Short title: Sustainable potato pest management in the ... potato pest management in...Project proposal: Sustainable potato pest management in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 1 1. General

Development and application of ecological approaches in pest

management to enhance sustainable potato production of resource-poor farmers in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) region of Bhutan,

Nepal, Pakistan and India (Sikkim)

Short title: Sustainable potato pest management in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region

Project Proposal

A proposal for: Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF) of the Republic of Austria Austrian Development Agency (ADA)

for targeted funding of CGIAR Centers, 2008 Submitted by: International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru

September 2008

Project proposal: Sustainable potato pest management in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 1

1. General Information Project title Development and application of ecological approaches in pest management to enhance sustainable potato production of resource-poor farmers in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) region of Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and India (Sikkim).

Duration of the project 3 years (01/01/2009 – 31/12/2011)

The applicant (name of the CGIAR Center and partner institutions) The International Potato Center (CIP), Lima, Peru

Other collaborating partners Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal (Entomology Division (NARC) and National Potato Research Program (NPRP)); Entomology Division, Institute of Agricultural and Animal Science (IAAS); Tribhuvan University (TU), Chitwan, Rampur, Nepal; Bhutanese Potato Development Program (BPDP), Thimphu, Bhutan; Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; CABI South Asia, Rawalpindi, Pakistan; Central Potato Research Station (CPRS), Shillong, India.

Total and requested budget (in Euro), and other financing partners and resources The overall budget requested amounts to Euro 500,000.00 for a duration of three years. The project co-coordinator is financed by CIM/GTZ, Germany, and co-financed by CIP. Further, the program will also receive co-funding from BMZ/GTZ, Germany, until the end of 2009. All national partners will provide personnel support (staff) for field and lab work.

2. Executive Summary The project proposal addresses pest management issues, including agricultural production losses caused by pests, and the impacts on the environment and human health of increasing pesticide use in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH), in the countries of Bhutan, Nepal, northeastern Pakistan and India (Sikkim). In these countries, half of the population lives below the poverty line.

Developing and achieving sustainable impact in potato pest management The project builds on CIP’s experience in agroecology and integrated pest management (IPM) research in potato production systems. It seeks to achieve sustainable impact in pest management in the HKH through a better understanding of potato agroecosystems and the development and application of biological control, in collaboration with its national partners in CIP priority countries in Southwest-Central Asia (SWCA). The project will contribute to Consultative Group (CG) system priority 4D (Sustainable agroecological intensification in low- and high potential environments) and to the output targets defined for this region in CIP’s Medium-term Plan for 2009–2011. It also reflects Austrian Development Cooperation’s geographic and thematic priorities (2.3 Development of sustainable production and marketing systems: Integrated pest and weed management and biological control and 2.4 Strengthening institutions and fostering policy development: Improvement of institutions, policies and strategies with regard to natural resource management, poverty reduction, food security, gender equality and capacity development).

Potato: an important but threatened cultivated food source Potato (Solanum tubersosum L.) is an important food source for millions of consumers in DC. Due to its high yield potential, processing potential and food value, potato production is increasing in the developing world. However, growing evidence shows that potato production in many countries in Asia is environmentally unsustainable because of the intensive use of pesticides to control pests and diseases or the lack of ecologically-based pest management technologies.

In DC about 20 herbivores occur on potato of which on average 2 to 4 species reach pest status requiring regular control (Kroschel et al., 2008). This implies losses for potato of about 16% on


average, even though pesticides are widely and intensively applied (Oerke et al., 1994). If not routinely controlled, reductions in tuber yield and quality can reach 30–70% (Raman and Radcliffe, 1992). Potato production in tropical mountainous regions of HKH is severely affected by the invasive potato tuber moth (PTM) (of neotropical origin) and other native polyphagous pests such as white grubs (WG), cutworms, leafhoppers, and aphids. In spring 2008, the invasive leafminer fly (LMF) was observed in Nepal’s Kathmandu valley and severely affected potato.

Potato tuber moth PTM has spread to almost all tropical and subtropical potato production regions. It is considered the most damaging potato pest in DC. Larvae mine both leaves and tubers, in the field and in farmers’ storerooms, making control difficult. Losses can reach 100% within 2–4 months. To control this pest, farmers use insecticides that cause health threats to themselves, their families, consumers and the environment. In many countries persistent organic pollutant (POP) pesticides have been banned under the Stockholm Convention. But developing country farmers continue to use chemical pesticides intensively, with farm household members often experiencing high exposure (WHO toxicity class 1a and 1b) when pesticides are dusted over stored potatoes in kitchens and nearby living rooms. NARC in Asia consider PTM to be the major constraint to potato production. However, national IPM programs have not yet been able to develop sustainable PTM control measures.

Leafminer fly and late blight LMF is another highly-invasive potato insect pest of global proportions. The Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) prioritized LMF alongside PTM as an economically important pest in potatoes and initiated research to prevent further spread of the pest within the country. Parasitoids of LMF have not been identified, indicating that the pest was introduced in recent years and that parasitoids, which eventually occur on native leafminer species, have not yet adapted to their new host. A further factor accounting for low potato productivity in the region is disease. Late blight (LB) is the most important, occurring throughout almost all of HKH’s potato production zone. Farmers depend on frequent use of fungicide to treat LB. With the spread of new populations of the pathogen worldwide, fungicide is being applied more frequently to potato crops affected by LB.

Threats to human health and environment from pesticide use The serious threats to human health and the environment that arise from pesticide use have stimulated interest in the search for safer control alternatives through the development of IPM for potato. In HKH the risks of pesticide use have been recognized by policy makers and eco-governance has been strengthened. But national programs lack access to adequate ecological pest management (EPM) technologies for replacing pesticides. In Bhutan, pesticide use is restricted and controlled by the government (1a and 1b pesticides have been banned since the early 1990s). The State Sikkim of India declared that Sikkim is an “organic state” – chemical pesticides are completely banned. Skikkim’s farmers are therefore demanding biocontrol options to manage pest problems.

Integrated pest management: an alternative to pesticides The International Potato Center (CIP) is researching safer alternatives to toxic chemicals. Its IPM approach has been shown to successfully control potato pests, thereby reducing and avoiding the use of insecticides. Its global potato IPM program has adopted a holistic working framework for potato IPM development and use. It can effectively support national programs in their endeavor to adopt IPM strategies to their local conditions.

Using agroecosystem resilience to counteract pests Conservation and enhancement of naturally-occurring enemies to keep pest populations under the control threshold is a major element of IPM. In this project, the development of ecological approaches for potato pest management will be based on an understanding of the resilience of agroecosystems to counteract pests (Output 1). An inventory of insect communities in potato agroecosystems will be created. Application of molecular techniques will help generate greater knowledge and understanding of species diversity. Investigations into the efficacy of the functional


diversity in natural pest control will be related to farmers’ practices and landscape fragmentation. This research will enable us to map major insect orders, families and species that are vital to balancing pest problems and to the functioning of self-regulating agroecosystems in HKH.

Biological control through introduction and naturalization of specific natural enemies The project will enhance natural regulation of the PTM population by using classical biological control to introduce and naturalize specific natural enemies that have co-evolved in the regions of pest origin.i At CIP in Peru, all important PTM parasitoids are reared and studied. Introductions into all target countries will be carried out, in accordance with the FAO guidelines (1996) (Output 2). We also will prove, and if applicable, apply this approach to limit losses and further distribution of the LMF for which CIP also holds specific, effective parasitoids in its beneficial insect rearing collection.

Application of biopesticides and other environmentally-friendly pest management tools In addition to manipulating the self-regulating capacity of agroecosystems through conservation and augmentation of pests’ natural antagonists, we aim to develop EPM strategies based on biopesticides (Output 3). Building on CIP’s successful research into entomopathogens for PTM control, our national partners in this project will be trained in developing effective biopesticides based on PoGV (already isolated from PTM in the region) or on a cheap formulation of commercialized Bacillus thuringiensis. The project will also explore the potential efficacy of the fungus Metharhizium anisopliae for biocontrol of white grubs. Further, we will test with farmers the adoption potential for attracticides, another technology developed by CIP for PTM management. Options for using locally-available botanicals by farmers will also be explored. For LMF management, we will test low-toxic systemic insecticides, which should have less side-effect on beneficial insects (Output 4). We will also address alternative disease management technologies for late blight and wart (Output 5). This will be achieved by introduction and participatory screening of resistant potato material and testing of environmentally-friendly and cost-effective fungicides.

Capacity building The national programs of the four participating countries lack of human research capacity in EPM. We will address this problem by providing scientists and extension workers with on-the-job training and training courses, and by helping to develop relevant MSc and PhD programs (Output 6). The project will also conduct participatory research with farmers and apply different communication and training tools to effectively train farmers’ in the biology of pests, their specific symptoms of damage and application of EPM strategies (Output 7).

3. Project staff and co-operation partners Composition of research team and team leaders (CVs are included in the Annex, page 35) Dr. Jürgen Kroschel (CIP, Head Agroecology/IPM, IPM expert/Entomologist) - Team leader; Dr. Marc Sporleder (CIP-SWCA, Entomologist) – Regional project coordinator based in Nepal; Dr. Greg Forbes (CIP, Plant Pathologist) – Research supervisor for late blight management; Dr. Michael Traugott (Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck) – Research supervisor for Agroecology studies and molecular identification of white grubs and parasitoids; Dr. Aqueel Nawaz Khan (CABI South Asia, Coordinator Invasive Species Management) – Coordinator in Pakistan; Dr. S. Ramani (Head of Central Potato Research Station, Shillong) – Coordinator; Yagya P. Giri (NARC, Entomologist) – Senior researcher in Nepal; Buddhi P. Sharma (NARC/NPRP, Plant Pathologist) – Senior researcher in Nepal; Karma Nidup (BPDP-Potato Development Program, Department of Agriculture, RGoB, National Potato Program Coordinator) – Coordinator in Bhutan; Dr. Yubac Dhoj DC (IAAS, Entomologist) – Biocontrol research on white grubs

Collaborating institutions and staff, including NARS • Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Entomology Division and National Potato

Research Program (NPRP), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal: Principle partner institution in Nepal: supporting importation process of non-indigenous biocontrol agents, mass production of


microbial biocontrol agents (PoGV) and rearing of parasitoids of PTM and LMF; conducting lab bioassays and field experiments; maintaining insect collection in Nepal; coordinating action research activities with participating farmers; screening LB-resistant potato germplasm; efficacy testing of low-toxic fungicides against LB; providing lab and field staff.

• Entomology Division, Institute of Agricultural and Animal Science (IAAS), Tribhuvan University (TU), Chitwan, Rampur, Nepal: Research on white grub control: assisting collection of white grubs from different districts in Nepal; producing entomopathogenic fungi for lab and field testing; collecting entomopathogenic nematodes attacking white grubs from different parts of Nepal (some nematodes have already been collected and are available at IAAS); conducting lab bioassays (assessing LC50 for fungi and nematodes) and field experiments; providing and supporting MSc students involved, including their MSc theses.

• Bhutanese Potato Development Program (BPDP) and National Plant Protection Centre (NPPC), Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu, Bhutan: Coordinating research and extension activities in Bhutan. Provision by NPPC of staff for lab (rearing of PTM parasitoids, maintaining insect collection in Bhutan) and field work (action research with farmers). Training of farmers.

• CABI South Asia, Rawalpindi, Pakistan: Coordinating research and training activities in Pakistan: maintaining insect collection and supporting biodiversity studies; evaluating pest-related losses and population dynamics; supporting import procedures; mass rearing, naturalization and monitoring of imported parasitoids; providing staff for lab and field work; conduct action research and training of farmers.

• Central Potato Research Station (CPRS), Shillong, India: Coordinate research and training activities in Sikkim: maintaining insect collection and biodiversity studies; evaluating pest-related losses and population dynamics; mass-rearing of already-introduced PTM parasitoids) and supporting import procedures for new ones; conducting naturalization and monitoring of imported parasitoids; testing microbial bio-agents (PoGV + Bt formulations) for protecting potatoes in both traditional farmers’ storerooms and government- or other organized potato storage. Conducting action research and farmer training.

Austrian partner institution Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, Institute of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Austria; Providing technical advice for research activities concerning the study of insect communities and host-natural enemies’ interactions in potato systems in the region; send and supervising MSc/PhD students in the region; providing training to national researchers and students (MSc/PhD students will be trained in Austria); identifying white grub species collected from the region; tracking establishment and pest control success of introduced parasitoids by molecular techniques.ii

4. Project background and justification Research topic The proposed project addresses pest management issues, including agricultural production losses caused by pests, and the impacts on the environment and human health of increasing pesticide use in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH), for Bhutan, Nepal, northeastern Pakistan and India (Sikkim).

Coherence with CG and Austrian funding priorities The project seeks to achieve sustainable impact in pest management in the HKH through better understanding of potato agroecosystems and the development and application of biological control, in collaboration with partners in Southwest-Central Asia (SWCA). The project will contribute to Consultative Group system priority 4D (Sustainable agroecological intensification in low- and high potential environments) and to the output targets defined for this region in the CIP’s Medium-term Plan for 2009–2011. It also reflects Austrian Development Cooperation’s geographic priorities (i.e. three of its priority countries) and thematic priorities (i.e. 2.3 and 2.4 in the current call.iii The project


also meets Austrian priorities for sustainable rural development.iv Furthermore, it encourages strengthening of national institutions and farmers’ empowerment, and fosters policy development.

Analysis of development problem Potato is an important food source in Asian countries due to its high yield potential. It is a major cash crop for many small-scale farmers. In the last decade, potato production has increased by an average of >8% a year in Nepal, >14% in Bhutan and about 3% in Pakistan. Of note is that, given the cropping intensity of arable land in these countries, future production increases will rely more on higher yield (or reduced losses) than on expanding the area of cultivation.

Increasing but unsustainable potato production From 0.8 million tons in 1995, Nepal is now producing over 1.9 million tons (FAOSTAT, 2008), making potato the fourth most important crop in terms of production and area. In Bhutan, potato production has increased from about 25 to over 63 thousand tones during the same period. Correspondingly, potato consumption is increasing rapidly in these countries.v For many Bhutanese households at elevations <2900 m asl, potato is currently the only economic cash crop available, represents over 80% of agricultural production and accounts for almost 100% of agriculture products sold (Roder et al., 2008).vi

Reliance on pesticides But evidence shows that potato production in many Asian countries is not sustainable because of intensive use of pesticides to control pests and diseases. These result in hazards to human health and the environment. Adherence to FAO’s (1990) “Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides” is rarely observed, highly hazardous 1a and 1b class pesticides (according to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 2002 classification) are still widely available, the quality of protection equipment, if worn, is poor, and collection services for used pesticide containers are absent. Use of pesticides is easily explained. Potato production in tropical mountainous regions of HKH is severely affected by the invasive potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), which is of neotropical origin, and other native polyphagous pests like white grubs (WG) (e.g. Anomala sp.) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), cutworms (Agrotis sp.), leafhoppers (Empoasca sp.), and aphids (Myzus persicaea Sulz., Macrosiphum euporbiae Thomas). For native pests, different levels of resilience apply, before pest status is reached, with respect to the different potato systems. For invasive species the ecosystem lacks specific natural enemies and is unable to respond effectively. PTM has now spread to almost all tropical and subtropical potato production regions worldwide (Kroschel & Sporleder, 2006). Without adequate control measures, losses can reach 100% within 2–4 months. National Agricultural Research Institutions in Asia consider PTM to be the major constraint to potato production affecting food security. But national IPM programs have not yet been able to develop sustainable PTM control measures. LMF is another highly invasive potato insect pest of global proportions. In 2008 it caused substantial crop losses in the Kabre and Bhaktapur districts in Nepal. The Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) prioritized LMF alongside PTM as an economically important pest in potatoes and initiated research to prevent further spread of the pest within the country. A further factor accounting for low potato productivity in the region is the disease LB that occurs throughout almost all of HKH’s potato production zone. Farmers depend on frequent use of fungicides to treat it.vii In HKH the risks of pesticide use have been recognized by policy makers and eco-governance has been strengthened. But national programs lack access to adequate EPM technologies for replacing pesticides. In Bhutan, pesticide use is restricted and controlled by the government. (1a and 1b pesticides have been banned since the early 1990s.) The State Sikkim of India has demanded that Central Government grant Sikkim the status of “Environmentally and Ecological Fragile Protected State” and declared that Sikkim is an “organic state” – chemical pesticides are completely banned. Sikkim’s farmers are therefore demanding biocontrol options to manage pest problems.


Lessons learned from previous and ongoing research Previous and ongoing research by CIP and other research institutions has shown that development and adoption of IPM can successfully control potato pests, thereby reducing and avoiding the use of insecticides and increasing potato yield (e.g., Kroschel, 1995; Lagnaoui & El-Bedewy, 1997; Pretty et al., 2006). CIP’s global potato IPM program has adopted a holistic working framework for potato IPM development and use and effectively supports national programs in their endeavor to adopt IPM strategies to their local conditions (Kroschel et al., 2008). Conservation and enhancement of naturally-occurring enemies to keep pest populations under the control threshold is a major element of IPM.viii Further, the introduction of specific natural enemies (parasitoids) to control invasive pests is an important part of a successful potato IPM program (Horne, 2008).

Research methodology and procedures Development of ecological pest management (EPM) for potato will be based on an understanding of the resilience of agroecosystems to counteract pests (Output 1). An inventory of insect communities in potato agroecosystems will be built up, with reference material stored at NARS and CIP’s entomological museum. Molecular techniques will help generate greater knowledge and understanding of species diversity. Investigations into the efficacy of the functional diversity in natural pest control will be related to farmers’ practices and landscape fragmentation. This research will enable us to map important insect orders, families and species important in balancing pest problems and self-regulating agroecosystems. It will incorporate monitoring of key pests and studies on population dynamics influenced by abiotic, biotic and external factors.ix The project will enhance natural regulation of the PTM population, by using classical biological control that attempts the introduction and naturalization of specific natural enemies that have co-evolved in the regions of pest origin (Output 2).x We will also prove, and if applicable, apply the classical biocontrol approach to limit losses and further distribution of the LMF for which CIP also holds specific and effective parasitoids in his beneficial insect rearing collection. In addition to manipulating the self-regulating capacity of agroecosystems through conservation and augmentation of pests’ natural antagonists, we aim to develop EPM strategies based on biopesticides (Output 3). Building on CIP experience, our national partners in this project will be trained in developing effective biopesticides based on PoGV or on a cheap formulation of commercialized Bacillus thuringiensis (Sporleder, 2003; Kroschel et al., 2008). The project will also explore the potential efficacy of the fungus Metharhizium anisopliae for biocontrol of white grubs. Further, we will test with farmers the adoption potential for attracticides, another novel technology developed by CIP for PTM management (Kroschel & Zegarra, 2007). Options for using locally-available botanicals by farmers will also be explored. For LMF management, we will test low toxic systemic insecticides, which should have less side-effects on beneficial insects (Output 4). We also will address alternative disease management technologies for late blight and wart (Output 5). This will be achieved through the introduction and participatory screening of resistant potato material and testing of environmentally-friendly and cost-effective fungicides. The national programs of the four participating countries lack human research capacity in EPM. We will address this problem by providing scientists and extension workers with on-the-job training and training courses, and by helping to develop relevant MSc and PhD programs (Output 6). The project will also conduct participatory research with farmers and apply different communication and training tools to effectively train farmers’ in the biology of pests, their specific symptoms of damage and application of EPM strategies (Output 7). Not all research as proposed in this project will be carried out in each of the participating countries.xi

Beneficiaries & methodologies for dissemination Direct beneficiaries of the project are potato farmers in the four project countries. Higher potato yields are anticipated, without or with reduced pesticide applications. Intermediate users (secondary beneficiaries) are NARES who will receive different kinds of training in EPM. This


knowledge also can be applied for managing pests in other crops. Further, the private sector will profit from project results for producing entomopathogenic fungi or nematodes for white grub control or PoGV for the PTM management in potato stores. Secondary beneficiaries will include non-potato farmers in the region, who will profit from the better knowledge and advice of extension workers in EPM. Dissemination will take many forms, including: training and workshops (at several levels); project progress and final reports; MSc and PhD theses; scientific papers; working papers; production and training manual and field books; and CIP and NARS annual reports. Additionally, project results may be posted on the CIP web-sites and used for information flyers. It is also anticipated that NGOs working on agricultural, environmental and public health issues in the project countries will further disseminate technologies applied under the project.

Budget summary Contribution requested from ADC: Euros 500,000 Partners/Year 2009 2010 2011 TOTAL CIP 87,626 63,360 75,460 226,446 University of Innsbruck 32,150 31,650 12,650 76,450 CABI SA (Pakistan) 26,775 25,221 26,880 78,876 NARC (Nepal) 23,153 12,443 9,398 44,993 Nepal (IAAS) 7,508 5,670 4,673 17,850 Bhutan (BPDP) 12,863 9,135 7,035 29,033 Sikkim (CPRS) 9,135 8,873 8,348 26,355 Total 199,210 156,352 144,444 500,003

5. Project Description a) Project description The log frame in Annex 1 (page 23) includes not only project goal, purpose, outputs and activities, but also indicators. Goal: Contribute to achieve the MDGs in the HKH region by improving food security and lively hoods of farmers through sustainable pest management in potato. Purpose: Farm income of resource-poor farmers of the HKH region is enhanced by the implement-tation and use of EPM approaches in target regions of Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and India (Sikkim). Outputs: 1. Understanding of Insect communities and pest-natural enemies’ relationships in potato-based

cropping systems in different agroecological zones improved. 2. The potential for classical biological control for key invasive potato insect pests (PTM, all

countries; LMF, Nepal) evaluated and host specific parasitoids introduced, mass reared and naturalized in selected target areas.

3. Biopesticides for key potato pests developed and tested. 4. Integration of biorationals, local botanicals and low-toxic and systemic insecticides tested in

action research with farmers. 5. Integrated disease management technologies for late blight and wart developed for major agro

climatic conditions of Nepal. 6. Research capacities of implementing partner institutions strengthened and scientists in EPM

trained. 7. Farmers in EPM trained and developed technologies introduced and scaled-out.

Activities 1.1 Collect insects from major potato-based cropping systems of different agro ecological zones

and establish a reference insect inventory for each country. 1.2 Study farmers’ pest management strategies and yield losses of key pests.


1.3 Analyze insect species diversity and their biotic efficacy to affect potato pest populations in relation to farmers’ pest management interventions, landscapes and floristic diversity.

1.4 Regular monitoring of population dynamics of key pests. 1.5 Assess the diversity of white grub species within the HKH region by using molecular markers

2.1. Study economic benefits and ecological impacts of classical biocontrol for PTM (all countries) and LMF (Nepal).

2.2. Evaluate suitability and potential release areas for biocontrol agents of PTM and LMF using modeling tools and GIS.

2.3. Prepare dossiers for the importation of parasitoids according to the FAO (1996) “Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents” for national quarantine authorities.

2.4. Mass rear parasitoids and prepare exportation at CIP-HQ for the shipment into the target countries.

2.5. Establish effective pest (PTM, LMF) rearing systems in each country to mass produce exotic parasitoids for their release and naturalization.

2.6. Develop a monitoring system before and after the release to evaluate parasitism rate and parasitoid efficacy that will include conventional rearing and molecular methods.

2.7. Analyze the economic benefits for classical biocontrol after the successful naturalization.

3.1 Assess field efficacy and cost efficiency of PoGV applications for PTM control. 3.2 Study field efficacy and application mode for using the entomopathogenic fungus Metharhizium

anisopliae and entomopathogenic nematodes for white grub control. 3.3 Develop a bio-pesticide based on host specific entomopathogenic virus (PoGV) or Bacillus

thuringiensis (Bt) for effective PTM management in potato stores.

4.1 Evaluate “attracticides” against PTM in field and storage conditions. 4.2 Assess the efficacy of botanicals for managing PTM in potato stores. 4.3 Evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of low toxic and systemic chemical control for leafminer

fly on non-targets in Nepal.

5.1 Introduction of potato clones (in vitro plantlets) from CIP and mini tuber production utilizing tissue culture lab and glasshouse.

5.2 Farmers’ participatory late blight screening in three major production regions. 5.3 Studies on population dynamics of P. infestans A1 and A2 mating types and Metalaxyl

sensitivity tests of strains. 5.4 Selection of environment friendly and cost effective fungicide (s) for late blight management. 5.5 Isolation of wart causing pathogen (Synchytrium endobioticum) and screening of potato clones

under temp controlled growth chamber conditions. 5.6 Farmers participatory potato screening against Wart at high hills (>2400masl) under naturally

infested conditions.

6.1 Train scientists of participating partners in different EPM research methodologies/approaches. 6.2 Organize/convey training courses for project stakeholders and conduct inter-country field visits. 6.3 Supervise and train MSc and PhD students. 7.1 Test and evaluate new technologies for field and store in participatory research with farmers. 7.2 Organize field days and farmer-to-farmer visits. 7.3 Publish field guides on pests and natural enemies and EPM in local languages. 7.4 Train extension staff on EPM in potato. 7.5 Develop country specific guidelines for EPM in potato production.

Monitoring and evaluation processes and methodologies The defined output targets will be reflected in CIP’s Medium-term Plan for 2009–2011 (MTP). The MTP is planned for 3 years and output targets are up-dated every year. CIP evaluates


achievements of output targets through working papers and scientific publications by principal scientists and measures impacts (outcomes) of CIP activities by region. The indicators and timeframes mentioned above for the goal and purpose will be used to measure the impact of this specific project. National statistical records will be used to evaluate project impact. In 2008, CIP conducted a survey on potato production in Nepal; detailed data on potato production are available for Bhutan from a survey conducted in 2006. Farm household surveys in potato producing areas of Pakistan and Sikkim will be initiated as part of this project. All these baseline surveys will serve as a basis for the impact evaluation of this project.

Description of the scientific approach (research methodology and procedure) and of the activities undertaken in the course of research in order to achieve the outputs Output 1: A start-up meeting and workshop with all partners will be conducted and different agroecological potato growing zones visited. During this meeting the experimental sites will be determined and experimental methods discussed. Field experiments will be carried out in different cropping systems and each agroclimatic zone of each country.xii Experimental fields will be select in different landscapes covering a gradient from extremely simple and structurally poor landscapes (<10% of non-cropped area) to complex and structurally-rich landscapes (>50% non-crop habit). Different stationary insect-sampling methods will be employed (Malaise, window, pitfall, light and pheromone traps) that will allow sampling of important insect groups. Sweeping net sampling as well as assessment of pest infestation will be carried out monthly. Malaise trapping will be undertaken at monthly intervals for some days. Pitfalls traps will be used during certain periods only. The presence and efficacy of natural enemies (% parasitism by parasitoids; % infection by naturally occurring granulovirus) specific to PTM will be assessed through sampling of various PTM life stages in the course of the potato cultivation and through sampling of infested tubers at harvest and in storage. Taxonomical identification of insects will be carried out either by NARS or sent to experts (Staatl. Museum für Naturkunde, Stuttgart, Germany). Evaluation will include use of statistical methods and of diversity indices to determine species richness and evenness (e.g. Shannon’s-index, Simpson’s-index) (Krebs 1999, Magurran 2004, Pielou 1977), and parasitism rates. We will create lists of parasitoid species for each site for specific pests. Insect inventories will be maintained at CIP (Lima, Peru), in Nepal (Entomology division, NARC), Bhutan (NPPC), Sikkim (CPRS), and Pakistan (CABI SA) as references for future research. Key potato pests are already monitored in different districts in Nepal and Bhutan (financed by BMZ, Germany). But little is known about the status of key potato pests in Pakistan and Sikkim. Pheromone traps (provided by CIP) will be used to monitor PTM populations throughout the year in the targeted agroecological zones in the field and in potato storerooms.xiii Data will be managed in a standardized database linked to geographic information system tools (DIVA GIS). The presence of PTM will be interpreted using climatic data (temperature, precipitation). The phenology model for PTM (Sporleder et al., 2004) will be used to compare results obtained with model predictions. White grubs will be collected from hot-spot regions in Nepal and in Bhutan, Sikkim and Pakistan. Collection will be carried out by NARS staff (district stations) and by farmers sending samples to NARS. DNA samples (or whole insects) will be sent to Austria for molecular analysis using molecular markers (Ahrens et al., 2007). Species that cannot yet be identified by molecular markers will be reared to adult stage for visual taxonomic identification. Specific marker will be developed for such species to enable PCR identification in future research. A map on white grub species distribution and species assemblages in potato will be generated for the region. Output 2: Temperature-dependent phenology models for three parasitoides (A. subandinus, O. lepidus and C. koehleri) from South America are currently being developed through temperature experiments at the CIP in Lima, Peru (co-funded by BMZ, Germany). These models, in combination with the phenology model developed for P. operculella, and GIS tools (DIVA GIS, provided by CIP), will be


used to generate maps indicating potential release areas in HKH according to simulated population growth parameters. Meteorological data (temperature, rainfall) will be collected from several locations by NARC and ICIMOD, to complement already available data provided by the World Meteorological Organization. In accordance with these results, pilot regions for release will be chosen that are considered suitable for subsequent naturalization of the species. Release and monitoring of these parasitoids in selected areas will follow protocols established by Horne (1990). Importation of the three mentioned species of parasitoids from Peru will be realized according to FAO (1996) “Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents”.xiv The leafminer fly Liriomyza huidobrensis is endemic to South America and CIP has already studied the LMF parasitoids in Peru in both lowlands and highlands. CIP is currently rearing the three most important parasitoids (Halticoptera arduine (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae); Chrysocharis flacilla (Hym.: Eulophidae), and Phaedrotoma scabriventris (Hym.: Braconidae), each of which are adapted to various agroclimates. Dossiers for their exportation have been prepared at the request of the Ministry of Kenya and the species could be readily prepared for exportation to Nepal also.xv Output 3: PoGV has already been isolated from P. operculella larvae in India, and more recently in Nepal and Bhutan. The pathogen (formulated in talcum) has been used effectively in several countries in South America and North Africa to protect stored potatoes. PoGV will be propagated and formulated at NARC’s entomology laboratory following the protocol established by CIP.xvi PoGV biological activity (LC50) will be tested in the laboratory. Different strains of the bacterium B. thuringiensis have proven effective in controlling PTM in potato storerooms. Bt kurstaki and Bt aizawai will be obtained from commercial enterprises in India, and reformulated in talcum, as an alternative low-cost biopesticide. Their activity will be tested to compare virulence. Biological activity (LC50) will be assessed in the laboratory to identify the most virulent pathogen for further propagation following the protocol described by Sporleder et al. (2005). Economic analysis will determine the most effective agent (strain) to be used in the final product. Storage experiments for both biopesticides (based on PoGV or Bt) will last >6 months, to allow monitoring of at least 2–3 PTM generations. The final biopesticide-product will be tested using participatory on-farm and action research approaches. We will select “research farmers” according to criteria such as literacy, farm size, member of a group, etc., for certain pilot areas. Final products (biopesticide) will be tested with farmers through action research, first in Nepal and then in each of the other participating countries. An advantage of PoGV is that it multiplies and spreads after application in the field. However, since some research has shown that high amounts of PoGV inoculum might be needed for effective field control PoGV has not been used for PTM management in the field. However, recent modeling studies by CIP revealed that low dosages frequently applied in the field are more efficient in building up infective inoculum during the growing season. We will test this specific approach of inoculative augmentation in Nepal (activity 3.1). IAAS in Nepal has tested Metarhizium anisopliae for white grub control in the laboratory. However, the fungus has not yet been tested in the field. The fungus will be multiplied at IAAS and field tested in areas of white grub infestation in Nepal (Solukhumbu, Jumla). Furthermore, entomopathogenic nematodes have been isolated from soils in Nepal but their efficiency against white grubs has not been tested yet. CIP has much experience with entomopathogenic nematodes and the project will start to initiate research on this important group of antagonists at IAAS in Nepal (activity 3.2).

Output 4: A formulation containing pure pheromone and a contact insecticide as the active ingredients, and non-toxic additives (UV screen, emulsifier, etc.), that attract and kills (“attracticide”) males of the PTM population has been developed at CIP (Kroschel and Zegarra, 2007). Our research in the Andes showed that PTM populations can be economically and efficiently suppressed through this technique, both in the field and store. The approach will be tested with farmers through action


research in the different participating countries. Two treatments will be compared in field experiments. Male flight activity will be monitored in both treatments by using a pheromone trap. As a second indicator, tuber damage will be evaluated at harvest time (100 tubers randomly/plot). Five farmers will be selected in each region as a replication. We will test doses between 625 to 1250 droplets per hectare. The efficacy of the attracticide in storerooms will be tested under on-farm conditions. Five farmers will be selected in each region as a replication. The storage dose will be in the range of 1 droplet/qm). Many plant species within the HKH region possess pesticide properties. Farmers used such plants in the past for crop protection.xvii In this project, several botanicals will be tested for their protective capacity, persistence, and shelf life (extracts), both in the laboratory and field. For leaf miner control, no appropriate chemical pesticide is available in Nepal. We consider biological control to be the most effective solution for this pest (see output 2). Nevertheless, farmers might demand curative control options if classical control fails. We will therefore test low-toxic pesticides (growth regulators) and assess damage thresholds for this particular pest in Nepal.

Output 5: The project will introduce new LB-resistant clones from CIP to be tested in Nepal. Plant samples will be collected from all three major agroecological zones within Nepal to assess the occurrence and distribution of A1 and A2 Phytophthora mating types. As an alternative to Mancozeb and Metalaxyl, comparatively low-toxic fungicides, such as Agrofos-400, will be tested. Potato germplasm from CIP and from India, as well as indigenous materials from Nepal (high-hills), will be screened against wart under controlled environmental conditions at Khumaltar and through farmers participatory screening at naturally wart-infested soil conditions at high altitude >2400 masl. Output 6: Scientists of national partner institutions will be trained on EPM in training courses that will be organized in the region. Further training will take place during the course of the project as on-the-job training. More specific training will be given in one of the partner institutions, specifically at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. In each country, supervision of BSc, and MSc (or PhD) students will form part of the capacity building program of this project. Students from national universities (MSc/BSc) will be closely involved in the research to ensure development of future human resources in this research area. A workshop aimed at sharing project outputs will be organized for project stakeholders at the end of the project in one partner country. At the workshop, cross-country analysis will be performed for project results, and inter-country collaborations for future research and development of EPM will be discussed. Output 7: Farmers will be involved in the research from the beginning of the project (learning by doing). Action research will be conducted with individual farmers or farmers groups. Most farmers are organized in groups; these might be youth farmers groups, woman farmers groups, etc. We are aware that outputs 6 and 7 are gender sensitive and will consider how to ensure equality and equity. All partner institutions are experienced in conducting training for farmers. Farmer field days and farmer-to-farmer visits will be conducted throughout the research period. Training materials and leaflets for farmers will be developed and produced in the local languages of each country. a. Dissemination and training activities Training and human resource development of staff from national research partner institutions is an integral to the project (output 6). Strategies to strengthen extension workers and empower farmers in EPM include their participation in action research, farmers’ field days, and farmer-to-farmer visits (output 7). All project outputs will be subject to cross-country comparative analysis and country-specific guidelines for EPM in potato production will be developed with partners. (Some partners will communicate new results directly to policy makers.) Output results will be published in


international and national scientific journals and public media to inform the general public and policy makers of the current development and the potential of EPM to reduce pesticide dependency.

b) Work plan and time frame: See Section 5a for activity descriptions and annex 1 (page 31) for complete work plan and time frame for each country.

c) Project management: CIP, Peru, with a coordination office in Katmandu, Nepal) will be responsible for overall project coordination and implementation. Dr. Sporleder, based in Katmandu, Nepal, will coordinate the project research and training activities with all partner organizations. Dr. Sporleder will directly work with and supervise BSc and MSc students in the different project research areas. Dr. Kroschel will supervise, backstop and monitor the overall implementation of the project with regard to insect pest-related outputs. This will include the coordination of subcontracts with partner organizations, training activities, research on beneficial insects and their exportation, etc.). Dr. Forbes will coordinate and conduct research in collaboration with NARC, Nepal on LB and wart research. Regular visits of CIP scientists into the project regions will be undertaken which will include stays for training courses in EPM. Dr. Traugott of the University of Innsbruck will be responsible for the research on applying and developing molecular techniques for the white grub identification and PTM parasitoid detection. CABI will coordinate all research activities in Pakistan. All project partners will meet in a project start-up meeting in which all research and training activities will be discussed and planned in more detail. This workshop will also be used for a first training in research methodologies important for the execution of the different research areas in the project.

6. Expected Impact: Economic and social impact We anticipate that the farm income of resource-poor farmers of the HKH region will increase when EPM approaches are applied. Pesticides are a significant component of the cost of potato production. Worse, they often fail to provide adequate control. Farmers in remote areas have little access to pesticides and hence are reluctant to grow high-value crops such as potato without adequate control methods for pests. Reduced pest incidence and potato losses as a result of the biocontrol of PTM through parasitoids could promote potato production. We also anticipate that the use of EPM that has been adapted to meet the requirements of the agroecological zones and potato production systems, and that is highly appropriate for use by both resource-poor subsistence and market-oriented farmers, will lead to a significant reduction in the amount of harmful pesticides used by farmers in all project countries to control PTM and by farmers in Nepal to control LMF. Farm income generated from potatoes will thus increase due to cost savings on pesticide applications. This expectation is supported by the results published by Pretty et al. (2006).xviii Calculating the gross margins in potato production is far from simple because many factors are involved and the figures vary considerably between and within countries. For example, in Nepal the potato production area covers >150.000 ha (about 300,000 farm families produce potatoes on 0.5 ha on average). Productivity is very low, at about 12 tons/ha on average. In 2005, the producer price for potato was about US$ 105 per ton (FAOSTAT, 2008), but input and market prices vary across the region and depending on the time of year. In Nepal, potato production amounts annually to about US$ 205 million. If we take into account an average production input of NRs 7.5 per kg/potato and a selling price of about NRs 11, and anticipate a 10% increase in yield only (or 10% reduction of losses), together with a 2% reduction in production cost, we can project an increase of >35% in gross margin. (Plant protection accounts for about 8% to the total input costs in potato production). Significantly reduced losses in potato production following implementation of EPM are also highly likely to accrue. We therefore assume that the goal of 25% increased gross margin in potato production will be reached by 2013.


Environmental and health impacts Although the toxicity of chemical pesticides has been significantly reduced, they continue to damage ecological cycles in natural and agricultural systems.xix Conversely, EPM is based on supporting the self-regulation of ecosystems through system management by promoting endemic beneficial insects or by introducing beneficial insects into areas where invasive species have been spread without being controlled by natural enemies. If pests continue to cause economical damage, curative environmentally friendly methodologies are used. Biopesticides are non-toxic, highly specific and harmless to both the applicators and the environment. The attracticide, which has been developed by CIP and will be tested with farmers, contains the insecticide cyfluthrin (pyrethroide), which has a medium toxicity (Category II). It will be used in non-significant amounts; that is 15-30-fold less compared to one insecticide application) and provided in user-friendly dispensers to apply the formulation directly on the potato foliage or in potato stores. It only will affect the target species; hence this strategy is consistent with the aims of IPM. The project’s use of EPM will thus doubtless have very positive effects on the health of rural farmers and on the environment, especially with respect to the abundance and diversity of the associated flora and fauna of agricultural systems, including birds, bats and beneficial insects (i.e. predators and parasites of insect pests, pollinators, and prey items for other species). Damage to freshwater systems due to pesticide run-off will be reduced too, which will benefit the health of rural inhabitants. In locations where pesticide used is restricted (Sikkim, Bhutan) the project outputs will meet farmers’ demand for ecologically sound pest-management technologies. Better knowledge of EPM will also help farmers to resolve pest management issues for other crops. Further, through empowerment of national research institutions we expect a more rapid change to EPM even in other crops then potato in HKH.

7. Probability of Success All EPM approaches employed in this project have been already tested and proved effective in other countries and regions. Hence, the probability for a successful adaptation of EPM for potato production in the HKH region is very high. The adoption potential for EPM by farmers seems to be especially high in those regions, where already ecological crop production is promoted and toxic pesticides banned. Further, we expect that the PTM population will be kept below the economic control threshold after a successful naturalization of PTM parasitoids. Per capita consumption of potatoes has increased in all countries and potato contributes effectively to maintaining national food security. So we assume that national governments and local agencies will support initiatives to shift to more sustainable crop production systems, and especially initiatives involving EPM. Sustained participation of rural farm families and municipal stakeholders is also assumed given the benefits that can be readily shown to accrue from EPM. Potato is a highly competitive crop with good input–benefit ratios for farmers. In the target countries potato is considered to be a cash crop. Particularly for farmers at high altitudes, who have limited possibilities for growing cash crops, potato can provide a good source of income provided pests can be controlled at reasonable costs. High-hill farmers can produce off-season potatoes that fetch a price that is markedly higher than the average price. We assume that the market price of potato will remain at its current high level within the region. Bhutanese farmers generally sell off-season potatoes, after harvest, to India; however, in October 2008 the price they received remained low due to a bumper harvest in India. Farmers therefore did not get the expected return from their potato production. Since farmers in such circumstances must store their potatoes for longer, the project addresses pest management in farmers’ storerooms in particular.

8. Intellectual Property Rights, Bio-safety and Genetic Engineering The agents used, either for biopesticides or in classical biocontrol, are already described and no patent right can be claimed by any third party. The introduction of parasitoids for classical biocontrol of PTM in all participating countries will follow strictly the FAO (1996) “Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents”.


9. References Ahrens, D, MT Monaghan, AP Vogler 2007. DNA-based taxonomy for associating adults and larvae in multi-

species assemblages of chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44: FAO 1990. Code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides., FAO, Rome, Italy. FAO 1996. Code of conduct for the import and release of exotic biological control agents. FAO, Rome, Italy. FAOSTAT 2008. http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/ Horne PA and J Page 2008. Integrated Pest Management dealing with the potato tuber moth and all other

pests in Australian potato crops. In: Kroschel J and L Lacey (eds) Integrated Pest Management for the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller – a Potato Pest of Global Importance. Tropical Agriculture 20, Advances in Crop Research 10. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, Germany, (in press)

Horne PA 1990. The influence of introduced parasitoids on the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) in Victoria, Australia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 80: 159-163.

Krebs, CJ 1999. Ecological Methodology, 2nd edition, Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park, California. 620 pp. Kroschel J, M Sporleder, J Alcazar, V Cañedo, N Mujica, O Zegarra and R Simon 2008. Challenges and

opportunities for potato pest management in developing countries. In: Potato Science for the Poor – Challenges for the New Millennium A Working Conference to Celebrate the International Year of the Potato, Cuzco, Peru, 25-28 March 2008 (in press).

Kroschel J and O Zegarra 2007. Development of an attract-and-kill strategy for the potato tuber moth complex Phthorimaea opercullela Zeller and Symmetrischema tangolias (Gyen) in Peru XVI International Plant Protection Congress, 15-18 October 2007, Glasgow, Scotland UK. Vol. II, 576-577.

Kroschel J and M Sporleder 2006. Ecological approaches to Integrated Pest Management of the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae). Proceedings of the 45th Annual Washington State Potato Conference, February 7-9, 2006, Moses Lake, Washington, pp: 85-94.

Kroschel J 1995. Integrated pest management in potato production in Yemen with special reference to the integrated biological control of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller). Tropical Agriculture, 8. Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 227 pp

Lagnaoui, A. and El-Bedewy 1997. An IPM strategy to control the potato tuber moth in Egypt. CIP Circular 22/23: 6-7.

Magurran AE 2004. Measuring biological diversity. Oxford, Blackwell Science. Oerke EC, HW Dehne, F Schönbeck and A Weber 1994. Crop production and crop protection. Estimated

losses in major food and cash crops. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 808pp. Pielou, EC 1977. Mathematical Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York-London-Sydney-Toronto, 385 pp. Pretty J.N., A.D. Noble, D. Bossio, J. Dixon, R.E. Hine, F.W.T. Penning de Vries, J.I.L. Morison 2006.

Resource conserving agriculture increases yields in developing countries. Environmental Science and Technology 40 (4): 1114-1119.

Raman, K. and Radcliffe, E.B. 1992. Pest aspects of potato production. Part 2. Insect pests. pp. 476-506. In: The potato crop: the scientific basis for improvement (Ed. Harris, P.M.) (2nd edition). Chapman and Hall, London, UK.

Roder W, T Dochen, K Nidup 2008. The importance of South American crops for mountain farmers in Bhutan. Journal of Renewable Natural Recourses Bhutan (RNR Journal) Vol: 4.

Sporleder M 2003. The granulosis of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller): Characterisation and prospects for effective mass production and pest control. In: Kroschel J (ed) Tropical Agriculture 13, Advances in Crop Research 03. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, Germany, 196 pp.

Sporleder M, J Kroschel, J Huber and A Lagnaoui 2005. An improved method to determine the biological activity (LC50) of the granulovirus PoGV in its host Phthorimaea operculella. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 116, 191-197.

Sporleder M, J Kroschel, MR Gutierrez Quispe and A Lagnaoui 2004. A temperature-based simulation model for the potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera; Gelechiidae). Environmental Entomology 33, 477-486.

World Health Organization 2002. The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification: 2002, Geneva, Switzerland, 58 pp.


10. Budget (in Euro) Budget Summary: Tentative 3 Years Budget (EUROs) for all partners (3 years budget summaries for all partners are in annex 1, page 16) (EURO)

2009 2010 2011 Total Personnel Causal labors (collaborators)

6,700 6,700 5,700 19,100

Consultants’ fees 52,460 46,720 32,800 131,980 Stuff incentives 800 800 800 2,400 Subtotal 59,960 54,220 39,300 153,480 Travel

Per diems 9,250 9,250 9,250 27,750 Local travel (tickets, hotel etc.)

12,500 12,500 12,500 37,500

International travel 8,000 7,500 7,500 23,000 Subtotal 29,750 29,250 29,250 88,250 Operating costs Field and lab materials 32,000 31,500 22,700 86,200 Subtotal 32,000 31,500 22,700 86,200 Equipment Field equipment 11,750 6,100 1,500 19,350 Laboratory 11,500 - - 11,500 Computers 2,800 - - 2,800 Subtotal 26,050 6,100 1,500 33,650

Dissemination of information Publications 2,000 3,900 3,950 9,850 Training 20,000 20,000 20,500 60,500 Workshops 15,000 - 15,000 30,000 Subtotal 37,000 23,900 39,450 100,350 Miscellaneous expenses Communication 1,650 1,650 1,650 4,950 Seminars - - - - Stationary 1,050 1,050 1,050 3,150 Subtotal 2,700 2,700 2,700 8,100 Other expenses - - - - Subtotal 187,460 147,670 134,900 470,030 Overhead (10%) 11,749 8,681 9,543 29,972 Total 199,209 156,351 144,443 500,002


`Annex 1: Budget Summary: Tentative 3 Years Budget (EUROs) for CIP Expenditure

(EURO)

Contribution requested from ADA Contribution from CIP

Contribution of other donors

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total

Personnel

Causal labors (collaborators)

0 0 0 0 24005

Consultants’ fees1 21160 13600 13600 48360 900002 1800003

Stuff incentives 0 0 0 0

Subtotal 21,160 13,600 13,600 48,360

Travel

Per diems4 3000 3000 3000 9000

Local travel (tickets, hotel etc.)

4000 4000 4000 12000

International travel4 6000 6000 6000 18000

Subtotal 13,000 13,000 13,000 39,000

Operating costs

Field and lab materials6 12000 12000 8000 32000 153005

Subtotal 12000 12000 8000 32,000

Equipment

Field equipment 0 0 0 0 12600

Laboratory 0 0 0 0

Computers 0 0 0 0 1500

Subtotal 0 0 0 0

Dissemination of information

Publications 2000 2500 2500 7000

Training7 15000 15000 15000 45000

Workshops8 15000 0 15000 30000 30005

Subtotal 32,000 17,500 32,500 82,000

Miscellaneous expenses

Communication 1000 1000 1000 3000

Seminars 0 0 0 0

Stationary 500 500 500 1500

Subtotal 1,500 1,500 1,500 4,500

Other expenses 0 0 0 0 320009

Subtotal 79,660 57,600 68,600 205,860

Overhead (10%) 7,966 5,760 6,860 20,586

Total 87,626 63,360 75,460 226,446 1Time allocation of Dr. Kroschel/Dr. Forbes and research assistants; 2Salary co-contribution for CIP staff incl. Dr. Sporleder; 3Salary Dr. Sporleder financed by CIM, Germany; 43 journeys to the regions per year; one journey to Austria for training; 5Project financed by BMZ, Germany; 6For field research all countries (students); 7For students and farmer training; 8Initial project start-up and at end of project workshops. 9Office costs at ICIMOD.


Budget Summary: Tentative 3 Years Budget (EUROs) for the University of Innsbruck Expenditure

(EURO)

Contribution requested from ADA

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total Personnel

Causal labors (collaborators) 0 Consultants’ fees 16000 16000 0 32000 Stuff incentives 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 16,000 16,000 0 32,000 Travel

Per diems 1000 1000 1000 3000 Local travel (tickets, hotel etc.)

0 0 0 0

International travel 2000 1500 1500 5000 Subtotal 3,000 2,500 2,500 8,000 Operating costs

Field and lab materials 13000 13000 10000 36000 Subtotal 13000 13000 10000 36,000 Equipment

Field equipment 0 0 Laboratory 0 0 0 0 Computers 0 0 0 Subtotal 0 0 0 0 Dissemination of information

Publications 0 Training 0 0 0 0 Workshops 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 0 0 0 0 Miscellaneous expenses

Communication 150 150 150 450 Stationary 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 150 150 150 450 Other expenses 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 32,150 31,650 12,650 76,450


Budget Summary: Tentative 3 Years Budget (EUROs) for CABI SA (Pakistan) Expenditure

(EURO)



Causal labors (collaborators) 0 0 0 0 Consultants’ fees 15,300 17,120 19,200 51620 Stuff incentives 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 15,300 17,120 19,200 51,620 Travel

Per diems 1,500 1,500 1,500 4500 Local travel (tickets, hotel etc.)

2,500 2,500 2,500 7500


Field and lab materials 1500 1500 1000 4000 Subtotal 1500 1500 1000 4,000 Equipment1

Field equipment 3500 0 0 3500 Laboratory 0 0 0 0 Computers 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 3,500 0 0 3,500 Dissemination of information

Publications 0 200 200 400 Training 1,000 1,000 1000 3000 Workshops 0 Subtotal 1,000 1,200 1,200 3,400 Miscellaneous expenses

Communication 100 100 100 300 Seminars 0 Stationary 100 100 100 300 Subtotal 200 200 200 600 Other expenses 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 25,500 24,020 25,600 75,120 Overhead (5%) 1,275 1,201 1,280 3,756

Total 26,775 25,221 26,880 78,876 1see annex 1, page 34, for cost calculation for equipment and justification


Budget Summary: Tentative 3 Years Budget (EUROs) for Nepal (NARC) Expenditure

(EURO)



Causal labors (collaborators) 3000 3000 2000 8000 Consultants’ fees 0 0 0 0 Stuff incentives 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 3,000 3,000 2,000 8,000 Travel


2,000 2,000 2,000 6000

International travel Subtotal 3,500 3,500 3,500 10,500 Operating costs


Field equipment 3000 2100 5100 Laboratory 7900 0 0 7900 Computers 1400 0 0 1400 Subtotal 12,300 2,100 0 14,400 Dissemination of information

Publications 0 500 500 1000 Training 1,000 1,000 1500 3500 Workshops 0 Subtotal 1,000 1,500 2,000 4,500 Miscellaneous expenses

Communication 100 100 100 300 Seminars 0 Stationary 150 150 150 450 Subtotal 250 250 250 750 Other expenses 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 22,050 11,850 8,950 42,850 Overhead (5%) 1,103 593 448 2,143



Budget Summary: Tentative 3 Years Budget (EUROs) for Nepal (IAAS) Expenditure

(EURO)





1,000 1,000 1,000 3000



Field equipment 500 500 500 1500 Laboratory 2000 0 0 2000 Computers 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 2,500 500 500 3,500 Dissemination of information

Publications 0 250 300 550 Training 1,000 1,000 0 2000 Workshops 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 1,000 1,250 300 2,550 Miscellaneous expenses

Communication 100 100 100 300 Seminars 0 0 0 0 Stationary 100 100 100 300 Subtotal 200 200 200 600 Other expenses 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 7,150 5,400 4,450 17,000 Overhead (5%) 358 270 223 850



Budget Summary: Tentative 3 Years Budget (EUROs) for Bhutan (BPDP) Expenditure

(EURO)





1500 1500 1500 4500



Field equipment 2,750 2000 0 4750 Laboratory 1,600 0 0 1600 Computers 1,400 0 0 1400 Subtotal 5,750 2,000 0 7,750 Dissemination of information

Publications 0 200 200 400 Training 1000 1000 1500 3500 Workshops 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 1,000 1,200 1,700 3,900 Miscellaneous expenses

Communication 100 100 100 300 Seminars 0 0 0 0 Stationary 100 100 100 300 Subtotal 200 200 200 600 Other expenses 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 12,250 8,700 6,700 27,650 Overhead (5%) 613 435 335 1,383



Budget Summary: Tentative 3 Years Budget (EUROs) for India (Sikkim, CPRS) Expenditure

(EURO)





1,500 1,500 1,500 4500



Field equipment 2000 1500 1000 4500 Laboratory 0 0 0 Computers 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 2,000 1,500 1,000 4,500 Dissemination of information

Publications 0 250 250 500 Training 1,000 1,000 1500 3500 Workshops 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 1,000 1,250 1,750 4,000 Miscellaneous expenses

Communication 100 100 100 300 Seminars 0 0 0 0 Stationary 100 100 100 300 Subtotal 200 200 200 600 Other expenses 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 8,700 8,450 7,950 25,100 Overhead (5%) 435 423 398 1,255



Annex 1: LOG FRAME PROJECT TITLE: Development and application of ecological approaches in pest management to enhance sustainable potato production of resource-poor farmers in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region of Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sikkim (India)

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OBJECTIVELY VERIFIABLE INDICATORS (OVI)

MENS OF VERIFICATION

(MOV)

IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS

GOAL: Contribute to achieving the MDGs in the HKH region by improving food security and livelihoods of farmers through sustainable pest management in potato.

• 25% increased profit margin in potato production (gross income/ha) at national levels by 2013

• Generally reduced pest losses in potato production (farmers’ perception)

• 70% reduced use of toxic pesticides in potato, including during storage period, by 2013

• 50% reduction in number of poisonings per farm family by 2013

Regional statistics (reports of Agricultural Ministries, FAO (Fonstat database) (reports of Ministry of Health)

Potato market prices will remain at current level International and national funding agencies and governments support initiatives to shift to more sustainable crop production systems

PURPOSE: Farm income of resource-poor farmers of the HKH region is enhanced through implementation and application of ecological pest management approaches in the target regions of Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan and Sikkim (India).

• At least 2 new ecological IPM technologies for potato implemented in governmental or non-governmental organized Farmer Field Schools in each major potato zone in each country by 2011

• 80% of extension workers involved in potato production aware of new IPM technologies by 2012

• Farmers’ awareness of negative effects of toxic pesticides, especially in in-house control, increased by 50% and 50% of farmers aware of new EPM technologies for potato by 2012

• Biopesticides/botanicals/attracticides (produced by NARS or private enterprises), are available in main potato zones and demanded by farmers (25% potato area in pilot regions are managed by EPM measures)

• Parasitoids of PTM (in all countries)

Final report Project evaluation applying questionnaires to farmers before and after project intervention

Human and financial resources are in place. Sustained participation of rural families and municipal stakeholders


and LMF (in Nepal) released in pilot areas by national programs

• NARS follow-up on initiated research on EPM in potato

• New pest management strategies country-specific developed and distributed in pilot regions

OUTPUTS:

1) Understanding of insect communities and pest–natural enemy relationships in potato-based cropping systems in different agroecological zones improved.

• Reference inventory of insect species, including pests and natural enemies, prevailing in potato-based cropping systems, maintained by NARS in each country and at CIP HQ by 2011

• Faunistic diversity and efficacy of natural enemies (parasitoids) of key pests (PTM, LMF, WG, aphids) assessed (pest–antagonist interactions understood) for major potato production regions of HKH region by 2011

• Farmers’ potato pest-management strategies understood in major potato production regions, and recommendations for habitat management and conservation biological control formulated (MOV: scientific papers, farmers training manuals and leaflets)

• Prevalence and assemblages of white grub species in potato within the region assessed and molecular techniques for its taxonomic identification developed by 2011

• Economic losses for key pests estimated

Insect collection in each country and CIPs entomology museum PhD and MSc theses (national and Austrian students). scientific papers Scientific paper farmers training manuals and leaflets Scientific paper Report, working paper

Molecular markers developed for WG identification (Ahrens et al. 2007) are adequate to identify further species in HKH region.

2) The potential for classical biological control for key invasive potato insect pests (PTM, all countries; LMF, Nepal) evaluated and host-specific

• Complementary exotic parasitoids for the biological control of PTM (in all participating countries) and LMF (in Nepal) introduced by 2009/2010

Dossiers, import permits

Currently phenology models to supporting adequate release areas according to climate for PTM parasitoids are under

Project proposal: Sustainable potato pest management in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 25parasitoids introduced, mass-reared and naturalized in selected target areas.

• Complementary exotic parasitoids for the biological control of PTM (in all participating countries) and LMF (in Nepal) successfully naturalized in 3 pilot areas by 2011

• Economic assessment of classical biocontrol available

Working paper, scientific paper Scientific paper by 2013; after release and naturalization long-term establishment and distribution of parasitoids cannot be finally evaluated during the project. Follow-up by NARS will be necessary.

development (supported by BMZ). It is expected that these models are available by 2009. Permits for the importation of natural enemies will be received by the national authorities of all participating countries.

3) Biopesticides for key potato, potato tuber moth (PTM), and white grubs (WG) pests developed and tested.

• One biopesticide, either based on host-specific entomopathogenic virus (PoGV) or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for PTM management in small-scale farmers’ potato store rooms, developed and tested by 2011

• Recommendations for the use of PoGV for PTM field management available and published by 2010

• National programs trained in PoGV mass production and formulation for use in field and potato store

• One effective biocontrol measure for white grubs, based on the entomopathogenic fungi Metharhizium anisopliae or on entomopathogenic nematodes, available for Nepal by 2011

Scientific papers Scientific paper Production and training manual Scientific paper

Effectiveness of the pathogen against WG is already proven by lab experiments and we assume that the fungus will affect a wide range of WG species prevailing in HKH ecologies, and that the efficacy remains high in high (dry) altitudes. Large scale production of M.a. will be possible in Nepal as proposed by IAAS in Nepal

4) Integration of biorationals, local botanicals and low-toxic and systemic insecticides for PTM and LMF control tested in action research with farmers.

• At least one botanical product for PTM storage management developed and promoted by 2011)

• The efficacy and adoption potential for using lure-and-kill in PTM management in field and store

Scientific paper NARS annual reports Working paper

Project proposal: Sustainable potato pest management in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 26assessed (MOV: working paper).

• Low-toxic and systemic insecticides for LMF management tested and effects on natural enemies tested (MOV: working paper)

Working paper Entomology Division (NARC) annual reports

5) Integrated disease management technologies for late blight and wart developed for major agroclimatic conditions of Nepal.

• At least two potato varieties resistant to LB under three major agroclimates, and one variety resistant to wart under mountain environment of Nepal, identified and provided to Nepalese farmers by 2011

• One cost-effective chemical fungicide or bio-fungicide, as a less toxic alternative to Metalaxyl and Mancozeb, identified and provided to farmers by 2011

NARS annual reports

6) Research capacities of implementing partner institutions strengthened and scientists trained in ecological pest management.

• National universities and NARS empowered to conduct research in potato EPM using “state of the art” technologies; laboratory facilities and equipment for field research in NARC improved

• In each country one national entomologist from NARS trained in EPM (counterpart in each country)

• Three IPM experts trained (BSc./MSc or PhD) in EPM in potato

• 3x4 plant protection officers (PPO) trained on potato EPM technologies

• Country-specific guidelines for ecological pest management in potato production developed

Improved lab and field equipment Report Printed thesis Report

7) Farmers empowered in ecological pest management and developed technologies introduced and scaled-up.

• 200 farmers empowered through involvement in biocontrol option testing and evaluation (action research)

Field book


• 800 farmers (20 farmers x 10 training activities x 4 countries) trained through technology demonstration activities in all countries

• 160 extension workers (40 per country) trained in EPM in potato

• Identified technologies scaled up in the major pocket areas of HKH

Reports by NARS Evaluation before and after training courses Questionnaires to farmers

ACTIVITIES:

1.1 Collect insects from major potato-based cropping systems of different agroecological zones and establish a reference insect inventory for each country.

1.2 Study farmers’ pest management strategies and the yield losses attributable to key pests in Pakistan and India (Sikkim).

1.3 Analyze insect species diversity and their biotic efficacy to affect potato pest populations in relation to farmers’ pest management interventions, landscapes and floristic diversity.

1.4 Regular monitoring of population dynamics of key pests.

1.5 Assess diversity of and determine white grub species by using molecular markers.

2.1 Study economic benefits and ecological impacts of classical biocontrol for PTM (all countries) and LMF (Nepal).

2.2 Evaluate suitability of and potential release areas for biocontrol agents of PTM and LMF using modeling

Project proposal: Sustainable potato pest management in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 28tools and GIS.

2.3 Prepare dossiers for the importation of parasitoids according to the FAO (1996) “Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents” for national quarantine authorities.

2.4 Mass-rear parasitoids and prepare exportation at CIP-HQ for shipment into the target countries.

2.5 Establish effective pest (PTM, LMF) rearing systems in each country to mass-produce exotic parasitoids for their release and naturalization.

2.6 Develop a monitoring system before and after the release to evaluate parasitism rate and parasitoid efficacy that will include conventional rearing and molecular methods.

2.7 Analyze the economic benefits of classic biocontrol after successful naturalization.

3.1 Assess field efficacy and cost efficiency of PoGV applications for PTM control.

3.2 Study field efficacy and application mode for using the entomopathogenic fungus Metharhizium anisopliae and entomopathogenic nematodes for white grub control.

3.3 Develop a bio-pesticide based on host-specific entomopathogenic

Project proposal: Sustainable potato pest management in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 29virus (PoGV) or Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) for effective PTM management in potato stores.

4.1 Evaluate “attracticides” against PTM in field and storage conditions.

4.2 Assess the efficacy of botanicals for managing PTM in potato stores.

4.3 Evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of low-toxic and systemic chemical control for LMF on non-targets in Nepal.

5.1 Introduction of potato clones (in vitro plantlets) from CIP and mini- tuber production using tissue culture lab and glasshouse.

5.2 Farmers’ participatory LB screening in three major production regions.

5.3 Studies on population dynamics of P. infestans A1 and A2 mating types and Metalaxyl sensitivity tests of strains.

5.4 Selection of environmentally-friendly and cost-effective fungicide(s) for LB management.

5.5 Isolation of wart-causing pathogen (Synchytrium endobioticum) and screening of potato clones under temperature-controlled growth chamber conditions.

5.6 Farmers’ participatory potato screening against wart at high-hill elevations (>2400 masl) under

Project proposal: Sustainable potato pest management in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 30naturally-infested conditions.

6.1 Train scientists of participating partners in different ecological pest management research methodologies and approaches.

6.2 Organize/convey training courses for project stakeholders and conduct inter-country field visits.

6.3 Supervise and train MSc and PhD students.

7.1 Test and evaluate new technologies for field and store in participatory research with farmers.

7.2 Organize field days and farmer-to-farmer visits.

7.3 Publish field guides on pests and natural enemies and ecological pest management in local languages.

7.4 Train extension staff on ecological pest management in potato.

7.5 Develop-country specific guidelines for ecological pest management in potato production.


Work plan and time frame for each activity in each participating country.

CIP in collaboration with Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

Activities (Short names)

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Pakis

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CIP

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2nd

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3rd q

uar

ter

4th q

uar

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1st q

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2nd

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3rd q

uar

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4th q

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1st q

uar

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2nd

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3rd q

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4th q

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Output 1

Act. 1.1 Collect insects and establish a reference insect inventory. X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 1.2 Study farmers’ pest management strategies and yield losses of key pests X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 1.3 Analyze insect species diversity and their biotic efficacy. X X X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 1.4 Regular monitoring of population dynamics of key pests. X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 4. Assess diversity of white grubs by using molecular markers. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Output 2

Act. 2.1. Study econ. benefits and ecol. impacts of class. biocontrol for PTM. X X X X X X

Act. 2.1. Study econ. benefits and ecol. impacts of class. biocontrol for LMF. X X X X X

Act. 2.2 Evaluate suitability and potential release areas for biocontrol agents. X X X X X X X X X

Act. 2.3 Prepare dossiers for the importation of parasitoids. X X X X X X X

Act. 2.4 Mass-rear parasitoids and prepare exportation at CIP-HQ for shipment

X X X X

Act. 2.5 Establish effective rearing systems to mass-produce parasitoids. X X X X X X X

Act. 2.6 Develop a monitoring system before and after release. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 2.7 Analyze the economic benefits for classical biocontrol. X X X X X X X X

Output 3

Act. 3.1 Assess field efficacy and cost efficiency of PoGV applications for PTM control.

X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 3.2 Study field efficacy of M. ani-sopliae and entom. nematodes for WG. X X X X X X X X

Act. 3.3 Develop a bio-pesticide based PoGV or Bt for PTM in potato stores. X X X X X X X X

Output 4

Act. 4.1 Evaluate attracticides against PTM in field and storage. X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 4.2 Assess the efficacy of botanicals for managing PTM in potato stores. X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 4.3 Evaluate the efficacy and side-effects of chemical control for LMF. X X X X X


Output 5

Act. 5.1 Introduction of potato clones from CIP and mini tuber production. X X X X X

Act. 5.2 Farmers’ participatory LB screening. X X X X X X X X X

Act. 5.3 Studies on population dynamics of LB A1/A2 mating types and Metalaxyl sensitivity tests of strains.

X X X X X X X X X

Act. 5.4 Selection of environmentally-friendly and cost-effective fungicides for LB management.

X X X X X

Act. 5.5 Isolation of wart-causing pathogen and screening of potato clones. X X X X X

Act. 5.6 Farmers participatory potato screening against wart at high elevations.

X X X X X

Output 6

Act. 6.1 Train scientists of participating partners in EPM research methodologies and approaches.

X X X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 6.2 Organize/convey training courses for project stakeholders and conduct inter-country field visits.

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 3. Supervise and train MSc and PhD students. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Output 7

Act. 7.1 Test and evaluate new technologies in participatory research with farmers.

X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 7.2 Organize field days and farmer-to-farmer visits. X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 7.3 Publish field guides on pests and natural enemies and ecological pest management in local languages.

X X X X X X X X

Act. 7.4 Train extension staff on ecological pest management in potato. X X X X X X X X X X X X

Act. 7.5 Develop country specific guidelines for ecological pest management in potato production.

X X X X X X X X


Scientist and personnel involved in the project Scientist and personnel at CIP, Lima and Nepal

Dr. Jürgen Kroschel CIP, Head Agroecology/IPM, IPM expert/Entomologist

Project leader (30%)

Dr. Marc Sporleder CIP-SWCA (ICM Division), Entomologist, based in Nepal

Regional project coordinator based in Nepal

(100%)

Dr. Greg Forbes CIP- ICM Division, Plant Pathologist Research supervisor for Late Blight management

(10%)

Veronica Canedo (1st project year)

CIP, Lima (ICM Division), research assistant

Rearing of PTM parasitoids and preparation of dossier/exportation acc. to FAO (1996); life table for parasitoids; entomological collection

(20%)

Octavio Zegarra (1st project year)

CIP, Lima (ICM Division), research assistant

Molecular detection of PTM parasitoids

(50%)

Francisco Ochoa (1st project year)

CIP, Lima (ICM Division), technician

Rearing of parasitoids of PTM and LMF

(30%)

Scientist and personnel at University of Innsbruck, Austria

Dr. Michael Traugott Research supervisor for Agroecology studies and molecular identification of white grubs

Supervisor of students (15%)

Scientist and personnel at NARC, Nepal

Yagya P. Giri NARC (Entomology Division), senior scientist (Entomologist)

Senior researcher in Nepal (100%)

Buddhi P. Sharma NARC (deputy director NPRP), Plant Pathologist – Senior scientist

LB and Wart research (100%)

Scientist and personnel at IAAS, Nepal

Dr. Yubac Dhoj DC IAAS, head of Entomology Division, senior entomologist, lecturer Biocontrol

research on white grubs (40%)

Scientist and personnel at CABI SA, Pakistan

Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Poswal

CABI SA, Regional Director of CABI’s Regional Centre for South Asia

Coordinator in Pakistan (0.5 %)

Abdul Rehman CABI SA Insect Biocontrol specialist based at Rawalpindi

Principle researcher in Pakistan (40 %)

Dr Aamir Humayun Malik CABI SA, Biotechnology Specialist based at Rawalpindi

(10 %)

Dr Kauser Iqbal Khan Agricultural Economist based at Rawalpindi (10 %)

Daud Hussain Lab/ Field Assistant Rearing of PTM parasitoids (100%)

Scientist and personnel at BPDP, Bhutan

Karma Nidup National Potato Program Coordinator Bhutan Potato Development Program, Department of Agriculture, Thimphu

Coordinator in Bhutan (60%)

Tshering Dochen Research Assistant Bhutan Potato Development Program, Department of Agriculture, Thimphu

Field supervisor and implementer for overall potato activities in Bhutan

(80%)

Phuntsho Loday Research Assistant (Entomology Div) National Plant protection Centre, Department of Agriculture, Thimphu

Research on PTM, WG, LMF, insect rearing and other related potato activities

(60%)

Scientist and personnel at CPRS, Sikkim

Dr. S. Ramani Head of Central Potato Research Station, Senior Entomologist

Coordinator in Sikkim


Cost calculation for equipment and justification Equipment (Material)

Justification Estimated costs

Institution

NEPAL Laboratory Autoclave Autoclave not functioning in Pathology lab 900 Euro NARC/Plant Pathology Incubator Required in Pathology lab for wart inoculation

under artificial inoculation conditions 1500 Euro NARC/Plant Pathology

Phase contrast Microscope (plus dark field optics)

Research on biopesticides (titer determination of virus and fungi, quality control of stocks [currently no microscope is available at NARC, not even in the Pathology division – this is a relevant investment]

4000 Euro NARC/ Entomology Division

Insect collection boxes For insect reference inventory 1000 NARC/ Entomology Division

Field equipment Nets, Traps, aspirator and bug boxes, plastic tubes, spreading boards and pinning blocks and different size pins

For field use to collect insects like PTM, WG, LMF, aphids etc.

3000 Euro NARC/Entomology Division

Vehicle (bike) For field visits, data collection and observation in Nepal (a project car SUV is made available by CIP for field visits; however, in this project data need to be collected with the KTM valley and no bike is available).

1500 Euro NARC/ Entomology Division

Digital camera For technology dissemination and training 300 Euro NARC/NPRC Data loggers for Temp. and RH (three sensors)

For three locations 300 Euro NARC/NPRC

Bhutan Laboratory Refrigerator For storing chemicals and specimens 600 Euro NPPC/Entomology Div

Bhutan De-humidifier For dehumidifying insect collection room 1000 Euro NPPC/Entomology Div

Bhutan Field equipment Insect collection boxes For insect reference inventory 1000 NPPC/Entomology Div

Bhutan Hobo Temp H8 series data loggers with rain shield with Temp/RH/ light along with starter kits and 3V replacement batteries

Data required for analyzing insect pest species dynamics

750 Euro BPDP, DoA, Semtokha

Nets, Traps, aspirator and bug boxes, plastic tubes, spreading boards and pinning blocks and different size pins


3000 Euro NPPC/Entomology Div Bhutan

Pakistan Field equipment Temperature data logger (Hobo, Onset) (10 sensors/logers Plus software)


500 Euro CABI SA

Nets, Traps, aspirator and bug boxes, plastic tubes, spreading boards and pinning blocks and different size pins


3000 Euro CABI SA

Sikkim Field equipment Nets, Traps, aspirator and bug boxes, plastic tubes, spreading boards and pinning blocks and different size pins


3000 Euro CPRS

Insect collection boxes For insect reference inventory 1000 CPRS Temperature data logger (Hobo, Onset) (10 sensors/logers Plus software)


500 Euro CPRS


Curriculum vitae of the principal investigator and partners

Name Jürgen Kroschel (PhD, Habil.) Degrees

2004 Professor at the Faculty Agronomy, University of Hohenheim, Germany 1997 Habilitation at the Faculty Agronomy, University of Hohenheim, Germany, Venia legendi for Agroecology. 1993 PhD, University of Hohenheim, Germany. 1987 Agricultural Ing. (Diploma), University of Hohenheim, Germany.

Posts Since 2004 Senior Scientist and team leader Agroecology/IPM at the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru. 2001 – 2004 Professor and acting head of the Department Agronomy (C4), Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Germany. 1999 – 2000 Assistant Professor for Plant Protection at the Institute of Crop Science in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen, Germany. 1992 - 1998 Coordinator and team leader of the GTZ supra-regional project ”Ecology and Management of Parasitic Weeds”, Eschborn/University of Hohenheim, Germany. 1988 - 1992 Scientific co-worker at the Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, Germany. Publication of several monographs, proceedings, and manuals and of book contributions. Editor of the series Tropical Agriculture – Advances in Crop Research (10 published books). First and co-author of more than 35 peer-reviewed publications and of more than 90 papers published as full papers or abstracts in conference proceedings.

Selected publications (related to Agroecology/Entomology others than cited under references or as co-author with Dr. Sporleder): Kroschel, J. and Lacey, L. (2008): Integrated Pest Management for the Potato Tuber Moth – a Potato Pest of

Global proportion. Tropical Agriculture 20, Advances in Crop Research 10. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, Germany.

Kroschel J and O. Zegarra 2008. Laboratory experiments towards the development of an attract-and-kill strategy for the potato tuber moth complex. In: Kroschel J and L Lacey (eds) Integrated Pest Management for the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller – a Potato Pest of Global Importance. Tropical Agriculture 20, Advances in Crop Research 10. Margraf Publishers, Weikersheim, Germany (in press)

Alcazar J., Kroschel, J. and Kaya, H. (2007): Evaluation of the efficacy of an indigenous Peruvian entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. to control the Andean potato weevil Premnotrypes suturicallus Kuschel under field conditions. In: XVI International Plant Protection Congress, 15-18 October 2007, Glasgow, Scotland UK, Congress Proceedings Vol. II, 544-545.

Kroschel, J., Mujica, N., Canedo and J. Alcazar (2007): Functional agrobiodiversity in potato-based production systems – its monitoring and use. In: XVI International Plant Protection Congress, CGIAR/SP-IPM Symposium “Emerging Themes in Agroecosystems Health and Food Safety”, 15-18 October 2007, Glasgow, Scotland UK, Congress Proceedings Vol. II, 356-357.

Kroschel, J. and M. Sporleder (2006): Ecological approaches to Integrated Pest Mangement of the Potato Tuber Moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera, Gelechidae). Proceedings of the 45th Annual Washington State Potato Conference, February 7-9, 2006, Moses Lake, Washington, 85-94.

Klein, O. and J. Kroschel (2002): Biological control of Orobanche spp. with Phytomyza orobanchia, a review. BioControl 47, 245-277.

Kroschel, J. (2001): A technical manual for parasitic weed research and extension. Kluwer Academic Publisher, The Netherlands, 292pp.


Kroschel, J., W. Koch (1996): Studies on the use of chemicals, botanicals and Bacillus thuringiensis in the management of the potato tuber moth in potato stores. Crop Protection 15: 197-203.

Kroschel, J., E. Fritsch, J. Huber (1996): Biological control of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in the Republic of Yemen using granulosis virus: biochemical charaterization, pathogenicity and stability of the virus. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6: 207-216.

Kroschel, J., H. J. Kaack, E. Fritsch, J. Huber (1996): Biological control of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in the Republic of Yemen using granulosis virus: propagation and effectiveness of the virus in field trials. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6: 217-226.

Kroschel, J. (1995): Integrated Pest Management in potato production in the Republic of Yemen with special reference to the integrated biological control of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller). Tropical Agriculture 8, Margraf Verlag, Weikersheim, Germany, 227pp.

Kroschel, J., A.A. Abbasher and J. Sauerborn (1995): Herbivores of Striga hermonthica in Northern Ghana and approaches of their use as biocontrol agents. Biocontrol Science and Technology 5, 163-164.

Kroschel, J. and W. Koch (1994): Studies on the population dynamics of the potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) (Lep., Gelechiidae) in the Republic of Yemen. Journal of Applied Entomology 118, 327-341.


Name Marc Sporleder (PhD)

Degrees

2004 PhD degree in agricultural science (magna cum laude), University of Hohenheim, Germany. 1997 Post university education at the Centre for Advanced Training in Agricultural and Rural Development (CATAD) of the Humboldt University in Berlin (Certificate). 1996 M.Sc. degree (Agriculture), Georg-August University of Göttingen Faculty: Agricultural Science, Major discipline: Plant production. 1987 Dipl. Ing. (Agriculture) (B.Sc.) University of Kassel (GHK), Department: International Agriculture, Major discipline: Agricultural development in the third world. Posts Since 6/2007 Scientist (IPM expert) with the International Potato Center (CIP) based at ICIMOD in Kathmandu, Nepal. 2003 – 2007 Entomologist (PostDoc) at the International Potato Center (CIP) in Lima, Peru; IPM/Entomology unit of the Integrated Crop Management Division. 2001 – 2003 Research assistant at the Institute for Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics (380) of the University of Hohenheim. 1998 – 2001 Associate scientist at the International Potato Center (CIP) in Lima, Peru. Project: Developing IPM for the Potato Tuber Moth in cropping systems of different agroecological zones. Selected publications (others than cited in references)

Sporleder, M., Zegarra, O., Rodriguez Cauti, E.M. and Kroschel, J., (2008) Effects of temperature on the activity and kinetics of the granulovirus infecting the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Biological Control 44, 286-295.

Sporleder, M., Kroschel, J. and Simon, R. (2007): Potential changes in the distribution of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, in response to climate change by using a temperature-driven phenology model linked with geographic information systems (GIS). In: XVI International Plant Protection Congress, CGIAR/SP-IPM Symposium “Emerging Themes in Agroecosystems Health and Food Safety”, 15-18 October 2007, Glasgow, Scotland UK, Congress Proceedings Vol. II, 360-361.

Wraight, S.P., Sporleder, M., Poprawski, T.J., Lacey, L.A., 2007. Application and evaluation of entomopathogens in vegetable row crops: Potato. pp 329-359, Chapter VII, In: Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology – Application and Evaluation of Pathogens for Control of Insects and other Invertebrate Pests, 2nd Edition (Eds. L.A. Lacey and H.K. Kaya), Spinger, New York, ISBN: 978-1-4020-5931-5 (Hardover), ISBN: 978-1-4020-5932-2 (Softcover)

Sporleder, M., Rodriguez Cauti, E.M., Huber, J. and Kroschel, J. (2007) Susceptibility of Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera; Gelechiidae) to its granulovirus PoGV with larval age. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 9, 271-278.

Sporleder, M., O. Zegarra, J. Kroschel, J. Huber, A. Lagnaoui (2001) Assessment of the inactivation time of Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PoGV) at different intensities of natural irradiation. In: The International Potato Center (Ed.) Scientist and Farmers – Partners in Research for the 21st Century, Program Report 1999-2000. Lima, Peru: p.123-128, ISSN 1680-9270

Sporleder, M., G. Rapp (1998) The effect of Oecophylla longinoda (Latr.) (Hym., Formicidae) on coconut palm productivity with respect to Pseudotheraptus wayi Brown (Hem., Coreidae) damage in Zanzibar. Journal of Applied Entomology 122, 475-482.

Spiller, I., S. Bock, A. Kübler, A. Kühn, L. Lenz, M. Sporleder (1997) L’integration des approches participative et gender dans un projet du développement rural régional – le cas l’ODAI, Madagascar, Schriftenreihe des Seminars für Ländliche Entwicklung (Publications par le Centre de Formation Supérieure pour le Développement Rural) No. S175, Margraf Verlag, Berlin, ISSN 1433-4585


Name Gregory Forbes (PhD)

Degrees

1987 PhD Plant Pathology, Texas AandM 1983 MSc Plant Pathology, Texas AandM 1980 BSc Agronomy, Murray State Univ. Posts Since 2002 Senior Scientist Phytopathology at the International Potato Center, Lima, Peru. 1990 – 2002 Plant pathologist, International Potato Center, Quito, Ecuador 1988 – 1990 Plant pathologist, International Potato Center, Lima, Peru 1986 – 1988 Post doctoral researchers, INRA, Montpellier France Selected publications Yuen, J. E., and Forbes, G. A. (2008). Estimating the level of resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato

genotypes. Phytopathology (in press). Kromann, P., Taipe, A., Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Munk, L., and Forbes, G. A. (2008). Preemergence Infection of

Potato Sprouts by Phytophthora infestans in the Highland Tropics of Ecuador. Plant Dis. 92: 569-574. Kromann, P., Leon, D., Andrade-Piedra, J., and Forbes, G. A. (2008). Comparison of alternation with a

contact fungicide and sequential use of the translaminar fungicide cymoxanil in the control of potato late blight in the highland tropics of Ecuador. Crop Protection 27: 1098-1104.

Gómez-Alpizar, L., Hu, C.-H., Oliva, R., Forbes, G. A., and Ristaino, J. B. (2007). Phylogenetic relationships of a new species, Phytophthora andina, from the highlands of Ecuador that is closely related to the Irish Potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Mycologia (In press).

Garrett, K. A., Zúñiga, L. N., Roncal, E., Forbes, G. A., Mundt, C. C., Su, Z., and Nelson, R. J. (2008). The effects of host biodiversity on disease levels across a climatic gradient. Ecological Applications (in press):

Wulff, E. G., Pérez, W., Nelson, R. J., Bonierbale, M., Landeo, J. A., and Forbes, G. A. (2007). Identification of stabile resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato genotypes evaluated in field experiments in Peru. Experimental Agriculture 43: 1-11.

Oliva, R. F., Chacon, M. G., Cooke, D. E. L., Lees, A. K., and Forbes, G. A. (2007). Is Phytophthora infestans a good taxonomist - host recognition in the Phytophthora/Solanum interaction. Acta Horticulturae (ISHS) 745: 465-471.

Mizubuti, E. S. G., Júnior, V. L., and Forbes, G. A. (2007). Management of late blight with alternative products. Pest Technology 1: 106-116.

Forbes, G. A., and Simon, R. (2007). Implications for a warmer, wetter world on the late blight pathogen: How CIP efforts can reduce risk for low-input potato farmers. Journal of Semi-Arid Tropical Agricultural Research 4: 34pp.

Chacón, M. G., Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Gessler, C., and Forbes, G. A. (2007). Aggressiveness of Phytophthora infestans and phenotypic analysis of resistance in wild Petota accessions in Ecuador. Pla. Path. 56: 549-561.

Pilet, F., Chacón, G., Forbes, G. A., and Andrivon, D. (2006). Protection of susceptible potato cultivars against late blight in mixtures increases with decreasing disease pressure. Phytopathology 96: 777-783.

Chacón, M. G., Adler, N. E., Jarrin, F., Flier, W. G., Gessler, C., and Forbes, G. A. (2006). Genetic structure of the population of Phytophthora infestans attacking Solanum ochranthum in the highlands of Ecuador. Eur. J. Pl. Path. 115: 235-245.

Oyarzún, P. J., Garzón, C. D., Leon, D., Andrade, I., and Forbes, G. A. (2005). Incidence of potato tuber blight in Ecuador. American Journal of Potato Research 82: 117-122.

Kromann, P., Leon, D., Taipe, A., Andrade-Piedra, J. L., and Forbes, G. (2005). Does pre-emergence infection of potato sprouts by sporangia of Phytophthora infestans occur in the highland tropics?

Kromann, P., Leon, D., Andrade-Piedra, J. L., and Forbes, G. (2005). Does pre-emergence infection of potato sprouts by sporangia of Phytophthora infestans occur in the highland tropics? 16th triennial conference of the European Association for Potato Research, Bilbao. Servicio de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco. 805-807.


Garry, G., Salas, A., Forbes, G. A., Perez, W., Cruz, M. S., and Nelson, R. J. (2005). Host specialization not detected in isolates of Phytophthora infestans attacking wild and cultivated potatoes in Peru. Eur. J. Pl. Path. 113: 71-81.

Garry, G., Forbes, G. A., Salas, A., Cruz, M. S., Perez, W., and Nelson, R. J. (2005). Genetic diversity and host differentiation among isolates of Phytophthora infestans from cultivated potato and wild solanaceous hosts in Peru. Pla. Path. 54: 740-748.

Forbes, G. A., Chacón, M. G., Kirk, H. G., Huarte, M. A., Damme, M. v., Distel, S., Mackay, G. R., Stewart, H. E., Lowe, R., Duncan, J. M., Mayton, H. S., Fry, W. E., Andrivon, D., Ellissèche, D., Pellé, R., Platt, H. W., MacKenzie, G., Tarn, T. R., Colon, L. T., Budding, D. J., Lozoya-Saldaña, H., Hernandez-Vilchis, A., and Capezio, S. (2005). Stability of resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato: an international evaluation. Pla. Path. 54: 364-372.

Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Hijmans, R. J., Juárez, H. S., Forbes, G. A., Shtienberg, D., and Fry, W. E. (2005). Simulation of potato late blight in the Andes. II: Validation of the LATEBLIGHT model. Phytopathology 95: 1200-1208.

Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Hijmans, R. J., Forbes, G. A., Fry, W. E., and Nelson, R. J. (2005). Simulation of potato late blight in the Andes: I: modification and parameterization of the LATEBLIGHT model. Phytopathology 95: 1191-1199.

Andrade-Piedra, J. L., Forbes, G. A., Shtienberg, D., Grünwald, N. J., Taipe, M. V., Hijmans, R. J., and Fry, W. E. (2005). Qualification of a plant disease simulation model: Performance of the LATEBLIGHT model across a broad range of environments. Phytopathology 95: 1412-1422.


Name Michael Traugott (PhD, Habil.) Degrees

2007 Habilitation (“professorial qualification”) for the Subject Ecology at the University of Innsbruck 2001 Doctor of natural sciences (University of Innsbruck) 2001 2nd Master of natural sciences (University of Innsbruck) 1997 1st Master of natural sciences (University of Innsbruck) Posts

2008 – present Associate professor of Ecology, Institute of Ecology, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, University of Innsbruck 2002 –2008 Assistant professor, Institute of Ecology, Mountain Agriculture Research Unit, University of Innsbruck 2005 –2006 Marie-Curie Fellow (Individual Intra-European Fellowship), Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK 1998 –2002 Contract assistant professor, Research Institute for Alpine Agriculture and Forestry, University of Innsbruck Selected publications

Traugott M., Bell J.R., Broad G.R., Powell W., van Veen F.J.F., Vollhart I.M.G. and Symondson W.O.C. (2008): Endoparasitism in cereal aphids: molecular analysis of a whole parasitoid community. Molecular Ecology 17, 3928–3938.

Bell J.R., Traugott M., Sunderland K.D., Skirvin D.J., Mead A., Kravar-Garde L., Reynolds K., Fenlon J. and W.O.C. Symondson (2008): Beneficial links for the control of aphids: the effects of compost applications on predators and prey. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, 1266–1273.

King R.A., Read D.S., Traugott M. and Symondson W.O.C. (2008): Molecular analysis of predation: a review of best practice for DNA-based approaches. Molecular Ecology 17, 947–963.

Traugott M., Schallhart N., Kaufmann R. and Juen A. (2008) The feeding ecology of elaterid larvae in Central European arable land: new perspectives based on naturally occurring stable isotopes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40, 342–349.

Juen A. and Traugott M. (2007): Revealing species-specific trophic links in below-ground invertebrate communities: The predator guild of scarab larvae identified by diagnostic PCR. Molecular Ecology 16, 1545–1557.

Juen A. and Traugott M. (2005): Detecting predation and scavenging by DNA gut-content analysis: a case study using a soil insect predator-prey system. Oecologia 142, 344-352.

Traugott M., Weissteiner S. and. Strasser H. (2005): Effects of the entomopathogenous fungus Beauveria brongniartii for the non-target predator Poecilus versicolor (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Biological Control 33, 107-112.


Name Muhammad Ashraf Poswal (PhD)

Degrees

1986 PhD Entomology 1976 MSc (Hons.) Agric. Entomology 1974 BSc (Hons.) Agric. Posts

1995-present CAB International Regional Director of CABI’s Regional Centre for South Asia. 1992-1994 Food and Agriculture Oragnization of the United Nation (FAO) Plant Protection Expert (National). Research and training on Fruit IPM in Balochistan 1981-1992 Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Scientific Officer and Senior Scientific Officer. Integrated Pest Management Research on Oilseed Crops 1978-1981 Plant Protection Institute Faisalbabd, Pakistan Agricultural Officer (Pest forecasting of Rice, Sugarcane apple pests and natural enemies) Selected publications

A. Shehzad, M.A. Poswal and R. Mahmood (2002). Host range of Pakistan strain of Lysiphlebus ambiguus (Haliday) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) as determined in the laboratory. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 1 (4): 407-409.

R. Mahmood, M.A. Poswal and A. Shehzad: Distribution. (2002). Host Range and Seasonal Abundance of Sipha Sp. (Homoptera: Aphididae) and their natural enemies in Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 5(1): 47-50, 2002.

Ashraf Poswal and Stephanie Williamson. (1998). OFF the ‘treadmill’: Cotton IPM in Pakistan. Pesticides News 40 (June 1998).

A.E.Cross and M.A. Poswal. (1997). Dossier on Pauesia antennata (Mukerji) Biological Control Agent for the Brown Peach Aphid, Pterochloroides persicae, in Yemen. International Institute of Biological Control. UK Centre.

M. Ashraf Poswal, Riaz Mahmood, and Mahrukh Murtaza. (1995). Status of IPM Implementation and successes in Biological control in Pakistan. Proceedings of 'Workshop on Biological Control as a Cornerstone of Integrated Pest Management for Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Asia' 11-15 September, 1995 at Centre for Human Resource and Technology Development, MARDI Headquarters Selangor, Malaysia. 155-166 pages.

M.T.K. Kairo, M.A. Poswal. (1995). The brown peach aphid, Pterochloroides persicae (Lachninae:Aphididae): prospects for IPM with particular emphasis on classical biological control. Biocontrol News and Information. 16 (3):41N-47N.

Poswal, M. A. (1994). "Growers' Guide to Moderating Use of Chemical Sprays in Balochistan Apple Orchards. Field Guide #1 of Outreach and Transfer of Fruit Technology in Balochistan, FAO, (PAK/89/014) .

Poswal, M. A. (1993). "Integrated Pest Management: A new recommended approach to pest control in apple orchards in Balochistan." Outreach and transfer of fruit technology in Balochistan (PAK/89/014) Field Document #3.

Poswal, M. A., R. C. Berberet, and L. J. Young. (1992). Instar-specific Morphometrics and Linear Discriminant Models for Age-grading field populations of Acyrthosiphon kondoi [Homoptera: Aphididae]. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 85(1): 39-43.

Poswal, M. A., and R. C. Berberet. (1990). Time-specific Life Tables for Blue Alfalfa Aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) in Oklahoma. J. Econ. Entomol. 19(4): 1001 - 1009.

Poswal, M. A., and Nazir A. Chaudhry. (1990) Stochasicity in damage assessment models in the cotton-bollworm system. Pak. J. Zool. 22 (1) : 89-96.


Poswal, M. A. and R. C. Berberet. (1989). Host-dependent Association and its Implications on Relative Abundance of Blue Alfalfa Aphid and the Pea Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Oklahoma. Res. Pop. Ecol. Vol. 31 (2): 275-287.

Hutchison, W. D., D. B. Hogg, M. Ashraf Poswal, R. C. Berberet, and G. Cuperus. (1988). Implications of the Stochastic Nature of Kuno's and Green's Fixed Precision Stop Lines: Sampling of Pea Aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) in Alfalfa as an Example. J. Econ. Entomol. 81(3): 749-758.

Ashraf, M., R. C. Berberet, and L. J. Wilson. (1986). Sampling for the blue alfalfa aphid: spatial patterns and statistical parameters. Proc. North. Am. Alf. Imp. Conf. 30 : 24.

Amjad, M., A. Beg, A. A. Hashmi, and M. Ashraf Poswal. (1984). Coccinella septempunctata L. as Component in Pest Management of Brevicoryne brassicae L. Int. Pest. Cont. 29 (1) : 17 - 18.

Beg, A., and M. Ashraf (Poswal). (1981). Safflower Cultivation in Pakistan. Prog. Farm. 1 (6) : 27 - 30. Ashraf, M. (Poswal), M. A. Asghar, and M. Yousuf. (1979). Comparative External Morphology of the

Abdomen of Gryllus bimaculatus DeGeer and Acheta domesticus L. Pak. Entomol. 1 : 23-30. Ashraf, M. (Poswal), M. A. Asghar, and M. Yousuf. (1978). Comparative External Cephalic Morphology of

Gryllus bimaculatus Degeer and Acheta domesticus L. Pak. J. Zool. 10 : 209 - 213.


Name S. Ramani (PhD)

Degrees

1998 Ph.D. in Agricultural Entomology, Univ. of Agril. Sciences, Bangalore 1979 M.Sc (Ag.) in Agricultural Entomology, Univ. of Agril. Sciences, Bangalore 1976 B.Sc. (Ag.), Tamil Nadu Agril. Univ., Coimbatore Posts Since 06/2007 Principal Scientist (Ag. Entomology) and Head, Central Potato Research Station, Shillong. 1991- 2007 Senior Scientist (Ag. Entomology), Project Dir. Of Biological Control, Bangalore . 1985– 1991 Scientist (Ag. Entomology), Indian Institute of Hort. Res., Bangalore Selected publications Ramani, S. and Bhumannavar, B.S. 2004. Interaction of two indigenous predators of the spiralling whitefly,

Aleurodicus dispersus Russell with the introduced parasitoid, Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani in India. Journal of Entomological Research, 28: 199-203.

Ramani, S., Poorani, J. and Bhumannavar, B.S. 2002. Spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in India. Biocontrol News and Information 23 (2): 55N-62N.

Ramani, S., Bhumannavar, B.S. and Rabindra, R.J. 2004. Quarantine Procedures and Facilities for Biological Control Agents. Proj. Dir. Of Biol. Control, Bangalore. 152 p.

Rabindra, R.J. and Ramani, S. 2003.Biological control of pests and weeds for sustainable development. Sagar Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. 219 p.

Ramani, S. (2000). Fortuitous introduction of an aphelinid parasitoid of the spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) into the Lakshadweep islands with notes on host plants and other natural enemies. Journal of Biological Control, 14: 55-60.

Ballal, C. R. and Ramani, S. (1999). Fertility table of an exotic parasitoid, Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). Journal of Biological Control, 13: 25-31.

Ramani, S. and Ballal, C.R. 1994. Influence of change of host on handling time and its variation in Chelonus blackburni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).In Biological Control of Insect Pests (ed. Goel, S.C.).pp. 81-86.


Name Yagya P. Giri (MSc)

Degrees

2003 Master of Science in Agriculture (Entomology) 1998 Master of Arts (Anthropology), 1980 Bachelor of Science in Agriculture Post

1998-till now Senior Scientist, Nepal Agricultural Research Council ( NARC) Entomology Division, Khumaltar, Nepal 1996-1997 Station Incharge, Agriculture Research Station, Surkhet, Nepal 1994-1995 Asst. Entomologist, Entomology Division, Khumaltar, Nepal 1983-1994 Asst. Entomologist, NARC Agriculture Research Station, Surkhet, Nepal 1980-1982 Asst. Entomologist, Industrial Entomology Project, Khopasi, Nepal Contribution

Published more than 20 research papers and various reports in national and international journals, proceedings and other type of publication. Published more than 20 booklets and articles on agriculture, environment, pesticide management (in Nepali) Translated Training manuals (Nepali to English) for UNFPA and UNESCO Prepared reports and booklets for Helvetas and WINROCK International Coordinated and conducted training courses on various agricultural subjects for agriculture officers, technicians and farmers Affiliation

Executive and life Member, Society of Agricultural Scientists, Nepal (SAS/N) General member – Nepal Agricultural Association (NAA) Life member – International Association for Advancement of pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystem UN Representative- Youth Environment Awareness Forum (YAEF)


Name Buddhi Prakash Sharma (MSc)

Degrees

1991 MSc Agriculture 1981 BSc Agriculture 1974 ISc Biology 1971 S. L. C. Post

Senior Scientist, National Potato Research Programme, NARC, Nepal

1990 to date Plant pathologist. Research on Oilseed, Ginger and potato diseases 1983-1990 Plant protection Officer. Department of Agriculture. Research and extension on pest and diseases 1981-1983 Extension Officer. Department of Agriculture. Agri planning and Extension Selected publications

Sharma, B.P. and Hari Bahadur K.C. (2004). Participatory IDM Research on Potato late blight through Farmers Field School. Advances of Horticultural research in Nepal. In proceedings of the Fourth National Workshop on Horticulture.2-4 March, 2004. Pp 205-210

Sharma, B.P and Ram Bahadur K.C. (2006). Participatory Black Scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) Disease Management on Potato in Nepal. Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol.8 pp.65-72..

Sharma,B.P. (2007). Efficacy of biological products against late blight of potato. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 8 pp7-10

Sharma,B.P. (2007). Farmer's empowerment and adoption of potato disease management technology through farmers field school and participatory research. Proceedings of the 8th National Outreach Research Workshop. Nepal Agricultural research Council (NARC), Outreach Division (ORD), Khumaltar, Lalitpur Nepal. pp 220-229.


Name Karma Nidup (MSc)

Degrees

1996- 1997 MSc (Wildlife Management and Control) 1990-1994 BSc (Agriculture and Animal Husbandry) Post

2004 – to date Common Fund of Commodities (CFC)/ International Potato Center (CIP). National Potato Coordinator. Leadership for potato development including seed production, production management, integrated weed and pest management, and post harvest. 2001 – 2004 National Plant Protection Centre at Semtokha. Research Officer for the Vertebrate Pest and Weed Section. Implemented the 2 year pilot project on management and conservation of wild pigs funded by BTF-EC from March 2002 to March 2004. 2000 –2001 Wangdue Phodrang Dzongkhag Administration. Dzongkhag Agriculture Officer. Developed the decentralized RNR 9th Five Year Geog Plan for 15 Geogs of Wangdue Phodrang Dzongkhag. Selected publications

W. Roder, K. Nidup and G.B. Chettri, (2008). Potato in Bhutan (In Press) W. Roder; T. Dochen and K. Nidup. (2008) The Importance of South American Crops for Mountain Farmers

in Bhutan. RNR Journal, Vol:4. W. Roder, Jamyang. K. Nidup., T. Dochen, and T. Gyaltshen. (2008). Soil fertility management for sustained

potato production in the mountains of Bhutan. Journal Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. (Submitted)

K. Nidup, S. Wangdi and W. Roder. (2007). Bhutanese potato sold through the auction yard system. In: Vol. 10 (2) CIP (SWCA) Newsletter, 4-5 pp.

K. Nidup, W. Roder and S. Gyaltshen, (2007). Activities and Achievements in Potato Research and Development in Bhutan. In: Proceedings of the International Scientific Symposium on Potato, Pyongyang, DPR Korea, 41-54 pp.

W. Roder, K. Nidup and S. Wangdi, (2007). Marketing Bhutanese Potato - Experiences, Challenges and Opportunities. 1-66pp.

W. Roder and K. Nidup, 2007. Adaptation and utilization of CIP materials in Bhutan. Paper presented during the CIP/CPRI workshop on Crop Improvement, Modipuram, India, 1-3 pp.

W. Roder, K. Dorji and K. Nidup, (2007). Effect of N and P fertilizer source on potato yield and fertilizer cost. In: Vol. 11 (1) CIP (SWCA) Newsletter, 4-5 pp.

W. Roder, K. Nidup and S. Blaser, (2007). Extension Activities for Sustainable Potato Production in Bhutan- Problems, Needs and Opportunities by. In: Journal of Extension Systems, Vol: 23, 116-130 pp.

K. Nidup, C. Tshering, L. Bockel, M. Punjabi and G. B. Chettri, (2006) Potato Commodity Chain Analysis – a working document. DoA/ MoA/ FAO/ RGoB, Thimphu.

Gurung, B. R., K. Dorji., K. Nidup and W. Roder, (2006). Validating recommendations for haulm removal for late blight management. CIP-SWCA Newsletter 9 (2):2.

W. Roder and K Nidup. (2004). Potato Development in Bhutan. Paper prepared and presented at the 2nd International Scientific Symposium in Pyongyang, DPR Korea.

K. Nidup and S. Wangdi. 2000. Shochum (Potamogeton distinctus A. Benn) weed management in Rice: A brief review of the past research and future direction. - paper presented during the 6th RNR Review and Planning Workshop for West-Central Region, 24-26 January 2000, 1-9 pp.

K. Nidup, 1997. “Requirements and Effects of Vitamin K3 in the Resistant Rat Strains”, Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Science in Wildlife Management and Control to Reading University, 54 pp.


Name Yubac Dhoj DC (PhD)

Degrees

2006 PhD, Thesis title: White grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) associated with Nepalese agriculture and their control with the indigenous entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) 1998 MSc (Agriculture) 1991 BSc (Agriculture) Post

1998 to present Lecturer of Entomology: Tribhuvan University (TU), Institute of Agricultural and Animal Sciences (IAAS), Department of Entomology, Rampur Campus, Chitwan, Nepal For 5 years. Asst. Entomologist: Lumle Agricultural Research Centre (LARC), the then Overseas Development Agency/ DFID funded project, Nepal For 1 year Technical Officer: Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Agricultural Research Station (ARS) Malepatan, Pokhara, For 3 years Asst. Plant Protection Officer: Rasuwa Nuwakot Integrated Rural Development Project (IRDP), District Agriculture Development Office, Rasuwa Selected publications

G. C., Y. D. (1999). Reproduction capability of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 19-20: 153-157 (1998-1999), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

G. C., Y. D. (2001). Efficacy of botanical insecticides to soybean hairy caterpillar. J. Inst. Anim. Sci. 21-22:233-237 (2000-2001).

G. C., Y. D. (2001). Development of organic pest management methods to reduce post harvest losses of insect-pest of maize (Zea mays L.) using indigenous plant materials and technology in the hills of Nepal. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium of maize, 3-5 December, 2001, Kathmandu, Nepal

G. C., Y. D. (2001). Study on post-harvest losses of maize and their management practices in the Western Hills of Nepal. Tribhuvan University, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences/ CIMMYT, Kathmandu, Nepal, Occasional Paper, 2001 (1): 1-43

G. C., Y. D. (2001). Post-harvest losses due to insect pests of maize and their management practices (in Nepali). Tribhuvan University, Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences/ CIMMYT, Kathmandu, Nepal, Booklet for farmer, 2001 (1): 1-25

G. C., Y. D. (2002). Potentiality of nettle (Urtica dioca L.) extracts for the management of soybean hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia casigneta Kollar) and red pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora foevicolis) (2002). FORWARD Technical Paper No. 17. Forum for Rural Welfare and Agricultural Reform for Development, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal

G. C., Y. D. (2003). Insecticidal bioassay of the organic solvent-extracted chemical fractions of stinging nettle (Urtica dioca L.) by using aphid (Brevicorinae brassicae) as the test organisms (2003). FORWARD Technical Paper No. 23. Forum for Rural Welfare and Agricultural Reform for Development, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal.

G. C., Y. D. and Keller, S. (2003). Association of fungal pathogens with White grubs. In: Neupane, F. P. (ed.). 2003. Integrated Pest Management in Nepal. Proceedings of a National Seminar, Kathmandu, Nepal, 25-26 September 2003. Himalayan Resources Institute, New Baneshowar, Kathmandu, Nepal, 37-41 Pp

G. C., Y. D. and Keller, S. (2003). Towards microbial control of white grubs in Nepal with entomopathogenic fungi (2003). Bull. Soc. Ent. Switzerland 76, 249-258

G. C., Y. D., Keller, S. and Nagel, P. (2004). Microbial control of white grubs with entomopathogenic fungi: Potentials and opportunities in Nepalese Agriculutre. Proceedings of the fourth national conference on science and technology, March 23-16, 2004, organized by Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (RONAST), Kathmandu.

G. C., Y. D., Keller, S. and Nagel, P. (2004). Microbial control of white grubs with entomopathogenic fungi and its value in integrated pest management (IPM) in Nepal (2004). Tribhuvan University Journal, Vol, XXIV, No. 1, July 2004: 37-47


G. C., Y. D., Keller, S. and Nagel, P. (2004). Preliminary study on entomopathogens for white grub management in Nepal. J. Inst. Anim. Sci. 25: 39- 46 (2004)

G. C., Y. D. (2005). Major insect pest of vegetables under mulberry farming and their eco-friendly management (in Nepali version). Training manual for farmer for eco-friendly pest control under mulberry inter cropping system. Sericulture program for rural development, UNDP, Kathmandu, Nepal. Year 1 (1), 2005

G. C., Y. D. and Keller, S. (2005). Metarhizium anisopliae for white grub control in Nepal. Insect Pathogens and Insect Parasitic Nematodes: Melolontha IOBC/ wprs Bulletin vol. 28 (2) 2005, pp 57-61

G. C., Y. D., Keller, S. and Nagel, P. (2005). Entomopathogenic fungi: A possible alternative to white grubs’ management in Nepal. In: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Plant Protection Strategy Development in Nepal, Proceedings of a National Workshop). Pp175-210

G. C., Y. D. (2007). A handbook for insect pest and disease control of insect pest of vegetable crops (In Nepali). Pp 1-135. Published by Helvetas-Nepal.

G. C., Y. D., Keller, S. and Nagel, P. (2005). Microbial control of white grubs in Nepal: Lessons from Swiss Agricultural Research. Proceedings of National Workshop on organic agriculture and food security, Pp 65-78. December 13-15, 2005. Kathmandu, Nepal.

G. C., Y. D. (2006). Efficacy of indigenous plant materials and modified storage structure to insect pests of maize seed during on-farm storage. J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 27: 69-76 (2006), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal.

Ahrens, D., Zorn C., G. C., Y. D., Keller S. and Nagel P. (2007). Illustrated key to Phytophagous Scrabs of Nepal (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Opuscula Biogeographica Basileensia, Journal of the University of Basel, Switzerland, 1-44: 2007.

G. C., Y. D., Keller, S., Nagel, P. (2008). Microbial control of white grubs in Switzerland, what can be done in Nepal. In: Proceedings of a national workshop on integrated pest management 25-26 August, 2006, Kathmandu, Nepal Pp.203-213.

G. C., Y. D., Keller, S., Nagel, P., Kafle, L. N. (2008). Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against common white grubs in Nepal. Formosan Entomol. 28: 11-20.

G. C., Y. D., Keller, S., Nagel, P., Kafle, L. N. (2008). Mass production and application of Metarhizium anisopliae against white grubs in Nepal. J. International Cooperation 3 (1):15-30.

Rijal, J. P., G. C., Y. D., Thapa, R. B. and Kafle, L. N. (2008). Virulence of native isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana against Helicoverpa armigera in Nepal. Formosan Entomol. 28: 21-29.

G. C., Y. D., Keller, S., Nagel, P. (2008). Twin strategy for capacity building: Lessons from Swiss agricultural research. J. Plant Prot. Soc. 1: 99-105.

G. C., Y. D., Keller, S., Nagel, P. (2008). Occurrence of insect pathogenic fungi in Nepal with especial reference to Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae. J. Plant Prot. Soc. 1: 106-114.


Foot notes from project summary and description i Attempts at classical biological control of PTM date back to the 1940s. Economic, long-lasting benefits of its use have been reported, especially from Australia and African countries. ii The agroecology research group of the Institute of Ecology, lead by Dr. M. Traugott, conducts research on diverse aspects of agroecology/agroentomology. The work aims at improving the understanding of the functional ecology of invertebrate communities in agricultural cropping systems, and to evaluate crop management practices in regard to sustainable agricultural production. This covers basic research (i.e. analysis of trophic interactions in plant-herbivore-parasitoid-predator food webs), as well as applied research (e.g. regulation of soil insect pests). The group applies classical ecology study methods, as well as advanced methods, such as molecular techniques to study, for example, trophic interactions. This experience (multivariate approaches, analysis for trophic relationships, biological control of arthropods) is highly relevant to study the insect fauna and evaluation of potato management practices in HKH. The group will be involved in planning the experiments for studying insect communities in the potato-based cropping systems of different agroecological zones within HKH and for evaluating farmers’ current management practices. Moreover, Traugott’s group will be involved in generating research aiming at habitat and conservation management to enhance the self-regulatory capacity of potato systems. Austrian students supervised by Dr. M. Traugott (and co-supervised by CIP researchers) will conduct PhD-thesis and MSc-thesis work in the region. These students will serve as personnel, supported by national staff. Field work will be undertaken in HKH and lab-related work in Austria. It is crucial that NARS learn and adopt new research techniques (as part of output 6). In addition, the Institute will assist in identifying white grub species collected by national institutions from selected HKH zones by using molecular markers. This technique is currently not known by NARS in the region. One MSc student from the region (either from IAAS or other national institution) will be trained in Austria through conducting MSc research on this theme. Further, a research assistant of CIP, Lima will receive short-term training in Austria for the development of PCR primers for those parasitoids that will be used in classical biocontrol for the PTM. Dr. Traugott’s group regularly hosts guest scientists: for example, Msc. B. Admassu, an Ethiopian researcher, conducted a successful nine-month fellowship at Innsbruck. Besides specific training on new techniques and approaches, all students will be involved in the group’s regular bi-weekly scientific meetings (progress meetings, paper discussions) and will have a weekly one-to-one meeting with Dr. Traugott to ensure optimal training and support. iii The Sikkim district of northern India has been included in the proposal because it has the same environmental conditions and agricultural pest problems as Nepal and Bhutan. PTM is especially problematic in Sikkim and is being addressed by NARS. Since Sikkim has banned chemical pesticides completely, its farmers urgently need biocontrol options. iv It aims to: increase sustainable food production and agricultural productivity (focusing on an important crop for food security and poverty reduction); conservation of biodiversity; sustainable natural resource management; and development of sustainable production systems through EPM. v Potato per capita consumption increased in Nepal from 298 kg per year in 1995 to 480.6 kg per year in 2005. vi Potato is now the vegetable most frequently cultivated by Bhutanese rural households and the item purchased in the greatest quantity and with the highest frequency on vegetable markets. Bhutan’s potato production has increased production from 21,000 tons in the 1980s to 63,000 tons today. Almost 73% of total annual production is exported (Nidup et al., 2007). Potato consumption was low until the 1970s since many Bhutanese believed that potatoes caused problems of the lower abdomen, vomiting, constipation and diarrhea. Today, however, potato is widely eaten as a vegetable and sometimes even as a staple food; average national consumption for 2006 was estimated at 43 kg/person. The increase in consumption is based solely on increased availability and rapid urbanization which occurred in the total absence of the fast food industry.


vii In Nepal, LB results in yield losses estimated at a minimum 20%, which is equivalent to a monetary loss NRS 1.8 billion (about US$ 27.7 million) annually (Sharma & Hari Bahadur, 2004). Depending on the cropping season and disease severity, most farmers in the Katmandu valley apply fungicides 10–15 times to control LB. During 2006–2007, LB was epidemic, with significant yield losses of 2–75%, depending on the varieties grown and protection measures applied. It is suspected that the mating type A2 of LB has spread in Nepal. viii Ideally, the agroecosystem should function in a largely self-regulating manner to counteract pests, and to produce good-quality and high yields with minimal impact on the environment (Landis et al., 2000). ix With funding from the German government, part of this research has already been realized in some regions of Nepal and will be intensified in this project and expanded to Bhutan, Pakistan and Sikkim (India). x At CIP Headquarters in Peru, all important PTM parasitoids (Apanteles subandinus, Orgilus lepidus, Copidosoma koehleri) are reared and studied. Introductions into all target countries will be realized, in accordance with the FAO (1996) “Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control Agents”. With support of the University of Innsbruck PCR primers will be developed for molecular identification of the parasitoid species. This will facilitate and expedite pre-and post-release studies on host-parasitoid association (Gariepy et al., 2008). xi For example, the work related to LB or to develop a biopesticide for white grubs will be only carried out in Nepal. In contrast, research to understanding the resilience of potato agroecosystems to counteract pests and to control PTM through the introduction of parasitoids will be part of the research program in all participating countries. More details on the distribution between tasks can be found in the section 5b), where we have included a work plan and time frame for all countries. xii Tentatively, the experimental sites in Nepal will be in the Kavre and Sindhupalchok district because low-hill, mid-hill and high-hill cropping systems are found in these areas. Additional sites will be assigned in Chitwan (Terai, low hill) and another district in southern Nepal (including: Terai, low-hill and mid-hill zones). Further sites for mid- and high-hill conditions need to be decided (e.g. Solukhumbu or Nuwacot). In Bhutan, study fields will include western Bhutan (mid hill, but with a gradient in altitude of 200–2000 m a.s.l.), Central Bhutan (high hill >2900 m a.s.l.) and Eastern Bhutan (whose topography and cropping pattern different from those of western Bhutan). In Sikkim and Pakistan, sites need to be discussed with partners. xiii Catches for the latter will be recorded weekly by participating farmers and the pheromone capsules will be renewed every 6 weeks. xiv This includes: a) description of the pest to be controlled; b) assessment of the pest’s importance in each country; c) knowledge on natural enemies, antagonists or competitors already present or used in the proposed release area; and d) description and risk assessment of each species considered for importation. The required information will be generated through literature review for each country and field studies (output 1). Partner institutions in each country will assist during the importation process (some of them are the responsible institutions for overseeing importation of exotic species), rear the insects until their naturalization (rearing protocols are available for all species) and conduct follow up to analyze the long-term economic benefit accruing after naturalization. A research assistant of CIP, Lima will receive training at the University of Innsbruck to develop a molecular detection system for the parasitoids prior of their releases in the different countries. xv However, it will be absolutely essential that all the important steps of the FAO Code are adhered to before their introduction and that the taxonomy of the leafminer flies in Nepal has been unambiguously confirmed by experts. xvi Virus-infected larvae will be ground and mixed with ordinary talc at a rate of 20 larvae per kg talc in one liter of water. The dried product will be applied at a rate 5 g of the product per kg potato.


xvii Several plants provide certain protection against PTM. In particular, in initial experiments, extracts of sweet flag (Acorus calamus), which is widespread in the region, have proved effective in protecting stored potatoes. xviii These showed that pesticide use declined by 70.8% through the introduction of IPM and that yield increased by 41.6%. While the decline in pesticide use was readily attributable to the availability of pest-management alternatives, improved information and knowledge, the reasons for yield increase were more complex. The authors assume that farmers who received good-quality training not only improved their pest management skills, but also became more efficient in applying other agronomic and ecological management practices. Also, it is likely that they invested the cash saved from pesticide in other inputs (e.g. high-quality seed, fertilizer). This study also concludes that, compared with other crop projects, potato projects have large impacts on yield increases (>100 to almost 200%) independent of the yield level before project interventions giving good returns over a wide range of potato cropping systems. Also of great importance, improvements in farmers’ and community health are likely to occur following reductions in exposure to harmful pesticides that will result in increase in rural productivity (Yanggen et al., 2003). xix A number of high-toxicity, long-life pesticides products that have been banned in Europe and North America continue to be used in Asia. It has been observed that a number of pest insects (including PTM) and mites develop resistance very quickly to new low-toxicity pesticides such as pyrethroids. Ultimately, all chemical pesticides are toxic. Category 1a and 1b insecticides should be applied only when wearing special clothing and using respirators. So it is unrealistic to expect farmers with limited resources and limited education to use hazardous pesticides safely.In general, when farmers in the project countries apply pesticides they use minimal protection and may even have their families and children accompanying them in the fields. In short, they have little knowledge of the risks to which they are exposing themselves and their families. Farmers also use pesticides inside their houses to protect stored potatoes and frequently have direct contact with pesticides when they mix them thus increasing their exposure yet further.

References in foot notes Gariepy T, U Kuhlmann, C Gillot and M Erlandson 2008. A large-scale comparison of conventional and

molecular methods for the evaluation of host-parasitoid associations in non-target risk-assessment studies. J. Appl. Ecology 45: 708-715.

Landis DA, SD Wratten, GM Gurr 2000. Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 45: 175–201.

Nidup K, C Tshering, L Bockel and M Punjabi 2007. Potato commodity chain analysis: Bhutan. DoA/FAO/MOA/RGOB, Thimphu.

Sharma, BP and KC Hari Bahadur 2004. Participatory IDM Research on Potato late blight through Farmers Field School. Advances of Horticultural research in Nepal. In: Proceedings of the Fourth National Workshop on Horticulture.2-4 March, 2004. Pp 205-210

Yanggen D, C Crissman and P Espinosa 2003. Los pesticidas: Impactos en producción, salud y medio ambiente en Carchi, Ecuador. Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) & Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Ediciones Abya Yala. Quito, Ecuador. 197 p.

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Short title: Sustainable potato pest management in the ... potato pest management in...Project proposal: Sustainable potato pest management in the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region 1 1. General