Short History of Communication

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History of communication

The history of communication dates back to prehistorictimes, with significant changes in communication tech-nologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolv-ing in tandem with shifts in political and economic sys-tems, and by extension, systems of power. Communica-tion can range from very subtle processes of exchange,to full conversations and mass communication. Humancommunication was revolutionized with Origin of lan-guage|speech approximately 500,000 years ago. Symbolswere developed about 30,000 years ago,

The imperfection of speech, which nonetheless allowedeasier dissemination of ideas and stimulatedinventions,eventually resulted in the creation of new forms of com-munications, improving both the range at which peoplecould communicate and the longevity of the information.All of those inventions were based on the key concept ofthe symbol

The oldest known symbols created with the purpose ofcommunication through time are thecave paintings, aform ofrock art, dating to theUpper Paleolithic. Just asthe small child first learns to draw before it masters morecomplex forms of communication, soHomo sapiensfirst

attempts at passing information through time took theform of paintings. The oldest known Cave Painting isthat of theChauvet Cave, dating to around 30,000BC.[1]

Though not wellstandardized, those paintings containedincreasing amounts of information: Cro-Magnonpeoplemay have created the firstcalendaras far back as 15,000years ago.[2] The connection between drawing and writingis further shown bylinguistics: in theAncient EgyptandAncient Greecethe concepts and words of drawing andwriting were one and the same (Egyptian: 's-sh', Greek:'graphein').[3]

1 Petroglyphs

For more details on this topic, seePetroglyphs.The next step in the history of communications is

petroglyphs, carvings into a rock surface. It took about20,000 years for homo sapiens to move from the firstcave paintings to the first petroglyphs, which are datedto around 10,000BC.[4]

It is possible that the humans of that time used some otherforms of communication, often formnemonicpurposes

- specially arranged stones, symbols carved in wood orearth,quipu-like ropes,tattoos, but little other than themost durable carved stones has survived to modern times

Petroglyphs fromHljesta, Sweden. NordicBronze Age.

and we can only speculate about their existence based onour observation of still existing 'hunter-gatherer' culturessuch as those ofAfricaorOceania.[4]

2 Pictograms

For more details on this topic, seePictograms.A pictogram(pictograph) is a symbolrepresenting a

Pictograph from 1510 telling a story of coming ofmissionaries

toHispaniola

concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration.Pictography is a form ofproto-writingwherebyideasaretransmitted throughdrawing. Pictographs were the nextstep in the evolution of communication: the most im-

portant difference between petroglyphs and pictogramsis that petroglyphs are simply showing an event, but pic-tograms are telling a story about the event, thus they can

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionarieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictogramshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ljestahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyphhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyphshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardizedhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Dominihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauvet_Cavehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_paintingshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention


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2 4 WRITING

for example be orderedchronologically.

Pictograms were used by various ancientculturesall overthe world since around 9000 BC, when tokens markedwith simple pictures began to be used to label basic farmproduce, and become increasingly popular around 6000-

5000 BC.They were the basis ofcuneiform[5] andhieroglyphs, andbegan to develop into logographic writing systemsaround5000 BC.

3 Ideograms

For more details on this topic, seeIdeograms.Pictograms, in turn, evolved into ideograms, graphical

The beginning of the Lords Prayer inMkmaq hieroglyphic writ-

ing. The text readsNujjinen wsq Our father / in heaven

symbols that represent anidea. Their ancestors, the pic-tograms, could represent only something resembling theirform: therefore a pictogram of a circle could represent asun, but not concepts like 'heat', 'light', 'day' or 'Great Godof the Sun'. Ideograms, on the other hand, could conveymore abstract concepts, so that for example an ideogramof two sticks can mean not only 'legs but also a verb 'towalk'.

Because some ideas are universal, many different culturesdeveloped similar ideograms. For example, an eye witha tear means 'sadness inNative Americanideograms inCalifornia, asit doesfor the Aztecs, the early Chinese andtheEgyptians.

Ideograms were precursors oflogographic writing sys-temssuch asEgyptian hieroglyphsandChinese charac-ters.

Examples of ideographical proto-writing systems,thought not to contain language-specific information,include theVinca script (see alsoTrtria tablets) and

the early Indus script. In both cases there are claimsof decipherment of linguistic content, without wideacceptance.

4 Writing

For more details on this topic, seeHistory of writing.The oldest-known forms of writing were primar-

26th century BC Sumerian cuneiform script in Sumerian lan-

guage, listing gifts to the high priestess ofAdabon the occasion

of her election. One of the earliest examples of human writing.

ily logographic in nature, based on pictographic andideographicelements. The earliest known form of writ-

ing (mostly made up of runes) is called futhark. Mostwriting systems can be broadly divided into three cate-gories: logographic, syllabicand alphabetic(or segmen-tal); however, all three may be found in any given writingsystem in varying proportions, often making it difficult tocategorise a system uniquely.

The invention of the firstwriting systemsis roughly con-temporary in with the beginning of theBronze Ageinthe lateNeolithicof the late 4000 BC. The first writingsystem is generally believed to have been invented in pre-historicSumerand developed by the late3000s BCintocuneiform. Egyptian hieroglyphs, and the undeciphered

Proto-Elamite writing system and Indus Valley script alsodate to this era, though a few scholars have questioned theIndus Valleyscripts status as a writing system.

The original Sumerian writing system was derived froma system ofclay tokensused to representcommodities.By the end of the 4th millennium BC, this had evolvedinto a method of keeping accounts, using a round-shapedstylusimpressed into soft clay at different anglesfor recordingnumbers. This was gradually augmentedwith pictographic writing using a sharp stylus to indi-cate what was being counted. Round-stylus and sharp-stylus writing was gradually replaced about 2700-2000

BC by writing using a wedge-shaped stylus (hence thetermcuneiform), at first only forlogograms, but devel-oped to includephonetic elements by the 2800 BC. About
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Account_(accountancy)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commoditieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_coinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Elamitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Agehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adab_(city)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83rt%C4%83ria_tabletshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinca_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinesehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADkmaq_hieroglyphic_writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADkmaq_hieroglyphic_writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideogramshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform_(script)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological


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2600 BC cuneiform began to represent syllables of spo-kenSumerian language.

Finally, cuneiform writing became a general purposewriting system forlogograms,syllables, and numbers. Bythe 26th century BC, this script had been adapted to an-

other Mesopotamian language,Akkadian, and from thereto others such asHurrian, andHittite. Scripts similarin appearance to this writing system include those forUgariticandOld Persian.

TheChinese scriptmay have originated independently ofthe Middle Eastern scripts, around the 16th century BC(early Shang Dynasty), out of a late neolithic Chinese sys-tem of proto-writing dating back to c. 6000 BC. Thepre-Columbian writing systems of theAmericas, includ-ingOlmecandMayan, are also generally believed to havehad independent origins.

4.1 Alphabet

For more details on this topic, seehistory of alphabet.The first purealphabets(properly, "abjads", mapping

A Specimenof typeset fonts and languages, byWilliam Caslon,letter founder; from the 1728Cyclopaedia.

single symbols to single phonemes, but not necessarilyeach phoneme to a symbol) emerged around 2000 BC inAncient Egypt, but by then alphabetic principles had al-ready been incorporated intoEgyptian hieroglyphsfor a

millennium (seeMiddle Bronze Age alphabets).By 2700 BC Egyptian writing had a set of some22 hi-eroglyphsto represent syllables that begin with a single

consonantof their language, plus a vowel (or no vowel) tobe supplied by the native speaker. These glyphs were usedas pronunciation guides for logograms, to write grammat-ical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words andforeign names.

However, although seemingly alphabetic in nature, theoriginal Egyptian uniliterals were not a system and werenever used by themselves to encode Egyptian speech. IntheMiddle Bronze Agean apparently alphabetic sys-tem is thought by some to have been developed in centralEgyptaround 1700 BC for or bySemiticworkers, butwe cannot read these early writings and their exact natureremain open to interpretation.

Over the next five centuries this Semitic alphabet (reallyasyllabarylikePhoenician writing) seems to have spreadnorth. All subsequent alphabets around the world with thesole exception of KoreanHangulhave either descended

from it, or been inspired by one of its descendants.

5 History of telecommunication

For more details on this topic, seeHistory of telecom-munication.

Thehistory of telecommunication- the transmissionofsignalsover a distance for the purpose ofcommunication- began thousands of years ago with the use ofsmokesignalsanddrumsinAfrica,Americaand parts ofAsia.

In the 1790s the first fixedsemaphore systems emerged inEuropehowever it was not until the 1830s thatelectrical[telecommunication] systems started to appear.

5.0.1 Distance telecommunications

Visual, auditory and ancillary methods (non-

electrical):

Prehistoric: Fires, Beacons, Smoke signals,Communication drums,Horns

6th centuryBCE:Mail

5th century BCE:Pigeon post

4th century BCE:Hydraulic semaphores
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_posthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_(acoustic)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_(communication)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signalshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_(communication)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangulhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_writinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabaryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_peoplehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Agehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonanthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph#Uniliteral_signshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph#Uniliteral_signshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age_alphabetshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopaedia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Scienceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Caslonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abjadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmechttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynastyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logogramhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_language


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4 8 FURTHER READING

15th centuryCE:Maritime flag semaphores

1672: First experimental acoustic (mechanical)telephone

1790:Semaphore lines(optical telegraphs)

1867:Signal lamps 1877:Acoustic phonograph

Basic electrical signals:

1838:Electrical telegraph. See:Telegraph history

1858:First trans-Atlantic telegraph cable

1876: Telephone. See: Invention of the telephone,History of the telephone,Timeline of the telephone

1880:Telephony via lightbeam photophones

Advanced electrical and electronic signals:

1893:Wireless telegraphy

1896:Radio. See:History of radio.

1914: First North American transcontinental tele-phone calling

1927:Television. See:History of television

1927: First commercial radio-telephone service,U.K.U.S.

1930:First experimental videophones

1934: First commercial radio-telephone service,U.S.Japan

1936:Worlds first public videophone network

1946: Limited capacity Mobile Telephone Servicefor automobiles

1956:Transatlantic telephone cable

1962:Commercial telecommunications satellite

1964:Fiber optical telecommunications

1965:First North American public videophone net-

work 1969:Computer networking

1973:First modern-era mobile (cellular) phone

1979: INMARSAT ship-to-shore satellite commu-nications

1981:First mobile (cellular) phone network

1982:SMTP email

1983: Internet. See:History of Internet

1998:Mobile satellite hand-held phones

2003:VoIP Internet Telephony

2013:Google Glass

6 See also

LinguisticsandHistory of linguistics

Semiotics

Animal communication

7 References

[1] Paul Martin Lester, Visual Communication with Infotrac:Images with Messages, Thomson Wadsworth, 2005,ISBN0-534-63720-5,Google Print: p.48

[2] according to a claim by Michael Rappenglueck, of theUniversity of Munich (2000)

[3] David Diringer, The Book Before Printing: Ancient, Me-dieval and Oriental, Courier Dover Publications, 1982,

ISBN 0-486-24243-9,Google Print: p.27

[4] David Diringer, History of the Alphabet, 1977;ISBN 0-905418-12-3.

[5] Linguistics 201: The Invention of Writing. Pan-dora.cii.wwu.edu. Retrieved 2012-10-02.

[6] Innis, H. A. (1951). The biasof communication. Toronto:University of Toronto Press.

(Polish) Piotr Konieczny,Komunikacja: od mowydo Internetu,Histmag #49

8 Further reading

Asante, Molefi Kete, Yoshitaka Miike, andJing Yin,eds. The global intercultural communication reader(Routledge, 2013)

Berger, Arthur Asa. Media and communication re-search methods: An introduction to qualitative and

quantitative approaches(SAGE 2013)

Burke, Peter. A Social History of Knowledge: From

Gutenberg to Diderot(2000) Burke, Peter. A Social History of Knowledge II:

From the Encyclopaedia to Wikipedia(2012)

de Mooij, Marieke. Theories of Mass Commu-nication and Media Effects Across Cultures. inHuman and Mediated Communication around the

World(Springer 2014) pp 355393.

Esser, Frank, and Thomas Hanitzsch, eds. Thehandbook of comparative communication research

(Routledge, 2012)

Jensen, Klaus Bruhn, ed.A handbook of media andcommunication research: qualitative and quantita-

tive methodologies(Routledge, 2013)
http://www.histmag.org/archiwalia/mag49/komunikacja-od-mowy-do-internetu.htmlhttp://www.histmag.org/archiwalia/mag49/komunikacja-od-mowy-do-internetu.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Adams_Innishttp://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test4materials/Writing2.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905418123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905418123http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0486242439&id=pK-t8_JNrREC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=graphein+write+draw&sig=EpZDJin9B-Z0PWhacEZiMK_rGhshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486242439https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Diringerhttp://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0534637205&id=6oibH9roTmkC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=oldest+Chauvet&sig=Wavi-vRU4yanySHdKiYPWO70_oshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534637205https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534637205https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin_Lesterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communicationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semioticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_linguisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguisticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Glasshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIPhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Internethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocolhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networkinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#AT.26T_Picturephone:_1964https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#AT.26T_Picturephone:_1964https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_communications_cablehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Telephone_Servicehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#World.27s_first_public_videophone_service:_1936https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_televisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_distance_calling#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_distance_calling#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telegraph#Teslahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_telephonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable#St._John.27s_to_Nova_Scotiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#Historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraphhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonographhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_lamp#Early_historyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone#Mechanical_deviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone#Mechanical_deviceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era


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5

Paxson, Peyton. Mass Communications and MediaStudies: An Introduction(Bloomsbury, 2010)

Poe, Marshall T.A History of Communications: Me-dia and Society From the Evolution of Speech to the

Internet (Cambridge University Press; 2011) 352

pages; Documents how successive forms of commu-nication are embraced and, in turn, foment changein social institutions.

Schramm, Wilbur. Mass Communications(1963)

Schramm, Wilbur, ed. Mass Communications: AReader(1960)

Simonson, Peter. Refiguring Mass Communication:A History(2010)


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6 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text

History of communication Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_communication?oldid=703554436 Contributors: Dark-wind, Reddi, Catskul, Rursus, Graeme Bartlett, Evertype, Piotrus, Discospinster, Florian Blaschke, Dbachmann, Violetriga, Samadam,Pearle, Alansohn, Suruena, Ghirlandajo, Bobrayner, Woohookitty, BD2412, Efficacy, Gurch, Alphachimp, Conscious, Gaius Cornelius,Rjensen, Aaron Schulz, Tachs, Dspradau, Allens, Katieh5584, Meegs, John Broughton, Tom Morris, SmackBot, TimBentley, Oatmealbatman, Jahiegel, DMacks, Clicketyclack, Ravenstorm, Gobonobo, JorisvS, Joseph Solis in Australia, Courcelles, Eastlaw, Hilmarz,Lanma726, Yaris678, Gogo Dodo, A Softer Answer, Tyskis, Recyclopedia, Bobblehead, PhiLiP, Mentifisto, LinaMishima, Danger, Oncein a Blue Moon, G Rose, Green Eyes On Television, The Transhumanist, Awien, Magioladitis, Pedro, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Dekimasu,Ling.Nut, Feeeshboy, Stijn Vermeeren, Jacobko, Dnzz, Cocytus, Jim.henderson, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Silverxxx, Rosenknospe, En-tropy, DASonnenfeld, Philip Trueman, Spinningspark, Kehrbykid, SieBot, Yintan, Flyer22 Reborn, Capitalismojo, ClueBot, The ThingThat Should Not Be, Frongle, Aitias, XLinkBot, Oldekop, Dark Mage, Addbot, S11016, Fieldday-sunday, Cst17, Fraggle81, II Mus-LiM HyBRiD II, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, IRP, AdjustShift, Materialscientist, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), A.amitkumar, Kkj11210,Pinethicket, I dream of horses, Calmer Waters, Serols, le flottante, Jeffrd10, Hornlitz, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Onel5969, John of Reading,RA0808, Dcirovic, K6ka, Sfoske70, JoeSperrazza, Nickilla11, Greghorsley, ClueBot NG, Gilderien, Satellizer, Widr, Strike Eagle, Tito-dutta, BG19bot, PhnomPencil, Hallows AG, Dan653, Sansoko, Chip123456, W.D., Mrt3366, Lugia2453, Farrukh Langah, Greengreen-greenred, Ruby Murray, Eyesnore, My name is not dave, Manul, AddWittyNameHere, Chicchiclolipop45, TerryAlex, Crystallizedcarbon,Frisby156, INCVRSIO and Anonymous: 178

9.2 Images File:A_Specimen_by_William_Caslon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/A_Specimen_by_

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File:Piktograf1.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Piktograf1.png License:Public domain Contribu-tors:? Original artist:?

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