3 General principal of the lighting protections problems,

4 low footing resistance,

5 lighting arrestor,

6 protection characteristics different arrestors and their characteristics,

7 protection characteristics different arrestors and their characteristics,

8 Insulation level,

9 Voltage withstands levels of protected Equipments,

10 Insulation condition based on the lighting,

Review Questions

1 Explain Lighting strokes to lines and their mechanism. CO413.5

2 Explain with neat diagram low footing resistance and lighting arrestor. CO413.5

3 Explain the term Insulation level and Voltage withstands levels of

protected Equipments. CO413.5

4 Explain insulation condition based on the lighting. CO413.5

5 Write a note on Lighting arrestors and its characteristics. CO413.5

Unit

No 5 Unit Title

Over voltage in EHV system

covered by switching operations. Planned Hrs. 8

Lesson schedule

Class


1 Over –voltage their types ,

2 Over –voltage their types ,

3 recovery voltage and circuits breaks ,

4 recovery voltage and circuits breaks ,

5 Ferro resonance over voltage ,

6 Ferro resonance over voltage ,


7 Calculations of switching surges single phase equivalents.

8 Calculations of switching surges single phase equivalents.

Review Questions

1 Explain with neat diagram Over –voltage their types CO413.6

2 Explain and derive equation of switching surges single phase equivalents. CO413.6

3 What is mean by ferro resonance overvoltage? Explain in detail. CO413.6

Unit

No 6

Unit

Title

Power frequency voltage control and over

voltage.

Planned

Hrs. 6

Lesson schedule

Class


1 Generalized constants,

2 Charging current,

3 Power circle diagram, and its use ,

4 Voltage control shunt and series components,

5 Sub synchronous resonance in series capacitor compensated lines ,

6 static reactive compensating systems,

Review Questions

1 Explain the Power circle diagram, and its use. CO413.7

2 Explain the Sub synchronous resonance in series capacitor compensated

line.

CO413.7


Course Title : EHVAC

Duration 3 Hour Marks:

100

Instructions:

1] Attempt any three questions from each section.

2] Figure to right indicates full marks.

3] Assume necessary data if required.

Section-I

Q1.

a State and explain difference between EHVAC Transmission line and

HVDC. 8

b What is meant by Stability? Explain different terms related to Stability. 8

Q2.

a Explain Temperature rise properties of bundled conductors. 10

b Explain and derive Calculation of sequence inductions and capacitance

line parameters for modes of propagation. 8

Q3. a Explain Corona loss formula charge voltage diagram with corona. 8

b Explain Attenuation of traveling waves due to corona loss Audible noise, 8


Q4.

a State and derive equation for Reflection and refraction of traveling waves. 8

b Explain the line energization with trapped charge voltage, Reflection and

refraction of traveling waves. 8

Section-II

Q5. a Explain Lighting strokes to lines and their mechanism. 8

b What is mean by Ferro-resonance overvoltage? Explain in detail. 10

Q6. a Explain with neat diagram Over –voltage their types. 8

b Explain and derive equation of switching surges single phase equivalents. 8

Q7.

a Explain the Power circle diagram, and its use. 8

b Explain the Sub synchronous resonance in series capacitor compensated

lines. 8

Q8.

a Explain the term Insulation level and Voltage withstands levels of

protected Equipments. 8

b Explain insulation condition based on the lighting. 8

Assignments

Question

No

Unit No.1 Assignment

1 State and explain difference between EHVAC Transmission line and HVDC.

2 Explain the term power transferability, transient stability

3 Explain Temperature rise properties of bundled conductors. What is meant by

Stability?

4 Explain different terms related to Stability?



1 Explain the term transit stability limit, and surge impedance loading

2 Explain and derive equation of sequence inductions and capacitance line parameters

for modes of propagation.

3 Explain Engineering aspect and growth of EHVAC Transmission line trends and

preliminaries

4 What is meant by Stability? Explain different terms related to Stability?

5 Explain the term transit stability limit, and surge impedance loading







2 Explain Corona loss formula charge voltage diagram with corona.

3 State and derive equation for Reflection and refraction of traveling waves.

4 Explain the line energization with trapped charge voltage, Reflection and refraction

of traveling waves.


1 Explain Attenuation of traveling waves due to corona loss Audible noise.


3 Explain the line energization with trapped charge voltage, Reflection and refraction

of traveling waves.





3 Explain Corona loss formula charge voltage diagram with corona.



Course plan for ELECTRICAL GENERATION & UTILIZATION

Course code ELE 414 Course ELECTRICAL GENERATION &

UTILIZATION

Prepared by Ms.Lakshmi M

Shankreppagol

Mr.S.S.Mudakannavar

Semester AY 2017-18, Sem II

Prerequisites This course requires the student to know about the basic concepts of Power

Generations, Machines (AC&DC).

Course Outcomes


CO 414.1 Explain2the Conventional Energy Sources:

CO 414.2 Describe2the basic Concepts of Solar Energy Technology

CO 414.3 Design5the basic Concepts of Wind Energy Technology

CO 414.4 Compare4 different types of heating and welding ((Electric Heating and

Welding )

CO 414.5 Describe2the different types of electrical tractions (Transportation Ex: Traction)

CO 414.6 Explain2the different types of braking systems

Mapping of COs with Pos

POs

Cos A b c d E f G h i j K

CO 414.1 3

CO 414.2 3

CO 414.3 3

CO 414.4 2 1

CO 414.5 3

CO 414.6 2

1 Mild correlation 2 Moderato correlation 3 Strong correlation


COURSE CONTENTS

Unit No. ELECTRICAL GENERATION & UTILIZATION No. of

Hours

Section I

1. Electrical Energy Generation using Conventional Energy Sources

Electric energy demand, Electric energy growth in India, Power crisis

in India. Types of Generation: Diesel & Gas Power Plant:

Advantages, Disadvantages, applications of Diesel plant. Gas

Turbine plant: Principle of operation, Open cycle, closed cycle plant

& Applications of gas plant. Thermal power plant: Main & auxiliary

equipments in Thermal plant. Hydro electric Plant: Advantages,

disadvantages, & Classifications of hydro plant. Nuclear Power

Plant: Main parts of nuclear plant, advantages & disadvantages of

nuclear plant Co Generation: Technologies, Industries suitable for

Cogeneration.

08

2. Solar Energy:- I. Introduction, Beam & Diffuse solar radiation,

Measurement of solar radiation, Derived solar angles, sunrise sunset

& day length, sunrise hour angle, solar collectors, storage of solar

energy, solar water heaters, distillation, solar still, solar cooker,

estimation of average solar radiation.

II. Solar Photovoltaic: Introduction, Solar cell characteristics &

losses. Emerging solar technologies, Solar PV modules, Design of

PV module, and Sizing of Battery, inverter & charge controller.

III. PV module power output, IV curve for PV module, batteries for

PV cell, Battery charge controllers, Types of PV systems: Grid tie

PV system, Stand alone PV system, direct PV system

08

3. Wind Energy:- Introduction, Principle of wind energy conversion,

power duration & velocity durationcharacteristics of wind,

advantages & disadvantages of WECS, Classification of wind mills,

basic components of wind mill, aerodynamic forces acting on wind

mill blades, Design considerations of horizontal axis & vertical axis

wind mill, Wind Data & site selection considerations, Social

economic & environmental considerations

08

4. Electric Heating and Welding: Classification of electric heating,

heating methods, Resistance heating, design of heating element, Arc

furnaces, induction heating, Induction furnaces, Dielectric heating,

Electric arc welding, welding transformer, Power supply and control

of electric welding, Laser beam welding

08


5. Electric traction:- DC, AC and composite traction systems, main line

and suburban systems, Comparison with Diesel-Electric traction,

traction equipments, Trolley wire, catenaries, Feeding and

distribution systems, negative booster, overhead lines, current

collectors, traction substations

08

6 A)Train movement and Energy consumption:- Trapezoidal and

quadrilateral speed-time curves, Maximum, average and scheduled

speeds, Mechanics of train movement, tractive effort calculation,

Power and energy output from driving axles, Specific Energy Output.

B) Braking & control of traction motors: Vacuum brake and Air

brake systems, regenerativebraking, calculation of energy returned

during regenerative braking. D.C. series, A.C. series and 3 Phase

Induction motors for traction, Brief introduction to rheostatic speed

control methods, drum controller, Multiple Unit Control, Static

control of traction morors. Use of microprocessors for control of

traction motors.

08

REFERENCE BOOKS:

Sr. No. Title of Book Author Publisher/Edition

1 Generation of Electrical energy. Dr. B.R. Gupta S. Chand

Publications

2 Non Conventional & Renewable energy

sources

S.S. Thipse Narosa

publishing house

3. Utilization of Electric Power and Electric

Traction.

J.B. Gupta, 8th

Edition

S.K.Kataria&

Sons

4 Art and science of Utilization of Electric

Energy

H. Partab GaganKapur

5 A course in Electrical Power

Soni, Gupta and

Bhatnagar

6 Utilization of Electric Energy Openshaw Taylor

Evaluation scheme:

Examination

Scheme


Max. Marks 100 50 ----- 150

Contact 4 ------ ----- 04


Hours/ week

SCHEME OF MARKS


I 1 Electrical Energy Generation using Conventional Energy

Sources

18

I 2 Solar Energy 16

I 3 Wind Energy 16

II 4 Electric Heating and Welding: 16

II 5 Electric traction 16

II 6 A)Train movement and Energy consumption

B) Braking & control of traction motors

18

Weightage may differ.

Course Utilization



CO414.2


CO414.4


CO414.6

UNIT WISE LESSON PLAN

Section I

Unit No

1 Unit Title Electrical Energy Generation using

Conventional Energy Sources:

Planned

Hrs.

8

Lesson schedule

Class

No.



1 Electric energy demand, Electric energy growth in India, Power crisis in India

2 Diesel & Gas Power Plant: Advantages, Disadvantages, applications of Diesel plant

3 Gas Turbine plant: Principle of operation, Open cycle, closed cycle plant &

Applications of gas plant

4 Thermal power plant: Main & auxiliary equipments in Thermal plant

5 Hydro electric Plant: Advantages, disadvantages, & Classifications of hydro plant.

6 Nuclear Power Plant: Main parts of nuclear plant, advantages & disadvantages of

nuclear plant

7 Co Generation: Technologies

8 Industries suitable for Cogeneration.

Review Questions

Q1 1. Explain Electrical Energy scenario in India CO414.1

Q2 2. Explain Conventional Energy sources with help of any one power

plant

CO414.1

Unit No

2 Unit Title Solar Energy Planned

Hrs.

8

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


Introduction, Beam & Diffuse solar radiation, Measurement of solar radiation,

2 Derived solar angles, sunrise sunset & day length, sunrise hour angle, solar collectors

3 storage of solar energy, solar water heaters, distillation, solar still

4 solar cooker, estimation of average solar radiation

5 Solar Photovoltaic: Introduction, Solar cell characteristics & losses. Emerging solar

technologies

6 Solar PV modules, Design of PV module, Sizing of Battery, inverter & charge

controller

7 PV module power output, IV curve for PV module, batteries for PV cell, Battery

charge controllers,

8 Types of PV systems: Grid tie PV system, Stand alone PV system, direct PV system

Review Questions

Q1 Explain what are factors to consider for solar Energy and its application CO414.2

Q2 Mention Different types of PV System and Explain any one in Detail. CO414.2

Unit No 3 Unit Title Wind Energy Planned

Hrs.

8

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Introduction, Principle of wind energy conversion


2 power duration & velocity durationcharacteristics of wind, advantages &

disadvantages of WECS

3 Classification of wind mills, basic components of wind mill

4 aerodynamic forces acting on wind mill blades

5 Design considerations of horizontal axis &

6 Design considerations of vertical axis wind mill

7 Wind Data & site selection considerations

8 Social economic & environmental considerations

Review Questions

Q1 Explain Principle of wind energy conversion CO414.3

Q2 Write Classification of Wind mills and advantage of wind mills. CO414.3

Q3 What are the Design consideration for horizontal & vertical axis wind

mils

CO414.3

Unit No 4 Unit Title Electric Heating and Welding Planned

Hrs.

8

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Classification of electric heating

2 Heating methods, Resistance heating,

3 Design of heating element

4 Arc furnaces, induction heating

5 Induction furnaces, Dielectric heating

6 Electric arc welding, welding transformer

7 Power supply and control of electric welding

8 Laser beam welding

Review Questions

1 Write the Classification of Electrical Heating. CO414.4

2 Explain different types of heating methods CO414.4

Unit No 5 Unit Title Electric traction Planned Hrs. 8

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 DC&AC and composite traction systems

2 Main line and suburban systems

3 Comparison with diesel-electric traction

4 Traction equipments

5 Trolley wire, catenaries,


6 Feeding and distribution systems

7 Negative booster, overhead lines

8 Current collectors, traction substations

Review Questions

1 Define traction .Explain Electric Traction CO414.5

2 Explain Traction Substation CO414.5

Unit No 6 Unit Title A)Train movement and Energy

consumption B) Braking &

control of traction motors

Planned Hrs. 06

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Trapezoidal and quadrilateral speed-time curves ,Maximum, average and scheduled

speeds

2 Mechanics of train movement, tractive effort calculation

3 Power and energy output from driving axles, Specific Energy Output

4 Vacuum brake and Air brake systems

5 Regenerativebraking, calculation of energy returned during regenerative braking.

6 D.C. series, A.C. series and 3 Phase Induction motors for traction,

7 Brief introduction to rheostat speed control methods, drum controller, Multiple Unit

Control

8 Static control of traction motors. Use of microprocessors for control of traction

motors

Review Questions

1 Explain Trapezoidal and quadrilateral speed-time Curves CO414.6

2 Define Breaking. Explain Regenerative breaking System. CO414.6

3 Mention different types of speed control methods and Explain any one

in Brief.

CO414.6

MODEL QUESTION PAPER

Course Title : ELECTRICAL GENERATION & UTILIZATION

Duration 3 Hours Marks

: 100

Instructions:

1] Attempt any three questions from each section.


2] Figure to right indicates full marks.

3] Assume necessary data if required.

Section-I Marks

1 A Explain Electrical Energy scenario in India 8

B What are the Conventional Energy sources and Explain Thermal power

plant

8

2 A Define Co Generation. Explain any one Co Generation Industries in Brief. 8

B Explain what are factors to consider for solar Energy and its application 8

3 A Explain in Detail:1.Solar water heater 2.Solar Cooker 8

B Mention Different types of PV System and Explain any one in Detail. 8

4 A What are the Design consideration for horizontal & vertical axis wind mils 10

Section-II Marks

5 A Explain Principle of wind energy conversion 8

B Write the Classification of Electrical Heating. 8

6 A Define welding, compare resistance and arc welding 8

B Define traction .Explain Electric Traction 8

7 A Explain Trapezoidal and quadrilateral speed-time Curves 8

B Mention different types of speed control methods and Explain any one in

Brief.

8

8 A Define Breaking. Explain Regenerative breaking System. 10

B The maximum speed of a suburban electric train is 60 km/hr. Its scheduled

speed is 40 km/hrandduration of stops is 30 sec. If the acceleration is 2

km/hr/sec and distance between stops is 2 kms,determine the retardation

8

Assignments

Assignment I

1. Explain Electrical Energy scenario in India

2. What are the Conventional Energy sources and Explain Thermal power plant

3. Explain what are factors to consider for solar Energy and its application

4. Explain in Detail:1.Solar water heater 2.Solar Cooker

5. Mention Different types of PV System and Explain any one in Detail


Assignment II

1. What are the Design consideration for horizontal & vertical axis wind mils

2. Explain Principle of wind energy conversion

3. Explain what are factors to consider for solar Energy and its application

4. A resistance oven employing nichrome wire is to be operated from 220 V single-phase

supply and is to be rated at 16 kW. If the temperature of the element is to be limited to

1,170°C and average temperature of the charge is 500°C, find the diameter and length of

the element wire. Radiating efficiency = 0.57, Emissivity=0.9, Specific resistance of

nichrome= (109 ×10–8) ohm.

Assignment III

1. Compare A.C and D.C welding

2. Explain the principles of Induction heating

3. What are the requirements of good welding

4. Explain the properties of good heating element

5. A 30-kW, 3-phase, 400-V resistance oven is to employ nickel-chrome strip 0.254 mm thick

for the three star-connected heating elements. If the wire temperature is to be 1,100°C and

that of the charge to be 700°C, estimate a suitable width for the strip. Assume emissivity= 0.9

and radiating efficiency to be 0.5 and resistivity of the strip material is 101.6 × 10–8 m. What

would be the temperature of the wire if the charge were cold?

Assignment IV

1. Explain how series motors are ideally suited for traction service.Explain any one method

for regenerative braking of D.C. motor for traction

2. Explain the various modes of operation in traction services with neat speed-time curve.

Assignment V

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of electric traction?

2. Draw the speed-time curve of a suburban service train and explain.

3. Derive an expression for specific energy output on level track using a simplified speed-

time

4. For a trapezoidal speed-time curve of a electric train, derive expression for maximum

speed and distance between stops.

5. Derive expression for the tractive effort for a train on a level track.

6. Explain how electric regeneration braking is obtained with a D.C. locomotive. How is the

braking torque varied

Assignment VI

1. Discuss the relative merits of electric traction and the factors on which the choice of


traction system depends.

2. Explain the advantages of series parallel control of starting as compared to the Rheostatic

starting for a pair of dc traction motors.

3. For a quadrilateral speed-time curve of a electric train, derive expression for the distance

between stops and speed at the end of the coasting period. 61. A train is required to run

between stations 1.6 kms apart at an average speed of 40 km/hr. Therunis to be made from

a quadrilateral speed-time curve. The acceleration is 2 km/hr/sec. The coastingand braking

retardations are 0.16 km/hr/sec and 3.2 km/hr/sec respectively. Determine the durationof

acceleration, coasting and braking and the distance covered in each period.


Course plan for Electrical Maintenance and Energy Audit

Course Code ELE 416 Course Title Electrical Maintenance And Energy

Audit

Prepared by Mr. P. S. Magdum Semester AY 2017-18, Sem II

Prerequisites The student should know about the basic concepts of Power System and

Electrical Machine.

Course Outcomes


CO416.1 Understood2 the basic concept, design and estimation

CO416.2 Explain3 practical aspects of monitoring and maintenance of transformer

CO416.3 Explain2 practical aspects of monitoring and maintenance of Grid Substations

CO416.4 Understand3 importance of energy audit and energy security.

CO416.5 Follow4 format of energy management, energy policy and energy audit report.

CO416.6 Learn2 various tools of demand control.


POs

Cos

a b c d E f g h i j k

CO416.1 2

CO416.2 1

CO416.3 2

CO416.4 3

CO416.5 3

CO416.6 1 2

Course Contents

Unit No. ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE AND ENERGY AUDIT

No. of

Hours

Section I

1. Unit 1: Maintenance: Types of maintenance, maintenance schedules,


procedures, Maintenance of Motors: Over hauling of motors, preventive

maintenance, trouble shopping of electric motors. Maintenance of

Transmission and Distribution System, danger notice, caution notice

permit to work, arranging of shutdowns personally and temporary earths

cancellation of permit and restoration of supply, Patrolling and visual

inspection of lines – points to be noted during patrolling from ground:

special inspections and night inspections, Location of faults using

Meggar, effect of open or loose neutral connections provision of proper

fuses on service lines and their effect on system, causes and dim and

flickering lights.

10

2. Unit 2: Maintenance of Distribution Transformers: Transformer

maintenance and points to be attended to be attended to in respect of

various items of equipment, Checking of insulation resistance transformer

oil level and BDV test of oil, measurement of earth resistance.

08

3. Unit 3: Maintenance of Grid Substations: Checking and maintenance

of bus bars, isolating switches, HT/LT circuit breakers, LT switches,

Power Transformers.

06

4. Unit 4: General Aspects of Energy Management and Energy Audit

Definition, Need and types of energy audit. Energy management (audit)

approach-understanding energy costs, bench marking, energy

performance, matching energy use to requirement, maximizing system

efficiencies, optimizing the input energy requirements, fuel & energy

substitution, energy audit instruments.

06

5. Unit 5: Energy Audit Methodology & Recent Trends

Current Practices, Integration of two or more systems, Switching of

Energy Sources, Report writing, preparations and presentations of energy

audit reports, Post monitoring of energy conservation projects, MIS ,Case

studies / Report studies of Energy Audits. Guidelines for writing energy

audit report, data presentation in report, findings recommendations,

impact of renewable energy on energy audit recommendations. Case

studies of implemented energy cost optimization projects in electrical

utilities as well as thermal utilities.

10

6. Unit 6: Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities

Electrical system: Electricity billing, electrical load management and

maximum demand control, selection and location of capacitors,

performance assessment of PF capacitors, distribution and transformer

losses.

Electric motors: Types, losses in induction motors, motor efficiency,

08


factors affecting motor performance, rewinding and motor replacement

issues, energy saving opportunities with energy efficient motors.

Fans and blowers: Types, performance evaluation, efficient system

operation, flow control strategies and energy conservation opportunities.

Lighting System: Light source, choice of lighting, luminance

requirements, and energy conservation avenues.

Reference Books:


1 Testing, Commissioning

Operation and Maintenance of

Electrical Equipment

S Rao,

Khanna

Technical Publication

,New Delhi

All

2 Preventive Maintenance of

Electrical Apparatus :

SK Sharotri Katson Publishing

House

2,3

3 Electric Energy Generation,

Utilisation and Conservation

Sivaganaraju, S Pearson, New

Delhi, 2012

Sivaganaraju Pearson, New Delhi,

2012

4,5

4 Energy Management W.R.Murphy,

G.Mckay

Butterworths 5,6

5 Industrial Energy Conservation

D.A. Reay Pergammon Press 5

6 Energy Management Handbook

W.C. Turner

John Wiley and Sons,

A Wiley Interscience

Publication.

All

Evaluation scheme:

Examination

Scheme

Theory Term Work POE Total

Max. Marks 100 50 ------- 150

Contact

Hours/ week

4 ------- 02 06

Scheme of Marks



I

1 Introduction to Electrical Maintenance. 16

2 Maintenance of Distribution Transformers: 16

3 Maintenance of Grid Substations 18

II

4 General Aspects of Energy Management and Energy Audit 16

5 Energy Audit Methodology & Recent Trends

16

6 Energy Efficiency in Electrical Utilities 18

Weight age may differ.

Course Utilization



CO416.2


CO416.4


CO416.6


Section I

Unit

No

1 Unit Title Introduction to Electrical Maintenance. Planned

Hrs.

10

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Types of maintenance, maintenance schedules, procedures,

2 Maintenance of Motors: Over hauling of motors, preventive maintenance

3 Trouble shopping of electric motors.

4 Maintenance of Transmission and Distribution System, danger notice, caution notice

permit to work


5 arranging of shutdowns personally and temporary earths cancellation of permit and

restoration of supply

6 Patrolling and visual inspection of lines – points to be noted during patrolling from

ground

7 Special inspections and night inspections,.

8 Location of faults using Meggar,

9 effect of open or loose neutral connections provision of proper fuses on service lines

and their effect on system

10 causes and dim and flickering lights

Review Questions

Q1 State and explain difference between EHVAC Transmission line and

HVDC.

CO416.1

Q2 What is meant by Stability, explain different terms related to Stability? CO416.1

Unit

No

2 Unit Title Maintenance of Distribution

Transformers.

Planned

Hrs.

8

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 to 4 Transformer maintenance and points to be attended to be attended to in respect of

various items of equipment.

6 Checking of insulation resistance transformer oil level

7 Checking of insulation resistance transformer BDV test of oil

8 Measurement of earth resistance.

Review Questions

Q1 Explain Transformer maintenance CO416.2

Q2 Explain Checking of insulation resistance transformer oil level CO416.2

Q3 Explain Checking of insulation resistance transformer BDV test of oil CO416.2

Unit

No

3 Unit Title Maintenance of Grid Substations Planned

Hrs.

6

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Checking and maintenance of bus bars,

2 Checking and maintenance isolating switches

3 Checking and maintenance HT circuit breakers,

4 Checking and maintenance LT circuit breakers,

5 Checking and maintenance LT switches,

6 Checking and maintenance Power Transformers.


Review Questions

Q1 Explain Checking and maintenance of bus bars. CO416.3

Q2 Explain Checking and maintenance HT circuit breakers. CO416.3

Q3 Explain Checking and maintenance LT circuit breakers. CO416.3

Q4 Checking and maintenance Power Transformers. CO416.3

Unit

No

4 Unit Title General Aspects of Energy Management

and Energy Audit

Planned

Hrs.

6

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Definition, Need and types of energy audit.

2 Energy management (audit) approach, understanding energy costs, bench marking,

3 Energy performance, matching energy use to requirement

4 Maximizing system efficiencies,

5 Optimizing the input energy requirements, fuel & energy substitution,

6 Energy audit instruments,

Review Questions

1 Explain Need and types of energy audit. CO416.4

2 Describe Optimizing the input energy requirements CO416.4

3 Explain types of Energy audit instruments,

CO416.4

Unit

No

5 Unit Title Energy Audit Methodology &

Recent Trends

Planned Hrs. 10

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Current Practices, Integration of two or more systems,

2 Switching of Energy Sources, Report writing,

3 Preparations and presentations of energy audit reports,

4 Post monitoring of energy conservation projects, MIS ,Case studies,

5 Report studies of Energy Audits.

6 Guidelines for writing energy audit report,

7 Data presentation in report, findings recommendations,

8 Impact of renewable energy on energy audit recommendations.

9 Case studies of implemented energy cost optimization projects in electrical.

10 Case studies of implemented energy cost optimization projects in thermal utilities.

Review Questions

1 Explain steps of energy audit report CO416.5


2 Explain Impact of renewable energy on energy audit recommendations. CO416.5

3 Explain Case studies of implemented energy cost optimization projects in

electrical.

CO416.5

Unit

No

6 Unit Title Energy Efficiency in Electrical

Utilities

Planned Hrs. 8

Lesson schedule

Class

No.


1 Electrical system: Electricity billing, electrical load management and maximum

demand control, selection and location of capacitors,

2 Performance assessment of PF capacitors, distribution and transformer losses.

3 Electric motors: Types, losses in induction motors, motor efficiency, factors affecting

motor performance,

4 Rewinding and motor replacement issues, energy saving opportunities with energy

efficient motors.

5 Fans and blowers: Types, performance evaluation, efficient system operation,

6 Flow control strategies and energy conservation opportunities.

7 Lighting System: Light source, choice of lighting,

8 Luminance requirements and energy conservation avenues.

Review Questions

1 Explain electrical load management and maximum demand control CO416.6

2 Explain Electric motors: Types, losses in induction motors, motor

efficiency, factors affecting motor performance

CO416.6

3 Explain Luminance requirements and energy conservation avenues CO416.6

4 Explain Flow control strategies and energy conservation opportunities of

Fans and blowers.

CO416.6


Course Title :

Duration-3 Hrs. Max. Marks: 100

Instructions:

1 Attempt any three questions from each section

2 Figures to the right indicate full marks.


3 Wherever required neat sketches shall be drawn.

4 a) Explain Need and types of energy audit. 10

b) Describe Optimizing the input energy requirements 8

5 a) Explain steps of energy audit report 10

b) Explain Case studies of implemented energy cost optimization projects in

electrical

8

6 a) Explain electrical load management and maximum demand control 8

b) Explain Luminance requirements and energy conservation avenues 8

Lab Plan

1 Identification of tools and equipment used for installation and maintenance of electrical

equipment

2 Study of codes and practices pertaining to safety in installation and maintenance of

electrical equipment.

3 Study of electrical equipment by visiting a grid power station/sub station and to prepare

a

report of maintenance system adopted there

4 Study of the testing of electrical equipment by visiting a grid power station/sub station

and

to prepare a report

5 Study of motors and their repair and overhauling by visiting a repair workshop or

manufacturing unit

6 Study of maintenance of electrical distribution system by visiting a sub station and to

prepare a report.

1 a) Explain Maintenance and Over hauling of Motors 8

b) Describe Patrolling and visual inspection of lines with points to be noted

during patrolling from ground.

8

2 a) Explain Transformer maintenance 8

b) Explain Checking of insulation resistance transformer oil level 8

3 a) Explain Checking and maintenance LT circuit breakers. 8

b) Explain Checking and maintenance Power Transformers. 8


7 Study of Power factor improvement of a single-phase load using capacitor bank

Assignments

Assignment I

1 Explain steps of energy audit report

2 Explain Impact of renewable energy on energy audit recommendations.

3 Explain Case studies of implemented energy cost optimization projects in electrical.

Assignment II


2 What is meant by Stability, explain different terms related to Stability?


Assignment III

1 Explain Transformer maintenance

2 Explain Checking of insulation resistance transformer oil level

3 Explain Checking of insulation resistance transformer BDV test of oil

4 Explain Transformer maintenance

Assignment IV

1 Explain Trapezoidal and quadrilateral speed-time Curves

2 Define Breaking. Explain Regenerative breaking System.

3 Mention different types of speed control methods and Explain any one in Brief.

Assignment V

1 Explain steps of energy audit report

2 Explain Impact of renewable energy on energy audit recommendations.

3 Explain Case studies of implemented energy cost optimization projects in electrical.



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