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MEDICINE MEETS VIRTUAL REALITY 19

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Studies in Health Technology andInformatics

This book series was started in 1990 to promote research conducted under the auspices of the ECprogrammes Advanced Informatics in Medicine (AIM) and Biomedical and Health Research(BHR) bioengineering branch. A driving aspect of international health informatics is thattelecommunication technology, rehabilitative technology, intelligent home technology and manyother components are moving together and form one integrated world of information andcommunication media. The complete series has been accepted in Medline. Volumes from 2005onwards are available online.

Series Editors:

Dr. O. Bodenreider, Dr. J.P. Christensen, Prof. G. de Moor, Prof. A. Famili, Dr. U. Fors,Prof. A. Hasman, Prof. E.J.S. Hovenga, Prof. L. Hunter, Dr. I. Iakovidis, Dr. Z. Kolitsi,Mr. O. Le Dour, Dr. A. Lymberis, Prof. J. Mantas, Prof. M.A. Musen, Prof. P.F. Niederer,

Prof. A. Pedotti, Prof. O. Rienhoff, Prof. F.H. Roger France, Dr. N. Rossing,Prof. N. Saranummi, Dr. E.R. Siegel, Prof. T. Solomonides and Dr. P. Wilson

Volume 173

Recently published in this series

Vol. 171. P.B. Cerrito, Data Mining to Determine Risk in Medical DecisionsVol. 170. G.J.E. De Moor (Ed.), Transatlantic Cooperation Surrounding Health Related

Information and Communication TechnologyVol. 169. A. Moen, S.K. Andersen, J. Aarts and P. Hurlen (Eds.), User Centred Networked

Health Care Proceedings of MIE 2011Vol. 168. D.P. Hansen, A.J. Maeder and L.K. Schaper (Eds.), Health Informatics: The

Transformative Power of Innovation Selected Papers from the 19th Australian National Health Informatics Conference (HIC 2011)

Vol. 167. B.K. Wiederhold, S. Bouchard and G. Riva (Eds.), Annual Review of Cybertherapyand Telemedicine 2011 Advanced Technologies in Behavioral, Social and

Neurosciences

Vol. 166. V. Koutkias, J. Nis, S. Jensen, N. Maglaveras and R. Beuscart (Eds.), Patient SafetyInformatics Adverse Drug Events, Human Factors and IT Tools for PatientMedication Safety

Vol. 165. L. Stoicu-Tivadar, B. Blobel, T. Marun and A. Orel (Eds.), e-Health Across BordersWithout Boundaries E-salus trans confinia sine finibus Proceedings of the EFMISpecial Topic Conference, 1415 April 2011, Lako, Slovenia

Vol. 164. E.M. Borycki, J.A. Bartle-Clar, M.S. Househ, C.E. Kuziemsky andE.G. Schraa (Eds.), International Perspectives in Health Informatics

ISSN 0926-9630 (print)ISSN 1879-8365 (online)

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Medicine Meets Virtual Reality 19 NextMed

Edited by

James D. WestwoodSusan W. Westwood MA

Li Fellnder-Tsai MD PhDRandy S. Haluck MD FACS

Richard A. Robb PhDSteven Senger PhD

and

Kirby G. Vosburgh PhD

Amsterdam Berlin Tokyo Washington, DC

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2012 The authors and IOS Press.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher.

ISBN 978-1-61499-021-5 (print)ISBN 978-1-61499-022-2 (online)Library of Congress Control Number: 2012930194

Publisher

IOS Press BV Nieuwe Hemweg 6B1013 BG Amsterdam

Netherlands

fax: +31 20 687 0019e-mail: order@iospress.nl

Distributor in the USA and Canada

IOS Press, Inc.4502 Rachael Manor DriveFairfax, VA 22032USAfax: +1 703 323 3668e-mail: iosbooks@iospress.com

LEGAL NOTICEThe publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.

PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS

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Preface

James D. WESTWOOD Aligned Management Associates, Inc.

When treating their patients, physicians confront a living system that is astoundinglycomplex, with checks and balances that are incompletely understood, and sensitive topain. Technologists, on the other hand, work with man-made objects within the lessemotional domains of materials and mathematics, creating anew or building upon priorwork as creativity inspires and economics allow. The former juggles individual make-up with personal histories and emotional ramifications; the latter can take a good out-come and multiply it with industrial production methods. To a programmer and asurgeon, for example, crisis and success necessarily imply very different scenarios.

In spite of those inherent differences, for two decades MMVR has helped bridgegaps between doctors and engineersbiology versus physics, clinic versus lab bench,and patient versus device. At MMVR, two professional cultures, with their respectivemethods and idioms, unite with a singular goal: to improve healthcare by creating newsolutions to old healthcare problems. Informatics stirs up medicines traditionalism, asmodeling, simulation, visualization, sensors, robotics, data networks, and other infor-matics-enabled applications let doctors approach the human body with fresh under-standing.

It has been a pleasure to work with so many creative and industrious researchersduring the organization of this years conference. During a time when political andeconomic experts seem unable to find solutions to pressing global problems, it is en-couraging to be part of a culture that, even when experts disagree, is notable for its ci-vility, enthusiasm, and ability to keep in mind shared goals.

Thanks to all of you who have made possible another edition of the MMVR/Next-Med proceedings.

Medicine Meets Virtual Reality 19 J.D. Westwood et al. (Eds.) IOS Press, 2012 2012 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.

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MMVR19 Proceedings Editors

James D. Westwood

MMVR19 Conference OrganizerAligned Management Associates, Inc.

Susan W. Westwood MAMMVR19 Proceedings CoordinatorAligned Management Associates, Inc.

Li Fellnder-Tsai MD PhDProfessor, Department of OrthopedicsDirector, Center for Advanced Medical Simulation and Training

Chair, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska University HospitalKarolinska Institutet

Randy S. Haluck MD FACSProfessor of SurgeryChief, Minimally Invasive Surgery and BariatricsVice Chair for Technology and InnovationPenn State, Hershey Medical Center

Richard A. Robb PhDScheller Professor in Medical ResearchProfessor of Biophysics & Computer ScienceDirector, Biomedical Imaging Research LaboratoryMayo Clinic College of Medicine

Steven Senger PhDProfessor and Chair, Department of Computer ScienceProfessor, Department of MathematicsUniversity of Wisconsin La Crosse

Kirby G. Vosburgh PhDAssistant Professor of RadiologyBrigham & Womens HospitalHarvard Medical School

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MMVR19 Organizing Committee

Michael J. Ackerman PhD

National Library of MedicineKan Jeff Baysa MDVera List Center for Art and Politics; The New School

Steve Charles MDMicroDexterity Systems; University of Tennessee

Patrick C. Cregan FRACS Nepean Hospital, Sydney West Area Health Service

Li Fellnder-Tsai MD PhDKarolinska University Hospital; Karolinska Institutet

Cali M. Fidopiastis PhDUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham

Henry Fuchs PhDUniversity of North Carolina

Walter J. Greenleaf PhDGreenleaf Medical Systems; InWorld Solutions; Virtually Better

Randy S. Haluck MD FACSPenn State, Hershey Medical Center

David M. HananelUniversity of Minnesota

Wm. LeRoy Heinrichs MD PhDStanford University School of Medicine

Pierre Jannin PhDINRIA; INSERM; CNRS; Universit de Rennes 1

Kanav Kahol PhDArizona State University

Mounir Laroussi PhDOld Dominion University

Heinz U. Lemke PhDTechnical University Berlin

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Alan Liu PhDUniformed Services University

Bertalan Mesk MD

University of Debrecen; Webicina.com

Greg T. Mogel MDKaiser Permanente

Kevin N. Montgomery PhDStanford University

Adrianne Noe PhD National Museum of Health & Medicine

Makoto Nonaka MD PhDFoundation for International Scientific Advancement

Carla M. Pugh MD PhD Northwestern University

Giuseppe Riva PhDUniversit Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano

Albert A. Rizzo PhDUniversity of Southern California

Richard A. Robb PhDMayo Clinic College of Medicine

Jannick P. Rolland PhDUniversity of Rochester; University of Central Florida

Anand P. Santhanam PhDUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Richard M. Satava MD FACSUniversity of Washington

Steven Senger PhDUniversity of Wisconsin La Crosse

Ramin Shahidi PhD

Stanford University School of MedicineYunhe Shen PhDUniversity of Minnesota

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Thomas Sangild Srensen PhDUniversity of Aarhus

Don Stredney

Ohio Supercomputer Center; The Ohio State University

Julie A. Swain MDU.S. Food and Drug Administration

Robert M. Sweet MDUniversity of Minnesota

Kirby G. Vosburgh PhDBrigham & Womens Hospital; Harvard Medical School

Dave Warner MD PhDMindTel LLC; Institute for Interventional Informatics

Brenda K. Wiederhold PhD MBA BCIAVirtual Reality Medical Institute

Mark Wiederhold MD PhDVirtual Reality Medical Center

Ozlem Yardimci PhDPraxair, Inc.

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ContentsPreface v

James D. WestwoodMMVR19 Proceedings Editors viMMVR19 Organizing Committee vii

A Meshless EFG-Based Algorithm for 3D Deformable Modeling of SoftTissue in Real-Time 1

Elahe Abdi, Farzam Farahmand and Mohammad DuraliDesign of a 4 DOF Laparoscopic Surgery Robot for Manipulation of LargeOrgans 8

Alireza Alamdar, Alireza Mirbagheri, Farzam Farahmand and Mohammad Durali

Virtual Help for Real Surgery: The Case of Awake Surgery 13Giovanni Albani, Pietro Cipresso, Andrea Gaggioli, Silvia Serino,Cinzia Vigna, Lorenzo Priano, Alessandro Mauro, Angelo Franziniand Giuseppe Riva

Enhancing Medical Communication Training Using Motion Capture,Perspective Taking and Virtual Reality 16

Ivelina V. Alexandrova, Marcus Rall, Martin Breidt, Gabriela Tullius,Uwe Kloos, Heinrich H. Blthoff and Betty J. Mohler

Medical Students Attitudes Toward Obese Patient Avatars of DifferentSkin Color 23

Allen D. Andrade, Jorge G. Ruiz, Michael J. Mintzer, Pedro Cifuentes, Ramanakumar Anam, Josh Diem, Orlando Gmez-Marn, Huaping Sunand Bernard A. Roos

Abnormal Red Blood Cells Detection Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy System 30 Nahid Babazadeh Khameneh, Hossein Arabalibeik, Piruz Salehian and

Saeed SetayeshiConcurrent and Face Validity of a Capsulorhexis Simulation with Respect toHuman Patients 35

P. Pat Banerjee, Deepak P. Edward, Shun Liang, Charles S. Bouchard, Paul J. Bryar, Richard Ahuja, Phillip Dray and Daniel P. Bailey

An Aneurysm Clipping Training Module for the Neurosurgical TrainingSimulator NeuroSim 42

Florian Beier, Evangelos Sismanidis, Axel Stadie, Kirsten Schmiederand Reinhard Mnner

Distributed Adaptive Simulation Through Standards-Based Integration of

Simulators and Adaptive Learning Systems 48 Bryan Bergeron, Andrew Cline and Jaime ShipleyVolume Visual Attention Maps (VVAM) in Ray-Casting Rendering 53

Andoni Beristain, John Congote and Oscar RuizHaptic Feedback in OP:Sense Augmented Reality in TelemanipulatedRobotic Surgery 58

T. Beyl, P. Nicolai, H. Mnnich, J. Raczkowksy and H. Wrn

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Haptic Handles for Robotic Surgery 64 Hannes Bleuler, Laura Santos-Carreras, Ali Sengl and Giulio Rognini

Development of Medical Engagement Training Toolkits to Support SpecialOperations Military Assistance Programs in Austere Environments 69

Ben H. Boedeker, David Boedeker and Charmaine TateUser Preference Comparing a Conventional Videolaryngoscope Blade vs. a Novel Suction Videolaryngoscope Blade in Simulated HemorrhagicAirway Intubation 72

Ben H. Boedeker, Mary Bernhagen, David J. Millerand W. Bosseau Murray

Use of a Cardiac Algorithm in a Preoperative Evaluation Clinic A Pilot Study 75 Ben H. Boedeker, Mary A. Barak-Bernhagen, Nikola Miljkovic,Thomas A. Nicholas IV, Ronald L. White and Bobbie Sweitzer

Surgical Tools Recognition and Pupil Segmentation for Cataract Surgical

Process Modeling 78 David Bouget, Florent Lalys and Pierre Jannin

Evaluation of Neuroanatomical Training Using a 3D Visual Reality Model 85 Danielle N. Brewer, Timothy D. Wilson, Roy Eagleson andSandrine de Ribaupierre

A Compact High-Definition Low-Cost Digital Stereoscopic Video Camerafor Rapid Robotic Surgery Development 92

Jay Carlson, Jdrzej Kowalczuk, Eric Psota and Lance C. PrezEvaluation of Tensiometric Assessment as a Measure of Skill Degradation 97

Jeffrey J.H. Cheung, David Rojas, Bryce Weber, Bill Kapralos, Heather Carnahan and Adam Dubrowski

EEG Alpha Asymmetry in Virtual Environments for the Assessment ofStress-Related Disorders 102

Pietro Cipresso, Andrea Gaggioli, Silvia Serino, Federica Pallavicini,Simona Raspelli, Alessandra Grassi, Luigi Sellitti and Giuseppe Riva

Use of a Linear Motion Stroke Potentiometer as a High Precision Sensorfor Linear Translation in a Laparoscopic Ligating Loop Simulation 105

Saurabh Dargar, Ganesh Sankaranarayanan and Suvranu DeToolTrack

TM: A Compact, Low-Cost System for Measuring Surgical Tool

Motion 108Saurabh Dargar, Ganesh Sankaranarayanan and Suvranu De

Anatomic Hepatectomy Planning Through Mobile Display Visualization andInteraction 111

Henrique Galvan Debarba, Jernimo Grandi, Anderson Macieland Dinamar Zanchet

Towards a Generic Framework for Evaluation and Comparison of Soft TissueModeling 116

Aurlien Deram, Yohan Payan and Emmanuel PromayonThe Application of Technology for the Creation of Retention Profiles for

Use in Adaptive Learning and the Delivery of Remedial Material 123 Ross Dworkin and Andrew ClineA 6 Degrees-of-Freedom Haptic Milling Simulator for Surgical Training ofVertebral Operations 126

Magnus Eriksson and Jan Wikander

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Force Sensing-Based Simulator for Arthroscopic Skills Assessment inOrthopaedic Knee Surgery 129

Abelardo Escoto, Ana Luisa Trejos, Michael D. Naish, Rajni V. Pateland Marie-Eve LeBel

An Open Source Mobile Platform for Psychophysiological Self Tracking 136 Andrea Gaggioli, Pietro Cipresso, Silvia Serino, Giovanni Pioggia,Gennaro Tartarisco, Giovanni Baldus, Daniele Corda and Giuseppe Riva

Creating a Representative Map for Arthroscopy Simulation 139 John Daniel Hachey, Marie-Eve LeBel and Sayra Cristancho

A Resource Management Tool for Real-Time Multimodal Surgical Simulation 142Tansel Halic, Ganesh Sankaranarayanan and Suvranu De

A Framework for Web Browser-Based Medical Simulation Using WebGL 149Tansel Halic, Woojin Ahn and Suvranu De

Haptic Simulator for Liver Diagnostics Through Palpation 156

Felix G. Hamza-Lup, Crenguta M. Bogdan and Adrian SeitanClassification of Wheeze Sounds Using Cepstral Analysis and Neural Networks 161

Amjad Hashemi, Hossein Arabalibeik and Khosrow AginTraining System for NOTES and SPS Surgery Robot That EnablesSpatiotemporal Retrospective Analysis of the Training Process 166

Asaki Hattori, Naoki Suzuki, Satoshi Ieiri, Morimasa Tomikawa, Hajime Kenmotsu and Makoro Hashizume

Training Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Spine Trauma Using a NewEducational Program for Visualization Through Imaging and Simulation (VIS):A First Evaluation by Medical Students 171

Leif Hedman, Madelen Fahlstedt, Marcus Schlickum, Hans Mller, Peter Halldin, Hans von Holst and Li Fellnder-Tsai

SBAR Flattens the Hierarchy Among Caregivers 175Wm. LeRoy Heinrichs, Eric Bauman and Parvati Dev

Potential of the Navigated Controlled Surgery at the Lateral Skull Base withthe Navigated Control Unit (NCU 2.0) 183

Mathias Hofer, Tim Lueth, Andreas Dietz and Gero StraussAn Accelerated Haptic Feedback Algorithm Utilizing Volume Reconstruction 186

Rui Hu, Kenneth E. Barner and Karl V. SteinerA Non-Photorealistic Surgery Simulation System 193

Rui Hu, Kenneth E. Barner, Jingyi Yu and Karl V. SteinerInvestigating the Muscle Activities of Performing Surgical Training TasksUsing a Virtual Simulator 200

Chun-Kai Huang, Irene H. Suh, Jung Hung Chien, Srikant Vallabhajosula, Dmitry Oleynikov and Ka-Chun Siu

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Airflow Inside Lungs UsingHeterogenous Anisotropic Lung Tissue Elastic Properties 205

Olusegun Ilegbusi, Ziang Li, Yugang Min, Sanford Meeks, Patrick Kupelianand Anand P. Santhanam

Telementoring for Airway Management Between a Far Forward SpecialOperations Location to a Major Medical Center Using Inexpensive TelemedicineSolutions 212

Daniel Irizarry, Ben H. Boedeker, Mary Bernhagen, Nikola Miljkovic andThomas Nicholas IV

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Using the Battlefield Telemedicine System (BTS) to Train Deployed MedicalPersonnel in Complicated Medical Tasks A Proof of Concept 215

Daniel Irizarry, Michael C. Wadman, Mary A. Bernhagen, Nikola Miljkovicand Ben H. Boedeker

Real-Time Simulation of Interaction Between Colon and Endoscope forthe Colonoscopy Simulation 218

Hoeryong Jung and Doo Yong LeeAugmented Reality Visualization for Guidance in Neurovascular Surgery 225

Marta Kersten-Oertel, Sean S.J. Chen, Simon Drouin, David S. Sinclairand D. Louis Collins

Development of a VR-Based Injection Training System Using a StandardizedPatient 230

Ayano Kikuchi, Toshiya Nakaguchi, Masahiro Tanabe and Hideaki Haneishi

AMILab Software: Medical Image Analysis, Processing and Visualization 233 Karl Krissian, Francisco Santana-Jorge, Daniel Santana-Cedrs,Carlos Falcn-Torres, Sara Arencibia, Sara Illera, Agustn Trujillo,Claire Chalopin and Luis Alvarez

Generation of 3D Ultrasound Training Volumes from Freehand Acquired Data 238 Jason Kutarnia and Peder C. Pedersen

Moving Past Normal Force: Capturing and Classifying Shear Motion Using 3DSensors 245

Calvin Kwan, Lawrence Salud, Chiagozie Ononye, Shenshen Zhao andCarla Pugh

A Study About Coefficients to Estimate the Error in Biomechanical ModelsUsed to Virtually Simulate the Organ Behaviors 250

M.A. Lago, F. Martnez-Martnez, M.J. Ruprez, C. Monserrat and M. Alcaiz

PleurAlert: An Augmented Chest Drainage System with Electronic Sensing,Automated Alerts and Internet Connectivity 257

Cory E. Leeson, Robert A. Weaver, Taylor Bissell, Rachel Hoyer,Corinne McClain, Douglas A. Nelson and Joseph T. Samosky

Utilization of a Civilian Academic Center as a Force Multiplier in Supportof NATO Special Operations Medicine A Pilot Demonstration 260

Peter Lennarson, Ben H. Boedeker, Gail M. Kuper, ystein Petter Nygaard,Tonje Okkenhaug Johansen, Annette Halvorsen, Inge Halvorsen and Daniel Irizarry

Augmented Environments for Minimally Invasive Therapy: ImplementationBarriers from Technology to Practice 263

C.A. Linte, K.P. Davenport, K. Cleary, C. Peters, K.G. Vosburgh, P. Edwards, P. Jannin, T.M. Peters, D.R. Holmes III and R.A. Robb

Visual Tracking of Laparoscopic Instruments in a Hough Space 270Constantinos Loukas and Evangelos Georgiou

Design and Evaluation of a Medical Teamwork Training Simulator UsingConsumer-Level Equipment 273Stefan Marks, John A. Windsor and Burkhard Wnsche

Direct Haptic Volume Rendering in Lumbar Puncture Simulation 280 Andre Mastmeyer, Dirk Fortmeier and Heinz Handels

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Simulation of a Human Circulatory System 287Vinay Menon

Tele-Orthopaedics: United States Army European Regional Medical Command 294 Jeffrey Morgan, Shaka Walker, David Melaas, Maria Crane,

Jacob Bacahui and Ben H. BoedekerA Prototype Stimulator System for Noninvasive Low Intensity FocusedUltrasound Delivery 297

Amit P. Mulgaonkar, Rahul S. Singh, Meghedi Babakhanian, Martin O. Culjat, Warren S. Grundfest, Alessandra Gorgulho, Goran Lacan, Antonio A.F. De Salles, Alexander Bystritsky and William P. Melega

Automated Real Time Peg and Tool Detection for the FLS Trainer Box 304 Arun Nemani and Ganesh Sankaranarayanan

Performance Comparison of Laryngoscopy and Suction Techniques ina Hemorrhagic Airway Manikin Simulator: Direct Laryngoscopy with

Yankauer vs. Storz CMAC with Attached Suction Tip 307Thomas A. Nicholas IV, Huiling Pang, Mary A. Bernhagen and Ben H. Boedeker

Nasotracheal Intubation in a Difficult Airway Using the Storz C-MACVideolaryngoscope, the Boedeker Bougie Endotracheal Introducer, andthe Boedeker Curved Forceps 310

Thomas A. Nicholas IV, Mary A. Bernhagen and Ben H. BoedekerPerception of Stiffness in Laparoscopy The Fulcrum Effect 313

Ilana Nisky, Felix Huang, Amit Milstein, Carla M. Pugh, Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi and Amir Karniel

Real-Time Human Pose Detection and Tracking for Tele-Rehabilitation inVirtual Reality 320

tpn Obdrlek, Gregorij Kurillo, Jay Han, Ted Abresch and Ruzena Bajcsy

Step-Based Cognitive Virtual Surgery Simulation: An Innovative Approach toSurgical Education 325

Aaron Oliker, Zachary Napier, Nicolette Deluccia, John Qualter, Frank Sculli, Brandon Smith, Carrie Stern, Roberto Flores, Alexes Hazenand Joseph McCarthy

An Experimental Study on CHVEs Performance Evaluation 328 Paulo V.F. Paiva, Liliane S. Machado and Jauvane C. Oliveira

Virtual Reality Paced Serial Assessment Test for NeuropsychologicalAssessment of a Military Cohort 331

Thomas D. Parsons, Christopher Courtney, Albert A. Rizzo,Christina Armstrong, Joseph Edwards and Gregory Reger

Virtual Worlds Are an Innovative Tool for Medical Device Training ina Simulated Environment 338

Vishal Patel, Henry Lee, Dave Taylor, Rajesh Aggarwal, James Kinrossand Ara Darzi

Personal Low-Cost Ultrasound Training System 344 Peder C. Pedersen and Daniel SkehanValidation of Three Virtual Reality Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery(FLS) Modules 349

Kristen B. Pitzul, Teodor P. Grantcharov and Allan Okrainec

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A Simple Master-Slave Control Mapping Setup to Learn Robot-AssistedSurgery Manipulation 356

Sukitti Punak and Sergei KurenovThe BioDigital Human: A Web-Based 3D Platform for Medical Visualization

and Education 359 John Qualter, Frank Sculli, Aaron Oliker, Zachary Napier, Sabrina Lee, Julio Garcia, Sally Frenkel, Victoria Harnik and Marc Triola

Detail-on-Demand Visualization for Lean Understanding of Lung Abnormalities 362Sushravya Raghunath, Srinivasan Rajagopalan, Ronald A. Karwoski, Alan G. Larson, Brian J. Bartholmai and Richard A. Robb

Learning Island: The Development of a Virtual Reality System forthe Experiential Training of Stress Management 369

Giuseppe Riva, Cinzia Vigna, Alessandra Grassi, Simona Raspelli, Pietro Cipresso, Federica Pallavicini, Silvia Serino and Andrea Gaggioli

Shader Lamps Virtual Patients: The Physical Manifestation of Virtual Patients 372 Diego Rivera-Gutierrez, Greg Welch, Peter Lincoln, Mary Whitton, Juan Cendan, David A. Chesnutt, Henry Fuchs and Benjamin Lok

STRIVE: Stress Resilience in Virtual Environments: A Pre-Deployment VRSystem for Training Emotional Coping Skills and Assessing Chronic and AcuteStress Responses 379

Albert Rizzo, J. Galen Buckwalter, Bruce John, Brad Newman,Thomas Parsons, Patrick Kenny and Josh Williams

Developing Effective Serious Games: The Effect of Background Sound onVisual Fidelity Perception with Varying Texture Resolution 386

David Rojas, Bill Kapralos, Sayra Cristancho, Karen Collins, Andrew Hogue, Cristina Conati and Adam Dubrowski

An Online Practice and Educational Networking System for Technical Skills:Learning Experience in Expert Facilitated vs. Independent LearningCommunities 393

David Rojas, Jeffrey J.H. Cheung, Bryce Weber, Bill Kapralos, Heather Carnahan, Darius J. Bgli and Adam Dubrowski

Virtual Skin Biopsy with Gabor Domain Optical Coherence Microscopy 398 Jannick P. Rolland, Kye-Sung Lee, Laura Khoudeir, Panomsak Meemon, Kevin P. Thompson, Jinxin Huang, Jianing Yao and Sherrif F. Ibrahim

Using Anthropomorphic Avatars Resembling Sedentary Older Individuals asModels to Enhance Self-Efficacy and Adherence to Physical Activity:Psychophysiological Correlates 405

Jorge G. Ruiz, Allen D. Andrade, Ramankumar Anam, Rudxandra Aguiar, Huaping Sun and Bernard A. Roos

The Benefits of Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) Training onSimulated Arthroscopy Performance 412

Oleg Safir, Adam Dubrowski, Camille Williams, Yvonne Hui, David Backstein and Heather Carnahan

Modification of Commercially Available Simulators to Elicit Decision MakingBehavior 418 Jonathan Salud, Chiagozie Ononye, Lawrence Salud and Carla Pugh

Introducing Simulation Technology to New Faculty: Do Not Let Them Play 421 Jonathan Salud, Chiagozie Ononye, Lawrence Salud and Carla Pugh

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Clinical Examination Simulation: Getting to Real 424 Lawrence H. Salud, Chiagozie I. Ononye, Calvin Kwan, Jonathan C. Saludand Carla M. Pugh

A Novel Automated Drug Simulant Recognition System for Naturalistic

Real-Time Medical Simulation 430 Joseph T. Samosky, Brandon Mikulis, Russell Bregman and Douglas A. Nelson

BodyWindows: Enhancing a Mannequin with Projective Augmented Realityfor Exploring Anatomy, Physiology and Medical Procedures 433

Joseph T. Samosky, Bo Wang, Douglas A. Nelson, Russell Bregman, Andrew Hosmer and Robert A. Weaver

A Simulation Framework for Tool Tissue Interactions in Robotic Surgery 440Ganesh Sankaranarayanan, Venkata Sreekanth Arikatla and Suvranu De

An Optical Tracking System for a Microsurgical Training Simulator 445

Oliver SchuppeUsing a Smart Wheelchair as a Gaming Device for Floor-Projected Games:A Mixed-Reality Environment for Training Powered-Wheelchair Driving Skills 450

R. Secoli, D. Zondervan and D. ReinkensmeyerVirtual Trainer for Intra-Detrusor Injection of Botulinum Toxin to Treat UrinaryIncontinence 457

Yunhe Shen, Pankaj Vasandani, Jayesh Iyer, Arjune Gunasekaran,Yingchun Zhang, Daniel Burke, Dennis Dykstra and Robert Sweet

A Transurethral Catheter-Based Ultrasound System for Multi-Modal Fusion 463 Anton Shkel, Shyam Natarajan, Stefan Schimpf, Martin O. Culjat, Andreas Brose, Axel Boese, Bertram Schmidt, Peter G. Schulam, Hua Lee,Warren Grundfest and Rahul Singh

Assessing Surgeon and Novice Force Skill on a Haptic Stiffness Simulator forLaparoscopic Surgery 469

Ravikiran B. Singapogu, Dane E. Smith, Bliss M. Altenhoff, Lindsay O. Long, Varun V. Prabhu, Christopher C. Pagano,Timothy C. Burg and Karen J.K.L. Burg

Haptic Tasks for Physical Laparoscopic (Box) Trainers to DifferentiateSurgeon Skill 475

Ravikiran B. Singapogu, Dane E. Smith, Bliss M. Altenhoff, Lindsay O. Long, Ryan Bontreger, Christopher C. Pagano,Timothy C. Burg and Karen J.K.L. Burg

Assessment of Laparoscopic Surgical Skill Acquisition and Retention 478 Anna Skinner and Corinna Lathan

MRI Skin Segmentation for the Virtual Deformation of the Breast UnderMammographic Compression 483

J.A. Solves Llorens, C. Monserrat, M.J. Ruprez, V. Naranjo, M. Alajami, E. Feliu, M. Garca and M. Lloret

Haptic Editing of MRI Brain Data 490

Alexei Sourin and Shamima YasminIntegration of Surgical Simulation in Plastic Surgery Residency Training 497Carrie Stern, Aaron Oliker, Zachary Napier, John Qualter, Nicolette Deluccia, Frank Sculli, Sarah Long, Joe Rosen and Alexes Hazen

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Virtual Simulation of Mouse Anatomy and Procedural Techniques 500 Don Stredney, Bradley Hittle, Chun-Ming Chen, Thomas Kerwin, Anna Bratasz, Niranchana Manivannan and Kimerly Powell

System Development for Unrestrictive View and 4D Shape Acquisition in

Abdominal Cavity Operation Using Virtual Space 506 Naoki Suzuki and Asaki HattoriConductometric Catheter-Mounted Pressure Sensor 512

Robert Tan, Peter Schulam and Jacob SchmidtTHP-1 Leukemia Cancer Treatment Using a Portable Plasma Device 515

Magesh Thiyagarajan, Lillian Waldbeser and Amanda WhitmillPortable Plasma Medical Device for Infection Treatment 518

Magesh Thiyagarajan and Lillian Waldbeser3DUI Assisted Lower and Upper Member Therapy 521

Alvaro Uribe-Quevedo and Byron Perez-GutierrezThe Effects of a Mobile Stress Management Protocol on Nurses Working withCancer Patients: A Preliminary Controlled Study 524

Daniela Villani, Alessandra Grassi, Chiara Cognetta, Pietro Cipresso, Davide Toniolo and Giuseppe Riva

A Method to Compute Respiration Parameters for Patient-Based Simulators 529 Pierre-Frdric Villard, Franck P. Vidal, Fernando Bello and Nigel W. John

A Comparison of an Integrated Suction Blade Versus a TraditionalVideolaryngoscope Blade in the Endotracheal Intubation of a HemorrhagicCadaver Model A Pilot Study 534

Michael Wadman, Thomas A. Nicholas, Mary A. Bernhagen, Gail M. Kuper, Nikola Miljkovic, Steven Schmidt, Jason Massignan and Ben H. Boedeker

Use of a Malleable Bougie and Curved Forceps with Videolaryngoscopy inAirway Management Training in a Cadaver Model A Pilot Study 537

Michael Wadman, Thomas A. Nicholas, Mary A. Bernhagen, Gail M. Kuper, Nikola Miljkovic, Steven Schmidt, Jason Massignan and Ben H. Boedeker

Virtual Intubation Training at a Remote Military Site 540 Robert B. Walker, P.K. Underwood, Mary Bernhagen, Nicholas Markinand Ben H. Boedeker

Translating Surgical Metrics into Automated Assessments 543Gregory Wiet, Bradley Hittle, Thomas Kerwin and Don Stredney

Three-Dimensional Micro-Imaging (CT) Based Physical Anatomic TeachingModels: Implementation of a New Learning Aid for Routine Use inAnatomy Lectures 549

Joerg Wulf, Isabelle Rohde, Thomas Koppe and Robert John WinderA Voice-Based Automated System for PTSD Screening and Monitoring 552

Roger Xu, Gang Mei, Guangfan Zhang, Pan Gao, Timothy Judkins, Michael Cannizzaro and Jiang Li

A Decision Fusion Strategy for Polyp Detection in Capsule Endoscopy 559

Qian Zhao, Themistocles Dassopoulos, Gerard E. Mullin, Max Q.-H. Mengand Rajesh KumarSubject Index 567Author Index 571

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