DNA 6001F

SHOTGALILEO

A Test of theerr t PLUMBBOB Seriesy $ 2 September 1957T

United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons TestsNuclear Test Personnel Review

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SHOT GALILEOA TEST OF THE PLUMBBOB SERIES Technical Report

2 September 1957 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

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Jean Ponton, Martha Wilkinson, James Striegel,Burt Collins (Tech. Reps.) DNA 001-79-C-0473

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16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

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9. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if neceesuy and ldsntlfy by block number)

GALILEO Nevada Test SitePLUMBBOE AFSWPIonizing Radiation AFSWCExercise Desert Rock BIG BANGNevada Test Organization

:O. A B S T R A C T (-C.mffrm~ am “v-or” sf& ff -my ard fdentlfy by block number)

This report describes the activities of DOD personnel, both military andcivilian, in Shot GALILEO, the 16th nuclear test in the PLUMBBOB atmosphericweapons testing series. The test was conducted on 2 September 1957 andinvolved participants from Exercise Desert Rock VIII, AFSWP, AFSWC, and AECtest groups. This volume also describes the radiological safety criteriaand procedures in effect at Shot GALILEO.

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES (continued)

The Defense Nuclear Agency Action Officer, Major H. L. Reese, underwhom this work was done, wishes to acknowledge the research and editingcontribution of numerous reviewers in the military services and otherorganizations in addition to those writers listed in block 7.

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PREFACE

Between 1945 and 1962, the United States Atomic EnergyCommission (AEC) conducted 235 atmospheric nuclear weapons testsat sites in the southwestern U.S. and in the Pacific and AtlanticOceans. In all, an estimated 220,000 Department of Defense (DOD)participants, both military and civilian, were present at thetests. Approximately 90,000 of these participants were presentat the nuclear weapons tests conducted at the Nevada Test Site(NTS) northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.

In 1977, 15 years after the last above-ground weapons test,the Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Welfare (now the Centers for Disease Control, 1J.S.Department of Health and Human Services), noted a possibleleukemia cluster among a small group of soldiers present at ShotSMOKY, the 15th test of Operation PLUMBBOB, the series of nuclearweapons tests conducted in 1957. Following that initial reportby the Center for Disease Control, the Veterans Administrationreceived a number of claims for medical benefits from formermilitary personnel who believe their health may have beenaffected by their participation in the nuclear weapons tests.

In late 1977, DOD began a study to provide data to both theCenter for Disease Control and the Veterans Administration onPotential exposures to ionizing radiation among its military andcivilian participants in the atmospheric nuclear weapons tests 15to 30 years earlier. DOD organized an effort to:

0 Identify DOD personnel who had taken part in theatmospheric nuclear weapons tests

0 Determine the extent of the participants' exposureto ionizing radiation

0 Provide public disclosure of information concerningparticipation by DOD personnel in the atmosphericnuclear weapons tests.

1

This report on Shot GALILEO is based on the historicalrecord of military and technical documents associated with eachof the nuclear weapons test events. The reports of the NuclearTest Personnel Review provide a public record of the activitiesand associated potential for radiation exposure of DOD personnel,for use in ongoing public health research and policy analvsis.

Many of the documents pertaining specifically to DODinvolvement during Shot GALILEO were found in the Defense NuclearAgency Technical Library, the National Federal Archives RecordCenter, the Department of Energy Nevada Operations Office, andthe Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). The most signifi-cant documents used in the development of this report include:

0 Report on Desert Rock VII and VIII prepared by theHuman Resources Research Office

0 Report on Task Force BIG BANG prepared by theDefense Nuclear Agency

0 Final Report of Operations for Exercise Desert RockVII and VIII

l Report of the Test Manager, Operation PLUMRBOB

0 Weapons Test Reports for the Armed Forces SpecialWeapons Project (AFSWP)

0 Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) FinalReport of the 4950th Test Group (Nuclear), OperationPLLJMBBOB

a Air Mission Summary Reports for Shot GALILEO

0 AFSWC Operation Plan 1-57

0 Unit Histories for AFSWC, Operation PLUMBBOB

0 Report of the Test Director, Operation TEAPOT

0 PLUMBBOB Onsite Radiological Safety Report, preparedfor the Nevada Test Organization (NTO) by ReynoldsElectrical and Engineering Company.

2

Frequently, the surviving historical documentation Ofactivities conducted at Shot GALILEO addresses test specifica-tions and technical information, rather than the personnel datacritical to the study undertaken by the Defense Nuclear Agency.Moreover, instances have arisen in which available historicaldocumentation has revealed inconsistencies in vital factual data,such as the number of DOD participants in a certain project at agiven shot or their locations and assignments at a given time.

These inconsistencies in data usually occur between two or moredocuments, but occasionally appear within the same document.Efforts have been made to resolve these inconsistencies whereverpossible, or otherwise bring them to the attention of the reader.

ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF PLUMRBOB SERIES REPORTS

This volume details participation by DOD personnel in ShotGALILEO, the sixteenth detonation of the Operation PLUMBBOBnuclear weapons testing series. Seven other publications addressDOD activities during the PLUMBBOB Series:

a Series volume:

0 Multi-shot volume:

0 Shot volume:

0 Shot volume:

0 Multi-shot volume:

0 Shot volume:

0 Multi-shot volume:

The volumes addressing

PLUMBBOB Series, 1957

Shots BOLTZMANN to WILSON, theFirst Four Tests of the PLIJMRBORSeries

Shot PRISCILLA, a Test of thePLUMBBOB Series

Shot HOOD, a Test of thePLUMBBOR Series

Shots DIABLO to FRANKLIN PRIME,the Mid-series PLIJMBBOB Tests

Shot SMOKY, a Test of thePLUMBBOB Series

Shots WHEELER to MORGAN, theFinal PLUMBBOR Tests

the test events of Operation PLUMBROBhave been designed for use with one another. The Series volume

3

contains information applying to those dimensions of OperationPLUMBBOB that transcend specific events, such as historicalbackground, organizational relationships, and radiological safetyprocedures. In addition, the Series volume contains a bibliog-raphy of works consulted in the preparation of all eight Opera-tion PLUMBBOB reports.

The single-shot volumes describe DOD participation in ShotsPRISCILLA, HOOD, and SMOKY. These events have been boundseparately because the events included substantial numbers of DODparticipants. Each multi-shot volume combines shot-specificdescriptions for several nuclear events, each involving smallernumbers of DOD personnel. The shot and multi-shot volumescontain bibliographies only of the sources referenced in eachtext. Descriptions of activities concerning any particular shotin the PLUMBBOB Series, whether the shot is addressed in asingle-shot volume or in a multi-shot volume, should be supple-mented by the general organizational, and radiological safetvinformation contained in the PLUMBBOR Series volume.

The information in this volume is supplemented by the"Reference Manual: Background Materials for the CONUS Volumes,"which summarizes information on the physical processes andcharacteristics of a detonation, radiation physics, radiationhealth concepts, exposure criteria, and measurement techniques,and lists acronyms and a glossary of terms used in the NuclearTest Personnel Review reports addressing test events in thecontinental U.S.

Chapter 1 of this volume describes the physical setting ofthe GALILEO detonation and introduces the Desert Rock maneuversand those NT0 scientific activities in which DOD personnel

participated.

4

Chapter 2 describes the Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIIImilitary projects conducted at Shot GALILEO, while chapter 3describes various training activities, scientific experiments,and support missions conducted at GALILEO by the NT0 in which DODpersonnel took part. These chapters provide information aboutthe number of DOD people involved in specific projects fielded atShot GALILEO, the time spent by project personnel in the testarea, and their positions relative to the point of detonation andareas of radioactivity before, during, and after the test.

Chapter 4 of this volume describes the radiological environ-ment and safety procedures pertinent to Shot GALILEO, includingisointensity contour maps illustrating the radiological contami-nation around ground zero following the detonation, and availableshot-specific exposure data for individuals. Details of theoverall radiation protection program at Operation PLIJMBBOB areprovided in the Series volume.

5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Page

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GALILEO SHOT SYNOPSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l l l . .

1.1 Setting and Characteristics of theGALILEO Detonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l l

1.2 Department of Defense Scientific, OperationalTraining, and Support Activities at Shot GALILEO . .

1.3 Exercise Desert Rock Activities at Shot GALILEO. . .

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONSAT SHOT GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.1 Troop Test at Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 Technical Service Projects at

Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS ATSHOT

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

G A L I L E O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5

Field Command Weapons Effects Test GroupProjects at Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Department of Defense Participation in LASL andUCRL Test Group Projects at Shot GALILEO . . . . . l

Department of Defense Participation in CivilEffects Test Group Projects at Shot GALILEO. . . . .Department of Defense Operational TrainingProject at Shot GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Air Force Special Weapons Center Activitiesat Shot GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3s

39

42

3.5.1 Cloud Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.2 Radio Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.3 Cloud Tracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4 Security Sweep Mission. . . . . . . . . . + l

3.5.5 Survey Missions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

4446464747

10

7

8

9

10

1 1

12

1517

20

21

33

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)

Chapter Page

4 RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . 48

4.1 Film Badge Readings for Task ForceBIG BANG at Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . l . . 48

4.2 Nevada Test OrganizationRadiation Protection Activities . . . . . . . . . . 51

REFERENCE LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 61

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

l-1 Location of Shot GALILEO in the Nevada Test Site, inRelation to Other Shots in the PLUMBBOB Series. . . . . 13

2-1 Troops of the 82nd Airborne (Task Force BIG BANG)Undergoing Radiological Safety Training in Preparationfor the Army Infantry Troop Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2-2 During the Task Force Rehearsal, 82nd AirborneDivision Troops Are Timed on the RifleDisassembly/Assembly Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2-3 Map of Task Force BIG BANG Troop Test Area. . . . . . . 28

2-4 Task Force BIG BANG Troop Test (HumRROInfiltration Course). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4-l Task Force BIG BANG, Distribution of Film BadgeReadings. . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

4-2 Initial Survey for Shot GALILEO, 2 September 1957,Mid-time 0726 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4-3 Resurvey for Shot GALILEO, 2 September 1957,Mid-time 1150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4-4 Resurvey for Shot GALILEO, 3 September 1957,Mid-time 0628 . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s5

4-5 Resurvey for Shot GALILEO, 4 September 1957,Mid-time 0816 . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . 56

4-6 Resurvey for Shot GALILEO, 5 September 1957,Mid-time 0626 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . 57

7

A- - ----a

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

2-l Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII Projects,Shot GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3-l Field Command Weapons Effects Test Group Projects,Shot GALILEO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

3-2 LASL, UCRL, and CETG Projects with DOD PersonnelInvolvement, Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . . . . . l . l

40

3-3 AFSWC Air Mission Support, Shot GALILEO . . . . . . . . 44

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this volume:

AECAFBAFSWCAFSWPBJYCETGDODFCDAHumRROLASLNT0NTSOCAFFREECoR/hUCRLUSAFUTMWETG

Atomic Energy CommissionAir Force BaseAir Force Special Weapons CenterArmed Forces Special Weapons ProjectBuster-Jangle "Y"Civil Effects Test GroupDepartment of DefenseFederal Civil Defense AdministrationHuman Resources Research OfficeLos Alamos Scientific LaboratoryNevada Test OrganizationNevada Test SiteOffice, Chief of Army Field ForcesReynolds Electrical and Engineering CompanyRoentgens-per-hourUniversity of California Radiation LaboratoryUnited States Air ForceUniversal Transverse MercatorWeapons Effects Test Group

9

GALILEO

SHOT SYNOPSIS

AEC TEST SERIES: PLUMBBOBDOD EXERCISES: Desert Rock VII and VIIIDATE/TIME: 2 September 1957, 0540 hoursYIELD: 11 kilotonsHEIGHT OF BURST: 500 feet (tower shot)

Purpose of Test: Test of newly designed device for possibleinclusion in U.S. Arsenal.

DOD Objectives: (1) To test performance of military personnelas affected by witnessing a nuclear detonation(2) To perform AFSWP military effects experi-ments to measure the effects of a nuclearweapon with a known yield and characteristicson military equipment, material, structures,and ordnance(3) To provide DOD personnel an opportunityto observe a nuclear detonation and to becomefamiliar with its effects(4) To evaluate military equipment andtactics.

Weather: At shot-time, temperature was 15.8O C.;relative humidity, 30%; pressure, 878 mb; windcalm.

Radiation Data: Fallout greater than 0.1 R/h was detectedduring the initial survey (mid-time: 0726hours) in the quadrant northwest of groundzero. Fallout intensities of 0.01 R/h alsoextended as far as 3,000 meters east of groundzero. Exposure to initial radiation fromGALILEO was not significant.

Participants: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, AirForce Special Weapons Center and other AirForce personnel, Exercise Desert Rock troops,Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Universityof California Radiation Laboratory, FederalCivil Defense Administration, Contractors.

10

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Shot GALILEO was a test of an ll-kiloton nuclear deviceconducted at 0540 hours Pacific Daylight Time on 2 September 1957at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission(AEC) continental nuclear test area, located northwest of LasVegas. GALILEO was the 16th nuclear test of Operation PLUWRROR,a series of 24 nuclear weapons tests and six safety experimentsperformed in Nevada between 24 April and 7 October 1957.

The GALILEO nuclear device was designed and built for theAEC by the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL). The primaryobjective of the GALILEO event was to test a newly designednuclear device for possible inclusion in the U.S. arsenal. Tofulfill this objective, LASL and the University of CaliforniaRadiation Laboratory (UCRL) fielded scientific experiments tostudy the characteristics of the detonation. Other scientificexperiments were conducted by the Armed Forces Special WeaponsProject (AFSWP) of the Department of Defense (DOD) to evaluatethe nuclear yield and the blast, thermal, and radiation phenomenaproduced by this nuclear device (19).*

A number of other activities related to the conditions andphenomena produced by a nuclear detonation were also condllctedduring the GALILEO event. These included the Desert Rockexercises, one operational training project, and Federal CivilDefense Administration (FCDA) projects.

As part of Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII, the armedservices fielded three projects to evaluate the performance of

*All sources cited in the text are listed alphabetically andnumbered in the Reference List, appended to this volume. Thenumber given in the citation in the text is the number of thesource document in the Reference List.

11

military personnel and the usefulness of military equipment underthe conditions of a nuclear battlefield. A provisional company

of the 82nd Airborne Division, named Task Force BIG BANG,participated in a project sponsored by *he Human ResourcesResearch Office (HumRRO). The other two projects required anadditional 128 Army personnel to perform tests of equipment.Similarly, the Air Force conducted one operational trainingproject at GALILEO to test equipment and to familiarize personnelwith the effects of a nuclear detonation.

The FCDA Civil Effects Test Group (CETG) conducted projectsto assess the effects of nuclear detonations on civilian popula-tions and to evaluate Civil Defense emergency preparedness plans.DOD participation in these projects was limited.

1.1 SETTING AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GALILEO DETONATION

The nuclear device tested at Shot GALILEO was positionedatop a 500-foot tower located at UTM coordinates '797009* inArea 1 of Yucca Flat. Figure l-l shows the location of theGALILEO detonation in relation to other shots in the PLUMBBOB

Series (14).

At 0130 hours on 2 September, the morning of the shot, TaskForce BIG BANG troops and a team of radiological safety monitorsand HumRRO evaluators left Camp Desert Rock for the GALILEOobserver area (15). By 0245 hours, the Task Force arrived at the

*Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates are used in thisreport. The first three digits refer to a point on an east-westaxis, and the second three refer to a point on a north-southaxis. The point so designated is the southwest corner of anarea 100 meters square.

12

RAINIER

DIABLOWHITNEYSHASTA

KEPLER

GALILEO

0 1 0I 1 1 1 1 I

KIlometers

SMOKY

JOHN

ILASSENWILSONH O O DO W E N S

WHEELERCHARLESTONMORGAN

I

L’- __III

I

Lc --

@ d BOLrZMANN

FRANKLIN PRIME

--

PRISCIL

Frenchman ILake

I

Camp Dese r tR o c k

Figure l-l: LOCATION OF SHOT GALILEO IN THE NEVADA TEST SITE,IN RELATION TO OTHER SHOTS IN THE PLUMBBOB SERIES

1 3

-- - - -. -- - I

GALILEO observer area, 4,500 meters* from the shot-tower, toawait the detonation. By the time of the detonation, members ofthe Weapons Effects Test Group (WETG), LASL, UCRL, and CETG hadcompleted their preshot activities. Instruments and equipment

associated with their experiments ringed the area of ground zero.In the air, aircraft participating in operational trainingprojects and scientific support missions were enroute to the NTSfor the detonation.

The GALILEO device was detonated at 0540 hours Pacific nay-light Time on 2 September 1957. At the time of the detonation,the weather was clear and the surface winds were calm. Thenuclear cloud rose to an altitude of about 37,000 feet.+ TheGALILEO fallout occurred in an area north-northwest of groundzero (14).

Immediately after the detonation, Task Force BIG BANGpersonnel performed exercises designed to measure their psycho-logical reactions to the detonation. First, they conducted arifle disassembly-assembly test in the same area in which theyhad observed Shot GALILEO. After that, they performed anexercise at an infiltration course constructed 3,250 meterssouth-southeast of the S&gOKY ground zero (15). When the TestManager declared that conditions were safe to do so, test groupparticipants recovered instruments from the area around groundzero. Meanwhile, Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) pilotsconducted their missions, including cloud sampling and cloudtracking, and two aircraft from the Tennesssee Air National Guardconducted their operational training project.

*Throughout this report, surface distances are given in metricunits rounded up to the nearest whole number. The metricconversion factors include: 1 meter = 3.28 feet, 1 meter = 1.09yards; and 1 kilometer = 0.62 miles. Altitudes and othervertical distances are given in feet.

+Altitudes are measured from mean sea level, unless otherwisenoted.

14

1.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE SCIENTIFIC, OPERATIONAL TRAINING, ANDSUPPORT ACTIVITIES AT SHOT GALILEO

The Nevada Test Organization (NTO) was established for plan-ning, coordinating, and conducting atmospheric nuclear weaponstests during Operation PLUMBBOB. All activities of the NT0 wereunder the overall control of an AEC-appointed Test Manager,assisted by a Test Director. The NT0 was composed of personnelfrom AEC, DOD, and FCDA, and included representatives of theAFSWP WETG, the LASL Test Group, the UCRL Test Group, and theFCDA CETG. These test groups conducted 16 scientific projects atShot GALILEO in which DOD personnel took part. One other projectwas performed by Air Force personnel as part of the DOD opera-tional training program.

People from DOD agencies and all four armed servicesparticipated in the experiments conducted by the four testgrows, whose activities were coordinated by the Test Director.The AFSWP Field Command WETG conducted five military effectsprojects. Other DOD personnel participated to a limited extentin 11 of the projects conducted by the other test groups.Participants in the military effects and scientific experimentsplaced data-collection instruments around the point of detonationin the days and weeks preceding the scheduled event. Some timeafter the detonation, when the Test Manager had determined thatthe radiological environment in the test area would permitlimited access, participants recovered instruments and equipment(4; 19).

The operational training project, which involved two pilotsfrom the Tennessee Air National Guard, was designed to trainpilots in bomb damage assessment through photo-reconnaissancetechniques. This project required the pilots to fly theiraircraft in the vicinity of the NTS at the time of the detonationto observe the shot. About ten minutes after the shot, theaircraft made a pass over ground zero to photograph the shotarea.

15

In addition to those people involved in experiments andtraining, staff and support personnel, including AFSWC personnelflying special missions for the Test Manager, provided necessaryServices to other participants at the test site (4; 19).

Cne important support function during Shot GALILEO wasprovided by AFSWC, based at Kirtland Air Force Base (AFR), New

Mexico: This group provided air support to the Test Manager andto various test group projects. During Operation PLUMBBOB, AFSWCwas comprised of a total of 493 airmen and 23 officers from the4950th Test Group (Nuclear), including the 4926th Test Squadron(Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Squadron (11). These unitsoperated from Indian Springs AFB, 38 kilometers southeast of theNTS. Support was also provided by the 4900th Air Base Group fromKirtland AFB. For GALILEO, AFSWC performed several missions,including aircraft control, security sweeps, cloud sampling,cloud tracking, a radio relay, terrain surveYs, and courier andtransportation services (4; 19).

TO minimize exposure to ionizing radiation, radiationprotection procedures were established by the NT9. Participantswere limited to no more then three roentgens of whole-body gammaradiation for any 13-week period and five roentgens of whole-bodygamma radiation annually. To ensure that these criteria befollowed, access to areas of radioactivity was rigidlycontrolled, and project personnel who entered highly radioactiveareas were accompanied by radiological safety monitors. Themonitors, who continuously checked the radiation intensities inthe recovery area, had the authority to order a halt to recoveryoperations if intensities were too great or the length of time inthe area was too long. Project personnel were issued film badgesto wear at all times when in the test area. These film badgeswere collected, processed, and evaluated at regular intervals.Any individual whose accumulated exposure exceeded or would beexpected to exceed the established limits was barred from furtherparticipation in project activities in the forward area.

16

Although not implemented during PLUMBBOB, emergency evacuationprocedures were prepared for all test events (3; 20).

With one exception, the radiation protection procedures forthe AFSWC aircrew and ground crew were the same as thoseestablished for the NTO. As the single exception, cloud samplerpilots were authorized by the Test Manager to receive up to atotal of 7.5 roentgens of gamma radiation annually. Completedecontamination, including showers and changes of clothing, wasrequired of all aircrew members following each project mission,regardless of the exposure received on the flight. Aircraft wereeither decontaminated by washing or were isolated until radiationintensities had decayed to predetermined levels.

This report on Shot GALILEO documents the activities ofthese DOD personnel before, during, and after the detonation on2 September 1957. These descriptions focus on the potential forexposure to ionizing radiation during the performance of theseassigned duties.

1.3 EXERCISE DESEHT ROCK ACTIVITIES AT SHOT GALILEO

About 295 DOD personnel involved in Shot GALILEO partici-pated in the three projects fielded by Exercise Desert Rock VIIand VIII, the Army testing and training program conducted duringOperation PLUMBBOB. These projects included one troop test andtwo technical service projects.

The troop test was conducted by the George WashingtonUniversity HumRRO, an Army contractor, to monitor the performanceof persons who had witnessed a nuclear detonation for the firsttime. This project was originally to have involved 167 service-men, who were to observe a detonation from trench positions andto perform several tests.

17

Another 128 individuals took part in two Exercise Desert

Rock technical service projects. In one project, militaryequipment was exposed to the detonation and evaluated todetermine the damage sustained. The other project testedmilitary equipment and techniques for detecting nuclear burstsand fallout.

In addition to the Desert Rock exercise troops, about 2,000support troops from various Army units maintained and operatedCamp Desert Rock, providing transportation, communications,engineering, administrative, and security services. Of theseDesert Rock support troops, some worked in the forward areas ofthe NTS to construct observer positions, lay communication lines,provide transportation and security, and assist in preparing forDesert Rock projects. Soldiers from the 50th Chemical ServicePlatoon served as radiological safety monitors for Desert Rockproject personnel during nuclear test events.

Radiation protection procedures at Exercise Desert Rock, as

well as those of the NTO, are detailed in the PLUMBBOB Seriesvolume. The procedures were designed to minimize potentialexposure to ionizing radiation while allowing participants toaccomplish their project objectives. Camp Desert Rock supportpersonnel and exercise participants were limited to no more thanfive roentgens of whole-body gamma radiation during any six-month

period. The radiation protection procedures of Exercise DesertRock included provisions for (17; 22):

0 Maintaining minimum safe distances from nucleardetonations

a Enforcing protective procedures for personnelobserving the detonations

l Controlling access to radioactive areas

0 Monitoring individuals working in radioactive areas

a Issuing film-badges to Desert Rock personnel andmonitoring the cumulative exposure of Desert Rockpersonnel

18

0 Decontaminating all equipment and personnel leavingthe test area after the detonation.

This report documents the activities of the Desert Rocktroops and other DOD personnel who participated in Shot GALILEO.The activities of Desert Rock and NT0 support personnel aredetailed in the PLUMBBOB Series volume.

19

CHAPTER 2

EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII OPERATIONS AT SHOT GALILEO

Department of Defense (DOD) personnel participated in threeExercise Desert Rock VII and VIII projects during Shot GALILEO.This chapter describes the Desert Rock activities that may haveexposed participants to ionizing radiation before, during, andafter the detonation. In all, about 295 individuals took part inthese Desert Rock exercises, and approximately 57 percent ofthese participated in a single project, an Army troop testsponsored by the Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO). TheHumRRO Troop Test was designed to test how the performance ofmilitary personnel would be affected by witnessing a nucleardetonation. The remaining Desert Rock participants took part intwo Technical Service projects intended to study the effects ofnuclear weapons detonations on ordnance materiel, fortifications,

structures, and equipment.

Detailed descriptions of project objectives and generalproject activities are contained in the PLUMBBOB Series volumethat accompanies this report. The information contained in thischapter addresses only those project operations conducted duringShot GALILEO.

Table 2-l displays the Desert Rock programs and theirprojects conducted at Shot GALILEO, and includes the approximatenumber of DOD personnel who took part in each (17).

20

Table 2-l: EXERCISE DESERT ROCK VII AND VIII PROJECTS, SHOT GALILEO

Program Type

Troop Test

Pro jec t

Technical Service 50.3

50.8

Title

EstimatedDOD

Personnel

HumRRO Troop Test 1 6 7

Evaluation of Medium Range

Detonation-detection andCloud Tracking Systems

23

Detection of Atomic Burst

a n d R a d i o a c t i v e F a l l o u t

1 0 5

Participants

P r o v i s i o n a l C o m p a n y ,B2nd Airborne Division(Task Force BIG BANG)

Army Signal Research andD e v e l o p m e n t L a b o r a t o r i e s ;665th Aircraft Control andWarning Squadron

Army Artillery and Guided

Missile School; Army ChemicalSchool; Air Defense Board;Artillery Board;

Air Weather Service

2.1 TROOP TEST AT SHOT GALILEO

Task Force BIG BANG was a provisional company of the 82ndAirborne Division from Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Not allmembers of this provisional company participated in all TaskForce BIG BANG activities, particularly the activities that tookplace on the GALILEO shot-day. Additional Camp Desert Rocksupport personnel, including two radiological safety monitors andsuch elements as the military police and the truck companies,supported the BIG BANG troop test (15).

The purpose of this troop test was to determine whether theperformance of individuals was diminished after they witnessed anuclear detonation for the first time, as compared with an estab-lished preshot performance standard. In performing the test,troops were required to (6; 15):

0 Disassemble and reassemble a rifle

0 Clear a practice minefield

21

-- -- - -

0 Negotiate a combat course in an area theparticipants believed to be contaminated byradiation.

This troop test was originally scheduled for the SMOKY shoton 19 August 1957. Task Force WARRIOR troops from the 1st RattleGroup, 12th Infantry, were to participate in the HumRHO trooptest. This unit was to observe its first nuclear deton,ation fromtrenches located about 4,400 meters from the SMOKY ground zero.Immediately after the detonation, some of the troops were toleave the trenches and move to a cleared area for the rifledisassembly-assembly test. Then the unit was to clear a dummvminefield by probing it with bayonets. Finally, the Task ForceWARRIOR unit would maneuver through an infiltration course theythought was contaminated with radioactive fallout, and throwgrenades at a target (6; 15).

This plan was changed late in July, when a decision was madeto have this infantry battle group observe Shot SHASTA on 18August. This decision negated the HumRRO criterion that troopsparticipating in the project witness their first nuclear detona-tion immediately prior to the testing. Therefore, a decision wasmade to replace Task Force WARRIOR troops with a provisionalcompany from the 82nd Airborne Division, which was scheduled toarrive at Camp Desert Rock from Fort Bragg, North Carolina, on 30July 1957. This provisional company, designated Task Force RIGBANG, originally consisted of 167 men: seven officers and LciOenlisted men. Those 100 men who had rifles were selected toparticipate in the HumRRO troop test. The remaining 67 were toassist HumRRO in various tasks in support of the troop test (15).

Task Force HIG RANG troops arrived at Camp Desert Rock onMonday, 12 August, 13 days after their scheduled arrival date.

Preliminary training and briefings, such as the radiological

safety training at Camp Desert Rock, shown in figure 2-1, were

22

conducted for the rest of that week in preparation for a finalpractice run on Sunday, 18 August, and for participation in ShotSMOKY the next day. On 18 August, however, Shot SMOKY wasdelayed and rescheduled for Wednesday, 28 August.

The Task Force continued to train for participation in thetroop test. On Friday, 23 August, after Shot DOPPLER had beendetonated and the area declared clear, the troops were escortedto the forward area for the first time, so that they couldfamiliarize themselves with the planned troop test. The troopsdeparted from Camp Desert Rock for the forward area at about 0830hours by truck convoy, which was provided by one of the severalsupport units stationed at Camp Desert Rock. The trucks arrivedat the SMOKY trench area at about 1100 hours. The Task Forcetroops located the SMOKY trenches and practiced the countdown, aswell as the rifle disassembly-assembly, minefield, and infiltra-tion tests. For the rifle test, shown in figure 2-2, the troopswore protective masks; they removed them to perform the minefieldand infiltration course tests (15).

The rehearsal for the HumRRO troop test was completed at1330 hours. The Task Force troops then departed from the infil-tration course and returned to the SMOKY trench area, where theywere scheduled to lunch at 1345 hours. At 1430 hours, the troopsboarded the trucks and returned to Camp Desert Rock.

On Monday, 26 August, the Task Force returned to the forwardarea for baseline testing, the final rehearsal in anticipation ofthe SMOKY shot, which had been rescheduled for 28 August. Thetroops left Camp Desert Rock by truck convoy at 0300 hours andarrived at the SMOKY trenches at an estimated time of 0445 hours.At about 0525 hours, the troops entered assigned trenches topractice the shot countdown. At 9535 hours, the rifledisassembly-assembly test was rehearsed, followed by theminefield test and the infiltration course test. This entire

24

maneuver was completed by about 0800 hours, at which time thetroops breakfasted at the trench area. They departed by truckconvoy for Camp Desert Rock around 0845 (15).

Shot SMOKY was postponed again on 28 August. With thecontinuing delays of SMOKY, the Task Force BIG BANG troops notparticipating in the troop test and the HumRRO team witnessedShot FRANKLIN PRIME on Friday, 30 August, presumably from NewsNob (15). Meanwhile, Shot SMOKY was rescheduled for 31 August1957. The HUMRRO troop test could not take place as planned,because it was believed that the HumRRO area would becontaminated for several days after the shot.

By this time, military personnel were concerned that theTask Force would not be able to participate in the troop testbefore their scheduled departure on 5 September. Therefore, theentire Task Force witnessed Shot SMOKY on 31 August from NewsNob, an observation site near the Control Point at Yucca Pass.As a result of observing Shot SMOKY, the Task Force was intro-duced to the effects of a nuclear detonation, thus negating asignificant element in the HumRRO troop test.

Because there was not enough time to construct new trenchesor clear new test areas for Shot GALILEO, it was decided that theTask Force would witness Shot GALILEO in open terrain approxi-mately 4,500 yards from ground zero. The rifle disassembly-assembly test would be conducted at the observation point, andthe infiltration course maneuver would be performed at theoriginal SMOKY test area, if radiation from that shot had decayedto an acceptable level. The other part of the troop test, theminefield clearing exercise, was cancelled (15).

The actual locations of the GALILEO observation area, theSMOKY trench location, and the HumRRO test area for the Task

26

Force have been the source of some uncertainty. Official

Exercise Desert Rock reports do not specify the exact locationfrom which the troops observed Shot GALILEO. A HumRRO staffmemorandum maintains that they were to observe the detonation in

the open, approximately 4,500 yards from the GALILEO tower (6).Researchers who assisted in the historical reconstruction ofactivities at Operation PLUMBBOB determined that the most likelylocation for BIG BANG troops to have observed Shot GALILEO wasalong Mercury Highway at or near the Buster-Jangle "Y" (BJY).This location, given in figure 2-3, would have placed the troops4,500 meters, rather than 4,500 yards, from the GALILEO groundzero (15; 17).

The same HumRRO staff memorandum describes the HumRRo testarea as being next to the SMOKY trenches (6). The SMOKY trencheshave been reported by various documents to be from 3,500 to 4,340meters south-southeast of the SMOKY ground zero. Operation Order17 identified the SMOKY trench area as located 4,340 meters or4,730 yards from SMOKY ground zero (16). The same approximatelocation is indicated by a U.S. Geological Survey topographic map(Oak Spring 1:24,000), which shows a well-defined system of seventrenches, oriented at right angles to the SMOKY shot-point azi-muth; the first of the seven trench lines is located 4,350 metersfrom the site of the SMOKY detonation at UTM coordinates 849120.Researchers consider this to be the most reliable location of theSMOKY trenches, and it is used for the rest of this narrative(15).

Specifications for the Task Force BIG BANG infiltrationcourse are contained in the HumRRO staff memorandum. The speci-fications require a strip of land about 180 meters wide by 1,100meters long, oriented approximately north-south toward SMOKYground zero, with its eastern edge 45 meters from the SMOKYtrenches and its southern edge 4,100 meters south-southeast ofSMOKY ground zero. It was originally planned that the Task Force

27

63 Smoky

HumRRO InfiltrationCourse Test Area 4

5

BJY

GALILEO

(UTM Coordinates 797009)

O,Mete rs

Smoky Trenches

I PROBABLELOCATIONOF TROOPSDURINGDETONATION

Figure 2-3: MAP OF TASK FORCE BIG BANG TROOP TEST AREA28

BIG BANG troops would perform the disassembly-assembly test inthe southern sector of this strip, the minefield test in the

central area, and the infiltration course at the northern edge ofthe strip, 3,250 meters from the SMOKY ground zero at TJTMcoordinates 840129. Figure 2-4 shows the dimensions and laYOUt

of this test area (6; 15).

Final plans for the troop test, devised about 24 hoursbefore the scheduled detonation of Shot GALILEO, called for

partiCipantS to leave Camp Desert Rock after midnight on2 September. After observing the detonation in open terrain,they would conduct the rifle disassembly-assembly test in theobservation area. Then, contingent upon a radiological safetvclearance, the troops would conduct the infiltration course testsnear the SMOKY trench area (15).

Task Force BIG BANG troops and the team of monitors fromHumRRO left Camp Desert Rock at about 0130 hours on 2 September1957. The Task Force and the HumRRO team were not at fullstrength: the HumRRO team had been reduced from ten monitors tothree because of early departures from the Nevada Test Site(NTS). Moreover, some of the Task Force BIG BANG militarypersonnel failed to return from weekend pass (15). Film badgerecords indicate that only 110 of the 167 servicemen scheduled toparticipate actually took part in the troop test. Eighty-six ofthese were test troops, and seven were troop monitors who were tosupplement the HumRRO monitors who had left early (6). Theremaining 17 probably also assisted the HumRRO team as monitors(15) l

The troops were carried into the forward testing area bv oneof the transportation support units stationed at Camp DesertRock. At about 0245 hours, the Task Force arrived at the GALILEOobserver area.

29

64m

11 m

14m

8m

6m

14m

9m

nclnnGrenade Pits

“Wall”

0000Foxholes

” ” YA n A

v Y ”A /\ A

Start

l w18m

Throw, Exit

Sprint

Crawl

Walk

To Trucks(1400 m)

Meters

0 1 0

JFigure 2-4: TASK FORCE BIG BANG TROOP TEST (HumRRO INFILTRATION COURSE)

30

Shot GALILEO was detonated at 0540 hours. As planned, thetroops witnessed the detonation in open terrain 4500 meters eastof ground zero. The blast wave caused momentary winds of about36 knots at the observation area, and raised considerable dust.Troops performed the rifle disassembly-assembly test immediatelyafter the blast wave passed. Following the rifle test, radi-ological safety monitors and one member of the HumRRO team leftthe GALILEO observer area for the infiltration course todetermine whether residual radiation levels from the SMOKY shottwo days earlier were low enough to allow troop entry. While themonitors performed this task, the Task Force BIG BANG troops hadbreakfast consisting of assault rations. By 0710 hours, theradiological safety monitors returned from the SMOKY trenches toreport that the fallout level at the infiltration course wasconsidered safe for a one-hour stay. The radiological safetymonitors briefed the troop test participants on the SMOKY trenchconditions and gave them clearance to remain in the infiltrationcourse area for one hour. The Task Force BIG BANG troops thendeparted from the GALILEO observer area by truck convoy andarrived at the SMOKY trench parking area at 0740 hours. Afterleaving the trucks, the troops went to the infiltration courselocated about 1,400 meters to the northwest of the parking area(15).

At about 0805 hours, the troops began the timed infiltrationtest. They assembled near the starting line in groups of fourand five. Each group moved to the starting line, where, on asignal from a HumRRO monitor, they began the 63-meter (70-yard)course. As indicated in figure 2-4, each group walked ninemeters, crawled under a barbed-wire barrier, and continued tocrawl for 14 meters (15 yards) and under a second barbed-wirebarrier. After the soldiers had cleared the second barbed-wirebarrier, they sprinted about six meters (6 l/2 yards) to a fox-hole, where they remained for ten seconds. After the designated

31

time had elapsed, the soldiers sprinted eight more meters (8 I/2yards) to a third barrier, crawled under it, and sprinted14 meters (15 yards) to a "wall" of smooth wire, where they eachthrew two practice hand grenades at a 1.2-meter square pit, whichwas located 11 meters (12 yards) away. The infiltration testended with each soldier giving his name to the assistant monitorwaiting at the end of the course and leaving the course to theright. When the first group of men had completed the test andthe course was clear, the monitor gave the signal for the nextgroup waiting at the starting line to begin the maneuver (15).

As each group of soldiers completed the infiltration coursetest, they returned to the truck parking area. The last groupfinished the course at 0855. By 0915, the last group of the testtroops and the HumRRO monitors had returned to the truck parkingarea 1,400 meters southeast of the infiltration course. Thetrucks then left the SMOKY trench area for Camp Desert Rock,stopping at the Decontamination Station near Yucca Pass, about24 kilometers south of the infiltration course. 4n estimate ofthe transit time required indicates that the Task Force shouldhave arrived at the Decontamination Station at about 1000 hours.Personnel and their vehicles were monitored and decontaminated,if necessary, by brushing, washing, and confiscation or exchangeof clothing.

The troops turned in their film badges to radiologicalsafety personnel when they returned to Camp Desert Rock.Apparently, several of the troops lost their film badges whileperforming the infiltration test. Radges could have been lost,depending on where they were clipped to the individual's uniform,because activities performed during the test might have causedthem to slip off. At about 1030, the troops of Task Force BIG

BANG left the Decontamination Station for Camp Desert Rock (15).On Wednesday, 3 September, they departed Camp Desert Rock forFort Bragg.

32

2.2 TECHNICAL SERVICE PROJECTS AT SHO'l' GALILEO

As listed in table 2-1, members of various military agenciesperformed two technical service projects at Shot GALILEO. Manyof the 128 DOD personnel who took part in these projects alsoperformed them at other PLUMBBOB shots, both before and afterShot GALILEO.

Project 50.3, Evaluation of Medium Range Detonation-detection and Cloud Tracking Systems, involved about 23 peoplefrom the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratories. Theproject was designed to test the capacity of standard radarequipment to detect nuclear detonations and track radioactiveclouds, and to examine Army fallout prediction methods. Project50.3 required the use of two radar sets: the AN/CPS-9 and theAN/FPS-6. Before the detonation, Army participants transportedthe AN/CPS-9 radar set by truck to a location near Hiko Village,Utah, and put the unit in operational order. In a similarmanner, participants placed the AN/FPS-6 radar set at Angel'sPeak, Nevada, located 58 kilometers southeast of the NTS.Personnel from the 865th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadronand from the Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory werestationed at Angel's Peak. Project 50.3 also involved anunspecified number of personnel from the Fallout Prediction IJnit,who were in an M-109 van situated next to the weather station atCamp Mercury. The Fallout Prediction Unit routinely gathereddata necessary to make fallout plots, and they field-tested andevaluated plots made by the Signal Corps method of falloutprediction (7; 13; 21).

Project 50.8, Detection of Atomic Burst and RadioactiveFallout, was sponsored by the Army Artillery and Guided MissileSchool, with support from the Army Chemical School, the AirDefense Board, the Artillery Board, and the Air Weather Service.The purpose of the project was to assess how well equipment foundin a typical Army unit could determine the location, height of

33

burst, and yield of a nuclear detonation. A total of 105 indi-viduals participated in the project. The participants performedtheir tasks at distances of between 10 and 80 kilometers fromground zero (13).

34

CHAPTER 3

NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION OPERATIONS AT SHOT GALILEO

This chapter describes the activities performed byDepartment of Defense (DOD) personnel involved in the scientific,diagnostic, and training projects conducted by the four testgroups and the armed services at Shot GALILEO. DOD personnelwere involved in five projects conducted by the Armed ForcesSpecial Weapons Project (AFSWP) Weapons Effects Test Group, inone of the 16 projects conducted by the Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory (LASL) Test Group, and in the one project fielded bythe University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL) TestGroup. DOD personnel also participated in nine projects con-ducted by the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA) Civil

Effects Test Group (CETG). Except for those projects conductedby the AFSWP Weapons Effects Test Group, DOD participation inthese other test group projects appears to be limited. Inaddition to the scientific projects, the Air Force conducted one

DOD operational training project during GALILEO. Finally, AirForce Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) personnel flew supportmissions for the test groups and the Test Manager.

Detailed descriptions of project objectives and generalproject activities are contained in the PLUMRROR Series volume.The information contained in this chapter addresses only those

project operations conducted during Shot GALILE9.

3.1 FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUP PROJECTS AT SHOTGALILEO

The Weapons Effects Test Group of AFSWP Field Command per-formed five projects at Shot GALILEO. Table 3-l lists the proj-ects, the participating organizations, and, when possible, theestimated numbers of participants. The estimates are based on a

35

knowledge of fielding and recovery procedures, or the TestDirector's Operation Plan for GALILEO. Because in most cases the

same people performed both pre- and postshot activities,estimates reflect the maximum number of DOD people who would have

been involved in the project.

Table 3-l: FIELD COMMAND WEAPONS EFFECTS TEST GROUPPROJECTS, SHOT GALILEO

Project Title Participating AgencyEstimated

DOD Personnel

1 . 1 I Basic Airblast Phenomena I Ba l l i s t i c Research Labora tor ies I 3 I

1.9

I

Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by

I

Air Research and Development Command;Nuclear Detonations R a m o - W o o l r i d g e C o r p o r a t i o n I

5

I

4.3

6.4

Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclear-produced Blast Waves

Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baselineNAROL System

Lovelace Foundation for Medical Education andR e s e a r c h

Air Force Cambridge Research Center

*

*

9 . 1 Support Photography Armed Forces Special Weapons Project;Lookout Mountain Laboratory;Militaw Air Transoort Service

1 0

+ Unknown

Project 1.1, Basic Airblast Phenomena, was designed toobtain data on overpressure and dynamic pressure as a function oftime and distance from ground zero. The performance of variouspressure gauges, measurement devices, and techniques was alsoevaluated. Before the shot, personnel installed six gauges ateach of 15 stations along a main blast line about 400 to 1,200meters southeast of ground zero. The survey and preparation forinstalling the gauges probably required two AEC support personsto spend approximately 16 days onsite. Placing and checking thegauges in their mounts would probably have been performed bvthree members of the Ballistic Research Laboratories and wouldhave required 18 days.

The evening before the shot, three men activated and removedtapes from the gauges. They left the area by 2200 hours. Two orthree project personnel and a radiation monitor recovered instru-ments and recorded the measurements following the detonation.These personnel carried respirators and wore film badges andprotective clothing. They remained in the GALILEO area for abouttwo hours, recovering the gauges most distant from ground zero onshot-day. Three men spent a total of about five hours recoveringthe remaining gauges over the next three days (5; 9; 12;).

Project 1.9, Spectra of Ground Shocks Produced by NuclearDetonations, was designed to measure and analyze the velocity andmovement of the ground shock wave produced by nuclear detona-tions. Three self-contained mechanical reed shock gauges wereplaced inside cylindrical canisters 0.6 meters in diameter and0.6 meters long. The canisters were buried in holes 190 metersnorth of the shot-tower, which were then backfilled and coveredwith three layers of sandbags. It is estimated that a crew offive worked three days to survey and dig the holes, place thegauges in the ground, backfill, and cover the gauges with sand-bags. After the detonation, at a time when radiation intensitieshad decayed to permissible levels, five people are estimated tohave spent one day recovering the gauges (5; 12; 13).

Project 4.3, Secondary Missiles Generated by Nuclear-produced Blast Waves, was performed by members of LovelaceFoundation and was managed by CETG as Project 33.2. The purposeof Project 4.3 was to provide CETG with technical support. Theactivities of Project 4.3/33.2 are discussed with the other CETGactivities later in this chapter.

37

Project 6.4, Accuracy and Reliability of the Short-baselineNAROL System, studied the inverse of the Long Range aids toNavigation (LORAN) system. The project had three objectives:

0 To study the ability of the NAROL system todetect the position and measure the yield of anuclear detonation

0 To accurately detect the electromagnetic pulsefrom nuclear bursts

0 To collect data on the propagation of the pulseas it travels over land.

The Indirect Bomb Damage Assessment NAROL system tested consistedof nets located at Albuquerque, New Mexico; Vale, Oregon; andRapid City, South Dakota. Each NAROL net consisted of twounmanned slave stations and one manned station. The number ofproject personnel involved is not known (5; 12; 18).

Project 9.1, Support Photography, was primarily fielded bvAFSWP photographers assigned to photograph the detonation. Theproject was designed to lend support in the area of technicalproject photography and to provide assistance in photographicdocumentation of nuclear detonations. For Shot GALILEO, no tech-nical project photography was required for other Weapons EffectsTest Group projects. Five hours before the shot, ten menestablished camera stations. An unknown number of personnel fromAir Force Lookout Mountain Laboratory may have taken picturesfrom an aircraft flown by the Military Air Transport Service (2;5; 12; 13).

3.2 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN LASL AND UCRL TESTGROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT GALILEO

The LASL Test Group performed 16 projects at Shot GALILEO.

Of these 16 projects, only Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling,included DOD personnel. The UCRL Test Group performed only oneproject at Shot GALILEO, Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling,

38

which also involved DOD participation. Table 3-2 includes theseprojects along with those of CETG. The sponsor of each project,the estimated number of DOD participants, and the DOD agency andits capacity are indicated when that information is available.

Both Radiochemistry Sampling Projects were performed forLASL and UCRL by pilots from the AFSWC 4926th Test Squadron(Sampling). Their tasks are discussed under AFSWC participationin section 3.5 of this chapter.

3.3 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL EFFECTS TESTGROUP PROJECTS AT SHOT GALILEO

Although DOD personnel took part to a limited extent in thenine CETG projects performed at Shot GALILEO, as at all shots inthe PLJJMBBOB Series. Information about the number of DODparticipants and the nature of their agency affiliation is, inmost cases, unavailable for these projects.

Project 33.2, Missiles Secondary to a Nuclear Blast, wasconducted to determine the size, weight, and velocity of arti-ficial and natural objects (steel fragments, gravel, etc.) thatcould be propelled by the blast wave from a nuclear detonation.It was partially funded, however, by the Field Command WeaponsEffects Test Group as its Project 4.3, Secondary Missiles Gener-ated by a Nuclear Detonation, which was conducted by the LovelaceFoundation for Medical Education and Research. Field Commandalso provided minor logistical support to CETG for this project.NO DOD personnel appear to have taken part in project activitiesin the forward area (8; 10).

Project 37.1, Distribution Characteristics and BioticAvailability of Fallout, required four teams of four men eachto study the longer-term aspects of biological accumulation of

39

Table 3-2: LASL, UCRL, AND CETG PROJECTS WITH DODPERSONNEL INVOLVEMENT, SHOT GALILEO

1 1 . 2 1

21.2

33.2

3 7 . 1

37.2/37.2a

37.3

37.4

37.5

37.6

39.3

Title Sponsor

Radiochemistry Sampling

Missiles Secondary to aN u c l e a r B l a s t

D i s t r i b u t i o n C h a r a c t e r i s t i c sand Biotic Availabilityof Fallout

Biophysical Aspects of

Fallout/Physical Aspectso f F a l l o u t

Biological Accumulation

o f F i s s i o n P r o d u c t s i nAgricultural Environments

Measurements andPermanent Recordings JfFast Neutrons

Chemical DosimetryS t u d i e s

Training in Techniques ofEnvironmental Assessment

Thermal RadiationMeasurements

LASLI 4926th Test Squadron,U C R L AFSWC

Lovelace Foundation

for Medical Educationand Research

C l o u dS a m p l i n g

support

9

CETG *

CETG + * 1 6

CETG AFSWC R a d i o R e l a y

CETG *

CETG *

CETG *

CETG *

CETG *

DODAgency Capacity

Est.DOD

Personnel

it Unknown

40

fission products on and in native plants and animals. Project37.1 recovery teams did not enter the field until three dapsafter the GALILEO detonation. It is not known where the teamsworked, what radiation intensities they encountered, how long theteams remained in the area, and what types of protective clothingthey may have required (10; 24).

Project 37.2/37.2a, Riophysical Aspects of Fallout andPhysical Aspects of Fallout, concerned the delineation andcharacterization of fallout patterns during the shot. Project37.2 was conducted by approximately 30 people. Certain specificfission-product analyses were conducted by the Chemical AnalysisGroup of the Atomic Energy Project, University of California atLos Angeles. The personnel of Project 37.2a consisted of as manyas 15 two-man teams, who were responsible for installation,operation, and recovery of sampling and monitoring equipment.Some DOD personnel probably assisted in these activities. Post-

shot activities for these teams began on 3 September, the dayafter the GALILEO event (10; 24). The only documented DODparticipation in Projects 37.2 and 37.2a is AFSWC radio-relay

support, which is discussed in section 3.5.

Project 37.3, Riological Accumulation of Fission Products inAgricultural Environments, used a two-man team to obtain data onbiological accumulation in livestock and farm products. Twelvehours after the detonation, Project 37.2a recovery teams assistedin directing Project 37.3 recovery teams to farms exhibitingcertain dose rates. It is likely that some DOD medical andveterinary personnel may have taken part in this project (10;24 ) .

Project 37.4, Measurements and Permanent Recordings of FastNeutrons, required laboratory and field tests to determinewhether improved knowledge of the characteristics of Germaniumdosimeters could be used to increase the accuracy and sensitivitv

41

of fast neutron dosage measurements obtained near nuclear deto-nations (10; 24).

Project 37.5, Chemical Dosimetry Studies, used test animalsto determine human exposure to prompt and residual radiation froma nuclear detonation. On- and offsite activities were requiredin this experiment. Offsite fallout measurements were made inconjunction with Project 37.2a (10; 24).

Project 37.6, Training in Techniques of EnvironmentalAssessment, provided training to personnel from various scien-tific disciplines in the techniques of environmental assessmentunder fallout conditions. Rotating project assignments were anintegral part of this training. Among the participants mentionedin the training program were Air Force veterinarians, but thenumber of veterinarians and their unit affiliations are notknown. Information is not available on other possible DODparticipants and their activities in the project (10; 24).

Project 39.3, Thermal Radiation Measurements, had a dualobjective: to measure transient air temperature at selectedlocations in the blast biology underground shelter in Area 1, andto evaluate thermal burns from a nuclear detonation on biologicalspecimens. Swine were used as the biological specimens (10; 24).

3.4 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE OPERATIONAL TRAINING PROJECT AT SHOTGALILEO

At Shot GALILEO, an Air Force Air National Guard TacticalReconnaissance unit performed one operational training project.The primary aim of operational training projects was to testservice tactics and equipment and to train military personnel inthe effects of nuclear detonations.

42

Project 53.9, Photographic Reconnaissance Training, enabledAir National Guard Tactical Reconnaissance Units to observe ShotGALILEO and to assess the damage by means of photographic tech-niques. According to the Air Mission Summary Report for ShotGALILEO, two RF-84F aircraft, each flown by one pilot from theTennessee Air National Guard, took part in the project. Theaircraft left George Air Force Base (AFB), California, in theearly morning of 2 September. Before shot-time, the two aircraftflew a right-hand elliptical course from Beatty to Lathrop Wells,at an inbound heading of 127 degrees true and an altitude of31,000 feet (1; 2; 11; 13).

After the detonation, the two RF-84F aircraft were directedby the Air Operations Center to proceed to the GALILEO area toPosition themselves for a timed pass over ground zero at 10,000feet. The pass was to occur ten minutes after the detonation.UPon completing this photographic mission over ground zero, theaircraft returned to George AFB, where the aircraft were moni-tored by ground personnel (1; 2; 11; 13).

3.5 AIR FORCE SPECIAL WEAPONS CENTER ACTIVITIES AT SHOT GALILE9

AFSWC support during Shot GALILEO was provided by the 4950thTest Group (Nuclear), including the 4926th Test Squadron(Sampling) and the 4935th Air Base Squadron, with support fromthe 4900th Air Base Group. AFSWC missions consisted of nuclearcloud-sampling and sample return missions for LASL Project 11.2and UCRL Project 21.2, a radio-relay for CETG Pro,jects37.2/37.2a, cloud-tracking missions, security sweeps, and terrainsurveys performed for the Test Manager. In addition to thesemissions, AFSWC ground personnel exercised operational control ofall aircraft from the air operations center at the Control Point.Table 3-3 indicates DOD participation in AFSWC projects,including the number and types of aircraft used.

43

Table 3-3: AFSWC AIR MISSION SUPPORT, SHOT GALILEO

1P r o g r a m / P r o j e c t

11.2/21.2

C o u r i e r

r- 37.2/3>.2a

Mission

C l o u d S a m p l i n gS a m p l e r C o n t r o lSampler

Sampler

Sample Return

Estimated Number ofType Aircraft Number of Aircraft DOD Personnel

0-57 1 1F - 8 4 4 4

B-r7 2 4

c-47 3 1 2

R a d i o R e l a y I c-47 I 1 I 3 I

Cloud Tracking B-50 1 1 0

B-25 1 5

Security Sweep L - 2 0 1 2

Survey Mission I H - 2 1 I 5 I 1 5 I

3.5.1 Cloud Sampling

At GALILEO, six aircraft collected samples of the nuclearcloud for LASL Project 11.2, Radiochemistry Sampling, and IJCRL ,

Project 21.2, Radiochemistry Sampling. These six sampler air-craft were flown by pilots of the .492rjth Test Squadron (Sampling)and included two B-57Bs, each with one pilot and an Air Forceradiological monitor and four F-84s with one pilot each. A B-57Bsampler control aircraft, flown by an AFSWC pilot accompanied bya scientific advisor from LASL, also participated.

The sampler control aircraft left Indian Springs AFR at 0525hours and climbed to an altitude of 3S,OOO feet. At 0535 hours,the aircraft began its orbit pattern outside the test area.

The six sampler aircraft proceeded as follows. The first, aB-57B, left Indian Springs AFB at 0650 hours. Documentation doesnot specify what time this aircraft entered the cloud or com-pleted its mission, but its mission was probably conducted within

44

an hour, as it was for the other samplers. Two of the F-84Gaircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0705 hours, entered the sam-pling area at 0710 hours, completed their sampling run at 0740hours, left the area at 0745 hours, and landed at Indian SpringsAFB at 0750 hours.

Two more F-84G aircraft flew from Indian Springs AFR at 0720hours, entered the sampling area at 0725 hours, began their sam-pling missions at 0740 hours, completed their mission at 0755hours, and landed at Indian Springs AFB at 0805 hours.

The final sampler was a B-57B with two crewmen. Theaircraft left Indian Springs AFB at 0735 hours, entered the sam-pling area at 0740 hours, completed the mission at 0810 hoursand, followed by the B-57B sampler control aircraft, landed atIndian Springs AFB at 0820 hours.

Sampler aircraft entered the vicinity of the detonation and,after establishing visual contact with the sampler control air-craft, were guided by the scientific advisor aboard the samplercontrol aircraft to areas from which samples of nuclear cloudwere to be obtained. The sampler aircraft were each equippedwith sampling equipment, filters, radiac meters, and integratingdosimeters. All crewmen were on full oxygen for the entiremission.

After the sampling aircraft landed, they taxied to theeast taxi strip farthest from base operation areas, where groundpersonnel removed the cloud samples and placed them in metal con-tainers that were then flown by three C-47 courier aircraft tothe laboratories for analyses. The ground crews then begandecontamination procedures of both aircraft and crew, asdescribed in chapter 3 of the PLUMBBOB Series volume(1; 2; 11; 13).

45

3.5.2 Radio Relay

AFSWC support for Project 37.2/37.2a, Biophysical Aspects ofFallout and Physical Aspects of Fallout, was provided by one C-47aircraft the day after Shot GALILEO. The aircraft, with at leastthree crewmen, flew a right-hand elliptical pattern southeast Ofthe test site at an altitude of 12,000 feet. This service wasprobably provided to assist CETG personnel in conducting theirrecovery operations by providing communications (1; 2; 10; 13).

3.5.3 Cloud Tracking

Immediately after the GALILEO detonation, two aircraft, aB-50 from Kirtland AFB and a B-25 from Indian Springs AFB, flewcloud-tracking missions over and beyond the Nevada Test Site(NTS) at altitudes of 25,000 feet and 15,000 feet, respectively.The time of departure for both aircraft is not known. The B-50probably had a minimum crew of ten. The purpose of this missionwas to determine the direction of the radioactive cloud and tokeep the airways clear of any private or commercial aircraft thatmight encounter radioactive clouds. It is not known how far thetwo aircraft tracked the cloud. Standard operating proceduresfor cloud tracking required that crew members wear film badges.

The B-25 cloud tracker from Indian Springs AFB was under theoperational control of the 4900th Air Base Group OperationOfficer and the pilots were briefed by the Test Aircraft UnitOperation Officer. The B-50 cloud tracker from Kirtland AFB wasbriefed by the 4950th Test Group Operations Officer. The air-Craft were in position near the NTS at the time of detonation.Following detonation, the Air Operations Center notified thecloud trackers to leave the holding pattern and proceed to thetracking area (1; 2; 11; 13).

46

3.5.4 Security Sweep Mission

The evening before the detonation, a single L-20 aircraftwas dispatched from Yucca airstrip to perform the security sweepmission over the NTS area in general, and over the GALILEO testarea in particular. For this mission, the aircraft crew con-sisted of two persons. Usually, a security guard officeraccompanied the pilot during the security sweep (1; 2; 11; 13).

3.5.5 Survey Missions

After the detonation, five H-21 helicopters flew surveymissions over the GALILEO test area to assess detonation damageand record radiation intensities. The H-21 helicopters each hada crew of three AFSWC personnel, and carried two radiologicalsafety monitors from Reynolds Electrical and Engineering Companv.This survey mission is described as part of the monitoringprocedures in chapter 4. Pilots wore regular flight suits duringthe mission, and other crew members wore protective clothing andrespirators. Following the mission, helicopters returned tohelicopter areas and were monitored and decontaminated asrequired (1; 2; 13; 20).

47

CHAPTER 4

RADIATION PROTECTION AT SHOT GALILEO

To protect participants at Shot GALILEO from the radiationassociated with the detonation of a nuclear device, ExerciseDesert Rock VII and VIII, the Nevada Test Organization (NTO), andthe Air Force Special Weapons Center (AFSWC) each used acceptedstandards and developed its own criteria and procedures to ensurethe radiological safety of its members. These safety criteriaand procedures, as well as the organizations developed to imple-

ment the procedures, are detailed in chapter 5 of the PLUMBBOBSeries volume.

The purpose of the various radiation protection proceduresdeveloped for the PLLJMBBOB Series was to ensure that individualexposure to ionizing radiation be as low as possible. At thesame time, the procedures were designed so that participantscould meet the operational requirements of each activitv ormission. Some of the procedures described in the Series volumerequired Exercise Desert Rock, the NTO, and AFSWC to keeprecords, which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of theirradiation protection programs.

The information that is available concerning the radio-logical protection procedures at Shot GALILEO includes film-badgedata for the Human Resources Research Office (HumRRO) troop testand NT0 data on radiological safety equipment, survey results andrecords, isointensity plots, and decontamination records.

4 8

4.1 FILM BADGE READINGS FOR TASK FORCE BIG BANG AT SHOT GALILEO

Each Exercise Desert Rock participant was issued a filmbadge. Form LSD SCTF 142, the Lexington Signal Depot Film BadgeService Radiation Report, was used to record the individual'sname, rank, serial number, organization, film-badge number, andexposure. While the forms provided much useful information, theydid not always provide information specific to Shot GALILEO. Anumber of recordkeeping problems existed that made planned proce-dures for film-badge processing difficult. Information on theseforms was not always recorded accurately; e.g., names were mis-spelled, and incorrect organization names were recorded.Furthermore, LSD SCTF 142 forms list periods of exposure thatvary from two days to two months.

Although film-badge data are available for all Desert Rockactivities, the HumRRO troop test distinguished Shot GALILEO fromthe rest of the PLUMBBOB Series, making the separation of Task

. Force BIG BANG film-badge data from the rest of the Desert Rockdata relatively easy in spite of recordkeeping problems.

All of the available PLUMBBOB LSD SCTF 142 forms have beensearched to generate a list of Task Force BIG BANG participantswho probably were at Shot GALILEO. About 16 percent of the DODpersonnel participating at Shot GALILEO were involved in TaskForce BIG BANG. The participants wore film badges for the periodfrom 13 August to 3 September 1957.

Film-badge information is available for the 167 men assignedto Task Force BIG BANG. Research indicates that six film badgeswere damaged or otherwise unreadable. Figure 4-1 presents thedistribution of readings for the 161 soldiers with readablebadges (15).

49

40-

35-

15-

10-

5 -

-0

13 Aug - 3 SepTotal Number = 161”

*Does not include six personsfor whom badge readings areunavailable

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2

Film Badge Reading (gamma, roentgens)

Figure 4-l: TASK FORCE BIG BANG, DISTRIBUTION OF FILM BADGE READINGS

50

As mentioned in chapter 2, film-badge readings indicate thatonly 110 of the 167 men originally assigned to Task Force BIGBANG actually participated in the exercise on 2 September. Thesetwo groups (participants and nonparticipants) are represented inthe distribution of film-badge readings shown in figure 4-l. The51 readings under 0.4 roentgens represent nonparticipants; how-ever, because gamma radiation is recorded for some of the men,these men probably attended the documented rehearsals that wereheld prior to the detonation of GALILEO (15; 23). The highergroup of readings, 0.8 to 3.2 roentgens, indicates the 110 menwho participated in the troop test at Shot GALILEO.

The mean gamma reading for Task Force BIG BANG participantsiS 1.9 roentgens (standard deviation = 0.49 roentgens). Amongthose individuals who probably participated in the exercise, themonitors received the highest exposures. Nine of the ten docu-mented participating civilian and military monitors recorded from2.5 to 3.2 roentgens; in contrast, only one of the test troopsexceeded 2.6 roentgens (6; 15; 23). Since the monitors' dutieswere such that their time in radioactive areas probably exceeded

that of others, higher readings are to be expected for them(15; 23).

4.2 NEVADA TEST ORGANIZATION RADIATI9N PROTECTION ACTIVITIES

The following subsections indicate specific data concerningradiation protection activities performed by NT0 at Shot GALILEO.

Dosimetry Records for GALILEO

From 2 September to 4 September 1957, including the2 September detonation of GALILEO, the Personnel Dosimetry Branchissued 3,515 film badges and 448 pocket dosimeters (20; 25).Dosimetry data indicates taht eight DOD participants received agamma exposure exceeding 2.0 roentgens during GALILEO. None ofthese exceeded the limit of 3.9 roentgens (20).

51

Logistical Information for Radiological Safety Equipment

For Shot GALILEO, the Logistics Branch issued 1,208 piecesof protective clothing, 190 respirators, and 3,127 pieces ofmiscellaneous equipment (20; 25).

Monitoring Procedures and Support at GALILEO

Ten minutes after the detonation of Shot GALILEO, a total of11 monitors traveling in seven vehicles started the initialground survey, which had a mid-time of 0726 hours. Completion ofthe survey was delayed because the cloud remained in the area fora considerable time, causing fallout and changing radiationintensities at ground level. Resurveys were made at a mid-timeof 1150 hours on shot-day, and again on 3, 4, and 5 September1957.

The initial aerial survey team departed from the ControlPoint helicopter pad at 0810, 2 l/2 hours after the detonation.The aerial survey team resurveyed the area around the GALILEOground zero on 3 September and on 4 September. The maximumintensity that the aerial survey team measured was 52 R/h, 100feet above ground zero on 3 September, the day after the GALILEOdetonation. The highest reading taken on the day of detonationwas 50 H/h, 500 feet above ground zero, about 2 l/2 hours afterdetonation (20; 25).

Plotting and Briefing at GALILEO

Using information from the initial surveys, the Plotting andBriefing Branch developed isointensity contour maps. A copy ofthe initial contour map, with a mid-time for measurements of 0726hours, is shown in figure 4-2. Figures 4-3 through 4-6 showcopies of the isointensity contours generated from the resurveysconducted from 2 September to 5 September 1957.

Information from the ground surveys allowed the Plotting andBriefing Branch to establish Full and Limited Radiological

52

.---. I

0 1000I 1 1 1 J

Mete rs

Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h- - - - - w e - - - 0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-2: INITIAL SURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,2 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0726

5 3

__.- - --

Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h

0 1000 -----w---s1 1 1 1 1 0.1 R/hMeters -.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-3: RESURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,2 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 1150

54

/

*.. .

0 1000I I 1 ’ I

Meters

Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h- - - - - - - - - - 0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-4: RESURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,3 SEPTEMBER 1857, MID-TIME 0828

--- -

55

- -

\

\

\

\

\

\

\

\

. . \*.

-.\

-. . a\

. . \. .

-.\

*. \-.

- . \

. . \* .

’ . \

I :\ :\ , :

0 1000I 1 1 ’ J

Meters

Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/hm e - - - - - - - - 0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-5: RESURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,4 SEPTEMBER 1957, MID-TIME 0616

56

0 1000I 1 1 1 I

Meters

Stake Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 R/h-------mm- 0.1 R/h-.-.-.-.-.-. 1.0 R/h

Figure 4-6: RESURVEY FOR SHOT GALILEO,5 SEPTEMRER 1957, MID-TIME 6626

57

Exclusion (RADEX) Areas. The Plotting and Briefing Branch alsoissued the access permits required for entry into these areas.During the period 2 September through 4 September, access permitswere issued to a total of 735 individuals involved in 41 pro,jects

(20; 25).

Decontamination Activities at GALILEO

During the period covering Shot GALILEO, 2 through 4 Septem-ber 1957, the Decontamination Section decontaminated 64 vehiclesand two recorders (20; 25).

58

59

AVAILABILITY INFORMATION

An availability statement has been included at the end ofthe reference citation for those readers who wish to read orobtain copies of source documents. The following addresses arebeing provided for that purpose.

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of DOECIC, may be reviewed at the following address:

Department of EnergyCoordination and Information Center(Operated by Reynolds Electrical 8 Engineering Co., Inc.)ATTN: Mr. Richard V. Nutley2753 S. HighlandP.O. Box 14100 Phone: (702) 734-3194Las Vegas, Nevada 89114 FTS: 598-3194

Source documents, bearing an availability statement of NTIS,may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service.When ordering by mail or phone please include both the price codeand the NTIS number. The price code appears in parenthesesbefore the NTIS order number.

National Technical Information Service5285 Port Royal Road Phone: (703) 487-4650Springfield, Virginia 22161 (Sales Office)

Additional ordering information or assistance may be obtained bywriting to the NTIS, Attention: Customer Service, or by calling(703) 487-4660.

6 0

REFERENCE LIST

The following list of references representsonly those documents cited in the GALILEOvolume. When a DASA-WT document is followedby an EX, the latest version has been cited.A complete list of all documents consultedduring the preparation of the PLUMBBOB Seriesvolumes is contained in the OperationPLUMBBOB volume.

61

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

*

DNA VOLUME REFERENCE LIST

GALILEO

Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Air Force SpecialWeapons Center Operation Plan l-57-EX." Operation PLIJMRROR.Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC. 03/ni/m. 139 Pages.AD/A955 O31*

Air Force Special Weapons Center. "Air Support Group-AirMission Summary for GALILEO Event." Kirtland AFB, NM.:AFSWC. 09/03/57. 3 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission. [General Correspondence.] AEC.00/00/57. 6 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission. [Program and Project Partici-pation in Operation PLUMBBOB.] AEC. 04/01/57. 13 Pages.**

Atomic Energy Commission, Office of the Test Director."Annex W, to Test Director's Operation Plan NO. CTDN-22:Special Instructions, GALILEO." Mercury, NV.: GRC.09/01/57. 12 Pages.**

Baldwin, R. "Experiences at Desert Rock VII and VIII."Washington, D.C.: Human Resources Research Office.03/00/58. 91 Pages. (405) AD/A044 440*

Bastian, C.; Robbiani, R. "Radar Detection and Observationof Nuclear Clouds, Project 50.3. Part II: Desert Rock VIIand VIII, Operation PLUMBBOB." 1J.S. Army Signal Researchand Development Laboratory, Ft. Monmouth, NJ.:ASKDTRL-2077. 11/02/59. 50 Pages. AD 344 156*

Bowen, I .; Franklin, M.; Fletcher, F.; et al. "SecondaryMissiles Generated By Nuclear-Produced Blast Waves, Projects4.3 and 33.2." Lovelace Foundation for Medical Educationand Research. Albuquerque, NM.: LFMFR. 10/28/63.480 Pages. WT-1468. 4 D 4 3 6 391*

Bryant, E.; Keefer, J.H. "Basic Airblast Phenomena, Pro,ject1.1." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. WT-1401.06/25/62. 202 Pages. AD 344 935*

Available from NTIS; order number appears before theasterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

*** Not available.

6 2

10.

11.

12.

13 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

18.

19.

*

**

Corsbie, R. "Operation PLUMBBOB Civil Effects Test GroupProject Summaries." Mercury, NV.: CETG.69 Pages. (A04) AD/B951 587*

05/00/57.

Evans, W.A. "History of 4950th Test Group (Nuclear) inOperation PLUMBBOB." Air Force Special Weapons Center,Historical Section. Kirtland AFB, NM.: AFSWC.128 Pages.***

01/06/S8.

Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "TechnicalSummary of Military Effects, Operation PLUMBBOB, Programsl-9." Albuquerque, NM.: Field Command, DASA. YT-1445-EX.10/01/79. 228 Pages. AD/A995 075*

Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency. "OperationalSummary: Operation PLUMBBOB." Albuquerque, NM.: FieldCommand, DASA. YT-1444-EX. 10/01/79.(A04) AD/B951 751*

73 Pages.

General Electric Company-TEMPO. Computation of LocalFallout Data from Test Detonations 1945-1962. Extractedfrom DASA 1251: Vol. 1: "Continental IJS Tests."Washington, D.C.: DNA 1251-1-EX. 00/00/79. 612 Pages.(A99) AD/A079 309*

Goetz, ,J.; Kaul, D.; Klemm, ,J.; et al. "Analysis ofRadiation Exposure for Task Force BIG BANG Shot GALILEOExercise Desert Rock VII-VIII Operation PLUMBROB."Washington, D.C.: DNA-4772F. 04/09/80. 9 4 P a g e s .AD/A085 801*

Headquarters, Camp Desert Rock. "Operation Order 17; DesertRock VII and VIII; SMOKY." Camp Desert Rock, NV. 08/23/57.60 Pages.**

Headquarters, Sixth Army. "Exercise Desert Rock VII andVIII: Final Report of Operations." Presidio of SanFrancisco, CA.: Sixth U.S. Army. AG-9S-531. 11/25/57.69 Pages. (A04) AD/A077 515*

Houghten, R.; Harvey, R. 'Accuracy and Reliability of aShort-Baseline NAROL System, Project 6.4.' Albuquerque,NM.: Field Command, AFSWP, ITR-1438. 03/03/58. 78 Pages.AD/A995 005*

Reeves, J. Report of the Test Manager, Atomic EnergyCommission/Nevada Test Organization, Operation PLUMBBOB.Nevada Test Site: AEC. 04/01/58. 242 Pages.***

Available from NTIS; order number appears before theasterisk.

Available at DOE CIC.

*** Not available.

63

a-- - _-

20. Reynolds Electrical and Engineering COmpanY. '1On SiteRad-Safe Support." Las Vegas, NV.: REECo. 00/00/57.5 Pages.**

21. Richards, Y.; Watson, B. "Operations of the Fallout Groupof Project 50.3." U.S. Army Signal Research and DevelopmentLaboratory. Ft. hlonmouth, NJ.: SRDL-20-TR-581. 08/15/60.77 Pages. AD 252 267

22. Robotti, J. "After Action Reports by Technical ServicesChiefs, Operation PLUMBBOB, Camp Desert Rock VII and VIII."Camp Desert Rock, NV. 00/00/57. 150 Pages. AD/A 080-236

23. Science Applications, Inc. "Film Badge Dosimetry Analysis:Exercise Desert Rock VII and VIII." McLean, VA.: SAI.06/18/79. 345 Pages. Limited to Privacy Act restrictions.

24. Weary, S .; Ozeroff, W.; Sperling, J.; et al. "PLUMBROBSeries, 24 April-7 October.1957." Washington, DC.: DefenseNuclear Agency.

25. Wilcox, F.; Goeke, R.; Weaver, C. "Operation PLUMBBOBOnsite Radiological Safety Support Report." Las Vegas, NV.:REECo. OTO-57-2. 00/00/57. 193 Pages.(A09) AD/A077 488*/**

* Available from NTIS; order number appears before theasterisk.

** Available at DOE CIC.

*** Not available.

64

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ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Philadelphia, PA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0San Francisco, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0San Juan, Puerto Rico

ATTN: Director

OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Continued)

Veterans Administration-R0Columbia, SC

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Sioux Falls, SD

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Houston, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Waco, TX

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Salt Lake City, UT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administraiton-ROWhite River Junction, VT

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Roanoke, VA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Cheyenne, WY

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0San Diego, CA

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Boise, ID

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Detroit, MI

ATTN: Director

Veterans Administration-R0Nashville, TN

ATTN : Director

The White HouseATTN: Domestic Policy Staff

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY CONTRACTORS

Lawrence Livermore National LabATTN: Tech Info Dept Library

Los Alamos National Scientific LabATTN: LibraryATTN: MS 195

Sandia National LabATTN: W. HerefordATTN: Central Library

Reynolds Electrical & Engr Co., IncATTN: CICATTN: W. Brady

68

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS

Adams State CollegeATTN: Librn

Advanced Research & Applications CorpATTN: H. Lee

Akron Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Alabama State Dept of Archives & HistoryATTN: Military Records Div

University of AlabamaATTN: Reference Dept, Dralier 3ATTN: Director of Libraries (Reg)

University of Alaska Library at AnchorageATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of AlaskaATTN: Librn

Albany Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Alexander City State Jr CollegeATTN: Librn

Allegheny CollegeATTN: Librn

Allen County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Altoona Area Public LibraryATTN: Librn

American Statistics IndexCongressional Info Service, Inc

ATTN: Cathy Jarvey

Anaheim Public LibraryATTN: Librn

College of WoosterATTN: Gov Dues

Angelo State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Angelo Icoboni Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Anoka County LibraryATTN: Librn

Appalachian State UniversityATTN: Library Oocs

Arizona State University LibraryATTN: Librn

University of ArizonaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Arkansas College LibraryATTN: Library

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Arkansas Library ComnATTN: Library

Arkansas State UniversityATTN: Library

University of ArkansasATTN: Gov Dots Div

Austin CollegeATTN: Librn

Atlanta Public LibraryATTN: Ivan Allen Dept

Atlanta UniversityATTN: Librn

Auburn Univer;;gnLibrary at Mongomery (Reg)ATTN:

C. W. Post Ctr Long Island UniversityATTN: Librn

Bangor Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Bates College LibraryATTN: Librn

Baylor University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Beloit College LibrariesATTN: Serials Dots Dept

Bemidji State CollegeATTN: Library

State University CollegeATTN: Gov Dots

Akron UniversityATTN: Gov Dots

Boston Public Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Dept

Bowdoin CollegeATTN: Librn

Bowling Green State UniversityATTN: Lib Gov Dots Services

Bradley UniversityATTN: Librn

Brandeis University LibraryATTN: Dots Section

Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Dots Collection

Brookhaven National LaboratoryATTN: Tech Library

Brooklyn CollegeATTN: Dot Div

69

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CCJTRACTORS (Continued)

Broward County Library SysATTN: Librn

Brown UniversityATTN: Librn

Bucknell UniversityATTN: Reference Dept

Buffalo & Erie Co Public LibraryATTN: Librn

State University Library of California at FresnoATTN: Library

University Library of California at Los AngelesATTN: Pub Affairs Serv U.S. Dots

University of California at San DiegoATTN: Dots Dept

State College Library of California at StanislausATTN: Library

California State Polytechnic University LibraryATTN: Librn

California State University at NorthridgeATTN: Gov Dot

California State Library (Reg)ATTN: Librn

California State University at Long Beach LibraryATTN: Librn

California State UniversityATTN: Librn

California State UniversityATTN: Librn

California University LibraryATTN: Gov Pub Dept

California University LibraryATTN: Librn

California University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Califo;m;; University Library: Dots Set

University of CaliforniaATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Calvin College LibraryATTN: Librn

Kearney State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Cambria County Library SysATTN: Librn

Carleton College LibraryATTN: Librn

&PARfiENT~FJFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Carnegie Library of PittsburghATTN: Librn

Carnegie Mellon UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries

Carson Regional LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Unit

Case Western Reserve UniversityATTN: Librn

Casper CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Central FloridaATTN: Library Dots Dept

Central Michigan UniversityATTN: Library Dots Set

Central Montana State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots

Central State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept

Central Washington UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Set

Central Wyoming College LibraryATTN: Librn

Charleston County LibraryATTN: Librn

Charlotte & Mechlenburg County Public LibraryATTN: E. Correll

Chattanooga Hamilton County, Bicentennial LibraryATTN: Librn

Chesapeake Public Library SystemATTN: Librn

Chicago Public LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

State University of ChicagoATTN: Librn

Chicago University LibraryATTN: Dir of LibrariesATTN: Dots Processing

Cincinnati University LibraryATTN: Librn

Citadel, Daniel LibraryATTN: Librn

Claremont Colleges LibrariesATTN: Dot Collection

Clemso;T;;iversity: Dir of Libraries

70

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Cleveland Public LibraryATTN: Dots Collection

Cleveland State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Coe LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Colgate University LibraryATTN: Ref Lib

Colorado State University LibrariesATTN: Librn

University of Colorado LibrariesATTN: Dir of Libraries

Columbia University LibraryATTN: Dots Svc Ctr

Columbus & Franklin Cty Public LibraryATTN: Gen Ret Div

Compton LibraryATTN: Librn

Connecticut State Library (Reg)ATTN: Librn

University of ConnecticutATTN: Gov't of Connecticut

University of ConnecticutATTN: Dir of Libraries

Cornell University LibraryATTN: Librn

CorpusA$F;isti State University Library: Librn

Culver City LibraryATTN: Librn

Curry College LibraryATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at AshevilleATTN: Librn

Dallas County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dallas Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dalton Junior College LibraryATTN: Librn

Dartmouth CollegeATTN: Librn

Davenport Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Davidson CollegeATTN: Librn

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Dayton & Montgomery City Public LibraryATTN: Librn

University of DaytonATTN: Librn

Decatur Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dekalb Community College SO CPUSATTN: Librn

Delaware Pauw UniversityATTN: Librn

University of DelawareATTN: Librn

University of DelawareATTN: Dir of Libraries

Delta College LibraryATTN: Libm

Delta State UniversityATTN: Librn

Denison University LibraryATTN: Librn

Denver Public Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Div

Dept of Library & Archives (Reg)ATTN: Librn

Detroit Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Dickinson College LibraryATTN: Librn

Dickinson State CollegeATTN: Librn

Alabama Agricultural Mechanical University ?I Co11ATTN: Librn

Drake UniversityATTN: Cowles Library

Drew UniversityATTN: Librn

Duke UniversityATTN: Pub Dots Dept

Duluth Public LibraryATTN: Dots Set

East Carolina UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept

East Central UniversityATTN: Librn

East Islip Public LibraryATTN: Librn

7 1

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued1

East Orange Public LibraryATTN: U.S. Gov't Depository

East Tennessee State University Sherrod LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

East Texas State UniversityATTN: Library

Monmouth County Library Eastern BranchATTN: Librn

Eastern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librn

Eastern Kentucky UniversityATTN: Librn

Eastern Michigan University LibraryATTN: Library

Eastern Montana CollegeATTN: Lib Dots

Eastern Montana College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Eastern New Mexico UniversityATTN: Librn

Eastern Oregon College LibraryATTN: Librn

Eastern Washington UniversityATTN: Librn

El Paso Public LibraryATTN: Dots & Genealogy Dept

Elko County LibraryATTN: Librn

Elmire CollegeATTN: Librn

Elon College LibraryATTN: Librn

Enoch Pratt Free LibraryATTN: oocs Oft

Enory UniversityATTN: Librn

Evansville & Vanderburgh Cty Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Everett Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Fairleigh Dickinson UniversityATTN: Depository Dept

Florida A & M UniversityATTN: Librn

Florida Atlantic University LibraryATTN: Div of Pub DOCS

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Florida Institute of TechnologyATTN: Library

Florida International University LibraryATTN: Dots Set

Florida State LibraryATTN: Dots Set

Florida State UniversityATTN: Librn

University of FloridaATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)ATTN: Dots Dept

Fond Du Lac Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Ft Hays State UniversityFt Hays Kansas State College

ATTN: Librn

Ft Worth Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Free Public Library of ElizabethATTN: Librn

Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Freeport Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Fresno Cty Free LibraryATTN: Librn

Gadsden Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Garden Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Gardner Webb CollegeATTN: Dots Library

Gary P;;;IJ;c Library: Librn

Geauga Cty Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Georgetown University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Room

Georgia Institute of TechnologyATTN: Librn

Georgia Southern CollegeATTN: Librn

Georgia Southwestern CollegeATTN: Dir of Libraries

Georgia State University LibraryATTN: Librn

72

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

University of GeorgiaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Glassboro State CollegeATTN: Librn

Gleeson LibraryATTN: Librn

Graceland CollegeATTN: Librn

Grand Forks Public City-County LibraryATTN: Librn

Grand Rapids Public LibraryATTN: Dir of Lib

Greenville County LibraryATTN: Librn

Grinnell College LibraryATTN: Librn

Guam RFK Memorial University LibraryATTN: Fed Depository Co11

University of GuamATTN: Librn

Gustavus Adolphus CollegeATTN: Librn

South Dakota UniversityATTN: Librn

Hardin-Simmons University LibraryATTN: Librn

Hartford Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Harvard College LibraryATTN: Dir of Lib

Harvard College LibraryATTN: Serials Ret Div

University of Hawaii LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Hawaii State LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Unit

University of Hawaii at MonoaATTN: Dif of Libraries (Reg)

University of HawaiiHilo Campus Library

ATTN: Librn

Haydon Burns LibraryATTN: Librn

Hennepin County LibraryATTN: Gov Dots

Henry Ford Community College LibraryATTN: Librn

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Herbert H. Lehman CollegeATTN: Lib Dots Div

Hofstra University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Hollins CollegeATTN: Librn

Hopkinsville Comnunity CollegeATTN: Librn

Wagner CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Houston LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Houston Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Tulane UniversityATTN: Dots Dept

Hoyt Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Humboldt State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Huntington Park LibraryATTN: Librn

Hutchinson Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Idaho Public Library & Information CenterATTN: Librn

Idaho State LibraryATTN: Librn

Idaho State University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

University of IdahoATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)ATTN: Dots Set

University of Illinois LibraryATTN: Dots Set

Illinois State Library (Reg)ATTN: Gov Dots Br

Illinois University at Urbana-ChampaignATTN: P. Watson Dots Lib

Illinois Valley Community CollegeATTN: Library

Illinois State UniversityATTN: Librn

Indiana State Library (Reg)ATTN: Serial Set

Indiana State UniversityATTN: Dots Library

73

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Indiana University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Indianapolis Marion County Public LibraryATTN: Social Science Oiv

Iowa State University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Iowa University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Butler UniversityATTN: Librn

Isaac Delchdo CollegeATTN: Librn

James Madison UniversityATTN: Librn

JAYCOR2 cy ATTN: Health & Environment Oiv

Jefferson County Public LibraryLakewood Regional Library

ATTN: Librn

Jersey City State CollegeATTN: F. A. Irwin Library Periodicals

Ooc Set

John Hopkins UniversityATTN: Dots Library

La Roche CollegeATTN: Librn

Johnson Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn

JRB Associates10 cy ATTN: L. Novotney

Kalamazoo Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Kaman TempoATTN: OASIACATTN: E. Martin

Kaman TempoATTN: R. Miller

Kaman TempoATTN: C. Jones

Kansas City Public LibraryATTN: Dots Oiv

Kansas State LibraryATTN: Librn

Kansas State University LibraryATTN: Oocs Dept

University of KansasATTN: Dir of Library (Reg)

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Kent State University LibraryATTN: Oocs Oiv

Kentucky Oept of Library & ArchivesATTN: Dots Set

University of KentuckyATTN: Gov Pub OeptATTN: Dir of Lib (Reg)

Kenyon College LibraryATTN: Librn

Lake Forest CollegeATTN: Librn

Lake Sumter Community College LibraryATTN: Librn

Lakeland Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Lancaster Regional LibraryATTN: Librn

Lawrence UniversityATTN: Dots Oept

Brigham Young UniversityATTN: Oocs & Map Set

Lewis University LibraryATTN: Librn

Library and Statutory Dist & Svc2 cy ATTN: Librn

Earlham CollegeATTN: Librn

Little Rock Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Long Beach Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Los Angeles Public LibraryATTN: Serials Oiv U.S. Oocs

Louisiana State UniversityATTN: Gov Ooc OeptATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Louisville Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Louisville University LibraryATTN: Librn

University of TexasATTN: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public

Affairs Library

Maine Maritime AcademyATTN: Librn

University of MaineATTN: Librn

74

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Manchester City LibraryATTN: Librn

Mankato State CollegeATTN: Gov Pubs

University of Maine at FarmingtonATTN: Dir of Libraries

Marathon County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Principia CollegeATTN: Librn

University of MarylandATTN: McKeldin Library Dots Div

University of MarylandATTN: Librn

University of MassachusettsATTN: Gov Dots Co11

Maui Public LibraryKahuley Branch

ATTN: Librn

McNeese State UniversityATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memphis & Shelby County Public Library &Information Center

ATTN: Librn

Memphis State UniversityATTN: Librn

Mercer UniversityATTN: Librn

Mesa County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Miami Dade Community CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Miami LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs

Miami Public LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Miami University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

University of Santa ClaraATTN: Dots Div

Michigan State LibraryATTN: Librn

Michigan State University LibraryATTN: Librn

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Michigan Tech UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Dept

University of MichiganATTN: Acq Set Dots Unit

Middlebury College LibraryATTN: Librn

Millersville State CollegeATTN: Librn

State University of New YorkATTN: Dots Librn

Milwaukee Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Minneapolis Public LibraryATTN: Librn

University of MinnesotaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Minot State CollegeATTN: Librn

Mississippi State UniversityATTN: Librn

University of MississippiATTN: Dir of Libraries

Missouri University at Kansas City GeneralATTN: Librn

University of Missouri LibraryATTN: Gov Dots

M.I.T. LibrariesATTN: Librn

Mobile Public LibraryATTN: Gov Info Div

Midwestern UniversityATTN: Librn

Montana State LibraryATTN: Librn

Montana State University LibraryATTN: Librn

University of MontanaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Montebello LibraryATTN: Librn

Morhead State CollegeATTN: Library

Mt Prospect Public LibraryATTN: Gov't Info Ctr

Murray State University LibraryATTN: Lib

75

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Nassau Library SystemATTN: Librn

National Academy of SciencesATTN: C. RobinetteATTN: Medical Follow-Up AgencyATTN: Nat1 Materials Advisory Board

Natrona County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Nebraska Library CommunityNebraska Public Clearinghouse

ATTN: Librn

University of Nebraska at OmahaATTN: Univ Lib Dots

Nebraska Western College LibraryATTN: Librn

University of NebraskaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of Nebraska LibraryATTN: Acquisitions Dept

University of Nevada LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of Nevada at Las VegasATTN: Dir of Libraries

New Hampshire University LibraryATTN: Librn

New Hanover County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

New Mexico State LibraryATTN: Librn

New Mexico State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Div

University of New MexicoATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

University of New Orleans LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Div

New Orleans Public LibraryATTN: Librn

New York Public LibraryATTN: Librn

New York State LibraryATTN: Dots Control Cultural Ed Ctr

State University of New York at Stony BrookATTN: Main Lib Dots Set

State University of New York City Memorial Libraryat Cortland

ATTN: Librn

State University of New YorkATTN: Lib Dots Set

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

State University of New YorkATTN: Librn

New York State UniversityATTN: Dots Ctr

State University of New YorkATTN: Dots Dept

New York University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Newark Free LibraryATTN: Librn

Newark Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Niagara Falls Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Nicholls State University LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Nieves M. Flares Memorial LibraryATTN: Librn

Norfolk Public LibraryATTN: R. Parker

North Carolina Agricultural & Tech StateUniversity

ATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at CharlotteATTN: Atkins Lib Dot Dept

University Library of North Carolina at GreensboroATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at WilmingtonATTN: Librn

North Carolina Central UniversityATTN: Librn

North Carolina State UniversityATTN: Librn

University of North Carolina at WilmingtonATTN: Librn

University of North CarolinaATTN: BA SS Div Dots

North Dakota State University LibraryATTN: Dots Librn

University of North DakotaATTN: Librn

University of North DakotaATTN: Dir of Libraries

North Georgia CollegeATTN: Librn

North Texas State University LibraryATTN: Librn

76

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Northeast Missouri State UniveristyATTN: Librn

Northeastern Oklahoma State UniversityATTN: Librn

Northeastern UniversityATTN: Dodge Library

Northern Arizona University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Northern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librn

Northern Michigan UniversityATTN: Dots

Northern Montana College LibraryATTN: Librn

Northwestern Michigan CollegeATTN: Librn

Northwestern State UniversityATTN: Librn

Northwestern State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Northwestern University LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Norwalk Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Northeastern Illinois UniversityATTN: Library

University of Notre DameATTN: Dot Ctr

Oakland Community CollegeATTN: Librn

Oakland Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Oberlin College LibraryATTN: Librn

Ocean County CollegeATTN: Librn

Ohio State LibraryATTN: Librn

Ohio State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Div

Ohio University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Oklahoma City University LibraryATTN: Librn

Oklahoma City University LibraryATTN: Librn

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Oklahoma Department of LibrariesATTN: U.S. Gov Dots

University of OklahomaATTN: Dots Div

Old Dominion UniversityATTN: Dot Dept Univ Lib

Olivet College LibraryATTN: Librn

Omaha Public Library Clark BranchATTN: Librn

Onondaga County Public LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Set

Oregon State LibraryATTN: Librn

University of OregonATTN: Dots Set

Ouachita Baptist UniversityATTN: Librn

Pacific-Sierra Research CorpATTN: H. Brode

Pan American University LibraryATTN: Librn

Passaic Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Queens CollegeATTN: Dots Dept

Pennsylvania State LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Set

Pennsylvania State UniversityATTN: Lib Dot Set

University of PennsylvaniaATTN: Dir of Libraries

University of DenverATTN: Penrose Library

Peoria Public LibraryATTN: Business, Science & Tech Dept

Free Library of PhiladelphiaATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

Philipsburg Free Public LibraryATTN: Library

Phoenix Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Univer;;;$ of Pittsburgh: Dots Office, 68

Plainfield Public LibraryATTN: Librn

77

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Popular Creek Public Library DistrictATTN: Librn

Association of Portland LibraryATTN: Librn

Portland Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Portland State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Pratt Institute LibraryATTN: Librn

Louisiana Tech UniversityATTN: Librn

Princeton University LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Providence CollegeATTN: Librn

Providence Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Public Library Cincinnati & Hamilton CountyATTN: Librn

Public Library of Nashville and Davidson CountyATTN: Librn

University of Puerto RicoATTN: Dot & Maps Room

Purdue University LibraryATTN: Librn

Quinebaug Valley Community CollegeATTN: Librn

Auburn UniversityATTN: Microforms & Dots Dept

Rapid City Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Reading Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Reed College LibraryATTN: Librn

Augusta CollegeATTN: Librn

University of Rhode Island LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Oft

University of Rhode IslandATTN: Dir of Libraries

Rice UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries

Louisiana CollegeATTN: Librn

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Richland County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Riverside Public LibraryATTN: Librn

University of Rochester LibraryATTN: Dots Set

University of Rutgers Camden LibraryATTN: Librn

State University of RutgersATTN: Librn

Rutgers UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Rutgers University Law LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Dept

Salem College LibraryATTN: Librn

Samford UniversityATTN: Librn

San Antonio Public LibraryATTN: Bus Science & Tech Dept

San Diego County LibraryATTN: C. Jones, Acquisitions

San Diego Public LibraryATTN: Librn

San Diego State University LibraryATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

San Francisco Public LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

San Francisco State CollegeATTN: Gov Pubs Co11

San Jose State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

San Luis Obispo City-County LibraryATTN: Librn

Savannah Public & Effingham Liberty RegionalLibrary

ATTN: Librn

Science Applications, IncATTN: Tech Library

Scottsbluff Public LibrarvATTN: Librn

Scranton Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Seattle Public LibrarvATTN: Ref Dots Asst

78

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)-__

Selby Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Shawnee Library SystemATTN: Librn

Shreve Memorial LibraryATTN: Librn

Silas Bronson Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Sioux City Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Skidmore CollegeATTN: Librn

Slippery Rock State College LibraryATTN: Librn

South Carolina State LibraryATTN: Librn

University of South CarolinaATTN: Librn

University of South CarolinaATTN: Gov Dots

South Dakota School of Mines & Technical LibraryATTN: Librn

South Dakota State LibraryATTN: Fed Dots Dept

University of South DakotaATTN: Dots Librn

South Florida University LibraryATTN: Librn

Southeast Missouri State UniversityATTN: Librn

Southeastern Massachusetts University LibraryATTN: Dots Set

University of Southern AlabamaATTN: Librn

Southern California University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Southern Connecticut State CollegeATTN: Library

Southern Illinois UniversityATTN: Librn

Southern Illinois UniversityATTN: Dots Ctr

Southern Methodist UniversityATTN: Librn

University of Southern MississippiATTN: Library

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Southern Oregon CollegeATTN: Library

Southern University in New Orleans LibraryATTN: Librn

Southern Utah State College LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Southwest Missouri State CollegeATTN: Library

University of Southwestern Louisiana LibrariesATTN: Librn

Southwestern UniversityATTN: Librn

Spokane Public LibraryATTN: Ref Dept

Springfield City LibraryATTN: Dots Set

St Bonaventure UniversityATTN: Librn

St Johns River Junior CollegeATTN: Library

St Joseph Public LibraryATTN: Librn

St Lawrence UniversityATTN: Librn

St Louis Public LibraryATTN: Librn

St Paul Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Stanford University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

State Historical Sot LibraryATTN: Dots Serials Set

State Library of MassachusettsATTN: Librn

State University of New YorkATTN: Librn

Stetson UniversityATTN: Librn

University of SteubenvilleATTN: Librn

Stockton & San Joaquin Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Stockton State College LibraryATTN: Librn

Albion CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Librn

79

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Superior Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Swarthmore College LibraryATTN: Ref Dept

Syracuse University LibraryATTN: Dots Div

Tacoma Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Hillsborough County Public Library at TampaATTN: Librn

Temple UniversityATTN: Librn

Tennessee Technological UniversityATTN: Librn

University of TennesseeATTN: Dir of Libraries

College of IdahoATTN: Librn

Texas A & M University LibraryATTN: Librn

University of Texas at ArlingtonATTN: Library Dots

University of Texas at San AntonioATTN: Library

Texas Christian UniversityATTN: Librn

Texas State LibraryATTN: U.S. Dots Set

Texas Tech University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Dept

Texas University at AustinATTN: Dots Co11

University of Toledo LibraryATTN: Librn

Toledo Public LibraryATTN: Social Science Dept

Torrance Civic Center LibraryATTN: Librn

Traverse City Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Trenton Free Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Trinity College LibraryATTN: Librn

Trinity University LibraryATTN: Dots Co11

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Tufts University LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

University of TulsaATTN: Librn

UCLA Research LibraryATTN: Pub Affairs Svc/U.S. Dots

Uniformed Services University of the HealthSciences

ATTN: LRC Library

University LibrariesATTN: Dir of Lib

University of Maine at OrenoATTN: Librn

University of Northern IowaATTN: Library

Upper Iowa CollegeATTN: Dots Co11

Utah State UniversityATTN: Librn

University of UtahATTN: Special Collections

University of UtahATTN: Dir of Library

Utica Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Valencia LibraryATTN: Librn

Valparaiso UniversityATTN: Librn

Vanderbilt University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Set

University of VermontATTN: Dir of Libraries

Virginia Cornnonwealth UniversityATTN: Librn

Virginia Military InstituteATTN: Librn

Virginia Polytechnic Institute LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Virginia State LibraryATTN: Serials Set

University of VirginiaATTN: Pub Dots

Volusia County Public LibraryATTN: Librn

80

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Washington State LibraryATTN: Dots Set

Washington State UniversityATTN: Lib Dots Set

Washington University LibrariesATTN: Dir of Lib

University of WashingtonATTN: Dots Div

Wayne State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Wayne State University Law LibraryATTN: Dots Dept

Weber State College LibraryATTN: Librn

Wesleyan UniversityATTN: Dots Librn

West Chester State CollegeATTN: Dots Dept

West Covina LibraryATTN: Librn

Univeristy of West FloridaATTN: Librn

West Georgia CollegeATTN: Librn

West Hills Comaunity CollegeATTN: Library

West Texas State UniversityATTN: Library

West Virginia College of Grad Studies LibraryATTN: Librn

University of West VirginiaATTN: Dir of Libraries (Reg)

Westerly Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Western Carolina UniversityATTN: Librn

Western Illinois University LibraryATTN: Librn

Western Washington UniversityATTN: Librn

Western Wyoming Comnunity College LibraryATTN: Librn

Westmoreland City Community CollegeATTN: Learning Resource Ctr

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS (Continued)

Whitman CollegeATTN: Librn

Wichita State University LibraryATTN: Librn

Williams & Mary CollegeATTN: Dots Dept

Emporia Kansas State CollegeATTN: Gov Dots Div

William College LibraryATTN: Librn

Willia;;;;ic Public Library: Librn

Winthrop CollegeATTN: Dots Dept

University of Wisconsin at WhitewaterATTN: Gov Dots Lib

University of Wisconsin at MilwaukeeATTN: Lib Dots

University of Wisconsin at OshkoshATTN: Librn

University of Wisconsin at PlattevilleATTN: Dot Unit Lib

University of Wisconsin at Stevens PointATTN: Dots Set

University of WisconsinATTN: Gov Pubs Dept

University of WisconsinATTN: Acquisitions Dept

Worcester Public LibraryATTN: Librn

Wright State University LibraryATTN: Gov Dots Librn

Wyoming State LibraryATTN: Librn

University of WyomingATTN: Dots Div

Yale UniversityATTN: Dir of Libraries

Yeshiva UniversityATTN: Librn

Yuma City County LibraryATTN: Librn

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