Sri Kumarila Bhatta, one of the greatest masters of the Purva Mimamsa school, or the Karma Mimamsa as it should be properly termed (As the name Purva was given by the Uttara Mimamsa Vadins or the Vedantins who were established later), wrote this ShlokaVarttika as a commentary on the Karma Kanda or the Vedas. Jaimini wrote Mimamsa sutras as part of the program to systematize the principles of ritual in the Vedic scriptures. This and Shabara Swamin's commenntary on the Sutras (Shabara Bhashyam) developed a philosophy of ritual. But the beauty of Purva Mimamsa si that, its leading thinkers were quite independent of one another. Kumarila Bhatta openly contradicted Shabara in several areas and Kumarila's contemporary, Sri Prabhakara, in turn raised objections against Kumarila and eventually created a school of thought named after him. As a tribute to Purva-Mimamsa, the translation of this magnificent ShlokaVarttika by Ganganatha Jha is made available here. Enjoy!
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BIBLIOTHECA INBICAA
COLLECTION OP ORIENTAL WORKSPUBLISHED BY THK
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.NewSeries, Nos. 965, 986, 1017, 1055,
1091 and 1157
GLOKAYARTTIKA?
TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL SANSKRIT WITH KXTRACTS PHOM THE
COMMENTARIES OF SUCARITA MISKA (THE Easikfl) AND PARTHA SARATHI
Ml^RA (the Nyuyaratnokara)
SIR-WILUAMJONES
MDCCXLVl -MDCCXCIVBY
GAISGANATHA JHl,
M.A.,
PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT, MUIR CENTRAL COLLEGE, ALLAHABAD.
CALCUTTA:PRINTED AT THE BAPTIST MISSION PRESS
AND PUBLISHED BY THEASIATIC SOCIETY, 57, PARK STREET.
1907.
qLOKAVAETIKA.
The theory of the extraneous character The theory refuted (47)
...
of authoritativeuess (38)......
...
...
.......
Notion of unauthoritativeness due to extraneous influences (53)
... Three forms of unauthoritativeness (54) ...
...unauthoritativeneas (65-66)
27 28 292931 31
Exoellenoeg of the source of words only serve to set aside the
chances of...
...
...
...
... Absence of an Author safeguards the Veda against all
reproach (68) Only human assertions dependent upon other Pramdnas
(71) ... ... The authoritativeness of Pramdnas does not lie in
their compatiblity with one another (73) ... ... ... ... ...
32
3233
The
falsity of
a Conception explained (86)
......
..
......
Inference not applicable to Veda (89) ... Undisputed authority
of the Veda (95-96)
...
3435 35
......
...... ... ...
...... ...
Veda not due
to
human
origin (97-98)
...
Falsity due to non-productiveness of conceptions (101-102)
36 36.37
'Pratyayita' explained (102-103)' '
...
...
....
Force of the word Fo (109-10) ... ... ... ... No omniscient
person (111) ... ... ... ... ... Inference and Sense-perception not
applicable to objects in the future (115) Veda not the work of an
Omniscient Author (120) ... ... ...Scriptures composed by
38 38
39 3941
human
beings not fully authoritative (122)
... ...
No grounds
for
assuming the existence of an omniscient person
(132)itself......
The character of the Veda Omniscient Author (149)'
does not lend support to the theory of an......
43...
Absurdity incurred in denying the authority of the Veda (154)
The sentence J/amtiamiJttsham,' ^c, explained (155)'
... ...
43
...
44413
The Buddhistic Scriptures false, because composed by human
beings The sentence Nanu sdmanyatodrshtam, Sfe.! explained (174-75)
'2fo,'
(169)...
4647
Na
anyatwat' explained (175) ... hi anyasya, ^c, expUined
(181-82)
...
43 48
Arguments'
in support of the authenticity of thei^'c,
Veda......
(184)
......
Pratyakshastu,
explained (187)
...'
49 49 505^ 51(200)......
Full signification of the
word Dharma'
(190)...
...
Other meanings refuted (195-96)
...
No
ilpMnja apart from a potentiality of the Sacrifice (197) ...
Objections based upon the significance of the word Oodand' (201)
Reply to these Oodand cannot be restricted to positive activity
only' :
5354.
Cadand refers
Two
to Injunctions as well as Prohibitions (215-16) kinds of
consequences following from Saoiifloes (a21 -22)
... ...
54 575-
Action not prohibited cannot be sinful (232-33) ... ... __
Result not always similnr to the Action (235-36) ... ... .__ Vedio
Injunctions and Prohibitions tlie only means of knowing Dliarma
and
Adharma'
(242-43)
...
...
...... ...
".^_
jq
Utilitarian theory of Virtue not tenable (246-47)
...
59t-q
Nor the Conscience theory'
(247-48)
...
Sacrificial Slaughter not sinful (259)'
...
,.,
gi.
Oyena
'
sacrifice sinful,
because resulting in the death of a person (267)... ...
...
62gi
Interpretation of the SMt)-a justified (277-78)
CONTENTS.Page.
Sutra IIIDeclaration of the subject-matter...
...
... ...
...
67 67
Declaration of the subject-matter of the Treatise (1-2)
,,.
Sutra
IV -
Sense-perception not the means of knowing Dharma ... ...
...68-112 The Sutra cannot he taken aa embodying a definition of
Sense-peroep*' (1) ... ... ... ... ... 68
Change
of reading proposed.
by the...
Vrtti,
with a view to make,,,
it__
a regnlar,
definition (13)
.
___
Trae meaning
of the SUtra (20)
...
.........
...
...... ...
gg 7073 73 74 74
Sense-perception not applicable to D?ia?-?na (36) Necessity of
the word sat (36) ...'
.........
'
The
particle
'sam' (38-39)
...
...
... ......
......
Functioning of the senses explained (44),.. The words purusha'
and indriya' (52) ... Buddhijanma,' (53-54,) ... ..'
...... ......
'
...
76
'
...
......
Why
Sense-perception
is
not applicable to Dharma(59)......
76 77 80 82 8485 85 86
Self-recognition not the true result of Pramana (79) Inference,
&a., preceded by Sense-perception (87)
... ...
...
... ......
Inference not applicable to Dharma (99)
...
.........
Analogy (IQO) ... ,, Apparent Inconsistency not applicable to
P/ianna (101-102) Veda the only means of knowing D/inrma (108) ...
Inference is based upon Sense-perception (111) ... Yedanta theory
oontroYerted (114-116) ...Abstract perception of an object (118-19)
How made Concrete (120) ... I) Cognition of Class cannot be
inferential (138)... ...
... ......
......
8787 88 88
...
......
...... ...
...
.........
......
92 94 96 98 98 9899
Samavaya (148) ... ... Mixed functioning of varions sense-organs
(159) The numbers of Senses only Five (169) .... .
...
......
......
...
Exclusive objects of the Sense-organs differentiated (170) ...
... Cognition of objects not in the form of identification with
their verbal expressions (172) ... ... ... .. ...
Cognition of objects independent of verbal expressions (176) The
class cow not cognised always in the form of the word' '
...'
...'
cow
(180)......
100100101
Apparent identity
of the
Word, the Idea, and the Object
explaine.i (183)
Imposition of the form of the word on the object is impossible
(183) ... Words not independent of the material forma of objects
(193) ... ... In the expression blue lotus,' there can be no
absolute non-difference'
102103
between a particular blueness and a particular lotus (197) ...
Another reason against the imposition of the forms of wordsobjects
(200)... ......
...
upon......
...
...
104105 105
Until the object is known, the Word cannot give any idea of
Objects do not depend upon words (205) ... ...
it
C203)...
...
9L0KAVAETIKA.Page.It is the
form of the object thatit
is
cognised throngh the Word, which cannot...
suppressIf verbal
(206)
...
...
'
1^
forms were imposed upon words, the meaning of the word ... would
differ from that of the word ftara (203) ... The Imposition theory
would falsify all Inference and Verbal' '
hasta...
105 106 106 106
Testi... .....
mony
(213)
.,.
...
...
...
... ...
The form of the Object not dependent upon Word (215) The
relationship between Words and Objects is eternal (219)In the case
of Proper Names also, the words are eternal particular application
that has a beginning in time (224)Conventional restriction
explained (228) ... The factors of Memory and Perception explained
(230-31):
...
it is......
only their......
108108
DenotatiTenesB of words not always due to Convention (226)
......
109109
...
Sense-perception precisely explained (236-37) ... Cognitions
undefined only so long as words are not found (245-46)Itis
"
...
HOIll
the Classes of Objects and their various relationships (as
expressed in
inferential arguments) that are
amenable
to Sense-perception,
which would...
not be possible
if
Perceptive Cognition were always undefined (247-48)
Ill
The namedirectly
of 'Sense-perception' applicable to only such cognitions as
follow
from Sense-oontaot (255)
...
...
...
...
112
Sutra
v....
Authoritativeness of Injunction
...
...
...
...113-408
Section
1
:
Farttla proper on the Swtra
...
...
...
...112-16...
Dharma
not amenable to any other Means of Knowledge (2) Injunction, the
only means of knowing it (8) ...
......
......
113 114115
Necessity of having recourse to Injunction (14)
...
...
Section 2
;
Introduction to the Trtti on the Siitra
...
...
...116-19it
Transposition of the words 'tat' and 'sat' in Siitra (4), tion
of Sense-perception (19-20) ... ...
makes...
a defini...
116
Section 3
:
Nirdlambanavdda
...
.........'
......
,.,
...119-48,.,....
Necessity of the Discussion (1-3) Reality of External Objects
(4)Pleasures of Heaven not similar toDiversity of opinion
...... ...
ng\ig 120 ]20 120121
...
'SamtirW Reality' synonymous with 'falsity
(8-9)
...
Dreams
(11)
...
...
.... ...
among
various scions of the Bauddhas (14.-16)....,,
Two
kinds of Denial of External Objects (17-18)
CONTENTS.
VPage.
The Idealistic Position Expounded (20-22) ... ... The Reply
given hy the Bhishya held by Bome people to beadequate
(28-29)...
...
121
in...
...
...
... ......
123
The Reply otherwise explained
(30)
...
...
... ...
123 123
Necessity of the Reality of the Externaltenable (34)
Word...
(32)
...
Denial of the Reality of Conceptions renders even the Bauddha
tenet un...
...
......
...
......
124124
Impossibility of Inference,
if
objects not real (35)
...
Denial of the reality of external objects is self-contradictory
(53) Superfluity of the Idealistic Argument (60) ... ...
... ...
127128
Cognitions are without substratum only at the time of their
actual appear-
ance (63)If Cognitions
...
...
...
...
...
...
129 129
were always without substratum they would never be amenable to
Inferential Argumentation (65-66) ... ... ... Universally
recognised Distinctions between Virtue and Vice, Teacher and Pupil,
&o., would not be possible, if there were no reality inobjects
(72-73)... ......
...
...
...
130
Idealism contradicted by facts of ordinary experience (74) If
all Ideas are false, there is universal negation (74-75)
......
... ... ...
130 130131
Counter-argument against Idealism (79-80)
...
...
Certain self-contradictions in the Idealistic theory (81-82) ...
... If Idealism be accepted, all systems of Philosophy are equally
false (85-87)i
132 133 133
There could be no distinction between false dream cognition and
true loahing cognition, both being equally unreal (88-89) ... ...
... No Togic faculty can supply the necessary explanation (93-94)
... ,., Another self-contradiction in the Idealistic theory
(99-100) ... ...
132135135
The Middle Term
of the Idealistic
Argument...
is
one that...
is
not recognised... ...
by the other party (101-102)
The Middle Termpatible (106-107)
of the
Argument...
contradictory and the Instance incom... ......
......
136137
The causes
of certain
common
delusions explained (109-13)
,.,
Only mistaken cognitions can be said to be devoid of
real...
substratum...
(11M9)
...
...
...
...
138 138
No
Instance of Dissimilarity mentioned in the Idealistic Argument
(121-22) The Mention of such an Instance would involve a double
negation, i.e., an aflSrmation which would be impossible if no
objects existed (124-25) ...
A
reasoning to be effective must be acceptable to both parties
(130-31) ... The Argument brought forward by the Idealist should
contain nothing that he does not accept to be true (143) ... ...
... ...
139 140141
That which
No
held to be unreal could never have been real (156) reality can
proceed from a reasoning that is unreal (159) ...is
now
......
142142143 14314-t
The Chief Klementsunreal (163)...
in
the reasoning of...
the Idealist are... ... ... ...
admittedly...
...
Worldly activity not explicable by mere Idea (169)
......
...... ...
No No
specification of FsaTi possible (178-79)
proof for the existence of Fasana (180-81)extant,...
...
...
144
Vdsanas,
even it order (192-93)
could never bring about... ... ...
effects
in...
a
serial...
U6
9L0KAVABT1KA.Page.Itis
only
a
permanent
aonl...
that
can...
serve
as...
the
substratum of...
Fasamas (199-200)
...
147148
Buddha propounded the Idealsitio theory with the minds of men
away from wordly objects (202)
sole...
view of turning the......
Section 4; Qunymidda
...
...
...
...
...148-82
Inferential Idealistic arguments expounded in detail (2
-63)...
NoIt
differenceis
only that which
between the shape of the Cognition and the Cognised (6) is
cognised that can have an existence {7)
......
... The shape cognised cannot belong to the external object (9)
The character of the Oogniser cannot be attributed to the Object
(13) The real character of Cognitions is absolutely pure, and it is
only
148 148 149149 149
...
ever-
continuing Vdsands that make it appear in diverse forms (15-17)
... Another reason for attributing the form to Cognitions (21) ...
,,, Otherwise the Cognition could not appear prior to the
comprehension of the... ... Objects (25) ... ... ... ... Third
Argument to show that the form belongs to Cognitions (32) ... The
form of the Object cannot be said to be imposed upon the Cognition
(35) The form cannot be held to be a property of the contact of the
Cognition
150150151151
with the Object (42)
...
...
...
...
...
I52 152 135
Contact not possible in the case (43) ... The Idea and the
Object both cannot have the same form (55)
Any such
......
... ...
Refutation of the above arguments (64i-263)
Idea cannot be both the Cogniser and the Cognised (64) ... ...
The case of Self is different It can be both This fact explained
(67) ... There is often an idea of the Cognisable Object without
that of the Cognising Idea (79) ... ... ... ... ... ... The
comprehension of the Object alone, or of the Idea alone, cannot be
ex-
154155
1.56
The
plained on the mere ground of Capability or Incapability (95)
difference between Object and Idea not one of Time...
...
158
and Form...
only (100)Predioability
...
...
...
...
159
and Knowability explained (103) ... ... ... No absolute
difference between any two objects (105) ... ... Cognition being
one, the difference in conceptions is due to a diversity
amongobjects (116)...
159
leo161 ,61
...
...
...
...
A
single object never
cognised as both Cotnprehender and Comprehend....... ......
ed{UO)ed (129)
...
...
Duality of Existence...
Comprehender... ...
and...
Comprehended...
fully......
establish...
163
No
^po?ia possible (136)
...
...
......
ig^I64
Reasons against the assumption of Apoha (137) ... ... The
character of Idea belongs to the Comprehonder only (148-49)
..,
165
CONTENTS,
Vll
Page.
Ideaa oannot have,
among
themselves, the relation of the Conceived and......
tlie...
Means
of Conception (149-50)
...
103
Pecnliar oaneal relationship between the Ohjeot and the Idea
(151-52)
...
Their sequence does not ooustitnte oansality (154-55)
Simnltaneity of Cause and Effect not possible (156-57)
...
,,....
166 166166 167167
...
The object comprehended by Memory (159-61) ... ... ... The Past
can never be the object of Sensuous Perception (161-62) ... The
Past Conception oannot be comprehended either as the Comprehendedor
the Comprehender (163-64)...... ......
167168
A
Conception cannot have the daplioate character of the
Compreliender and the Comprehended (168-69) ... ... ...
...Efifect,
Ideas appearing in the same series oannot have the relation of
Cause andor that of impression and Impressed (171-72)... ......
168168 168 169
The Comprehended must be different from the Com preheuder The
Idea cannot comprehend itself (175-76) ...,
(174-75)...
......
No No
duplicate capability in Conceptions (177-79)
... ...
......
Conception comprehended by
itself (180-81)
......
169 169 170170171171
Existence of Objects not explicable without Ideas (182) ... An
Idea always depends upon something else for its comprehension (184)
The Element of Remembrance in subsequent Cognitions is mistaken
(192)Series of Cognitions explained (193)... ...
.........
...
Kemembrance could not belongseries (195),., ...
to
every one of... ......
the Cognitions in a... .........
Cognitions are not the objects of Conception (197)
...
171172172 173
Proximity and Relativity do not belong to Conceptions
(200)Cognitions appear even in the absence of Impressionscausal
efficiency belongs to these latter (203)...;
...
and... ...
as such no... ...
Incorrect Cognitions explained (207)
...
...
Forms
dreamt of or otherwise cannot be attributed to Cognitions...
..,
(209)...... ...
173173
Falsity of Dream-Cognition Explained (210)
Certain delusions explained (212-13)Different Ideas with regard
to the
...
...
......
173
same object explained (214)...
174175 176178 179 180
Comprehension of contradictory forms with regard to the same
object... ... explained (219) ... In ordinary experience an
External object...
...
is
never cognised in the form of...
the Internal (229)
...
...
...
...
Reason for proving beforehand that the comprehension of the
Object pre... ... ... ... cedes that of the Idea (241) ,. No
recognition of the Idea apart from the forms of Objects (246-47)
... Specialities of Time and Place, &o., serve to explain all
apparent discrepancies in comprehensions (253) ... ... ... .. No
agency of Tasana possible (256-58) ... ... ... ... Absence of
External Objects not proved by any of the recognised Pramdnas
(259-6H ... ... ... ... Atoms not being comprehensible by
themselves, their aggregates must be admitted to be the real
objects of comprehension (262) ... ...
]80181 181
Ill
CONTENTS.Page.
... ... Section 6: Inference There can be no doubt as to the
validity ... Knowledge (1) ... ...
.
182-207
of
Inference as a means of...... ... ...
... ...
...... .,.
Definition of Inference explained (2)
...
182 182 183184,
The oogniaaDoeGrounds for the
of Invariable
Concomitance (1213)...
falsity of Ideas (18-19)
.,
The object of Inference is the Minor Term Term (27) ... ... ...
The word 'osajimSrsAte'. explained (56-56) Verbal Testimony
(61-62)
as qnalified......
by the Major...... ...
185
... ......
190 190 190191 191
Contradiction of Sense-perception explained (59-60)
..
......
...
... Analogy (65-66) ... ... ... Apparent Inconsistency (66-68)
... ... ... The expression ''perception of one member' (in the
Bhashya) explained
(75-76)
...
...
...
...
...
...
192 193
Different forms of the contradiction of the Middle
Term
(79-80)...... ...
......
Reason and Doubt precluded from the Definition (83-85) Oanses of
Doubt (83-85) ... ... ... Viruddhatd Contradictory character of the
Middle Terra Other Contradictions explained (101-102) ...
...... ......
explained (96)...
193 193 195 196 197 198 199 200201
Similarity and Dissimilarity of the Predicate (107-108)
...
Discrepancies of the Instance (114-16)
...
...
...
...
Necessity of the recognition of the negative relationship of the
Middle
Term with
the negative of the Major
Term
...
...
......
Necessity of Negative Instances (131-32) ... ... Real
significance of the expression " Sense-perceived relation" (140-42)
Samdnya as a Distinct Entity necessary for Inference (148-88)
... ...
The character and cognition
of the Middle'
Term
(163, &o.)'
...
...
203 204 205206
Anyall
discrepancy in the perception of a
samdnya...
destroys the cogency of...
means
of right notion (172)
...
...
Presence of Sams.j/o in the visible objects also (181)
...
...
Section 6: On Words
...
...
...
...
...207...
Neoesaity of defining Verbal Authority in general (1-9) Verbal
Authority cannot be included in Inference (15)Difference between
the two processes (22-23)...
...
207
...... ...
...
,,...
Arguments
in favour of the identity of both (35-37)...
209 210 212213
Various refutations of these Arguments (38) Difference between
ordinary human assertiontions (47)... ...
...
...
and Scriptural...... ...
declara__,...
...
The
Self-validity of Verbal Authority (58)
...
213 214
Necessity of accepting
Verbal Authority not based on Inference (64-98) ... ... word as
an independent means of knowledge' '
...
214
CONTENTS.
IXPage.
Section 7: Analogy ... ... Operation of ' Analogy ' explained
(1-2) The validity of Analogy (4-5) Similarity, a positive entity
(18)' '
.........
...... ...
....
222-232... .........
220
"......
......
......
Different kinds of Similarity (20) Similarity something wholly
different
22S 225 225
from the Properties on which... .........
it is......
based (21)
...
...
TheI,
similarity of twins explained (22-23)
...
SimiiaWii/ different from the Classes (26)
... ......
... ... ...
...
amenable to Sense-perception (34)
...... ... ...... ......
It exists in its entirety in each
member
(35)
Analogy (37) ... ... ... ... This object not amenable to any
other means of knowledge (38) Semblances of Similarity (40) ... ...
... Analogy is not Inference (43-44) ... ... ... Uses of Analogy as
a distinct means of knowledge (52) ...of.
The object
225 226 226 227 227 227 227 227 228 229
SECTIONS: Apparent
Inconsistency
.
...
...
...2S0-43...
Case of the operation of Apparent Inconsistency ... ... Examples
(2) ... ... ... ... , Apparent Inconsistency not the same as
Inference (8-9) ,.. included in Negation (36) ... ,, ), ,, in
Verbal Authority (51) ... The example not explicable by
Sense-perception (60) ... ... ... Analogy (74) Uses of Apparent
Inconsistency in Mimansa (87) ... ,
...... ...
... ...... ...
230 230 231 234 237 238 240 242
Section 9: On Negation
...
...
...
...
...243-52...
Cases of the Operation of Negation as a Means of Knowledge (3)
Difference between Negation and Sense-perception, &o. (17) ...
The functioning of Negation purely Mental (27) ... ...
... ...
243 245
Difference between Negation and Inference (29). ... ... ...
Bauddha Objection : " The Non-appearance of Sense-perception,
&o., would form the Middle Term " Reply to this (38-39) ... ...
...
247 247 248 250 251261
Negation can be a Means of Cognition (45) ... ... ... Negation a
distinct means of Cognition (54-55) ... ... ... Other so-called
Means of Cognition included in the six herein enumerat-
How
ed
(57)
...
.*
...
...
...
...
Section 10: On Citrakshepa
... ... ... ... .. 252-54 " The Citra Sacrifice cannot bring
abont cattle," &o., and hence they are 262 untrue (2-8) ... ...
... .^. ... ...
2
5T,0KAViRTriCA.
The arguments
iu favour of thia
oonaemnation
...
'"
...
252
From Analogy,jiffniftoira,
the falsity Bhown to belong to the passages dealing with the "
.. ... , &OT.also (15-)
"
254
SucTroN II
. . ... On BambanShiiksMpa The truthful character of Tedic
passages based upon their eternality (1) Eteroality of the
relationship between Words and their Denotations (4-5):
254-261... ...
... Objections against this: no sort of relationship possible
(6-10) ... ... ... .~ These objections met (11-12) ... ... ... The
different methods of the comprehension of this relationship (2T-24)
" The words cannot have any denotativeness, prior to the
recognition of
25* 25* 255255 257
the relationships" (33)
...
...
...
...
...
^^^259'
.-. ... Such denotativeness shown by tTsajges (34) ... The
Cognition of the said relationship is only an accessory in the
compre... hension of the meanings of words (42) ... ... ... " There
cannot be any natural relationship between the WtK'd and its
260261
8igBifloation"(45)
...
...
.
.-
.-
Section 12: On SpTiofa
.
,
,
....
...261-81...
Consideration of the n.iture of the word (1) ... Cognition of
the word by means of Sense-perception (4)
261
...
...
The name Word'
'
applicable, even before the comprehension of... ...
Heaning ^)......
Ko
Constituent parts of Letters (13)is
...
262 262 26S263 263
The Letter Cognisable of Sense-perceptionThere
(14)
...
,
only one individual of each Letter (15) ... ... .., Diversity
only apparent due to the diversity in the degrees of effort (25)
... No such Class as 'gatva' possible (27) ... ... . ... No similar
denial of the Glass Cow possible (35) ... ... . Perversities of
Perception cannot aEeot our Conoluslons (41-44) ... The expression
'^DorwolitZa 'explained (4?) ... ... ,
265265 266
'
'
268 269270
Aoeents are merely different forma belonging to the same Letter
(57-58) No such Class as gofabdatua (66) ... ... ...' '
.....,
272272 273 274 275275 275
The idea
of the
sameness of the Word due to the identity of component......
...
letters (67)
.
.,.
...
Instances of gradual operations leading to a common result (74)
... Applicability of the Present Tense to the functioning of the
Word (89) ... The whole Word can signify what its parts cannot (86)
... ... Objection " No denotative potency inhering in the parts,
there could be none in the toJioZe " (87-88) ,,. .,, ,,. __,
theory also (91) ... ... More Assumptions necessary for the
Sphota theory than foi the Mlmon. saha (94) ... ... ... ...
^..Sj)?ioto
This objection applies to the
276jyg
The Cognition of the last letter meaning of the whole word
(96)
of the.
word
I's
the cause of that of the.......
.^.
CONTENTS.
XtFar/e.
ITo assnmplion of an intermedinry SanskSra necessary (97)
...
...
279277
The assumption
of
an imperceptible factor in the process...
is
necessary for...
the SpTioia theory also iamatio of the singleness of Forest'
(69-70)' '
... ...... ...
.........
Fourth
Substrate of the idea of
(73-74)...
(70-71)...
334 343 343343 345 346
'Cow'
...
Whole not absolutely different fromthe constituent individuals
(75-76)
its
parts...
as Class not different from...
..
...
The ideabody
of
'
Cow
'
not due to the conglomeration of the various parts of
its......
(82-88)
...
...
...
...
The
fact of
words denoting one or many objects fixed by Convention
(86-89)
xiv
^LOKAViETIKA.Page. 347-74
Section 16; SambandhiTcshlpaparihara
...
...
...
Propriety of the introdnotion of the question of the
relationship of
Word and
Meaningmeaning
(1)
...
...
...
...
347 3*834.8
Relationship of
name and named cannot determine the comprehension of the
of the
Word
(5)
...
...
.
...
... Nor is the relationship one of Invariable Concomitance (7)
The qnestion of relationship has been bronght forward with a
view
to the...
ascertainment of
its eternality
or non-eternality (10)
...
... Denotation of words not baaed pimarily npon Conventional
Rules (12) ... ... The denotation of words based upon the Glass
(25-26) ... ... ... The necessity of assuming Potency (29) ... If
the relation were not eternal, all men oonld not comprehend the
word (30) The process of the transference of the knowledge of
world-relations (41) ... ... This knowledge cannot be .based upon
Conventional Bnles (42) ...
349 349 352 353 353 355 355 356 356 358 358 359
The world could have had no beginning
No
in time (47) personal Creator of the world possible (47-59)
......
... ...
...
The Veda could not have proceeded from any Creator (61)
Explanation of those Yedic passages which speak of Creation No
proofs for admitting a Pralaya (68) ... ...' ''
...*
......
(61)...
...
Arguments in favour of the Creative agency combated (74-86) ...
... So functioning of the Sanhhya " Attributes" possible (87) ...
... The bondage of souls not due to any actions lying latent in
themselves (89) Knowledge cannot be the cause of Deliverance
(94-106) ... ... The Eternal Character of Deliverance based upon
its Negative Character(107) The nature of Deliverance (108) ... ...
... .,, Method of obtaining Deliverance (110) ... ... ... ... The
existence of a Creator is an untenable as that of an Omniscient
Person(114-16)...
360 363 363 364 367 367 367368 369 369 373 374
...
...
...
...
...
... ... The verbal relationships of the Proper Name (120) ...
The verbal relationship distinguished from those of the Common
Name
(122-23)
'
...
...
...
...
...
...
Eternality of the relationship based upon the eternality of ...
ings (136-27) ... ... ...
Words and Mean...
... ...
Process of comprehending the Meaning of a
Word
(140-42)
.
... Section 17: GitrdksJiepaparihdra ... ...375-81 ... Falsity
of the premises brought forward against the theory of sacrifices
bringing about results (1) ... ... ... ... ... 375 Passages laying
down such results do not lay down immediateness of their appearance
(2) ... ... .., ... ... 375 ,.,
The
non-applicability of Sense-perception does not vitiate the
validity of Verbal Authority (4-5) ... ... ... ... ... Even in
ordinary actions results do not follow immediately after them (7)
... The fact of only some people possessing cattle, shows that it
is the result of the Citrd Sacrifice performed by them in their
previous birth (13) ...
379 377
878 379
Results not due to mere chance (18)
...
,.,
,,,
,,,
COKTEHTS.
XVPage.
The NaiySyika theory of immediate sequence of the result as
untenable as ... the "Chance" theory (22J ... ... ... ... The
non-appearance of .the results due to impediment in their
appearance (26)
380381
Section 18: Atmavada ,.. ... ... ... The Sonl connected with the
sacrificial implements, through the Body Denial of Soal makes the
whole Fedo open to objection (3) ... The Seal is different from the
Body and is eternal (7) ...Objections against the eternality of the
Sonl (8),,,...
...
(1)
...... ,,,
......
......
Keply to above
(13)
...
...
382 382 382 383 383 384 384 385 38S387 387
People are always cognisant of the fact of a certain result as
apppearing from a certain action (15) ... ... ... ... ,
The
Soul's liability to modification does notis
mean
its
destruction (22}...
......
No
absolute destruction of the Sonlof Doer
possible (23)
The character The "Series"
and Enjoyer belong
to the Person, the Soul continuing
throughout the various modifications (29) ... ... ... of Ideas
as held by the Banddha not tenable (33) ... It is not possible for
mere "Ideas " to transfer themselves into another bodyat rebirth
(59)...
...
...
......
......
... ......
No
intermediate subtle bodyif
is
possible (62)
Even
such a body existed, no Ideas could enter into
it
(64)
...
... ... ... Ideas cannot exist in the Embryo (65) ...
Potentiality of Ideas cannot exist in the Sense-organs (68) ... ...
The first Idea of Man after birth cannot be proved to be the
product of any foregoing idea (70) ... ... ... ... ...
392 893 393 893 39i 394 395395
A
Person, or Sonl,alone could bear within himself the
potentialities of...:
Idea (73) ... ... Motion is not the only form of
actionSacrifices (74)......
...
...
...
Hence Sonl can be the performer...
of...
...
...
... ... The Person is the doer of all Beings and Ideas (76) ...
The Body, &c,, could have no actions except, those that
belonged to the Soul
395
(78)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
396 397 397398 398
Evenis
in regard to one
and the sameaffected
action, the operation of several Sonls......
not necessarily identical (85-86)
...
...
The Ego does not become
by any action except
his
own
(89)
...
In the case of the Measure laid down with reference to the
sacrificial post, ... ... we must take it as referring to the size
of his body (90) The Yaigeshika arguments for the existence of Soul
put forward (92-101) ... .,. These arguments refuted by the Bauddha
(101-106) ... ... The arguments of the Bhdshya : The Bonl is
directly cognisable by thenotion of 'I' (107) ... ... ...
Intelligence cannot belong to material things (111-12)... ...
...
40O401 402 403
......'
The Knower cannot be a mere Idea (115-16) The " Series " of
Ideas cannot be the object of thecognising'
...
...
recognition of
I
'
(120)
...
404404
Impressions can bring aboat.a recognition only in the case of
the previousI'
being the same
m the present
'
I
'
(124-25)
...
...
^Vl
giOKAVAE'riKA.Page.... Suoh notions as I am fat' must be
regarded as miaoonoeptiona (127) ... The Sense-organs are always
spoken o as different from 'X' (128) The idea of My Soul is due to
the Cognition being distinct from the' ' '
405 405 405 407 407 407 408 408
Soul (130)
...
...
...
...
...
... ...
Eafutation of arguments against the Existence of Soul (137-39)
In the Knowing of Soul, one must supplement the Veda
with
the
Brdhmanas (140)
...:
...
...
...
The Soul is self-luminous (142) Hence it is not perceived by
other Sonls ( 143) ... One Soul is cognised by another by an
obserTanoe of its Actions (145) The Soul is imperishable (147) ...
... ...
Sutras VIXXIII. On the Eternality of Words
...
...
...
... ...
Beasons for insisting upon the etemality of words
(1, 2, etc.)
A momentary word is incapable of affording any sense (3)
...
409-485 409 409 ......
Objections against the etemality of words {SUtras 6-11)
...
...410-12
Words are caused
entites
(and hence transient) (9) ... ... ... because there is a
difference in the same word as pro...... ...
410410 411 411 412 412
nounced by different persons (10) ... ... They are not
all-pervading (hence not eternal) (11) They are caused because they
are brought about by efforts
...
... (13) Letters composing words are transient, as they undergo
modifications (17) They are transient, as their sound is capable of
interception (18) ...
Reply to the above objections {SUtras 12-23) ... All the above
arguments are inoonclusiTe (19-20) ... The word is not accepted by
all philosophers to be due to(20-22)...
...
...
...
...
412 412 413
human...
efforts...
...
...
...
As
Destruction alsoof.
is
oucaused, the argument urged in Siitra 6 becomes......
contradictory (29-30)
...
.it...
...
414 414415
The perceptionC30-32)
Alcdfa after...'
an
effort...
does not make...
transitory...
Various interpretations of the
non-eternality of the......
word
'
put forward,,.
and refuted
...
...
^.^
Though words have permanentIt is
existence, yet they are not always perceived,
because of the absence of manifesting agencies (40) ... ... by
means of a snpersensuous power that the utterance imparts a
supersensuous faculty to the organ of hearing, and thereby it
becomes the cause of the manifestation of the already-existing word
(45) ... ...:
416
The Utterance belongs to the Air, and not to the Organs (49-50)
... Objections The word being only a change in the Akaga of the
ear, brought about by utterance, must belong to the whole of it,
and as saoh be aUpervading (5G-58).. ....___
417 417
418
CONTENTS.
XVllPage.
Partial cognition of the
word by some people:
only,
is
not possible (64-65)is
...
420 420 420 420421
Diversity of aaditory cognition Ahove objections answered, ...
... diversity in the Bars (65-66)
due to the...
...
... ... ... The Bar is not identical with jlfcaya (66-67) The
organic change takes place in the physical sabatratam (the
tympanum
of the ear)
...
...
...
...
...
...
The cognition taking place in the bodily organ, one man's
cognition does not imply cognition by all men (73-75) ... ... ...
...Similarly one man's deafness does not imply deafness of
allSimilarity of conditions between the
men
(76-77)
...
422 423 423 424
Nyaya theory
of
the Production of.........
words and the Mimansa theory
of their manifestation
Method
of Woi-d-ooguition explained: the Vai9eahika view
(88-90)......
Objections to the Vai^eshika view (90-106)
...
... The Sdnlthya and Jaina views stated and refuted (106-121)
... ... The Mimansaka view explained (121-30) ... Whatia
'gravanendriya' ? (130-134) ... ... ... The argument propounded in
Sutra 7, against Bternality of words found
... ...
426 429430
...
to...
be inooncluaive (155)Objections in Sutra8,
...
...
......... ...
......
434434 435 413 445
met by Sutra 14:
(157)to Sutra 9
......... ...
Explanation of Sutra 15 (163)
answer
... ...
... 16(201) answer to Sutra 11 (211) 17: '
...
...
'
... 18 :' Bternality of Words (230) ... ,, ... ... The
arrangement of letters in words is not 'caused' (288) Shortness,' '
Length,' &o., of vowel-souads only mark divisions of time (303)
What do you mean by Non-eteruality in the case of words ? (327):'
'
448
460463 466 470
objections
...'
...
......
...
...
Necessity of asserting'
eternality
'
of
words (356)'
... ...'
...
It is necessary as it implies the eternality of (relations)
...'
and Action as eternal as the class word and class action (398)
... ... ... Arguments against subtle deatruotions (425) Arguments
against non-eternality, and for Bternality of words summed
upIdea''
'
'
470 477481
'
'
(443)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
484
Sutras XXIV XXVI. ... On Sentencein particular (1-110)
...
...
...
...
486
552486
Objections against the Bternality of Sentences in general, and
of the...
Veda......
...
...
...
Reply to the above (110) Farther objections (168-181)
..
...
.........
504514 517526 531
...
...
.........
......
... ... Answered (182-221) Change of denotation of words
explained (222-246) Explanation of Bhavana (247-316) ...
... ... ......
...
.........
...
Vikalpa-Option (317) Sutra 25 (340)
...
......
542 546
...
Sutras
XXVIIXXXII....... ...
The Veda not the work of an author
553
555
pLOKAViRTIKA.Alphabetical Index.
Page.
Absence of an author safeguards the Veda against Absence of
external objects not proved ...Absolute destructionAbstract
Perception
all
reproach...
.,,
,,.
31181
......
Action
not prohibited cannot be sinful result not always similar
toit.........
not possible of the soul of an object how made concrete
,...
.,, ... ...,.,
.........
,,.
....
......
386 88 885757
...... ..,
... ...
...,,.
......
Actions
Adharma
may be perishable Vedic injunctions and prohibitions
47159
the only means of knowing.....
it
...,,, ...
Agnihotra
...
Aka9a Its perceptionAkyti
after an effort, does not
mate
it
transitoryit
......
necessity of establishing the fact of the word denoting
meaning of the wordit cannot mean shapeits...
...... ...
254 414 281331
......
... .....
......... ...
......
Analogy
object not amenable to any means of knowledge not Inference uses
Apoha not possible reason against assumption never actually
cognised as significant could apply to no gender, the individual
not implied by mutual interdependence involved in basing...
not applicable to Dharma
...
... ... ......,.,
...
......
332 85 226 227 228 229164 164 315
... ... ...... ...
...
...
... ...... ...
its
...
...
...
...
...
...
......
its
...
...... ...
......
... ......
etc.,
it
...
is
it
...
...
320 320322
it
upon mutual negation of...
objects
...
...
,,. ... ...
...... ...
... ...
Apohas
no diverse Apohas pbasible
......
no implication of Apohas possible
...
303 320321
of gender could not be the object of specification ... ... ...
,,. Apohavattva is not possible ... ... ... ... ... Apohist cannot
distinguish the cow from the Horse ... no definite cognition of
difference among Individual Animals possible
319 305307 85 231231
for
him
...
...
...
.........
...
...
Apparent inconsistency
not applicable to Dharma examples of not the same as
Inference...
......
-......
...
...
...... ...
included
in negation
... ...
......
234237
inolndsd in Verbal Teslimony
.
]'i
9L0KAVAETIKA,Page.
Apparent inconsistency
not explicable by Sense-Perception not explicable by Analogy
uses in Mimansa......
...
.
238 ^^^
its
""
24.2
AsannikrsliteAfcah
explained...
-..
......
meaning ofof
"
Atha meaning Atoms .
190 18 18181
A varnakata explainedAudibility of word- sounds Aaditory Aka9a
... Auditory organ no movement of
...
...
269
...
......
-.
...
'
possible cannot be all-pervading modificationit its...
...... ....
*^'
......
^^^
Anthority
of the Veda questioned of the Veda undisputed arguments
supporting the theory ofits
... ...
" ^*^^
...
... ... ....
it
...
...
*27
Anthoritativeness
its...
extraneous character...
...
refutation
...
.
2829 29^1
its notion duo to extraneous influence ... its three forms
...
...
of Injunction
...
...
...
BBath itsnegation before the investigation of...
Dharma
...
... ... ...... ...
....-.
1417 120 428 316 103 B31 533
its signification ...
...
...
Bauddhas diversity
of opinion
among...
their various scions.....
......
statement and ... "Blue Lotus"... Bhavana explained its three
factors,
refutation of their theory...
...
non-difference between lotus and blueness ... ...
...... ,.,
... ......
... ......
......
the object of a single cognitionBodyit...
......
...
545
no idea could enter could have no actions excepting those of the
Soul no momentary destruction possible Bondage of souls not due to
any action latent ia themselves... ... ...,..
...
...... ...
......... ...
Buddhijuana
...
...
...
...
...
Buddhist Scriptures
unreliable because composed by human beings
...
393 396 480 363 76 46
... ... Capability and incapability Cause and effect their
simultaneity not possible
......
,..
... ... ...
...
158 166
Causality not constituted by the sequence of object and idea
...
16621
Codana
meaning of means a word
...
...
......
......
.,,.
......
...
22
iSdEX.
iii
Codana
objections based npon the signiftoation oftion... ......
Page.
the word and their ref nta......
...
cannot be restricted to positive activity only refers to
Injunctions and Prohibitions 5 itra sacrifice discussed arguments
in favour of...
..,.,,...
51-5353
.........
...... ..,
...
...
it
...
...
...,.,
54 252 232
Citra sacrifice
...
...
...
Class
...
....
37392Ill
its
cognition not inferentialobjects
...
...
... ......
of
and
their relationship
amenable......
to sense-perceptionetc.......... ...
its specification
due to peculiarities of colour,
relationship between and individual purely natural Verbal
Testimony and Inference not the means of right knowledge without ,
Fixity of relation between and individual based upon Direct
Senseit...
manifested by the individnal mutual relationship with
individualsit......
...
...
...
333 336 283287
...
...
...
...
288
class
Perceptionit is
...
.,.
...
... ... ...... ... ...
...
not identical with Individnal as a whole of uniform character
does not consist of similarity among Individuals...
,... ... ...
290291
......
is
...
291
......... ... ...
Class
it is admitted by the Apobist cow is one only ...
... ...,.,
... ......
293 296337
Classes
their restrictions Mimansaka view about
explained
...
... ... ...
......
...
......
289 286
... ...
....
......
298156
Cognisable object and cognising idea
...
Cognised shape does not belong to external objects ... ... ...
Cogniser, its character not attiibuted to the object ... ... ...
Cognition of class cannot be inferential ... ... ... ... Cognition
of objects not in the form of identification with their verbal
expressions... ....,,
149149
9298
...
,., ... ...
...
Cognition of objects independent of verbal expressions ...
Cognitions undefined only as long as words are not foundCognitions
never amenable to Inferential argumentation ... ... ... Cognition
and cognised
....
99 Ill 129
Cognitions are without substratum only at the time of their
actual appearance......
....
129148
Cognition
form of objects cannot be said be imposed npon only one,
diversity among objects not the object of conceptionsto..,,
character could not appear prior to the comprehension of
objects... forms belong to them...its......
...
...
...149-50...
150151151161
...
...
...
.........
.........
...
...
...
171172
appear in absence of Impressions forms of dream not attributed
to perishable like actionsCognition of Apoha
...
...
......
it...
... ...
......
173 471
......
not possible
......
......
......
312 503
Collective denotation
impossibility of
...
.
19
pLOKAVAKTJKA.Page.
Component word
cognition of sentence not possible thonghfor the
.
*'
their meanins'S are the basisof sentences
comprehension of meanings.........
...
""'"
"*'
Comprehension of contradictory forms
...
of objects precedes their idea...Oomprehender and comprehended
... different from each other ... fully established .. ...
Comprehender Idea belongs to him ... Commonality necessary for the
colleotive idea
'
... ... ... ...-.
of things...
^^^^
of a
number...
282
Compatibility of Singularity with Plurality Conceived and Means
of conception, etc.
......
......
Conception
... its falsity explained .., falsity due to its
non-produotibility not both comprehended and comprehender
... ...
,
1 ^"^ 1^9 489 558
.
no duplicate capability innoConclusion...
... ...
......
......
not comprehended by itselfassociation......
...... ...
among conceptions... ...... ... ......
......
......
Conjunct words^their cases explained Convention ... ... ...
Rules regarding themEestriction...
... ......
... ...
...... ... ...... ...
....,, ,.,
524 3*6 849 and 355 109 ...... ... ......
Container and Contained
...
Contradiction of sense-perception
...
311 190
by Verbal testimony Analogy ... Apparent InconsistencyConscience
theory not tenable ... Contact of cognition with the object
190191 191196
...... ...
...,.,
explained........, .., ...
,,....
CowCreation
... ,.,
......
...
.,.,
Creative Agency
...... ...
59 152 100, 266, 343, 345, 297 and 311 360 ... ... ... 860 ...
... .........
......
...
(Junyavada
its
refutation
...,.,
... ...
...
......
163A62
Pyena Sacrifice sinful
.
DeliveranceDelusions
,...
... ...
.........
...... ......
,,,
......
sg4 gg^ 137 ^nd 173... ... ... ......
Different Ideas as regards the
same object
Denotativeness
of words not due to Convention of words not prior to
relationship...
174108 259
... .........
... ... ...
Denotation of meanings, etc. ... Denotative potency neither in
part not Denial of the reality of Conceptions
in
whole...
^12 275 ^34
.
...
INDEX.
VPace.
Denial of the reality of External objects Destruotiou ... ,
...
... ,.,
... ...
... ,,,
127
...
Charma
...
...
...
...,.,
usefulness of investigation definition Authority for the means
of knowing signification of sense-perception not applicable to
Discussion necessity .its its...
414 19,21-26,21,23,49,50,59-77,113... ......,.....
......
...
19 2121
it
......
......
full
...
...
......
4977 119 26S 478 287 321193
it
...
......
its
Diversity
only apparentofeffort......
...
,.........
...
...
......
.... ... ... ... ...
... ...
......
Doer and Enjoyer Double Negative Doubt its causes
...
.......
...
...... ...
Dream
....
......
...
its falsity
...
...
,.,
...
173
EEaris
not identical with Alja^aeffected
...
...
...
...
...... ...
Ego does not become
by any action exceptit...... ...
his
own.....,
...
Embryo ideasEntity...
cannot exist in...
...
...
......
......
...
Eternality of letters and wordsBternality of words
...
...
420 397 393 313 459
Eeasons for and objections against......
...
...409-12
Excellences of the source of words only serve to set aside the
charges of unanthoritativeneas ... ... ... ... ...
31
Existence of creation untenable Existence of soul
......
...
....,....
318
refutation of arguments againstnever internalits
realityits......
......
External object
is
External world
necessity of
......
407 176121
and denialreality
...
... ...
119,...
...
...
123
FFalsity of the premises
First idea of
man not the..
urged against Sacrifices,... ... ...
etc.'
,.,
.......,, ...
... ......
375
product of foregoing ideas
...
FlamesForest
......
......
394 483 458
...
...
Forms
of
words
explanation of the comprehension of their meaningsQ.........
334, 341
and 343
...
General negation
.........
GoQabdatva no such class Gotva no such class possible
,...
.....
...... ,,,
296 232 265
...
...
HHearing
is
due to changes in the bodily organ
...
...
...421-23
6
Yi
9LOKAVARTIKA.I
Page.
Idea
apparent identity with word and object worldly activity not
applicableits...
... ......
... . ...
......
100 143153 154 1^8
Idea and object cannot have the same form ... cannot be both
cogniser and cognised ... Idea not oomprehender of itself ... Idea
of cow ... ... ...
......
......
......
.
...
336, 337
... Idea of singleness with reference to forest ... ... Idea and
Action ... ... ... Ideas their falsity leads to universal negation
neither cause and effect, nor Impression and Impressed existence of
objects not explicable without them depend on something else for
their conception ...
.... ... ... ...
...
and 343 339477 130 168169
....
... ...
...... ...
... ......
grounds for their no intimate relation possible among them no
association among them not recognised as mere
negationsfalsity...
...
...
......
170 184 488
...
...
... ...
4893C3 392 121 128 130 132131
...
...
......
cannot transfer themselves into other bodiesIdealistic position
expounded...
... ...... ... ... ...
......
......
......
superfluity ofIdealism
it...
...
contradicted involves falsity of Philosophical systems
counter-arguments against Idealistic theory contradicted......
...
... ..,...
... ,,,...
...
......
... ...
...132-35...135-86...
refuted
...
no instance of Dissimilarity mentioned in contains untrue
things...
......
38141
...
......
... ...
chief element in reasoning propounded to turn away men's
mindsits
...
...
...
Imposition of the form of words on the object
is
impossible......
...,.,... ...
101,...
143 148 104it,
Imposition theory
...
.........
......
ImpressionsIncorrect cognitionsIndividual
,,, ...
......
404173
......
...
Increase or decrease of word-sounds refuted
......
... ......
does not signify classrelation with ApohaIndriyaInference...
,,,
necessary along with Class...
...,,....
... ...
445 283 287 319 76 34 38 2
... ... ,,, ...
...
...... ...
.........
.,,,_,
...
not applicable to objects in the future preceded by
Sense-perception..
not applicable to Teda
... ,,, ,,,.__
.........
......
not applicable to Dharma.impossible,
...
based upon Sense-perceptionwhenits its...
.,,...
...
.........
,__
as a means of knowledge definitionobjectis
objects are not real...... ...
... ,.,.......
84 87 124132 ^2 I85
.,,...
the minor term
,,.
INDEX.
^Jj
T
Iiijnnotion the only means of knowing Dharma necessity of having
recourse to it Instance discrepancies of ... ...
,.
Page,
...
...
.__
uj,jj^s
......
...
joo__
of
forest
...
...
of gradual operation leading to common ResultIntelligence cannot
belong to material things IntroductionInvariable Concomitance
...
...
gg...
......
...
273 4021
...
183
not needed
for the signification of sentences
,,.
...
529
JJain and Sankhya theory
moving of sound discussedK
..,
,.,
,,,
426
Karoti
Knower not a mere idea Knowing of soul ...
its
true meaning in " ^aholara Karoti "
...
...
__
434_
...
...
...
._,
403 40^
IiakshanaLetters
its
signification
...
..
have no constituent parts
... ... ...
... ......
_
,.,
_
22 263
cognisable by sense-perception ... only one individual of each
... Accents are merely different forms ... sameness of words due to
their identity composing words are transient .., refutation of the
above ... ,,. arguments based upon their changes
...
... ...
___..._.
......
263 263 270272 412 4j2
... ......
...
..._
......
...
443
MMeasure
Meaning
post of of a word, comprehended of words not mistaken of
sentencessacrificial...
... ...
......
...
... .._
390 374 457 551251
...
...
Means
of cognition enumerated...
... ...
,.,
...
...
___
Memory Memory
...
......
......
of Perception
explained...
......
____ _
jgy jQg
Mental recognition of the word Mention of Dissimilarity in the
Middle terms ...
...
......
...... ...
Idealistic...... ...
Argument... ...
......
Mlmansa pastra its purpose
277 139 193 and 204...
... ...
_._ ...
2 3
its
connection
.,,
...
VIU
9L0KAVART1KA.Page.
Mimansaka theoryMisconceptionsModification
aooorde with Panini's view...
...
... ...
...
...
...
... ........... ...
...
Mistaken cognitions devoid of real sabstratnm
...... ...
.........
of the soul, not... ...
its
destruction
Momentary word :incapabl6Motion
of affording
any sense,...
429 405 138 385 409395 405
not the only
form of action...
......
......
My
soul
NNaiyayika arguments against Apoha not tenable theory untenable
as chance theory Nanu samanyato drshtam, etc. explained
.........
......
...
...
326 380
...
......
...... ......
Nanvavidusham
etc.
explained
... ...
......
......
Necessity of negative instances
......
Negation as a means of knowledge Negation and Sense-perception
... its functioning purely mental and Inference ..
...
... ... ... ... ...,,,
......
......... ...
... ......
Banddha objection against negation How a means of cognition
positive entity in form Abstract forms of objects not
negation...
46 44 200 243 245 247 247
...... ...
......
......
^no
its
...
...
......
......
cannot have propertiesNegative
...
...
250 250 295 295 326
Apoha relation with
Positive entity impossibleof the sacrifioe...
......
......,,,
SH51
No
apiirva apart
from a potentiality...
Non-cow the explanation cannot be
explainedNon-entityNon-eternality... ...
...
....,. ...
3H4I3451 465 322 326 490
......
various interpretations Beal and formal objections against
Non-negation of the class cannot be postulated cannot have
properties,,,...
^^^.__
it
......
...
...
...
,,,...
...
,
Notions of the word and
its
meaning not related as
qualification
and
qualified
OObject
its
and Idea their differenceOmniscient author
apparent identity with Idea and word and Idea cannot have the
same form
......
...
.,.,
loO153 159
.
the character of the Teda itself does not lend support to the
theory of ... ... , ___ Omniscient person no ground for assuming
the existence of_
^~ 41oqi-
...
...
Operation of several souls
...
...
,..
___
Past
conception ^ never the object of sensuous perception......^
.,,
......
...
,.
,,. lt>7iffj
INDEX.
IXPage.
Parts
not manifostera of the class.........
......
,,.
,,,
bring about the idea of classParts of the cowPerishability of
idea...
,.,
329 330 329
...
...
......
......
......
......
......
479192 268
Perception of one member ... ... ,., Perception its perversities
cannot affect onr conclnsions Pleasnres of Heaven not similar to
dreams ... ...
...... ...
...
Positive entity
...
,.....
...
,,,
...
Positive entitiesPositivity
...
...
......
no idea possible with regard to Apoha Potency the necessity of
assuming Potentialities of Ideas cannot exist in
sense-organsit...
......
... 120 302 and 311 304 .........
...... ...
,...,.,
316 353394 395 359 32 80 8613
......
Pralaya
no proofs of admitting self-recognition not explanation of
can only exist in soulit
,...
......
...,., ,.,
.........
Pramanas theirPratyayita
anthoritativeness, etc.its
true result...
......
...
......
......
Preclusion of studies other than that of the Veda ... of all the
means of knowledge from the case of Dharma ,, Predicate similarity
and dissimilarity ... ...
......... ...
...
24197 159
...... ... ... ......
Predicability and KnowabilityPrefixes
......
... ...
...... ... ... ...
and Nipatas
...
Present tense application to the functioning of word Proper
names ... ... ... Proximity and Relativity ... ...
... ... ...
501 274 128 172
Q
absent between whiteness and the class cow Qualification and
qualified this relation absent in the notionsQualification
...
...
490 490
of
word and...
its...
meaning
...
...
,,,
...
EEaja-purnshah...
...
...
... ...
.........
... ... ......
Reality of sentence and its
meaning not...
possible...
Reason and Donbt
...
......
324 486 193179
... Recognition of idea apart from objects Reoognisability not
enough to prove etemality Regulation of Apoha must be based upon
usage
......
...
... ... ......
...
...
476 328309 363
Rejection of non-cow Relation is eternalRelationship
application of...
... ...
... .........
...... ... ... ... ...
... ...
impossible refuted different methods of comprehension cognition
in comprehending meanings of words......
...
...
...
......
...
255 255 257 260
its
...
X
91'OKAVARTIKA,Page.
Eelationehip
does not exist between word of qnestion of
its signification
261 347Q JO
between word and meaning between name and named
...
.
not as invariable concomitanceits
.....
eternality or non-eternality
348 3493fi9
Eelationship of proper names
...... ... ...
distinguished from common names ... cannot be asserted ... ...
Bemembranoe in cognitions mistaken
369
...
^'
conld not belong to cognitionsBepetition... ... ...
l''^
......
^''^
Eeply to objections against eternality of sonl...Kesalts
. ...
"843/9 381 384
certain results follow certain actionsSSacrifices... ...
......
of actions their non-appearance dne to impediments.........
...
.
...
...
... ...
Sacrificial slaughter
not sinful... ... ...
......
... ... ...
54 61
SamSamanya Samavaya
......
... ... ...
...... ..
74 94119
...
...203-06......
...
...... ... ... ...
...... ... ...
SamTfti Reality
synonymous with falsity... ...
......
Samskara ... Sanghatah... Sankhya Attributes
......
276 and 280..,
...... ...
...
...
......
... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... .....
317 36373 213 39155
Sat necessity of the word ... Scriptural declaration and human
assertionScripturesSelf
... ...
...
...... ... ... ......
composed by human beings not authoritative both cogniaer and
cognised ... ... Self-recognition not the true result of Pramana
... Self-validity of Verbal authority ... ... ... Senses their
functioning explained ... ...
is
their number only Sense-organs their mixed functioning their
exclusive objects differenciated different from I or Soulfive...
......' '
80 214 74 98 96 98 405gs
...... ... ... ...
......
...... ...
...
Sense-perception
not applicable to objects in future...
explained precisely applicable to certain kind of cognitions
definition made by and sat...
... .........
wq112
...
tot
...
not the means of knowing Dharma not applicable to Dharma..."
Sense^peroeived relation "......
... ... ... ......
jjg ..68-112.__
...
732qi
Sentences
impossibility of getting at their meanings their reality and
meanings not possible
... ...
456^gg
'
INDEX.
XI
Fage.
Sentencestheir cognition not possible througli worda ... cannot
be oonstitated by connection or exolnsion no spliota of tliem ...
... ... their meanings expressed by words ... cannot express
meanings directly ...
...
...
their eternality proved and their meanings...
of
words...
... ... ......
487 493494
...... ...
502503 551 505 506 171
... ... ...... ...'
...
... ... ... ...... ...
...
... ...... ...
...... ... ... ......
words capable of making them... ...
Series of Cognitions
Series of Ideas
not tenable
cannot be the object of recognition ofSignification of affixes,
Nipatas, prefixes, etc.Signification of
I...
...... ... ... ......
non-Brahmanhood...
...
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
...
387 404 536 298225 225 225
Similarity
different from properties of twins explained different from
classes...
of different kinds
...... ... ... ...
...... ... ... ... ... ...
...
amenable
to sense-perception
... ...
entirety in each member exists between words pronounced
differentlyin its
226 227 227
... ... ... ... ...
... ... ......
Simultaneity of
letters...
...
...
... ......
Single idea of cow class
not false... ... ... ... ......
...... ......
457 277 337341
Singleness of forest
...... ...
Soul
... ...
Sound
Specialities of
Time and Space...
... ... ... ...
Specialization
of two kinds reference to
Sphota theory
Subject-matter of the Treatise Subtle body not possible
......
...382,383,407,408 ...427,428,430,434 ... 180 ... ... .,. 537
... ... ... 275, 276, 277, 280, 514 and 517 1-20 ... ... ,,....
.,.,
... ...
...
393531
Svargakamo yajeta
..,
...
Teacher and Pupil distinction between ... Theory of the
Vai^eskas ear is a part of space
....
...
.,, ...
.
130 433
UUltimate Entities Usage not based upon them like atoms ...
Utterance imparts faculty to the organ of hearing ... ... cause of
manifesting words ... belongs to air and not to organs ...
......
,,.
... ,,,
...,,,
......
objections with regard to does not affect any change in the
auditory organ...
...
...
302 417 417 417 418421
...
...
5L0KAVAETIKA.
Page.
Force of the word Vana other explanations ofVaVaiQeshika
Arguments
...
...
......
...... ...... ... ...
...
37341
set
word ... down and refutedthe... ... ... ... ... ...
...
...
398-400...
Varioua interpretations of the opening passages of the
Bhashya
4144
Tasana
no agency possible impossible, with regard to negative entity
Vastutva no such class Veda authority questioned self-evident
character undisputed authority not due to human origin......
no specification possible no proof for the existence of never
bring effects in serial order permanent soul substratumits
... ...
...... ......
......
.........
141 146147
...
... ......
...............
... ...... ...... ...
180 313
...
its
...
...
its its
.,,
...
...
...
...
...
...
lias no author
...
...
...
not the work of
......... ...
...... ...
285 24 ... 26 35 ,,, ... 35 553-555....,,
an omniscient author absurdity incurred in denying its
authorityits
,.,
arguments supporting
authority
...
...
the only meaus of knowing Dharma could not have proceeded from
any creator objections against eternality...
arguments supporting the view thatits
... ...
it is
composed by human hands... ...
,...,
..,...
...
...
... ......
___ ...._
Vedanta theory controverted
...
...... ...
... ...... ...
Vedic passages their truthful character Verbal authority
necessity of ...its self-validity...
39 43 43 553 gg 353 453 87
not included in inference negation...
...... ... ...
...
... ...
....
....
254 207 209 21437g qqq32]^
^non-applioability of sense-perception Verbal Testimony and
Inference ... ...
Verbs
no notion of
...,,,
... ...
.
..,
utilitarian theory not tenable Virtue and Vice distinction
between Viruddhata contradictory characterVirtue
,,,
,,.,,,
.,,,.,
59j3q..
,,....
...
...
jgg
WWhiteness
eternality ofdifferent
such qualitiesits
... ...
...
.q.
Whole notWord its
Whole word
from meaning of
parts... ...
...
...,,,
... ......'
oao __,
authoritativenesa
apparent identity with Idea and Object
consideration of nature cognition by means of perception name
applicable before meaning idea of sameness due to lettersits
,.
"'
t^noei
....,,
...,,, ....
,,.
oco ~q^
'" ..
...
...
INDEX.
xmPage.......
Word
various theories regarding as a whole not dae to human efforts
all-pervading and impartite cannot collectively produce any idea
not cognised in parts oonneotioa with the theory of moving Auditory
organ objections against the aboveit......
...
279 413421
.....
,.,
...
..,...
...
...
..
488 437 440 441 4i2 456465481102 105 105105
...
...
...
.........
...
...... .....
...
...
notion
possible not perishable no destruction, subtle, gross or
momentary possible Words not independent of the material form of
objects...
means created by God with meaning notof diversity got at
by......
of Inference
...
...
...
...
.........
...
........
cannot give any idea until the object objects do not depend on
themobj*eot
is...
known
...
... ... .........
only form of the cognised through them not mere verbal forms
imposed upon them forms of objects not dependent on
themrelationship with objects, eternal... ...
...
... ......
...... ......
Ui5
106 106 521 526
......
signify a connected meaning in sentences expressive of option
difference between them and sentence...
their basic form distinguishable forming parts of technical
expressions
... ......
...... ...
528542 549
...
......
......
...
... ...
Words and Denotations ... Words and letters Words caused
entities
......
......... ...
... ......
23441.0
,507
and 509...
as pronounced by different persons caused since brought about by
efforts...
... ...... ...
...
...
.........
... ...
410 411416
exist permanently, but not always perceived
non-eternality refuted order, shortness, length,eternal...
..
...
...
454463
etc.,...
marked by time which..
is
only one and... ... ......
............
their non-eternality rejected by scripturesArguments
provingWorldtheir eternality
Inferential arguments regarding themtime
464 465 480 355 356 355
...
no personal creator possibleWorld-relations,.,
could have no beginning in
......-
...
......
.... ...
...
...
...
...
Yogio faculty
untenable for Bauddhas
...
...
..
.
133
INTRODUCTION.The word Mimaiisa'more properly Purva Mirainsa ' is
applied the system originally propounded by Jaimini. The other
names given to this system uve' Purvakanda,' Karma-Mimnnsa,'
KarmakSnda,' Yajnavidya,' Adhvaramimansa,' Dhannamimansd,' and so
forth some'
'
to
'
'
'
'
people even speak of
it
as the
'
Dvadagalahihni.
'
Inasmuch
as the
Lharmatlieie
it
is
avowed object commonly spoken oi:
of this sjsteffl is a consideration Of'
are three sections or JiTan^as'
and theis
Jnanakanda'
And
it
is
^s Bharmamtmansa.' Of the Veda, The Karmakanda, the
Upasanakdnda, only that portion of the Veda which
is dealt with in the Purva-MimaAsIl ; and for this reason ^it is
spoken of as Purvukanda,' PiirvammUnsa, or KarmamimSnsa.' Though
the Karmakanda of the Veda treats of many such actions as
Sacrifice," Giving," Offering,' and the like, yet it is of the
sacrifice that this system treats mostly, and it is full of' ^
'
contained in the
first of
these that
discussions about sacrifices only.as'
And
for this reason people speak of
tliis
yajnamimaAsn
'
or
'
Adhvara-mtviansa.';
This consideration of Dharma is found to consist of twelve parts
and these parts have been put by Jaimini in the form of twelve
Adhyayas; and
hence the system has come to be known by the name of
'
Dvadagalaskshani.'
For a detailed explanationadhikarana, the readeris
of the subject-matter of each
Adhyaya and
referred to the Appendix.
Whilethatis
chiefly dealing with these subjects, Jaimini lias in
many
placesall
dealt with other things in connection
with these.
It
is
clear
that
by Jaimini is chiefly Vedic. In the work known as the Veda'
beginningless and authorless, were found mentioned hei-e and there,
at random, many sacrifices, offerings, &o. And hence it was
very difficult to understand and grasp the methods and procedure
oftreatedof'
the various sacrifices, &c.;
consequently,step the
at
the
time of the perform-
meet with and difficulties. And all this difficulty has, once
for all, been set aside by Jaimini, by means of the Sutras dealt
with here. And it was only after the Mimansa philosophy liad been
duly propounded that the path of KarmakSnda became easy. At tlie
very outset, Jaimini divided the Vedic sentences into two Tlie
Mantra and the Brahmana, kinds The former is now known Saiihita' as
the f.i. There are many. BrahRgveda sanhita, &c. nianas that
are known as 'Upanishat, f.i. the Brhadaranyaka andsacrifice,
ance of a
at each
performers would
serious doubts
;
'
'
; '
the
Chandogya.
into other sorts
Then again ho proceeds to sub-clivitle these two kinds the Rk,
the Sama, and the Yaju.
The definitions that he lays down for the differentiation of the
Mantra and the Brahmana are embodied in the Sutras II i 32 and
of'
33;
whereincalled'
it
is
said that,
that
which,certain
at
the timein
the per-
formanceit
of a sacrifice,; '
points out
details'
connection with
is
earlieris
Mantra authors have
and the rest are calledas there are
Brahmana.
But the'
distinctly declared that this definition;
of
Mantrafulfil
only a tentative one
many Mantrasof
that do not'
the conditions herein laid'
down, and are yet
called
Mantras.'in
Thesacri-
Mantras,
'
in
reality,
take the place
Aphorisms dealing with;
ficial details,
and the Brahmanas are commentaries on them
fact,
they are frequently spoken of as such by fankaracarya.
Rh, Yajush and
Sama
are the three sub-divisions of the
said
two
divisions of the Veda.
Mantras and Brahmanas, that sentence wherein we have distinct
divisions into' feet,' is called a'jR' (Sutra i Mantra.' The the
other names of which are ^Rca,' 'Cloha, II 36) sentences that are
capable of being sung are known as 'Sama (II i 36).
Among
;
'
'
The
rest are called
'
Yajush'
(II i 37).
The
text
of
the
MimMnsa philosophy
is
the
most extensive
of
all
the Sutras have twelve Adhyayas, divided
into sixty Pddas, containing
about 1,000 Sutras, dealing with 1,000 sections or
Adhikaranas.
The word
'
AdhikarSna
'
really
means
'Discussion,'
'Consideration,'
In the Mimansa we find that each Discusssion is made up of five
parts: vig. : (1) Vishaya--ihe subject-matter under consideration,
(2) Vigaya, or Sahgaya the doubt arising in connection'Inquiry,'
'Investigation.'
with that matter,
(3)
P%irvapakshai}xe standpoint of the opponent,
and the arguments in support thereof, (4) Uttara or SiddhSnta
the demonstrated conclusion, (5) Sangati Relevancy of the
discussion with the particular context. Some authors explain uttara
as the arguments against the view of the opponent, and instead of
Sangati they have Nirnaya which they explain as Siddhanta. This
system of discussion is adopted, more or less, in all the Sanskrit
philosophical systems. The Sutras are all arranged in the above
order of discussion. But a mere reading of the Sutras does not
afford us any idea as to where a and another begins. For all these,
as also for a discussion ends, proper understanding of the Sutras
themselves, we have to fall back upon certain commentaries upon the
Sutras. Of these commentaries, and commentaries on commentaries we
have
'
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'
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an almost endless
series.
The
oldest
commentary ou
tlie
SBtra^'
that
is
available now,
is;
the Bhashya by ^avarafchougli
Svami (published
in
the
Bibliothem Indica)
we
findis
commentai'ies, chief
among which
BhSsJiya referring to other the VftH of the " revered
Upavarsha."this
Oq
the Bhashya, we have the commentary of Kamarila Bhatta,
generally
spoken of as " Bhatta." This work is divided into three parts,
known under three different names: (I) The Clokavartika, treating
of thefirst,
tlie'
Tarka, (Polemical)
PadaSeries,
of the First'
the
Caukhambha Sanskrit
Benares)
dealing with the last three Pddas of Adhynyasll and III
(published in the 'Benares Sanskrit Series,' and and (3) The being
translated into English by the present translator) Tuptika dealing
with Adhyayas IV XII (published [in the Benares Sanskrit Series ').
On the first of these, we know of two commentaries (I) The KaqikS
by Sucarita Mi^ra, and (2) the Nydyamtnakara of Parthasarathi Mi9ra
(published in the Caukhambha Sanskrit Series,' Benares) extracts
from these two commentaries have been put in as notes in the
present work; and (3) the NyayasudhS of Some^vara Bhatta. On the
second, the only commentary we know of is the Nyayasudhct,
generally known as Bdnaka, by Some^vara Bhatta (in course of
publicaAnd on the third, tion in the Caukhambha Sanskrit Series,'
Benares). we have only one proper commentary, the Vartikdhharana by
Venkata Dikshita the other, the Tantraratna cannot be spoken of as
a commentary in the proper sense of the word as it is a
semi-independent commentary on the Sutras themselves, though here
and there, taking up and explaining certain passages from the
Bhashya and the Vartika. This;
Adhynya (published in The Tantravnrtika, Adhyaya I, and the
whole of;
(2)
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;
'
;
closes the list of works, indirectly dealing
with the present work.
The
first
Sutra of Pada
i,
Adhyayais
I,
deals with the usefulness of anof
investigation into Dharma.
a treatment of the questions What
we have is its definition ? Dharma ? By what means of knowledge
is Dharma cognisable ? and so forth. From the beginning of the
second Pada to the end of the Adhyaya, weIn the remaining partthe
Pada,
What
have a consideration of the means of Dharma, andauthoritative
character of the Veda,as
its
Result, as also theof
the sole means
knowing
Dharma.[SUTEA (l).j
inasmuch as Dharma is a purpose alone, and the Veda is the only
that is conceivable by means of the has finished the study of the
Veda, he authority for it, after the student
The meaning
of the Sutra is that
Veda
should continue with his teacher adetails of
little
longer, with
a view to learn the
Dharma.
'
This Sutra contains two Adhikaranas,( 1 )
i.e.,
it
treats of
two subjects
:
Is a study Is
of the
Veda
necessary for
all
the three higher castes
?
(2)
Dharma a
subject for consideration ?dealt with
It is only the latfer aspect;
of the Sutra that has been
by the commentators
and the
obvious reason for this
is
that with regard to the former, there can be no
doubt in the mind of any person who is not an avowed Atheist,
and as such not to be admitted into a philosophical discussion. The
Adhiharana dealing with the latter question is thu
