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The Importance of Qualitative Research in Mixed Methods:
Part I
John W. Creswell, Ph.D., Tim Guetterman, M.A.University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Presentation to the University of the Western Cape, South AfricaApril 17, 2014
2
TopicsUse of qualitative research in mixed methodsKey features of qualitative researchTypes of problems addressed through qualitative research
Philosophical assumptionsQualitative purpose statements and research questions
Qualitative data collectionQualitative data analysis and softwareValidation/accuracy
How Qualitative Research Fits into Mixed Methods
Useful inProviding multiple perspectivesExplaining quantitative resultsExploring before administering an instrumentValidating quantitative resultsHearing participant viewsUnderstanding process in evaluation
Key Features of Qualitative Research
Follow the scientific method(e.g., problem, questions, method, results)
Listen to participants’ viewsAsk open-ended questionsBuild understanding based on participants’ viewsDevelop a complex understanding of the problemGo to the setting to gather dataBe ethicalAnalyze data inductively-let findings emergeWrite in user-friendly, literary way Include rich quotesResearcher presence in the study
Types of Problems
Need to exploreImportant to listen to participantsUnusual culture, sampleDo not know questions to askUnderstand processNeed to tell a story
Philosophical Assumptions: Worldview, Beliefs, Values
Issue Post-positivism Critical Theory Constructivism Participatory
Ontology Critical realism-”real” reality but only imperfec and probabilistic.
Historical realism-virtual reality shared by social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic, and gender values.
Relativism-local and specific co-constructed realities.
Participative reality-subjective-objective reality, co-created by minds.
Epistemology Modified dualist/objectivist; critical tradition/community; findings probably true.
Transactional/subjectivist; value-mediated findings.
Transactional/subjectivist; co-created findings.
Critical subjectivity in participatory transaction; experiential, propositional, and practical knowing; co-created findings
Methodology Modified experimental/manipulative; critical multiplism; falsification of hypotheses; may include qualitative methods
Dialogic/dialectical Hermeneutical/dialectical
Political participation in collaboration; primacy of the practical; use of language grounded in shared context.
Adapted from Lincoln, Lynman, & Guba , 2011
How are philosophies implemented?
Multiple realitiesSubjectivityExplicit valuesEmerging designLanguage is personal
8Writing a Good Qualitative Purpose StatementWhat it includes: Single sentence “The purpose of this study . . .” Central phenomena Qualitative words (e.g. explore,
understand, discover Participants Research site
Sample Purpose Statement ScriptPurpose Statement Script:“The purpose of this qualitative study (replace later with type of qualitative approach later) will be to ______(understand, describe, develop, discover) the ________(central phenomenon) for _______(participants: person, process, groups) at ______________(site)
We therefore conducted a qualitative study to explore the care seeking behaviour, access to treatment, and knowledge and perceptions about TB among men and women of The Gambia, West Africa.
Qualitative Purpose Statement Example
QualitativeApproach
What I hope to do in the
study
Central Phenomenon
Participants
Site
Definition of Central
Phenomenon?
Eastwood & Hill, 2004
11Understanding a central phenomenon
QuantitativeExplaining or predicting variables
QualitativeUnderstanding or exploring a central phenomenon
X Y
The independent variable (X) influences a dependent variable (Y)
Y
In-depth understanding of Y; external forces shape and are shaped by Y
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Qualitative Research Questions
Open-ended Broad 1 or 2 central questions 5 to 7 subquestions Single phenomenon Exploratory verbs Participants and site
13Sample Script for the Central Question___(How or what) is the ___ (“story for” for narrative research; “meaning of” the phenomenon for phenomenology; “theory that explains the process of” for grounded theory; “culture-sharing pattern” for ethnography; “issue” in the “case” for case study) of ___ (central phenomenon) for ___ (participants) at ___ (site)?
14Qualitative Central Question ExampleWhat is the theory that explains the process of accessing TB services among women of The Gambia?
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Methods for a Qualitative Study Data collection Data analysis Data representation Data interpretation Validation strategies
Data CollectionSampling (purposeful)Site selection (gate keepers, permissions)
Recruitment (incentives)
Types of data (observation, interview, public/private documents, audio-visual)
Locating Site/Individual
Gaining Access and
Making Rapport
Purposefully
Sampling
Collecting
Data
Recording
Information
Resolving Field issues
Storing Data
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Interview Types
Decide on the type of interview to useIndividualFocus groupTelephonee-mail
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Interview Procedures
Create an interview protocolAsk open-ended questions (5-7)allows the participant to create options for responding
participants can voice their experiences and perspectives
If possible, record and transcribe for analysis
Interview Protocol for (Title of Study)Interviewer:
Interviewee:
Date: Time: Place:
Interviewer IntroductionStart RecordingThe purpose of this study is (briefly describe purpose}
Interviewee information: (e.g., position, role)
Questions:1. What…
2. What…
Closing Comments(Write out comments and thank the participant for the interview)
Observations
Create an observational protocolRecord descriptive notesRecord reflective notes
Decide on your observational stanceEnter site slowlyConduct multiple observationsSummarize at end of each observation
Observation Protocol for (Title of Study)Date:Time:PlaceDescriptive Notes Reflective Notes
(Portrait of informant, physical setting, event description)
(Personal reflections, insight, ideas, confusion, hunches, initial interpretation)
Types of Audio-visual MaterialsExamine physical trace evidence (e.g., footprints in sand or snow)
Videotape or film a social situation, individual, or group
Examine website main pagesCollect soundsCollect email or social network messages (e.g., Facebook, Twitter)
Examine favorite possessions or ritual objects
Steps in Qualitative Data AnalysisReading through
databases (margin notes)
Coding
Collapsing codes into themes
Interrelating themes
Representing findings (figures, theme passage)
Checking accuracy of account (validity)
Common Software Packages Available
MAXQDANVIVOAtlas.tiHyperResearch
How to Code
Reduce Codes to5-7 Themes
Initially readthrough data
Divide text into segmentsof information
Label segments of informationwith codes
Reduce Overlap andredundancyof codes
Collapsecodes intothemes
ManyPages of Text
ManySegments of Text
30-40codes
Codesreducedto 20
How to Code
Select Climbing Wall Narratives, Fall, 2011, Section 002, #1 As I walked into the gym, I was bombarded with the smell of old
gym shoes, a smelly locker that had seen the many wins and losses of a team. Around me was a juxtaposition of sights. The old wood floors and brick foundation of the gym did not fit with what was inside; badminton nets, an open view of different workout rooms, and lastly a climbing wall. The climbing wall was separated by two activities: instruction and climbing. To the left of the wall, an instructor was giving a tutorial, with a typed handout, on how to use the necessary equipment to climb. The new climbers were asked to read a portion of the handout, as the instructor provided a visual demonstration on the equipment. The new climbers asked questions regarding the handout and the demonstration. This process continued for some time; a detailed process, yet very relaxed and informal. Another instructor came in, wearing jeans and a tank top.
Code Term
Theme
Physical description of wall
Instructor
Physical description
Process of climbing
How to Write a Theme Passage
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Major Validation Strategies
Member checking: Members check the accuracy of the account
Triangulation: Looking for themes across different types of data; different researchers; different participants
Others: peer review, external audit, report disconfirming evidence, clarify researcher’s stance, thick description, prolonged time in the field
Writing the Qualitative Research StudyDescription5-7 themes (including multiple perspectives, good quotes, useful dialogue, even metaphors or analogies)
DetailRealistic, note tensions/contradictionsEngaging/persuasive/storytelling
Checklist for a Rigorous Qualitative StudyGeneral:___ Provide a rationale for why qualitative research is well-suited for
studying the research problem (e.g., participant views, context, complex understanding, lack of known variables, capturing voices)
___ Describe the type of qualitative research design (e.g., narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, or case study) that will be used
___ Explain why the design is well-suited to address the problemQualitative Data Collection:___ Discuss the site(s) that will be studied___ Identify permissions that have been granted (include something
about IRB permissions)___ Indicate how participants will be recruited to the study___ N of participants___ Discuss the type of purposeful sampling to be used (inclusion
criteria)___ Demographics of participants___ Indicate how the participants will benefit from the study
(reciprocity)___ Indicate the types of data to be collected (perhaps a table of data
collection?)___ Indicate the extent of data collection___ Mention the use of protocols (interview, observations, records)
used to record the data___ State the research questions that will be asked (if interviews
occur)
Checklist for a Rigorous Qualitative Study (continued)
Data Analysis:___ Discuss preparing the data (transcriptions)___ Indicate the general procedure of data analysis (reading through
the data and writing memos, coding the data, description, developing themes, interrelating the themes)
___ Indicate any specific procedures related to the approach to qualitative research (e.g., in grounded theory, use open coding, axial coding, and selective coding)
___ Discuss the use of qualitative data analysis software to help analyze the data (e.g., MAXQDA, etc.)
___ Discuss use of multiple coders (i.e., intercoder agreement) if used in the study and how this process was accomplished with the percent agreement
___ Discuss validity strategies (e.g., member checking, triangulation, negative case analysis, peer audit, external audit, immersion in the field)
___ Discuss reflexivity—how the researchers’ experiences and role will influence the interpretation of findings.
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TopicsUse of qualitative research in mixed methodsKey features of qualitative researchTypes of problems addressed through qualitative research
Philosophical assumptionsQualitative purpose statements and research questions
Qualitative data collectionQualitative data analysis and softwareValidation/accuracy
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Questions AskedJournal to publish inOnline course to learn aboutUse of theoryFunding sources for projectsConvincing faculty advisorsVariation in how to write up
? ?
Key Readings
Qualitative journals: http://www.slu.edu/organizations/qrc/QRjournals.html
Marshall and Rossman, 2011
Bazeley, 2013
Kuckartz, 2014
Saldana, 2013
Creswell & Guetterman, 2015
The Importance of Qualitative Research in Mixed Methods:
Part I
John W. Creswell, Ph.D., Tim Guetterman, MAUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln
Presentation to the University of the Western Cape, South AfricaApril 17, 2014