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COMPOSITE INDEXASHRAE HANDBOOK SERIES

This index covers the current Handbook series published byASHRAE. The four volumes in the series are identified as follows:

F = 2005 Fundamentals

R = 2006 Refrigeration

A = 2007 HVAC Applications

S = 2008 HVAC Systems and Equipment

Alphabetization of the index is letter by letter; for example, Heat-ers precedes Heat exchangers, and Floors precedes Floor slabs.

The page reference for an index entry includes the book letterand the chapter number, which may be followed by a decimal pointand the beginning page in the chapter. For example, the page num-ber S31.4 means the information may be found in the 2008 HVACSystems and Equipment volume, Chapter 31, beginning on page 4.

Each Handbook volume is revised and updated on a four-yearcycle. Because technology and the interests of ASHRAE memberschange, some topics are not included in the current Handbookseries but may be found in the earlier Handbook editions cited inthe index.

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Abbreviations, F37Absorbents

liquid, F1.14; F22.3refrigerant pairs, F1.15

Absorptionammonia/water, F20.1, 69

hydrogen cycle, R41.8technology, R41.7

bands, atmospheric gases, F31.15chillers, S3.4

turbines in, S17.4coefficient of performance (COP), F1.13concepts

coupling, F1.16double-effect

calculations, F1.18cascaded, F1.16

cycle characteristics, F1.15dehumidification, S23.10equipment, R41.1evolving technologies, R41.10ideal thermal, F1.13industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29.17refrigeration cycles, F1.14

ammonia/water, F20.1, 69lithium bromide/water, F20.1, 69

types, F1.16modeling analysis and performance

simulation, F1.17phase constraints, F1.14

representations, F1.16solar cooling, A33.18, 26; S36.3, 9water/lithium bromide technology

components, R41.1control, R41.6double-effect chillers, R41.3maintenance, R41.7operation, R41.6single-effect chillers, R41.2single-effect heat transformers,

R41.3terminology, R41.1

working fluids, F1.15Acoustics. See SoundActivated carbon adsorption, A45.5ADPI. See Air diffusion performance index

(ADPI)Adsorbents

impregnated, S29.24solid, A45.5; F22.4

Adsorptiondehumidification, S23.1, 10indoor air cleaning, A45.5industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29.24moisture, F22.1

Aeration, of farm crops, A23.4; F11.11Aerosols, S28.1Affinity laws for centrifugal pumps, S43.7AFUE. See Annual fuel utilization efficiency

(AFUE)AHU. See Air handlersAir

age of, and ventilation, F27.4changes per hour (ach), F27.3drying, S23.11liquefaction, R38.8properties, F6.19; F19.4; F20.62separation, R38.17

Air cleaners. (See also Filters, air; Industrial exhaust gas cleaning)

gaseous (indoor air)adsorbers, A45.5chemisorbers, A45.6economics, A45.13energy consumption, A45.13environmental effects on, A45.15installation, A45.14location, A45.9media selection, A45.10operation and maintenance, A45.14safety, A45.14sizing, A45.10terminology, A45.5testing, A45.15types, A45.7

industrial exhaust systems, A30.7particulate

contaminants, S28.1industrial ventilation, S28.2particle collection mechanisms, S28.2penetration, S28.3residential, S28.9safety requirements, S28.12selection, S28.8standards, S28.3, 5test methods, S28.2types

air washers, S40.8combination, S28.6electronic, S9.1; S28.5, 7; S32.2

I.1

evaporative coolers, S40.8maintenance, S28.8media filters, S28.5

Air conditioners. (See also Central air conditioning)

faults, A38.5packaged terminal (PTAC), S49.5

design, S49.5, 6heavy-duty commercial grade, S2.3sizes and classifications, S49.5testing, S49.7

residential, A1split systems, S2.6through-the-wall room units, A1.6unitary, A1.4

retail stores, A2.1rooftop units, S2.8room

codes and standards, S49.4design, S49.1features, S49.3filters, S49.4installation and service, S49.4noise, S49.4performance, S49.2sizes and classifications, S49.1

split systems, S48.1coil placement, S48.8residential and light-commercial, S2.6

unitaryair handlers, S48.7application, S48.1capacity control, S48.7certification, S48.6circuit components, S48.6codes and standards, S48.5, 6desuperheaters, S48.4efficiency, S48.5electrical design, S48.7installation, S48.2maintenance, S48.2mechanical design, S48.8multizone, S48.4piping, S48.7refrigerant circuit control, S48.6space conditioning/water heating,

S48.4types, S48.2, 4

unit ventilators, S27.1window-mounted, S2.3

CHAPTER I

I.2 2008 ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Systems and Equipment (SI)

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Air conditioning. (See also Central air conditioning)

airports, A3.9animal buildings, A22.4archives, A21arenas, A4.4atriums, A4.8auditoriums, A4.3automobile, A9.1bakeries, R28bars, A3.5bowling centers, A3.8buses, A9.13bus terminals, A3.10casinos, A3.6changeover temperature, S5.11, 13clean spaces, A16commercial buildings, A3.1; S2.6computer rooms, A17concert halls, A4.4convention centers, A4.5data processing areas, A17desiccant dehumidification and, S23.10dormitories, A5.1, 8educational facilities, A6.1engine test facilities, A15.1equipment

outdoor, S2.8refrigeration, S3.3

exhibition centers, A4.5fairs, A4.8fixed-guideway vehicles, A9.18galleries, A21gymnasiums, A4.5health care facilities, A7

hospitals, A7.2nursing facilities, A7.14outpatient, A7.13

hotels and motels, A5houses of worship, A4.3ice rinks, A4.5industrial environments, A12; A29kitchens, A3.5, 6; A31laboratories, A14.1libraries, A21mass transit, A9.13mines, A27museums, A21natatoriums, A4.6nightclubs, A3.6nuclear facilities, A26office buildings, A3.6paper products facilities, A24.2photographic processing and storage areas,

A20.1places of assembly, A4plant growth chambers, A22.17power plants, A25.10printing plants, A18public buildings, A3.1radio stations, A3.8rail cars, A9.15restaurants, A3.5retrofitting, contaminant control, R6.9ship docks, A3.10solar energy systems, A33.16, 18, 26subway stations, A13.13swimming areas, A4.6


systemsdecentralized, S2.1floor-by-floor, S2.6forced-air, small, S9.1packaged

outdoor equipment, S2.8rooftop, S2.8

radiant panel S6.1selection, S1.1, 8self-contained, S2.6space requirements, S1.5split, S2.6

television studios, A3.8temporary exhibits, A4.8textile processing plants, A19.4theaters, A4.3transportation centers, A3.9warehouses, A3.11warm/humid climates, F24.8wood products facilities, A24.1

Air contaminants. See ContaminantsAircraft, A10

air conditioning, A10.5air distribution, A10.7air filters, A10.4, 9air quality, A10.8cabin pressurization

control, A10.6, 8performance, A10.2, 4

carbon dioxide concentration, A10.9environmental control system (ECS),

A10.2, 4, 6, 8air-conditioning packs, A10.4air-cycle machine, A10.5cabin pressure control, A10.2, 4, 6, 8design conditions

considerations, A10.2ventilation, A10.4

engine bleed air system, A10.4load determination, A10.3outside air, A10.4pneumatic system, A10.4regulations, A10.1

heating, A10.4humidity, A10.9multiple factors, A10.10oxygen levels, A10.1, 9ozone concentration, A10.1, 7, 8ventilation, A10.1, 4

Air curtains, display cases, R46.5Air diffusers

sound control, A47.9testing, A37.2

Air diffusionair jets

angle of divergence, F33.2Archimedes number, F33.6behavior, F33.1centerline velocity, F33.2classification, F33.1Coanda effect, F33.6entrainment ratios, F33.5isothermal, F33.2

radial flow, F33.6multiple, F33.6nonisothermal, F33.6surface (wall and ceiling), F33.6throw, F33.5

A = 2007 HVAC Applications R = 200

ceiling-mounted diffusers, F33.17equipment, S19evaluation, F33.12

air velocity, F33.13exhaust inlets, F33.15methods

displacement ventilation, F33.10mixing systems, F33.7unidirectional ventilation, F33.12

outletsgroups, F33.8, 16location, F33.15performance, F33.9selection, F33.15

performance index, F33.13, 17return air design, F33.17return inlets, F33.15space, F33.1standards, F33.12system design, F33.14temperature gradient, F33.9terminology, F33.1

Air diffusion performance index (ADPI), F33.13, 17

Air distributionaircraft cabins, A10.7air terminals, A56.1animal environments, A22.3, 5bowling centers, A3.8buildings, S4.1central system, A41.2communications centers, A3.9control, A46.17; S4.17ductwork, S1.7; S4.10equipment, S19fixed-guideway vehicles, A9.19forced-air systems, small, S9.7industrial environments, A29.2in-room terminal systems, S5.10isovels, A56.5kitchen makeup air, A31.15laboratories, A14.9mapping, A56.5occupied zone, A56.1places of assembly, A4.2rail cars, A9.17retail stores, A2.1ships, A11.3, 4sound control, A47.2, 30systems, A56.1

design considerations, A56.1fully stratified, A56.6mixed, A56.2partially mixed, A56.8rooms, A56.1

terminal boxes, A46.14, 17testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.3textile processing plants, A19.6zone control, A46.10, 19

Air distribution performance index (ADPI), A56.5

Air exchange rateair changes per hour (ach), F27.3modeling, F27.20multizone measurement, F27.27time constants, F27.3tracer gas measurement method, F27.26

Air filters. See Filters, air

6 Refrigeration F = 2005 Fundamentals

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Airflowair-to-transmission ratio, S5.12around buildings, F16

air intake contamination estimationminimum dilution, F16.10

coefficients wind pressure, F16.3internal pressure, F16.9modeling and testing, F16.10patterns, A44.3; F16.1wind

data, F16.3, 6, 7effects on system operation

intakes and exhausts, F16.7system volume, F16.9ventilation, F16.7

velocity pressure (Bernoulli equation), F16.3

through building components, F23.5clean spaces, A16.3computational fluid dynamics, A39.10computer-aided modeling, A16.4condensers, evaporative, S38.15control, F23and convection, F23.16displacement flow, F27.2entrainment flow, F27.2exhaust hoods, A30.3furnaces, S32.3and heat flow, F23.8, 16laminar, A16.4measurement of, A37.2modeling, hygrothermal, F23.8modeling, in buildings, F34and moisture flow, F23.8, 8nonunidirectional, A16.3perfect mixing, F27.3smoke management, A52.5solar energy systems, A33.25terminology, F23.2tracking, A46.9unidirectional, A16.4, 11, 13

Airflow retarders, F23.5, 17climates

heating, F24.5mixed, F24.7warm/humid, F24.8

walls, A43.4Air flux. See AirflowAir handlers

all-air systems, S4.3control, A46.17cooling, S4.4dampers, S4.7dehumidification, S4.5, 9distribution systems, A41.2draw-through, S4.3economizers, S4.7fans, S4.4, 6, 9faults, A38.6filter, S4.8heating, S4.5humidification, S4.5, 9location, S4.4mixing plenum, S4.7psychrometrics, S4.4reheat, S4.9sequencing, A41.26set point reset, A41.27


sound levels, A47.3strategies, A41.26unitary, air conditioners, S48.7vibration isolation, S4.10

Air intakesdesign, A44.1hospitals, A7.2location to avoid contamination, A44.2outdoor, S4.7vehicular facilities, enclosed, A13.35

Air jets. See Air diffusionAir leakage. (See also Infiltration)

area, F27.12building distribution, F27.13commercial buildings, F27.23controlling, air-vapor retarder, F27.14leakage function, F27.12measurement, F27.12, 13

Air outletsaccessories, S19.4dampers, S19.4, 6location, S9.4selection, S19.2smudging, S19.3sound level, S19.2supply, S19.1surface effects, S19.2temperature differential, S19.2types, S19.3

Airports, air conditioning, A3.9Air quality. (See also Indoor air quality)

aircraft cabins, A10.8animal buildings, A22.2bus terminals, A13.23diesel locomotive facilities, A13.26parking garages, A13.17road tunnels, A13.7tollbooths, A13.25

Airtightness, F14.22Air-to-air energy recovery, S25Air-to-transmission ratio, S5.12Air transport, R32

animals, R32.2commodity requirements, R32.2design considerations, R32.2galley refrigeration, R32.4ground handling, R32.4perishable cargo, R32.1refrigeration, R32.3shipping containers, R32.2

Air washersair cleaning, S40.8coolers, S40.6dehumidification performance factor,

S40.8heat and mass simultaneous transfer, F5.11high-velocity spray type, S40.7humidification, S40.7maintenance, S40.8spray type, S40.6textile processing plants, A19.4water treatment, A48.9; S40.9

Algae, control, A48.5All-air systems

advantages, S4.1air distribution, S4.10air handlers, S4.3buildings, S4.1


constant-volume, S4.10, 12control, S4.17cooling, S4.4, 8costs, S4.3dehumidification, S4.5, 9disadvantages, S4.1dual-duct, S4.12economizers, S4.7heating, S4.2, 5humidification, S4.5, 9multizone, S4.13primary equipment, S4.4single-duct, S4.10variable-air-volume (VAV), S4.11, 12zoning, S4.2

Ammoniaabsorption

ammonia/water, F1.18; R41.7ammonia/water/hydrogen, R41.8

in animal environments, A22.2, 9properties, ammonia/water, F20.1, 69system practices, R3

Anchor bolts, seismic restraint, A54.14Anemometers

air devices, A37.2types, F14.15

Animal environmentsair contaminants, F10.4

ammonia, A22.2, 9carbon dioxide, A22.2

air distribution, A22.3, 5air inlets, A22.6air quality control, A22.2air transport, R32.2cattle, beef and dairy, A22.7; F10.7chickens, F10.12cooling, A22.4design, A22.1disease control, A22.3evaporative cooling, A22.4; A51.14fans, A22.6heating, A22.4hydrogen sulfide, A22.2insulation, A22.4laboratory conditions, A14.14; A22.9; F10.14lighting, F10.3moisture control, A22.2particulate matter (PM), A22.2physiological control

heat productiondata, F10.2genetics affecting, F10.7liquid wastes, F10.7

heat transfer, F10.3systems, F10.2

poultry, A22.8shades, A22.3sheep, F10.9swine, A22.7; F10.10temperature control, A22.1; F10.3turkeys, F10.13ventilation, A22.5

Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S32.8; S33.2

Antifreezecoolants, secondary, F21.4ethylene glycol, F21.4hydronic systems, S12.23



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propylene glycol, F21.4Antisweat heaters (ASH), R46.5Apartment buildings

service water heating, A49.13, 16ventilation, A1.6

Aquifers, thermal storage, A34.6; S50.6Archimedes number, F33.6Archives. See Museums, galleries, archives,

and librariesArenas

air conditioning, A4.4smoke management, A52.12

Argonproperties, F19.2, 4; F20.66; F39.1recovery, R38.17

Asbestos, F9.5ASH. See Antisweat heaters (ASH)Atriums

air conditioning, A4.8smoke management, A52.12

Attics, moisture control climatesheating, F24.5mixed, F24.7warm/humid, F24.8

Auditoriums, A4.3Automobiles

air conditionerscompressors, A9.8condensers, A9.9controls, A9.8design factors, A9.1evaporators, A9.6, 11lubricants, A9.11receiver/drier/filter assembly, A9.10refrigerants

flow control, A9.8vehicles, A9.11

engine test facilities, A15.1environmental control, A9.1heaters

controls, A9.8design factors, A9.1heater cores, A9.5

ventilation, A9.8Autopsy rooms, A8.5, 6Avogadro’s law, and fuel combustion,

F18.9Backflow-prevention devices, S46.13BACnet®, A39.15; F15.16Bacteria

control, A48.5food, growth in, R12.1humidifiers, growth in, S21.1

Bakery products, R28air conditioning, R28.1bread, R28cooling, R28.4dough production, R28.2freezing, R28.5ingredient storage, R28.1refrigeration, R28.1; R47.2slicing, R28.5wrapping, R28.5

Balance point, heat pumps, S48.9Balancing. (See also Testing, adjusting, and

balancing)air distribution systems, A37.3dual-duct systems, A37.4


HVAC systems, A37.1hydronic systems, A37.6induction systems, A37.5kitchen ventilation systems, A31.18refrigeration systems, R43.1steam distribution systems, A37.15temperature controls, A37.16variable-air-volume (VAV) systems,

A37.4Barley, F11.13Bars, A3.4, 5BAS. See Building automation system (BAS)Baseboard units

application, S35.5design effects, S35.3finned-tube, S35.1heating equipment, S35.1nonstandard condition corrections, S35.3radiant, S35.1rating, S35.3

Basementsconditioned, A43.1heat loss, F29.11, F29.13moisture control, A43.2unconditioned, A43.1

Beer’s law, F3.12Bernoulli equation, F35.1

generalized, F2.2, 6kinetic energy factor, F2.2steady flow, F2.12wind velocity pressure, F16.3

Best efficiency point (BEP), S43.6Beverages, R26

beer, R26.1storage requirements, R11.11

carbonated, R26.10coolers, R26.11fruit juice, R25.1liquid carbon dioxide storage, R26.12refrigeration systems, R26.11refrigerators for, R47.2thermal properties, R9.1time calculations

cooling, R10.1freezing, R10.7

wineproduction, R26.8storage temperature, R26.10

BIM. See Building information modeling (BIM)

Bioaerosolsairborne

bacteria, F12.2, 5control, F12.7fungus spores, F12.2microbiological particulate, F12.5mold, F12.6pollen, F12.2sampling, F12.7viruses, F12.2

origins, F12.1particles, F9.4

Biocides, control, A48.5Biodiesel, F18.5Biological safety cabinets, A14.6Biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A16.6Bioterrorism. See Chemical, biological,

radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents


Boilers, S31air supply, S34.28aluminum, S31.3burners, S30.1burner types, S31.6carbonic acid, S10.2cast iron, S31.2central

multifamily, A1.5plants, S11.3

classifications, S31.1codes, S31.5combination, S31.4condensing, S31.3construction materials, S31.1controls, A46.1, S31.6, S31.7

flame safeguard, S31.7optimization, A41.3

copper, S31.3draft types, S31.3dry-base, S31.2efficiency, S31.5electric, S31.4equipment, S3.5gas-fired, S30.5, S30.11

venting, S34.19integrated, S31.4modeling, F32.14noncondensing, S31.3oil-fired venting, S34.21piping, S10.3rating, S31.5residential, A1.3scotch marine, S31.3selection, S31.5service water heating, A49.25sizing, S31.6stainless steel, S31.3standards, S31.5steam, S31.1

systems, S10.3steel, S31.2stokers, S30.17storing, A48.11venting, S34.19, 21wall-hung, S31.4waste heat, S10.3water, S31.1water treatment, A48.10wet-base, S31.2wet-leg, S31.2working pressure, S31.1

Boilingcritical heat flux, F4.4evaporators

flow mechanics, F4.4heat transfer, F4.5

film, F4.2heat tranfer equations, F4.3natural convection systems, F4.1nucleate, F4.1, 2pool, F4.1

Bowling centers, A3.8Brake horsepower, S43.7Brayton cycle

cryogenics, R38.11gas turbine, S7.18

Bread, R28


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Breweriescarbon dioxide production, R26.6refrigeration

fermenting cellar, R26.4Kraeusen cellar, R26.5stock cellar, R26.5systems, R26.7wort cooler, R26.3

storage tanks, R26.6vinegar production, R26.8

Brines. See Coolants, secondaryBuilding automation systems (BAS), A39.15;

F15.13Building energy monitoring, A40. (See also

Energy monitoring)Building envelopes

ceilings, A43.5condensation, S21.2energy conservation, A43.1fenestration, A43.6foundations, A43.1heat flow through, effect of moisture on,

F23.5interface, A43.6museums, galleries, archives, and libraries,

A21.12roofs, A43.5structural failure, from moisture, F23.5thermal bridges, F23.4

design recommendations, A43.10heat transfer, A43.8mitigation of, A43.9

thermal mass, A43.11thermal transmission data, F25.1walls, residential, A43.3

Building information modeling (BIM), A39.11Building thermal mass

charging and discharging, A34.15; S50.15effects of, A34.14; S50.14precooling, A41.28

Burnersair supply, S34.28controls, S30.19conversion, S30.4, 6dual-fuel gas/oil, S30.14gas-fired, S30.3

altitude compensation, S30.10combustion and adjustments, S30.19commercial, S30.6industrial, S30.6residential, S30.5venting, S34.19

oil-fired, S30.11commercial, S30.12fuel

handling system, S30.15preparation system, S30.16storage, S30.14

industrial, S30.12residential, S30.11venting, S34.21

venting, S34.19, 21Buses

air conditioning, A9.13garage ventilation, A13.20

Bus terminalsair conditioning, A3.10physical configuration, A13.22


ventilationequipment, A13.31operation areas, A13.23

control, A13.24effects of alternative fuel use, A13.24

platforms, A13.22Butane, commercial, F18.4CAD. See Computer-aided design (CAD)Cafeterias

air conditioning, A3.4service water heating, A49.13, 19

Calcium chloride brines, F21.1Candy

chocolate, R29.1manufacture

chilling, R29.3coating, R29.4cooling, R29.4dipping, R29.2drying, R29.3enrobing, R29.2plants, R29.1refrigeration plant, R29.4

storagehumidity, R29.7temperature, R29.6

Capillary action, and moisture flow, F23.8Capillary tubes

capacity balance, R44.24characteristic curve, R44.24pressure-reducing device, R44.23restrictor orifice, S22.2selection, R44.26

Carbon dioxidein aircraft cabins, A10.9in animal environments, A22.2combustion, F18.1, 10greenhouse enrichment, A22.14liquefaction, R26.7measurement, F14.23refrigerant, R3.26storage, R26.12

Carbon emissions, F17.9Carbon monoxide

analyzers, A13.9, 10parking garages, A13.17, 18road tunnels, A13.7tollbooths, A13.25

Cargo containers, R30airborne sound, R30.7air circulation, R30.3ambient design factors, R30.6commodity precooling, R30.9control, R30.5, 10controlled atmosphere, R30.5costs, owning and operating, R30.9design, R30.1equipment

attachment provisions, R30.3design and selection factors, R30.5, 8operating economy, R30.6qualification testing, R30.7selection, R30.8system application factors, R30.8types, R30.3

heating only, R30.5insulation barrier, R30.1load calculations, R30.8


maintenance, R30.10mechanical cooling and heating, R30.3operations, R30.9qualification testing, R30.7safety, R30.7sanitation, R30.3shock and vibration, R30.5space considerations, R30.10storage effect cooling, R30.4system application, R30.8temperature-controlled transport, R30.1temperature settings, R30.9use, R30.9vapor barrier, R30.1ventilation, R30.5, 10

Carnot refrigeration cycle, F1.6Casinos, A3.4, 6Cattle, beef and dairy, A22.7

(See also Animal environments)growth, F10.7heat and moisture production, F10.8lactation, F10.8reproduction, F10.8

CAV. See Constant air volume (CAV)Cavitation, F2.13

pumps, centrifugal, S43.8valves, S46.2

CBRE. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents

Ceiling effect. See Coanda effectCeilings

air movement, A43.6cathedral, F24

moisture control, F24.5insulation, A43.5moisture control, A43.6R-values, F25.12sound correction, A47.25sound transmission, A47.30

Central air conditioning, A41. (See also Air conditioning)

Central plantsboiler, S11.3chiller, S11.1, 4distribution design, S11.5district heating and cooling, S11.3emission control, S11.4heating medium, S11.3hotels and motels, A5.7thermal storage, S11.4

Central systemscooling and heating, S3.1features, S1.3furnaces, S32.1humidifiers, S21.5residential forced-air, S9.1space requirements, S1.5ventilation, with in-room terminal systems,

S5.2Cetane number, engine fuels, F18.7CFD. See Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)Charging, refrigeration systems, R45.4Chemical, biological, radiological, and

explosive (CBRE) incidents, A58biological events, A58.4chemical agent types, A58.1

gases and vapors, A58.3incapacitating, A58.2



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irritants, A58.2toxic, A58.2

chemical events, A58.1explosive events, A58.5

design considerations, A58.6loading description, A58.5

general guidelines, A58.1HVAC system design, A58.7radiological events, A58.4risk evaluation, A58.7

Chemical plantsautomation, R37.3energy recovery, R37.4flow sheets, R37.1instrumentation and controls, R37.8outdoor construction, R37.4piping, R37.8pumps, R37.8refrigeration

compressors, R37.6condensers, R37.6cooling towers, R37.8equipment, R37.3, 6evaporators, R37.7load, R37.2safety requirements, R37.2spray ponds, R37.8systems, R37.1, 5

safety requirements, R37.2specifications, R37.1tanks, R37.8

Chemisorption, A45.6Chickens, F10. (See also Animal environments;

Poultry)Chilled water (CW)

combined heat and power (CHP) distribution, S7.44

district heating and cooling, S11.4, 19, 32optimal temperature, A41.17pumping system, A41.2, 6, 17

pump sequencing, A41.16, 20reset, A41.16, 17systems, S12.1, 17

central plant, A37.14heat transfer versus flow, A37.7one-pipe, S12.19testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.8two-pipe, S12.19

thermal storage, A34.4; S50.4water treatment, A48.10

Chillersabsorption, S3.4

ammonia/water, R41.7heat-activated, S7.39water/lithium bromide, R41.2

blast, R47.3central plants, A46.4; S11.1, 4centrifugal

air-cooled, S42.12controls, S42.11equipment, S42.8fouling, S42.11free cooling, S42.12hot-gas bypass, S42.10maintenance, 12purge units, S42.11rating, S42.10refrigerant


selection, S42.8transfer units, S42.12

selection methods, S42.10temperature lift, S42.10

control, A46.4capacity, S42.4, 14considerations, S42.11regulating, S42.4safety, S42.4

costs, S42.3direct expansion, R2.26; S42.1economizing, S42.1

expansion turbines, S42.1faults, A38.5flash, S42.1heat recovery, S42.2injection, S42.1liquid chilling systems, S42liquid heads, S42.3load distribution, A41.21maintenance, S42.5, 12, 15marine water boxes, S42.3noise generation, A47.10; S42.11optimization, A46.5prerotation vanes, S42.4, 9reciprocating

components, S42.5control, S42.7equipment, S42.5performance, S42.6refrigerant selection, S42.6selection methods, S42.7

refrigeration cycle, S42.1screw

applications, S42.15capacity control, S42.14components, S42.13equipment, S42.13maintenance, S42.15performance, S42.14

selection methods, S42.3, 7, 10sequencing, A41.6, 20, 23standards, S42.5subcooling, S42.1and turbines, S17.4vapor compression model, F32.15variable-flow, S42.2variable-speed, S42.4, 10vibration control, A47.12; S42.11

Chilton-Colburn j-factor analogy, F5.6Chimneys, S34

accessories, S34.30capacity calculation examples, S34.14caps, S34.32codes, S34.35design equations, S34.3draft, S34.1

available, S34.1, 3theoretical, S34.2, 3

fireplace, S34.1, 23flue gas, S34.1functions, S34.2gas, appliance venting, S34.20masonry, S34.20, 22materials, S34.28standards, S34.29, 35terminations, S34.32wind effects, S34.3, 32


Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), A32.6Chocolate, R29.1 (See also Candy)Choking, F2.13CHP systems. See CogenerationCinemas, A4.3Claude cycle, R38.8Cleanrooms. See Clean spacesClean spaces, A16

aerospace, A16.13air filters, A16.3, 8, 11airflow, A16.3, 4, 11, 13applications, A16.2biomanufacturing cleanrooms, A16.6construction, A16.17contaminant control, A16.3, 8cooling, A16.14energy conservation, A16.16fire safety, A16.14high-bay, A16.13humidity control, A16.14makeup air, A16.14, 16noise control, A16.17operation, A16.17particle sources, A16.3pharmaceutical

aseptic, A16.7start-up, A16.9

biomanufacturing, A16.6contaminant control, A16.8control and monitoring, A16.9design, A16.7isolators, A16.9nonaseptic, A16.9unidirectional hoods, A16.8

pressurization, A16.15process exhaust, A16.14, 16semiconductor, A16.11system sizing and redundancy, A16.15temperature control, A16.14terminology, A16.1testing, A16.6vibration control, A16.17

Climate design information, F28Clothing

insulation, clo units, F8.8moisture permeability, F8.8

CLTD/CLF. See Cooling load temperature differential method with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF)

Coalclassification, F18.7handling facilities, A25.6, 9heating value, F18.8stokers, S30.17types, F18.7

Coanda effect, A31.2; F33.6; S19.2Codes, S51. (See also Standards)

air conditioners, room, S49.4air distribution, A56.1boilers, S31.5building codes, S18.1chimneys, fireplaces, and gas vents, S34.35condensers, S38

evaporative, S38.18water-cooled, S38.7

coolers, liquid, S41.4data processing, A17.15dehumidifiers, room, S24.3


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duct construction, S18.1electrical, A55.15furnaces, S32.10makeup air units, S27.9motors, S44.2nuclear facilities, A26.10piping, S45.6

Coefficient of performance (COP)absorption, F1.13compressors, S37.2economic (ECOP), combined heat and power

(CHP), S7.50refrigeration, F1.3, 13room air conditioners, S49.2

Cogeneration. See Combined heat and power (CHP)

Coilsair-cooling, S4.8

airflow resistance, S22.6applications, S22.1, 4aqueous glycol coils, S22.2construction and arrangement, S22.1control, A46.7; S22.3direct-expansion coils, S22.2fluid flow arrangement, S22.3heat transfer, S22.6load determination, S22.14maintenance, S22.15performance

cooling and dehumidifying, S22.9cooling-only, S22.7

rating, S22.6refrigerant coils, S22.2selection, S22.5on ships, A11.4water coils, S22.2

air-heating, S26.1aqueous glycol, S26.2construction, S26.1design, S26.1electric, A46.3; S26.3installation, S26.4maintenance, S26.5rating, S26.3refrigerant, S26.3selection, S26.3shipboard, A11.4steam, A46.2; S26.1water, A46.2; S14.8; S26.2

condensers, S38evaporative, S38.14

dehumidifying, S22.1desuperheating, S38.16energy recovery loops, S25.11halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.27heat and mass simultaneous transfer, F5.12heat reclaim, S26.3preheat, S4.8reheat, S4.9; S26.2

Colburn’s analogy, F3.14Colebrook equation

friction factor, F35.6pressure drop, F36.1

Collectors, solar, A33.6, 11, 23, 25; S36.3(See also Solar energy)

Colleges and universities, A6.10Combined heat and power (CHP), S7

economic feasibility, S7.49


estimate, S7.50load duration curve, S7.51

two-dimensional, S7.53simulation, S7.53

electrical systems, S7.44expansion engines/turbines, S7.31heat-activated chillers, S7.39heat recovery

engines, S7.33, 34turbines, S7.37

load profiling, S7.4maintenance, S7.17modular systems, S7.3packaged systems, S7.3peak shaving, S7.4prime movers

fuel cells, S7.22selection, S7.4thermal output, S7.33, 33turbines

combustion, S7.18, 46steam, S7.25, 47

thermal energy storage, S7.40utilization systems

air, S7.43district heating and cooling, S7.44hydronic, S7.43service hot water, S7.43

vibration control, foundations, S7.15Combustion, F18

air pollution, F18.13air required for, F18.9altitude compensation, F18.3calculations

air required for, F18.9carbon dioxide, theoretical, F18.10efficiency, F18.12flue gas

dew point, F18.11loss, F18.13quantity produced, F18.10water vapor in, F18.11

coalscharacteristics, F18.8classification, F18.8heating value, F18.8types, F18.7

condensation in, F18.16continuous, F18.2corrosion in, F18.16diesel fuel, F18.6efficiency, F18.12engine fuels, cetane number, F18.7excess air, F18.9flammability limits F18.1fuel oils, F18.5gaseous fuels

illuminants, F18.9liquefied petroleum gas, F18.4natural gas, F18.4types and properties, F18.4

gas turbine fuel, F18.6heating value, F18.3ignition temperature, F18.2illuminants, F18.9liquid fuels, F18.5

engines, F18.6noise, F18.16


oscillation, F18.16pollution, F18.13principles, F18.1pulse, F18.2reactions, F18.1resonance, F18.16solid fuels, F18.7soot, F18.16sound, F18.16stoichiometric, F18.1types, F18.1

Combustion air systemsair required, S34.28analysis, F14.32burners

gas, S30.19oil, S30.11

control, S30.2efficiency boilers, S31.5industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29.27venting, S34.1

Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC), S7.20; S17.1

thermal storage, A34.17; S50.17Comfort. (See also Physiological principles,

humans)environmental indices, F8.20environmental parameters

air velocity, F14.29asymmetric thermal radiation, F8.13draft, F8.13floor temperature, F8.15radiant temperature, F8.11vertical air temperature difference, F8.14

humidity, F14.29; S21.1local discomfort, F8.13nonuniform conditions, F8.13predicted mean vote (PMV), F8.17; F14.30predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F8.17radiant heating, A53.3special environments

extreme cold, F8.25hot and humid environments, F8.24infrared heating, F8.22radiant heating, comfort equations, F8.23

steady-state energy balance, F8.16two-node model, F8.17

thermal sensation scale, F8.11zones, F8.12, 19; F9.11

Commercial and public buildingsair leakage, F27.23airports, A3.9bars, A3.4, 5bowling centers, A3.8burners

gas, S30.3, S30.6oil, S30.12

bus terminals, A3.10cafeterias, A3.4casinos, A3.4, 6central cooling systems, A41.1communications centers, A3.8ducts

construction, S18.2design, small applications, S9.10

furnaces, S32.5garages, A3.10general criteria, A3.1



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humidifiers, S21.6ice rinks, R35indoor air quality (IAQ), F27.9kitchen ventilation, A31.1load characteristics, A3.1malls, A2.6nightclubs, A3.4, 6office buildings, A3.6restaurants, A3.4, 5retail facilities, A2.1service water heating, A49.11ship docks, A3.10transportation centers, A3.9warehouses, A3.11

Commissioning, A42acceptance, A42.7construction, A42.6control systems, F15.16costs, A42.10desiccant dehumidifiers, S23.7design, A42.5; A46.23existing buildings, A42.1, 11in integrated building design, A57.8laboratories, A14.19makeup air units, S27.9new construction, A42.1objectives, A42.2occupancy and operations, A42.10owner’s project requirements (OPR), A42.2predesign, A42.4pumps, centrifugal, S43.13recommissioning, A42.1, 10retrocommissioning, A42.1, 11team, A42.3test procedures, A42.8

Communications centers, A3.8Compressors, S37

air conditioners, room, S49.2ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.2bearings

centrifugal, S37.36reciprocating, S37.7, 10rotary, S37.13scroll, S37.23single-screw, S37.14twin-screw, S37.20

centrifugal, S7.46angular momentum, S37.29bearings, S37.36capacity control, S37.33critical speed, S37.34design, S37.35, 36drivers, S37.35efficiency, S37.32isentropic analysis, S37.30lubrication, S37.36Mach number, S37.32noise, S37.5, 23, 34paralleling, S37.35polytropic analysis, S37.30refrigeration cycle, S37.28surging, S37.33testing, S37.32turbocompressors, S37.28variable-speed, S37.33vibration, S37.34

chemical industry refrigeration, R37.6drives, R3.2


dynamic, S37.1engine-driven, S7.46halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.24heat pump systems, S8.6motors, S37.6, S44.4noise generation, A47.10operation and maintenance, S37.36orbital, S37.23positive-displacement, S37.6

performance, S37.2reciprocating, S7.45; S37.7

application, S37.11bearings, S37.7, 10capacity control, S37.11crankcase, R2.33features, S37.9lubrication, S37.10parallel, R3.10performance, S37.8special devices, S37.11types, S37.7valves, S37.10

rotary, R3.12; S37.11, 14bearings, S37.13

screw, S7.46lubricant cooling, R3.12single, S37.14

bearings, S37.14capacity control, S37.17compression process, S37.14economizers, S37.16, 16lubrication, S37.15noise and vibration, S37.18oil-injected, S37.15performance, S37.18volume ratio, S37.16

twin, S37.19bearings, S37.20capacity control, S37.20compression process, S37.19hermetic, S37.23lubrication, S37.22volume ratio, S37.21

scroll, S37.23bearings, S37.25capacity control, S37.25efficiency, S37.26variable-speed, S37.26

trochoidal (Wankel), S37.27Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F34.1

assessing predictions, F34.11boundary conditions for

inlet, F34.6outlet, F34.7reporting, F34.13sources/sinks, F34.8surfaces, F34.7

symmetry, F34.8walls, F34.7

considerations, F34.9grids, F34.4mathematical approaches, F34.1meshing, F34.4reporting, F34.9, 13steps, F34.9turbulence modeling, F34.3validation, F34.9, 10verification, F34.9


viscosity modeling, F34.10Computer-aided design (CAD), A16.4; A39.11Computers, A39

abbreviations for programming, F37.1BACnet®, A39.15; F15.16building automation systems (BAS), A39.15computational fluid dynamics, A13.2;

A39.10; A52.14computer-aided design (CAD), A16.4;

A39.11for control, F15.4, 9, 18design tools

acoustic calculations, A39.8building information modeling (BIM),

A39.11combined heat and power (CHP), S7.53computational fluid dynamics, A39.10computer-aided design (CAD), A39.11duct design, A39.6equipment selection and simulation,

A39.8load calculations, A39.5piping design, A39.7refrigerant properties, A39.12smoke control analysis, A52.12, 14ventilation, A39.12

road tunnel, A13.2equipment, A39.8graphics, A39.11hardware, A39.1HVAC simulation, A39.9Internet, A39.16modeling, F15.18monitoring and control, A39.14networking components, A39.13peripherals, A39.5smoke control analysis, A52.12, 14software, A39.2

antispyware, A39.2custom programming, A39.4development tools, A39.4energy analysis, F32.3firewall, A39.2graphics, A39.3HVAC, A39.5readymade, A39.4road tunnel, A13.2terminology, A39.2utilities, A39.2, 12

supervisory control, A39.14World Wide Web, A39.17

Concert halls, A4.4Concrete

cooling, R36.1pozzolanic admixtures, R36.1selection, R36.1thermal design, R36.4water heating for, A49.23

Condensatesteam systems, F36.18; S10.6; S11.7, 19water treatment, A48.11

Condensationin building components, F23.9in combustion systems, F18.16concealed, S21.3control, with insulation, F26.2dew-point analysis, F23.10dropwise, F4.8


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energy recovery equipment, S25.7film, F4.8heat transfer coefficients, F4.9interstitial, and drying, F23.10noncondensable gases, F4.10with oil, F4.11oil-fired appliances, S34.21prevention, F24.4

dehumidification for, S23.10surface, F23.10in tubes, F4.10visible, S21.2

Condensers, S38air conditioners, room, S49.2air-cooled, R46.16; S38.8

control, S38air-side, S38.11low-pressure-drop, S38.11refrigerant-side, S38.11

installation, S38.12machine room, R46.17maintenance, S38.12noise, R46.18rating, S38.11remote from compressor, R46.17types, S38.8

ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.2horizontal shell-and-tube, R3.15parallel horizontal shell-and-tube,

R3.15piping, R3.14

cascade, R43.1chemical industry refrigeration, R37.6in chillers, S42.6, 8, 13circuiting, S38.5evaporative, R46.17; S38.13

airflow, S38.15capacity control, S38.17codes, S38.18coils, S38.14

desuperheating, S38.16wetting method, S38.15

freeze prevention, S38.15heat transfer, S38.13liquid subcoolers, S38.17location, R3.15; S38.15maintenance, S38.18multicircuiting with liquid coolers,

S38.17multiple-condenser installations,

S38.16purging, S38.18rating, S38.16standards, S38.18water, S38.17

halocarbon refrigeration systemsair-cooled, R2.33evaporative, R2.32piping, R2.23pressure control, R2.32water, R2.32

retail food store refrigeration, R46.16water-cooled, S38.1

circuiting, S38.5codes, S38.7Darcy-Weisbach equation, S38.4fouling factor, S38.4heat removal, S13.1, S38.1


heat transfer, S38.2liquid subcooling, S38.5maintenance, S38.7noncondensable gases, S38.6pressure drop, S38.4standards, S38.7types, S38.5

Conductance, thermal, F3.18; F23.1Conduction

display cases, R46.4steady-state, F3.2thermal, F3.1, 2

Conductivity, thermal, F23.1apparent, F23.1

of thermal insulation, F23.14foods, R9.9soils, F25.13

Constant air volume (CAV)control, A41.2supply air temperature reset, A41.27versus variable-air-volume (VAV), A14.12

Constant-volume, all-air systemsdual-duct, S4.12single-duct, S4.10terminal units, S4.16

Construction. (See also Building envelopes)curtain wall, F31.5glass block wall, F31.40in integrated building design, A57.7, 8wood frame, F24.1

Containers. (See also Cargo containers)air transport, R32.2marine transport, R31.2

Contaminantsclean spaces, A16.3, 8food, R12.1gaseous, F12.1

animal environments, F10.4combustion, F18.13; S29.27concentration, indoor, measurement,

A45.4control, A45.5; F12.14

adsorption, A45.5; S29.24catalysis, A45.7chemisorption, A45.6desiccant dehumidification, S23.10dilution ventilation, A45.5hoods and local exhaust, A45.5incineration, S29.27source elimination, A45.5wet-packed scrubbers, S29.18

environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), F12.2

flammable, F12.17indoor air, F12.15industrial, F12.15inorganic, F12.13measurement, A45.4; F12.9; F14.31nuclear facilities, A26.3, 5, 7odors, F13.1outdoor air, F12.15ozone, A45.12plant environments, F10.20polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC),

F9.6radioactive, F12.18radon, A45.12; F9.16soil gases, F12.19


vapors, flammable, F12.17volatile organic compounds (VOC),

F12.10health effects, F9.8total (TVOC), F12.11

indoor, concentration prediction, F34.16organism destruction, R12.4particulate

aerosols, S28.1animal environments, F10.4asbestos, F9.5classification, F12.1collection mechanisms, S28.2; S29.10, 15combustion, F18.13dusts, S28.1

combustible, F12.18environmental tobacco smoke (ETS),

F12.2fogs, F12.1, 3fumes, F12.1measurement, F14.32mists, F12.1, 3pollen, F12.6polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC),

F9.6radioactive, F12.18size distribution, F12.4smogs, F12.1, 3smokes, F12.1suspended particles, counters, F12.5synthetic vitreous fibers, F9.5

refrigerant systems, R6.1dirt, R6.6field assembly, R6.8filter-driers, R6.6generation by high temperature, R5.8lubricants, R6.7metallic, R6.6moisture, R6.1motor burnout, R6.8noncondensable gases, R6.7residual cleaning agents, R6.7sludge, tars, and wax, R6.7solvents, R6.7special system characteristics, R6.9

textile processing, A19.7Continuity, fluid dynamics, F2.2Control. (See also Controls, automatic and

Supervisory control)absorption units, R41.6, 9air-cooled condensers, S38.11aircraft cabin pressure, A10.6, 8air-handling systems, A41.26; A46.9all-air systems, S4.17authority, F15.6automobile air conditioning, A9.8biological growth, A48.5boilers, A46.1; S31.6building pressurization, A46.8burners, S30.19bus terminal ventilation, A13.24central air conditioning, A41.1chemical plants, R37.3chilled-water pumps, A41.6, 16, 17chillers, A41.20clean spaces, noise and vibration, A16.17combustion turbines, S7.22components, F15.4



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condensers, S38evaporative, S38.17

cooling, S6.20coils, A46.7; S22.3tower fans, A41.12, 16towers, A46.5

corrosion, A48.2, 9dehumidifying coils, S22.3design principles

building and mechanical subdivision, A46.21

controlled area size, A46.23energy conservation, A46.21load matching, A46.23sensor location, A46.23system selection, A46.22

economizers, A46.2, 12electric heating slabs, S6.20energy recovery equipment, S25.7, 11engines, S7.15fans, A46.7; S20.9

air volume, S44.8fire, A52.1fixed-guideway vehicle air conditioning,

A9.18forced-air systems, small, S9.3furnaces, S32.2, 5gaseous contaminants, A45.1heaters, S33.2, 4

infrared, S15.4heating coils, A46.2heat pumps, A46.16; S48.10heat recovery systems, S8.18heat timers, S10.13humidifiers, S21.7humidity, A46.13; S21.1; S23.1hydronic heating systems, A46.20; S12.13;

S14.8justice facilities, A8.3kitchen ventilation, A31.27laboratory systems, A14.12liquid chillers, S42.4, 7, 11, 14low-temperature, R3.6makeup air units, A46.18; S27.9moisture, in insulation, F23; F24motors, S44.5, 6

protection, S44.6noise and vibration, S7.15nuclear facilities, A26.5optimization, A41.1outdoor air quantity, A46.10paper moisture content, A18.2parking garage ventilation, A13.18photographic materials processing,

A20.3pipe-tracing systems, A50.20plant growth chambers, A22.17processes, A45.5radiant panels, A46.4; S6.19radioactivity, A26.7rail car air conditioning, A9.17refrigerant flow, R44.1residential heating and cooling, A1.5road tunnel ventilation, A13.9scale, A48.4ship air conditioning

merchant, A11.3naval surface, A11.4


smoke, A52.1snow-melting systems, A50.10solar energy, A33.13, 24, 26; S36.16

differential temperature controller, S36.16hot-water dump, S36.17overtemperature protection, S36.17

sound, A47.1, 44; F7.15insulation, F23.17

static pressurelimit control, A46.21variable flow rates, A46.8

steam systems, S10.13thermal, F23

in insulation, F24.1storage systems, A34.23; A41.29; S50.23

unit heaters, S27.7unit ventilators, A46.17; S27.3variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, A41.2;

A46.7vibration, A47.38zone systems, A46.19zone valves, S10.13

Controlled-atmosphere (CA) storageapples, R22.3apricots, R22.13berries, R22.13cherries, sweet, R22.12figs, R22.13grapes, R22.8nectarines, R22.12peaches, R22.12pears, R22.6, 7plums, R22.11refrigerated facilities, R14.3strawberries, R22.13vegetables, R24.6

Controlled-environment rooms (CERs), and plant growth, A22.16

Controls, automatic, F15. (See also Control)authority, F15.6classification, F15.4closed loop (feedback), F15.1commissioning, F15.16components

auxiliary, F15.10controlled devices

actuator, F15.4dampers, F15.4operator, F15.4valves, F15.4

controllersdirect digital (DDC), F15.9, 17static pressure, A46.8, 21thermostats, F15.10

sensors, F15.7flow rate, F15.9humidity (hygrometers), F15.8indoor air quality, F15.9lighting level, F15.9location, A46.23power sensing and transmission, F15.9pressure, F15.9temperature, F15.8

transducers, electronic-to-pneumatic (E/P), F15.12

computers, A39.14; F15.4control action types, F15.2, 3, 16dampers, F15.6


actuator mounting, F15.7actuators, F15.6types, F15.6

devicesdampers, 6positive positioners, F15.7

direct digital (DDC), A37.16; F15.4, 9, 17energy sources, F15.4explosive atmospheres, A46.20extraordinary incidents, A46.21feedback (closed loop), F15.1fuzzy logic, F15.3mobile applications, A46.20modeling, F32.23modulating, F15.2open loop, F15.1positive positioners, F15.7proportional-integral-derivative (PID), F15.3proportional-only (P), F15.2proportional plus integral (PI), F15.3refrigerant flow, R44.1safety, A46.20sensors, F15.7, 9; R44.4switches, R44.1systems, F15.1terminology, F15.1testing, A37.16transducers, pressure, R44.4tuning, F15.3, 16, 17two-position, F15.2valves, F15.4

actuators, F15.5flow characteristics, F15.5selection and sizing, F15.5

Convectionand heat transfer, with insulation, F23.16flow, fully developed turbulent, F3.14forced, F3.13

condensation in tubes, F4.8evaporation in tubes, F4.4

equations, F4.6, 9laminar, F3.13transition region, F3.14turbulent, F3.13

free, F3.16mass, F5.4natural, F3.16; F4.1steam heating systems, S10.11thermal, F3.2

Convectorsapplication, S35.5design effects, S35.3heat-distributing unit, S35.1nonstandard condition corrections, S35.3rating, S35.2

Convention centers, A4.5Conversion factors, F38Coolants, secondary

brinescorrosion inhibition, A48.10; F21.4properties, F21.1

calcium chloride solutions, F21.1d-limonene, F21.13ethylene glycol, F21.4halocarbons, F21.12inhibited glycols

corrosion inhibition, F21.5ethylene, F21.4


Composite Index I.11

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propylene, F21.4service considerations, F21.10

low-temperature refrigeration, R39.11nonhalocarbon nonaqueous fluids, F21.13polydimethylsiloxane, F21.13propylene glycol, F21.4refrigeration systems, R4.1sodium chloride solutions, F21.1

Coolers. (See also Refrigerators)beverage, R26.11cryocoolers, R38.11forced-circulation air, R42.1installation and operation, R42.6liquid (See also Evaporators)

Baudelot, S41.2brazed (semiwelded) plate, S41.2in chillers, S42.6, 8, 13evaporative, with evaporative condensers,

S38.17flooded, S41.2freeze prevention, S41.5heat transfer, S41

coefficients, S41.3fouling factor, S41.4

maintenance, S41.6oil return, S41.6piping, R2.25, 26pressure drop, S41.4refrigerant flow control, S41.5residential, A1.4shell-and-tube, S41.1tube-in-tube, S41.1vessel design requirements, S41.4

retail food store, R46.1walk-in, R46.12; R47.3water, R26.11

Cooling. (See also Air conditioning)absorption equipment, R41.1animal environments, A22.4bakery products, R28.4concrete

active systems, R36.5air blast, R36.2chilled water, R36.1embedded coils, R36.1inundation, R36.2passive, R36.4

controls, S6.20foods and beverages, time calculations, R10.1fruits and vegetables

evaporative, R15.8forced-air, R15.6hydrocooling, R15.3load calculation, R15.1package icing, R15.8vacuum cooling, R15.9

geothermal energy systems, A32.9greenhouses, A22.12radiant panel systems, S6.1radiative, A33.17solar energy systems, A33.16, 18, 26water systems, S12.1, 17, 18

dynamometers, A15.4Cooling load

calculations, F29; F30central plant, S3.2coil, F30.2nonresidential, F30.1, 15


heat balance, F30.2conduction transfer functions, F30.18

heat gainfenestration, F30.13sol-air temperature, F30.22

heat sources, F30.3radiant time series (RTS), F30.2, 20, 23sol-air temperature, F30.22

refrigeration, S5.11residential calculations

block load, F29.8residential heat balance (RHB) method,

F29.2residential load factor (RLF) method,

F29.2Cooling load temperature differential method

with solar cooling load factors (CLTD/CLF), F30.45

Cooling towers, S39approach to wet bulb, S39.1capacity control, S39.2

airflow, A41.13fan cycling, S39.8fan sequencing, A41.13flow modulation, A41.8two-speed fans, S39.8variable-frequency fan drives, S39.8variable- vs. fixed-speed fans, A41.8

construction materials, S39.7design conditions, S39.2drift, S39.11

eliminators, S39.11, 12economics, S39.7fill, S39.3fogging, S39.11free cooling, S39.10freeze protection, S13.3; S39.10heat and mass simultaneous transfer, F5.12indirect evaporative coolers, S13.3; S40.5inspections, S39.11Legionella pneumophila, S39.12, 13maintenance, S39.11model, F32.17number of transfer units (NTU), S39.16performance

curves, S39.13monitoring, S39.11thermal, S39.15tower coefficients, S39.17

piping, S13.2; S39.8plumes, S39.11principle of operation, S39.1recommissioning, A48.8selection, S39.7shutdown, A48.9siting, S39.7sound, attenuators, S39.10start-up, A48.8testing, A37.15; S39.15theory, S39.15

counterflow integration, S39.16cross-flow integration, S39.17heat and mass transfer, S39.15

types, S3.5direct contact, S39.5indirect contact, S39.2, 6open systems, S13.1

water treatment, A48.4, 8, 9; S13.2; S39.13


winter operation, S39.10inspections, S39.13

Cool storage, A34.1; S50.1COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)Corn

drying, A23.1; F11.12fungi, F11.2

Correctional facilities. See Justice facilitiesCorrosion

brines, F21.4in combustion systems, F18.16concentration cell corrosion, A48.2contributing factors, A48.2control, A48.2, 3, 9

in boilers, A48.10cathodic protection, A48.4

buried pipe, S11.24in cooling towers, A48.4cycles of concentration, A48.3in geothermal energy systems, A32.6inhibitors, A48.3materials selection, A48.3passivation, A48.4protective coatings, A48.3in steam and condensate systems, A48.11

energy recovery equipment, S25.7inhibited glycols, F21.5under insulation, F26.5microorganism influence, A48.2, 5oil-fired appliances, S34.22oxygen corrosion, A48.2, 11secondary coolant systems, R4.5service water systems, A49.8types, A48.2white rust, A48.4

Costs. (See also Economics)all-air systems, S4.3analysis period, A36.2economic analysis techniques

computer analysis, A36.11life-cycle cost analyses, A36.9present value (worth), A36.9simple payback, A36.9

energy, A36.4, 9financing alternatives, A36.8inflation, A36.10interest and discount rate, A36.3laboratory systems, A14.19life-cycle, A36.11

energy recovery equipment, S25.12, 16, 22

operation and maintenance, A38.2piping insulation, S11.17

maintenance, A36.6operating

actual, A36.4electrical energy, A36.4natural gas, A36.6other fuels, A36.6snow-melting systems, A50.8, 10

owninginitial cost, A36.1insurance, A36.4taxes, A36.4

periodic, A36.4refrigerant phaseout, A36.8

Cotton, drying, A23.8; F11.12Courthouses, A8.4



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Courtrooms, A8.4CPVC. See Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride

(CPVC)Crawlspaces

heat loss, F29.13insulation, A43.1moisture control, F24.10vented vs. unvented, A43.1wall insulation, A43.2

Critical spacesforensic labs, A8.6justice facilities, A8.3

Crops. See Farm cropsCryogenics, R38

biomedical applicationscryomicroscopy, R40.6cryopreservation, R40.1cryoprotective agents, R40.2cryosurgery, R40.7induced hypothermia, R40.7refrigeration, R40.1specimen preparation, R40.6

Brayton cycle, R38.11cascade cycle, R38.8Claude cycle, R38.8cryobiological, R40.8cryocoolers

recuperativeBrayton, R38.12Joule-Thomson, R38.11Kleemenko, R38.13

regenerativeGifford-McMahon, R38.16orifice pulse tube, R38.14Stirling, R38.14

cryopumping, R38.1equipment

coiled-tube exchanger, R38.21compressors, R38.20expansion devices, R38.20heat exchangers, R38.21regenerators, R38.22systems, R38.20turboalternators, R38.21turboexpanders, R38.21

fluidscold burns, R38.28flammability, R38.29storage vessels, R38.26transfer, R38.27

freezers, industrial, R16.5hazards, R38.28Heylandt cycle, R38.8instrumentation, R38.27insulation

low-temperature, R38.23selection (table), R38.26thermal conductivity (table), R38.24

isenthalpic expansion, R38.6isentropic expansion, R38.7Joule-Thomson cycle, R38.6Kleemenko cycle, R38.13Linde cycle, R38.6liquefaction

balanced flow condition, R38.6of gases, R38.6

liquid-level sensors, R38.27mixed refrigerant cycle, R38.8


natural gas processing, R38.18properties

electrical, R38.5magnetic, R38.5mechanical, R38.6thermal, R38.3

purification of gases, R38.19recovery of gases, R38.17, 18separation of gases, Gibbs phase rule,

R38.16staging, R38.15Stirling cycle, R38.14storage systems, R38.26transfer systems, R38.27

CTIC. See Combustion turbine inlet cooling (CTIC)

Curtain walls, F31.5Cycloparaffins, R7.2Dairy products, R20

aseptic packaging, R20.20butter

manufacture, R20.6refrigeration load, R20.9

buttermilk, R20.5cheese

cheese room refrigeration, R20.13manufacture, R20.10

cream, R20.5display refrigerators, R46.6ice cream

freezing, R20.16hardening, R20.17milkfat content, R20.13mix preparation, R20.15refrigeration

equipment, R20.19requirements, R20.16

milkdry, R20.22evaporated, R20.22fresh

processing, R20.2production, R20.1storage, R20.4

sweetened condensed, R20.22thermal properties, R9.1UHT sterilization, R20.19yogurt, R20.5

Dampersair outlet, S19.4, 4, 6, 7balancing

in constant-volume systems, F35.19in VAV systems, F35.19

controls, automatic, F15.6, 6fire and smoke control, A52.8furnaces, S32.2, 9opposed-blade, S4.7, S19.4, 7outdoor air, A46.10parallel-blade, S4.8, S19.4, 7return air, S4.7sound control, A47.8splitter, S19.7vehicular facilities, enclosed, A13.32vent, S34.30

Dams, concrete cooling, R36.1Darcy equation, F35.6Darcy-Weisbach equation

ductwork sectional losses, F35.12


pressure drop, F2.7; F36.1water-cooled condensers, S38.4water systems, S43.4

Data-driven modelingblack-box, F32.24calibrated simulation, F32.25empirical, F32.24examples, F32.30gray-box, F32.25neural network, F32.30steady-state, F32.25

Data processing areasair-conditioning systems, A17.1

humidification; S21.1codes, standards, and guidelines, A17.15design criteria, A17.1

Daylightinginterior building illumination, F31.56light transmittance, F31.58solar radiation, F31.1

Defrostingair coolers, forced-circulation, R42.4air-source heat pump coils, S8.7, 8; S48.9ammonia liquid recirculation systems, R3.22household refrigerators and freezers, R48.6meat coolers, R17.2retail food store refrigerators, R46.19

Degree-day method, F32.17variable-base, F32.19

Dehumidification, A46.13; S23absorption, S23.10adsorption, S23.10air washers, S40.8all-air systems, S4.5desiccant, S23.1

applications, S23.1, 8air-conditioning systems, S23.10condensation prevention, S23.10gaseous contaminant control, S23.10industrial processes, S23.8materials storage, S23.8testing, S23.10, 11ventilation air preconditioning, S23.8

capacity, S23.2equipment, S23.3high-pressure, S23.10liquid, F22.3solid, F22.4

evaporative cooling, A51.2; S40.8performance factor, S40.8residential, A1.5

Dehumidifiersdesiccant, S23

capacity, S23.2commissioning, S23.8high-pressure, S23.10liquid, S23.3operation, S23.7rotary solid, S23.4solid, S23.4

ice rinks, S24.6indoor swimming pool, S24.4makeup air treatment, S24.3mechanical, S24.1

components, S24.2psychrometrics, S24.1types, S24.2

wraparound heat exchangers, S24.7



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Dehydrationfarm crops, A23.1; F11.1industrial systems for, A28.1of eggs, R21.11refrigeration systems, R45.1

Densityfluids, F2.1modeling, R9.6

Dental facilities, A7.14Desiccants, F22.1; S23.1

adsorption, S23.1cosorption of water vapor and air

contaminants, F22.5dehumidification, S23.1glycols, S23.2isotherms, F22.5life, F22.5liquid, S23.2, 3lithium chloride, S23.2materials, F22.1refrigerant systems, R6.5

equilibrium curves, R6.4moisture, R6.3

typesliquid absorbents, F22.3solid adsorbents, F22.4

wheel, S23.4Desuperheaters

air conditioners, unitary, S48.4in ammonia refrigeration, R3.3condensers, evaporative, S38.16heat pumps, unitary, S48.4

Dew-point analysis, F23.12Diamagnetism, and superconductivity, R38.5Diesel fuel, F18.6Diffusers, air, sound control, A47.8Diffusion

coefficient, F5.2eddy, F5.6moisture flow, F23.7molecular, F5.1space air, F33.1

Diffusivitythermal, F23.1

of foods, R9.17water vapor, F23.2

Dilutionexhaust, F16.10smoke, A52.4ventilation, A29.2; A45.5

Dimensionless variables, F3.14Dining halls, in justice facilities, A8.4DIR. See Dispersive infrared (DIR)Direct digital control (DDC), F15.4, 9Direct numerical simulation (DNS), turbulence

modeling, F34.4Dirty bombs. See Chemical, biological,

radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidentsDischarge coefficients, in fluid flow, F2.9Dispersive infrared (DIR), F15.8Display cases, R46.1, 4District heating and cooling, S11

applicability, S11.1central plants

boiler, S11.3chiller, A46.4; S11.1, 4distribution design, S11.5emission control, S11.4


equipment, S11.3heating medium, S11.3thermal storage, S11.4

combined heat and power (CHP), S7.44components, S11.1consumer interconnections

chilled water, S11.4, 19, 32components, S11.28direct connection, S11.27flow control, S11.29hot water, S11.31indirect, with heat exchangers, S11.28steam, S11.19, 30temperature differential control, S11.33

costs, A36.9distribution system

aboveground systems, S11.18, 19condensate drainage and return, S11.7, 19conduits, S11.22, 24constant-flow, S11.5construction, S11.18entry pits, S11.25hydraulic design, S11.6insulation

economical thickness, S11.17pipe, S11.8, 17, 21

pipe, S11.7thermal design conditions, S11.8underground systems, S11.20valve vaults, S11.25variable-flow, S11.5water hammer, S11.7

economics, S11.2geothermal heating systems, A32.8heating conversion to, S11.32heat transfer analysis, S11.9

ground to air, S11.11pipes in

air, S11.17buried trenches or tunnels, S11.15shallow trenches, S11.16

single buried pipe, S11.11soil temperature calculation, S11.10two pipes buried, S11.13

metering, S11.33pressure losses, S11.7thermal storage, A34.7, 17; S11.4; S50.7, 17water systems, S11.1

d-limonene, F21.13DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS)Docks, ship, A3.10Doors, U-factors, F25.12; F31.11Dormitories

air conditioning, A5.8design criteria, A5.1energy systems, A5.1load characteristics, A5.1service water heating, A49.12, 15, 19

Draftburners, S30.1, S30.14chimney, S34.1

available, S34.1, 3theoretical, S34.2, 3

comfort affected by, F8.13cooling towers, S39.3, 5

Drag, in fluid flow, F2.5Driers, R6.6. (See also Dryers)Drip station, steam systems, S11.7


Dryers. (See also Driers)commercial and industrial

adsorption, S23.10, 11agitated-bed, A28.6calculations, A28.2conduction, A28.3constant-moisture solvent, A28.6convection, A28.4dielectric, A28.4drying time determination, A28.1flash, A28.6fluidized-bed, A28.6freeze drying, A28.6mechanism, A28.1microwave, A28.4psychrometrics, A28.1radiant infrared, A28.3selection, A28.3superheated vapor, A28.6tunnel, A28.5ultraviolet (UV), A28.3vacuum drying, A28.6

desiccant, high-pressure, S23.10farm crops, A23.1

Dryingair, S23.11desiccant, high-pressure, S23.10, 11dew point control, S23.11farm crops, A23.1; F11.1gases, S23.11

DTW. See Dual-temperature water (DTW) system

Dual-duct systemsall-air systems, S4.12control, A46.19terminal boxes, A46.16testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.4

Dual-temperature water (DTW) system, S12.1DuBois equation, F8.3Duct design

all-air systems, S4.10Bernoulli equation, F35.1commercial, small applications, S9.10computer analysis, A39.6Darcy equation, F35.6Darcy-Weisbach equation, F35.12design considerations

space pressure relationships, F35.14velocities for HVAC components, F35.16

duct fitting database, F35.11dynamic losses

duct fitting database, F35.11local loss coefficients, F35.9

fan-system interface, F35.12fire safety, F35.14fitting loss coefficients

duct fitting database, F35.11flexible ducts, F35.12tables, F35.27–66

friction losses, F35.6head, F35.2industrial exhaust systems, F35.19; S29.28insulation, F35.14leakage, F35.14methods, F35.17noise, F35.17pressure, F35.2residential, S9.8



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roughness factors, F35.7smoke management, F35.14stack effect, F35.2testing, adjusting, and balancing, F35.17

Ductsacoustical lining, A47.15; S18.4

in hospitals, A7.13airflow measurement in, A37.2antimicrobial, S18.5classifications, S18.1cleaning, S18.2construction

codes, S18.1commercial, S18.2

acoustical treatment, S18.4hangers, S18.4materials, S18.2plenums and apparatus casings, S18.4

industrial, S18.4hangers, S18.5materials, S18.4

kitchen exhaust, S18.5master specifications, S18.6outdoor ducts, S18.6residential, S18.2seismic qualification, S18.6sheet metal welding, S18.6standards, S18.1

commercial, S18.2industrial, S18.4residential, S18.2

thermal insulation, S18.6underground, S18.6

desiccant dehumidifiers, S23.7efficiency testing, S9.11fabric, S18.5fibrous glass, S18.3flat oval, F35.9; S18.3flexible, S18.3fluid flow, F2.1forced-air systems, small, S9.2, 8friction chart, F35.7industrial exhaust systems, A30.5insulation, F24.15; F26.11; F35.14leakage, F35.14; S18.2noise in, A47.7noncircular, F35.9plastic, S18.5rectangular, F35.9; S18.2, 5road tunnels, A13.8roughness factors, F35.7round, S18.2, 4security concerns, A58.6ships, A11.3sound

attenuation, A47.12control, F7.13transmission, A47.20

velocity measurement in, F14.17vibration control, A47.46

Dust mites, F23.5Dusts, S28.1

indoor environmental health, F9.4synthetic, S28.2

Dynamometers, A15.1Earth, stabilization, R36.3, 4Earthquakes, seismic restraint design, A54.1Economic analysis, A36


computer analysis, A36.11life-cycle cost analyses, A36.9present value (worth), A36.10simple payback, A36.9

Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP), S7.50

Economics. (See also Costs)district heating and cooling, S11.2energy management planning, A35.2energy recovery equipment, S25.22evaporative cooling, A51.15, 17indoor gaseous contaminant control, A45.13insulation thickness, pipe, S11.17laboratory systems, A14.19owning and operating costs, A36.1

Economizerscompressors, single-screw, S37.16control, A41.26humidification load calculation, S21.3kitchen ventilation, A31.21water-side, S2.3

ECOP. See Economic coefficient of performance (ECOP)

ECS. See Environmental control system (ECS)Eddy diffusivity, F5.6Educational facilities, A6

air conditioning, A6.1service water heating, A49.21

EER. See Energy efficiency ratio (EER)Effectiveness, heat transfer, F3.28Effective radiant flux (ERF), A53.2Efficiency

air conditionersroom, S49.2unitary, S48.5

boilers, S31.5combustion, F18.12compressors

centrifugal, S37.32positive-displacement, S37.3reciprocating, S37.8rotary, S37.12scroll, S37.26single-screw, S37.18

fins, F3.24forced-air systems, small, S9.11furnaces, S9.12, 9heat pumps, unitary, S48.5industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29.3infrared heaters, S15.3motors, S44.2pumps, centrifugal, S43.6refrigerating, F1.3

Eggs, R21composition, R21.1dehydration, R21.11processing plant sanitation, R21.12products, R21.9shell eggs

packaging, R21.8processing, R21.5refrigeration, R21.5spoilage prevention, R21.4storage, R21.8structure, R21.1transportation, R21.8

storage, R21.1thermal properties, R9.1


EIFS. See Exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS)

Electricitybilling rates, A55.12codes, A55.15costs, A36.4, 9generation, on-site, A36.9imbalance, S44.1motor starting, A55.5; S44.7performance, A55.1power quality variations, A55.7principles, A55.2safety, A55.1voltage, A55.1

Electric thermal storage (ETS), A34.12; S50.12Electrostatic precipitators, S28.7; S29.7Elevators, smoke control, A52.11Emissions, pollution, F18.6Emissivity, F3.2, 8Emittance, thermal, F23.2Enclosed vehicular facilities, A13Energy

audit, A35.9costs, A36.4emergency use reduction, A35.17field survey audit, A37.17forecasting building needs, A41.31savings verification, A40.2wheels, S25.10

Energy balancecomfort, F8.2, 16refrigeration systems, R43.3

Energy conservation, F17.2air conditioners, room, S49.3building envelopes, A43.1building supervisory control, A41.1clean spaces, A16.16educational facilities, A6.1, 2farm crop drying, A23.3greenhouses, A22.15hospitals, A7.13industrial environments, A29.6infrared heaters, S15.1kitchen ventilation, A31.21pumps, centrifugal, S43.13refrigerators‚ commercial, R47.7temperature and ventilation control, A46.21textile processing, A19.7thermal insulation, F26.1

Energy consumptionbenchmarking, A35.7building HVAC, control effect on, A41.7in buildings, F17.3emergency reduction, A35.17gaseous contaminant control, A45.13humidifiers, S21.3United States

per capita end-use, F17.10projections, F17.10

world, F17.8Energy efficiency, F17.2

in commercial and food service refrigerators, R47.7

design, F17.2Energy efficiency ratio (EER), S49.2Energy estimating, F32

analysis, F32.3application to cooling and dehumidifying



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coils, F32.11degree-day and bin methods, F32.17

annual degree-day, F32.18variable base, F32.19

balance point temperature, F32.18correlation, F32.22degree-day, F32.20forecasting, A41.31general considerations, F32.1integration of systems, F32.23models, F32.1monthly degree-day, F32.20seasonal efficiency of furnaces, F32.19simulating, F32.23software selection, F32.3

Energy management, A35cost control, A35.11, 13emergency energy use reduction, A35.17energy audits, A35.9energy conservation opportunity (ECO),

comparing, A35.14implementation, A35.17improving discretionary operations, A35.11resource evaluation, A35.2

Energy modeling, F32calculating

basements, F32.7effectiveness-NTU, F32.10slab foundations, F32.7space sensible loads, F32.3

classical approach, F32.1data-driven approach, F32.1data-driven models, F32.2, 24forward models, F32.1general considerations, F32.1in integrated building design, A57.4system controls, F32.23

Energy monitoring, A40applications

building diagnostics, A40.2energy end use, A40.1performance monitoring, A40.3, 5savings measurement and verification

(M&V), A40.2specific technology assessment, A40.1

dataacquisition, A40.11analysis, A40.6, 9measurement uncertainty, A40.12reporting, A40.6, 14requirements, A40.7verification, A40.5, 14

design and implementation methodology, A40.6

documentation, A40.7, 14planning, A40.5, 14quality assurance, A40.5, 14

Energy production, world, F17.7Energy recovery. (See also Heat recovery)

air-to-airapplications, S25.1design

condensation, S25.7controls, S25.7, 11corrosion, S25.7cross-contamination, S25.11filters, air, S25.7fouling, S25.7


freeze prevention, S25.7maintenance, S25.7, 11performance, S25.9pressure drop, S25.7

economic considerations, S25.22effectiveness, S25.8energy transfer, S25.4equipment

coil energy recovery loops, S25.11devices, S25.1heat pipe heat exchangers, S25.12rating, S25.9rotary energy exchangers, S25.10runaround loops, S25.11thermosiphon (two-phase) heat

exchangers, S25.14twin-tower enthalpy recovery loops,

S25.14evaporative cooling, indirect, S25.21; S40.4precooling air reheater, S25.22

in chemical industry, R37.4industrial environments, A29.6

Energy resources, F17demand-side management (DSM), F17.6integrated resource planning (IRP), F17.6types, F17.1United States, F17.10world, F17.7

Energy savings performance contracting (ESPC), A36.8

Energy use benchmarking, A40.9Engines, S7

air systems, compressed, S7.13applications

centrifugal compressors, S7.46heat pumps, S7.46reciprocating compressors, S7.45screw compressors, S7.46

continuous-duty standby, S7.4controls and instruments, S7.15exhaust systems, S7.14expansion engines, S7.31fuels, F18.6

cetane number, F18.7heating values; S7.11selection, S7.10

heat recoveryexhaust gas, S7.35jacket water, S7.34lubricant, S7.35reciprocating, S7.34turbocharger, S7.35

heat release, A15.1jacket water system, S7.13lubrication, S7.12noise control, S7.15performance, S7.10reciprocating, S7.9vibration control, S7.15water-cooled, S7.13

Engine test facilities, A15air conditioning, A15.1dynamometers, A15.1exhaust, A15.2noise levels, A15.4ventilation, A15.1, 4

Enhanced tubes. See Finned-tube heat transfer coils


Enthalpycalculation, F1.4definition, F1.2foods, R9.7recovery loop, twin-tower, S25.14water vapor, F5.9wheels, S25.10

Entropy, F1.1calculation, F1.4

Environmental controlanimals. See Animal environmentshumans. See Comfortplants. See Plant environmentsretail food stores

equipment and control, R46.21store ambient effect, R46.3

Environmental control system (ECS), A10Environmental health, F9

background, F9.1biostatistics, F9.2cellular biology, F9.2dusts, F9.4epidemiology, F9.2exposure, F9.6genetics, F9.3indoor, F9.1industrial hygiene, F9.3microbiology/mycology, F9.3molecular biology, F9.3physical hazards

electrical hazards, F9.13electromagnetic radiation, F9.15noise, F9.15thermal comfort, F9.11

diseases affected by, F9.12vibrations, F9.13

standards, F9.9toxicology, F9.3

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)contaminants, A45.2secondhand smoke, F12.17sidestream smoke, F9.6superheated vapors, F12.2

Equipment vibration, A47.38; F7.19ERF. See Effective radiant flux (ERF)ESPC. See Energy savings performance

contracting (ESPC)Ethylene glycol

coolants, secondary, F21.4hydronic systems, S12.23

ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); Electric thermal storage (ETS)

Evaporation, in tubesforced convection, F4.4

equations, F4.6natural convection, F4.1

Evaporative coolers. (See also Refrigerators)liquid (See also Evaporators)

in chillers, A1.4; S38.17; S42.5, 8, 13Evaporative cooling, A51

applicationsair cleaning, A51.2; S40.8animal environments, A22.4; A51.14combustion turbines, S7.21commercial, A51.9dehumidification, A51.2; S40.8gas turbines, A51.13greenhouses, A22.13; A51.15



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humidification, A51.2; S40.7industrial

air conditioning, A12.7area cooling, A51.12process cooling, A51.13spot cooling, A51.12

laundries, A51.13makeup air pretreatment, S40.6motors, A51.12power generation facilities, A51.13precooling, S40.6produce storage, A51.14residential, A51.9wood and paper products facilities,

A51.13cooling towers, S39.1direct, A51.1, 2; S40.1economics, A51.15entering air condition, A51.17equipment

direct, S40.1indirect, S40.2maintenance, S40.8two-stage, S40.5

exhaust requirement, A51.10heat recovery and, A51.7; S25.21; S40.4indirect, A51.1, 3; S25.21; S40.2psychrometrics, A51.1, 11, 16, 17staged

booster refrigeration, A51.8, 16two-stage (indirect/direct), A51.10, 16;

S40.5water treatment, A48.9; S40.9

Legionella pneumophila, S40.9Evaporators. (See also Coolers, liquid)

air conditioners, room, S49.2ammonia refrigeration systems

equipment, R3.2piping, R3.18

automobile air conditioning, A9.6, 11chemical industry refrigeration, R37.7flooded, F4.4halocarbon refrigeration systems, piping,

R2.28liquid overfeed systems, R1.5

Exfiltration, F27.1Exhaust

animal buildings, A22.6clean spaces, A16.14, 16engines

heat recovery, S7.35installation recommendations, S7.14

engine test facilities, A15.2industrial environments, A12.8; A30.1kitchens, A31.9, 28laboratories, A14.3, 9

stack height, A14.13photographic processing areas, A20.3stacks

buildings, A44.1design strategies, A44.1exhaust dilution prediction equations,

A44.10exhaust velocity, A44.1industrial exhaust systems, A30.7location relative to air intake, A44.2wake downwash, A44.2

vehicular facilities, enclosed, A13.35


Exhibit buildings, temporary, A4.8Exhibit cases, A21.5, 16Exhibition centers, A4.5

smoke management, A52.12Expansion joints and devices, S45.10

bends, S45.11joints

district heating and cooling, S11.18packed, S45.13packless, S45.13

loops, S45.11Expansion tanks, S11.4

hydronic systems, S14.4closed, S12.4diaphragm, S12.4expansion chamber, S12.4functions of, S12.4, 11open, S12.4sizing equations, S12.5

secondary coolant systems, R4.3solar energy systems, A33.12

Explosions. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents

Exterior insulation finishing system (EIFS), A43.4

Fairs, A4.8Family courts, A8.3. (See also Juvenile

facilities)Fan-coil units, S5.4

capacity control, S5.6maintenance, S5.6performance under varying load, S5.10types, S5.5ventilation, S5.5wiring, S5.5

Fans, S20air conditioners, room, S49.2all-air systems, S4.4, 6, 9animal environments, A22.6control, A46.7; S20.9cooling tower capacity control, A41.12; S39.8draft, S34.31duct system interface, F35.12fixed- vs. variable-speed, A41.8flow control, S20.9; S44.8furnaces, S32.2industrial exhaust systems, A30.7isolation, S20.9kitchen exhaust, A31.12laws, S20.4operating principles, S20.1parallel operation, S20.7plenum, S20.1plug, S20.1pressure relationships, S20.5

effect of duct system on, S20.6rating, S20.4selection, A47.5; S20.7ships, naval surface, A11.4sound level, A47.3; S20.8system effects, S20.7testing, S20.4types, S20.1unstable operation, A46.10variable- vs. fixed-speed, A41.8vehicular facilities, enclosed, A13.31

Farm cropsaeration, A23.4, 9; F11.11


deep bed drying, F11.10dryeration, A23.4drying, F11.8

airflow resistance, F11.9barley, F11.13combination, A23.4corn, A23.1; F11.12cotton, A23.8; F11.12deep-bed, A23.4; F11.10energy conservation, A23.3equipment, A23.2full-bin, A23.5grain, F11.12hay, A23.7; F11.11layer, A23.6peanuts, A23.8; F11.13physiological factors, F11.1rice, A23.9; F11.13seeds, F11.13shallow-layer, A23.3; F11.9soybeans, A23.7; F11.13specific, A23.7tobacco, F11.14wheat, F11.13

microbial growth, A23.1recirculation, A23.3storing, A23

carbon dioxide, F11.3fungi, F11.2

growth, F11.6grain aeration, A23.9; F11.11insects, F11.3, 8moisture content, F11.1, 5moisture migration, A23.9; F11.2oxygen, F11.3rodents, F11.8temperature, F11.3

Faults, systemfrequency and costs, A38.5reasons for detecting, A38.6

f-Chart method, sizing heating and cooling systems, A33.20

Fenestration. (See also Windows)air leakage, F31.55attachments, F31.42building envelopes, A43.6; F31.1codes, F31.64components, F31.1condensation resistance, F31.60cooling load, F30.13draperies, F31.47durability, F31.64energy flow, F31.3energy performance, annual, F31.59exterior shading, F31.44glazing (glass), F31.1infiltration, A43.6interior shading, F31.47occupant comfort, F31.62opaque elements, F31.41shading devices, F31.42solar angle, F31.15solar heat gain, A43.6; F31.13, 36standards, F31.64thermal radiation, F31.34U-factors, F31.4, 6

Fick’s law, F5.1and moisture flow, F23.7



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Filters, air, S28. (See also Air cleaners)air conditioners, room, S49.4aircraft, A10.4, 9clean spaces, A16.3, 8, 11demisters, A26.7desiccant dehumidifiers, S23.7dry, extended surface, S28.6electronic, S28.5, 7furnaces, S32.2high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters,

A26.3; S28.3, 5, 7; S29.2tests, S28.3

hospitals, A7.2industrial air-conditioning, A12.7industrial exhaust gas

fabric, S29.10granular bed, S29.14

installation, S28.9kitchens, A31.3, 9laboratories, A14.9maintenance, S28.8nuclear facilities, A26.3, 7panel, S28.6places of assembly, A4.1printing plants, A18.4renewable media, moving-curtain, S28.7residential, A1.5safety requirements, S28.12selection, S28.8ships, A11.4standards, S28.3, 5test methods, S28.2types, S28.6ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters,

S28.5, 7; S29.2viscous impingement, S28.6, 7

Filters, water, A48.7Finned-tube heat-distributing units,

S35.1, 5design, S35.3nonstandard condition corrections, S35.3rating, S35.3

Finned-tube heat transfer coils, F3.27energy recovery loops, S25.11two-phase flow in, F4.14

Fins, F3.24Fire/smoke management. See Smoke

managementFirearm laboratories, A8.6Fireplaces, S33.4

chimney design, S34.23Fire safety

clean space exhaust systems, A16.14duct design, F35.14fire and smoke dampers, A52.8industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29.29insulation fire resistance ratings, F26.5justice facilities, A8.3, 6kitchens, A31.22laboratories, A14.11nuclear facilities, A26.2penetration fire stopping, A52.1smoke management, A52.1thermal insulation, F26.4

Fish, R19fresh, R19.1frozen, R19.4thermal properties, R9.1


Fitness facilities. (See also Gymnasiums)in justice facilities, A8.5

Fittingsduct fitting database, F35.11effective length, F2.9halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.10loss coefficients, F2.8

local, F35.9pipe

sizing, F36.1, 8standards, S45.2

tees, F36.8Fixed-guideway vehicles, A9.18 (See also Mass-

transit systems)Fixture units, A49.1, 23; F36.9Flammability limits, gaseous fuels, F18.1Flash tank, steam systems, S10.14Floors

coveringspanel systems, S6.7temperature comfort, F8.15

insulation, F24.2acoustic, F23.17

moisture control, F24.10slabs, heat loss, F29.12

Flowers, cutair transport, R32.1, 3cooling, R15.11

refigerators, R47.3storage, temperatures, R11.12

Flowmeters, A37.12; F14.17bypass spring impact meters, A37.13devices, A37.12district heating and cooling systems, S11.33flow nozzles, F14.20hoods, F14.18in conduits, F2.13orifice plates, A37.12; F14.20positive-displacement meters, F14.22rotameters, F14.21turbine meters, A37.13; F14.22ultrasonic, A37.13velocity impact meters, A37.13venturi meters, A37.13; F14.20

Fluid dynamics computations, F34.1Fluid flow, F2

analysis, F2.6Bernoulli equation, F2.6

kinetic energy factor, F2.2pressure variation, F2.2

boundary layer, F2.4cavitation, F2.14choking, F2.13compressible, F2.13

expansion factor, F2.13pressure, F2.12

continuity, F2.2Darcy-Weisbach equation, F2.7devices, F2.5discharge coefficients, F2.9drag, F2.5friction factors, F2.7incompressible, F2.10laminar, F2.3measurement, A37.11, F2.10; F14.19noise, F2.14nonisothermal effects, F2.5parabolic velocity profile, Poiseuille, F2.3


patterns, F2.4pipe friction, F2.7properties, F2.1Reynolds number, Re, F2.3section change losses, F2.7sensors, F15.9separation, F2.4turbulent, F2.3two-phase

boiling, F4.1condensation, F4.8evaporation, F4.2, 4pressure drop, F4.11

unsteady, F2.11valve losses, F2.7, 9vena contracta, F2.4wall friction, F2.3

Food. (See also specific foods)codes, R46.2cooling and freezing times, R10.1

cooling, R10.1equivalent heat transfer dimensionality,

R10.4estimating algorithms, R10.5irregular shapes, R10.3slabs, cylinders, and spheres, R10.2

freezingestimating algorithms, R10.12geometric considerations

equivalent heat transfer dimensionality, R10.9

equivalent sphere diameter, R10.12

mean conducting path, R10.12phase change, R10.8Plank’s equation, R10.7precooling, R10.8subcooling, R10.8

industrial freezing methods, R16.1long-term storage, R27.7microbial growth

control, R12.3generalized, R12.1requirements, R12.2

plants, R27.3poultry products

freezing, R18.5refrigeration, R18.1

processing facilitiescontamination prevention, R12.3dairy, R20.1fruits, R27.5main dishes, R27.1meat, R17.1organism destruction, R12.4potato products, R27.5poultry, R18.1precooked foods, R27.1refrigeration systems, R27.3, 4, 6regulations and standards, R12.5sanitation, R12.4vegetables, R27.3

refrigerationdairy products, R20eggs and egg products, R21.1fishery products, R19fruits, fresh, R22; R23meat products, R17



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vegetables, R24refrigerators

commercial, R47retail food store, R46.1

walk-in, R46.12storage requirements

canned foods, R11.11citrus fruit, R23.3commodities, R11.1dried foods, R11.11fruit, R22

thermal properties, R9enthalpy, R9.7heat of respiration, R9.18, 19, 20ice fraction, R9.2surface heat transfer coefficient, R9.25thermal conductivity, R9.9, 12, 16thermal diffusivity, R9.17

transpiration coefficient, R9.19, 25water content, initial freezing point, R9.2

Food servicerefrigerators for, R47.1service water heating, A49.13, 19vending machines, R47.5

Forced-air systems, residential, A1.1multifamily, A1.5

Forensic labs, A8.5autopsy rooms, A8.5, 6critical spaces, A8.3, 6firearm labs, A8.5, 6intake air quality, A8.6

Fouling factorcondensers, water-cooled, S38.4coolers, liquid, S41.4

Foundationsinsulation, A43.2; F24.2moisture control, A43.2radon control, A43.3

Fountains, Legionella pneumophila control, A48.7

Fourier’s law, F3.1and heat transfer, F23.2

Four-pipe systems, S5.3load, S12.20room control, S5.15zoning, S5.15

Framingmaterials, F31.2solar gain, F31.37

Freeze drying, A28.6biological materials, R40.4

Freeze prevention. (See also Freeze protection systems)

condensers, evaporative, S38.15coolers, liquid, S41.5cooling tower

piping, S13.3sump water, S39.10

energy recovery equipment, S25.7hydronic systems, S12.23insulation for, F26.2pipes, F24.14solar energy systems, A33.24; S36.2, 17

Freeze protection systems, A50.17, 19Freezers

blast, R14.10; R16.1; R17.15, R47.3household, R48.1

cabinet construction, R48.3


defrosting, R48.6efficiency, R48.1refrigeration systems, R48.5testing, R48.9

industrial, R16.1walk-in, R47.3

Freezingbeverages, R10.7biomedical applications, R40.1foods

bakery products, R28.5egg products, R21.9fish, R19.5freezing time calculations, R10.7ice cream, R20.15meat products, R17.16poultry products, R18.5processed and prepared food,

R27.1industrial, R16.1soil, R36.3, 4

Friction, in fluid flowconduit, F2.7wall, F2.3

Friction losses, F35.9duct design, F35.6fittings, F36.1, 8roughness factors, F35.7valves, F36.1, 8

Fruit juice, R25Fruits

driedstorage, R29.7thermal properties, R9.1

freshair transport, R32.1apples, storage, A51.14; R22.1apricots, R22.13avocados, R23.8bananas, R23.5berries, R22.13cherries, sweet, R22.12citrus, A51.14; R23.1cooling, R15.1deciduous tree, R22desiccation, R11.1deterioration rate, R11.1display refrigerators, R46.8figs, R22.13grapes, R22.8mangoes, R23.8nectarines, R22.12peaches, R22.12pears, R22.6pineapples, R23.8plums, R22.11storage diseases, R22.1strawberries, R22.13thermal properties, R9.1vine fruits, R22.1

frozen, R27.5Fuel cells, combined heat and power (CHP),

S7.22Fuels, F18

altitude compensation, F18.3classification, F18.4combustion, F18engines, S7.10


flammability limits, F18.1gaseous, F18.4heating value, F18.3; S7.11ignition temperature, F18.2liquid, F18.5oil. See Oil, fuel

systems, S7.11solid, F18.7turbines, S7.20

Fume hoods, laboratory exhaust, A14.3Fungi, and farm crop storage, F11.6Furnaces, S32

air cleaners and filters, S32.2airflow configurations, S32.3air supply, S34.28burners, S30.1; S32.2casings, S32.1codes, S32.10commercial, S32.5

efficiency, S32.10components, S32.1controls, S32.2, 5, 9derating, S30.10duct; S32.5duct furnaces, S30.6electric, S32.4, 10fans and motors, S32.2floor furnaces; S33.2gas-fired, S32.1, 9

codes, S32.10commercial, S32.5installation, S32.10residential, S32.1standards, S32.11upflow; S32.5

humidifiers, S32.2installation, S32.10location, S32.6natural gas, S30.11; S32.1, 4, 9

draft hoods, S32.2residential, S32.1, 9

capacity ratings, S32.9combustion system, S32.4efficiency, S32.9heat exchangers, S32.1

vent dampers, S32.2, 9venting, S32.2; S34.19

oil, S32.4, 10venting, S34.21

performance criteria, S32.8propane, S32.4, 10regulating agencies, S32.11residential, A1.3; S32.1

annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE), S32.8

efficiency, S9.12floor furnaces, S33.2indoor or outdoor, S32.4performance criteria, S32.8selection, S32.6

selection, S32.6standards, S32.11stokers, S30.17thermal storage, A34.13; S50.13unducted; S32.5upflow; S32.5venting, S34.19, 21wall furnaces, S33.1



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Galleries. See Museums, galleries, archives, and libraries

Garagesautomotive repair, A13.19bus, A13.20contaminant criteria, A13.17parking, A3.10; A13.17ventilation

airflow rate, A13.17control, A13.18equipment, A13.31system configuration, A13.19

Gasescompressed, storage, A14.8drying, S23.11liquefaction, R38.6purification, R38.16, 19separation

gaseous oxygen, R38.18Gibbs phase rule, R38.16

Gas-fired equipment, S34. (See also Natural gas)

noise, F18.16Gas vents, S34.1GCHP. See Ground-coupled heat pumps

(GCHP)Generators

absorption units, R41.1, 10combined heat and power (CHP), S7.40

Geothermal energy, A32corrosion control, A32.6direct-use systems, A32.3

cooling, A32.9equipment, A32.5heating, A32.8service water heating, A32.9

district heating, A32.8geothermal fluids, A32.1

disposal, A32.4temperature, A32.1, 3

ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems, A32.10, 27; S8.4

heat exchangers, A32.6, 26heat pumps, A32.10materials performance, A32.5resources, A32.1valves, A32.7water wells

flow rate, A32.3pumps, A32.6, 25terminology, A32.24water quality testing, A32.4

Geothermal heat pumps (GHP), A32.10Glazing

angular averaging, F31.25coated, F31.22glass, F31.1planar, F31.49plastic, F31.40solar-optical properties, F31.18spectral averaging, F31.24spectral range, F31.34systems, F31.41

Global warming potential (GWP), R5.1Glycols

coolants, secondary, F21.4desiccant solution, S23.2

Graetz number, F3.14


Grain. (See also Farm crops)drying, F11.12insects, F11.3storage moisture, F11.2

Grashof number, F3.14Greenhouses. (See also Plant environments)

evaporative cooling, A51.15heating, F10.15plant environments, A22.10supplemental irradiance, F10.19

Grids, for computational fluid dynamics, F34.4Ground-coupled heat pumps (GCHP)

closed-loop ground-source, A32.10heat exchanger, S48.12

Ground-source heat pumps (GSHP), A32.1, 9Groundwater heat pumps (GWHP), A32.23GSHP. See Ground-source heat pumps

(GSHP)Guard stations, in justice facilities, A8.4GWHP. See Groundwater heat pumps

(GWHP)Gymnasiums, A4.5; A6.4HACCP. See Hazard analysis and critical

control point (HACCP)Halocarbon

coolants, secondary, F21.12refrigerant systems, R2.1

Hartford loop, S10.3Hay, drying, A23.7; F11.11Hazard analysis and critical control point

(HACCP), R12.4Hazen-Williams equation, F36.1HB. See Heat balance (HB)Health

asbestosis, F9.5coalworker’s pneumoconiosis, F9.5and insulation, F23.17in justice facilities, A8.3and moisture problems, F23.5silicosis, F9.5synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F9.5

Health care facilities, A7. (See also specific types)Heat

animal production, F10.2, 7flow rates, F30.1latent

respiratory loss, F8.4skin loss, F8.3, 10

sensiblerespiratory, F8.4skin, F8.3

space extraction rate, F30.2timers, S10.13

Heat balance (HB), S8.19air, F30.18conduction transfer function, F30.18equations, F30.19input procedure, F30.19load calculations

cooling, F30.15nonresidential, F30.1residential, F29.2

model, F30.15studies, S8.19surface, F30.15

Heat capacity, F23.1Heaters, S33

automobiles, A9.5


catalytic, S33.1control, S33.2, 4direct-contact, S14.6electric, S15.2; S33.3fireplaces, S33.4gas, S15.1; S30.6; S33.1

control valves, S33.2efficiency requirements, S33.2infrared, S15.1room, S33.1thermostats, S33.2wall furnaces, S33.1

hot-water, S27.4hydronic snow melting, A50.12infrared, S15.1; S30.6

indirect, S30.7oil-fired, S15.3radiant, A53.1, 4, 8

in-space, S33.1kerosene, S33.3oil, S15.3; S33.3radiant, S30; S33

electric, S15.2gas-fired, S15.1; S30.6, 7; S33.1infrared, S30.6oil-fired infrared, S15.3panels, S33.4quartz, S33.4

residential, S33.1room, S33.1solid fuel, S33.4standards, S33.6, 7steam, S27.4stoves, S33.5testing, S33.7unit; S27.4, S30.6

control, S27.7location, S27.6maintenance, S27.8piping, S27.7ratings, S27.6selection, S27.4sound level, S27.6types, S27.4ventilators, S27.1

water, A49Heat exchangers, S47

air-to-air energy recovery, S25.1heat pipes, S25.12rotary enthalpy wheels, S25.10thermosiphon, S25.14

animal environments, A22.4antifreeze effect on, S12.23chimneys, S34.31counterflow, F3.28; S47.1district heating and cooling, S11.28double-wall construction, S47.3effectiveness, capacity rate ratio, F3.28enhanced surfaces, F4.14fouling, S47.5furnaces, S32.1geothermal energy systems, A32.6, 26halocarbon refrigeration systems, R2.28heat transfer, S47.1installation, S47.6liquid suction, R2.28number of transfer units (NTU), F3.28parallel flow, F3.28



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plate, F3.30; R2.29; S41.2boiling in, F4.7brazed, S11.29; S47.3components, S47.4gasketed, S11.28; S47.3plate-and-frame, S11.28pressure drop in, F4.13welded, S11.29; S47.3

selection, S47.5shell-and-coil, R2.29; S11.29; S47.2shell-and-tube, R2.29; S11.29; S41.1, 2

components, S47.4converters, S47.2straight-tube, S47.2tube-in-tube, R2.29; S41.1U-tube, S47.2

solar energy, S36.14systems

solar energy, A33.12steam, S10.3water, medium- and high-temperature,

S14.8wraparound, S24.7

Heat flow, F23. (See also Heat transfer)and airflow, F23.8through flat building component, F23.4and moisture, F23.5, 8apparent conductivity, F23.14hygrothermal modeling, F23.8paths, series and parallel, F23.4terminology, F23.1variation, F23.3

Heat flux, radiant panels, S6.2Heat gain. (See also Load calculations)

appliances, F30.6calculation,

solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), F30.16

standard air values, F30.13electric motors, F30.4engine test facilities, dynamometers, A15.1fenestration, F30.13floors, F30.23hospital and laboratory equipment, F30.8humans, F30.3laboratories, A14.2latent, permeable building materials,

F30.13lighting, F30.3office equipment, F30.8radiant panels, S6.7space, F30.1

Heatingabsorption equipment, R41.1animal environments, A22.4equipment, S3.1; S48

baseboard units, S35.1boilers, S31.1convectors, S35.1finned-tube units, S35.1furnaces, S32.1radiators, S35.1

equipment, S26–S33 ; S30geothermal energy systems, A32.8greenhouses, A22.11; F10.15industrial environments, A12.6infrared, S15.1

radiant, A53.1, 8


load calculationscommercial, F30.26residential, F29.11

nonresidential, S12.16places of assembly, A4.1plant growth chambers, A22.17power plants, A25.10residential, A1.1solar energy, S36.1systems

all-air, S4.2, 5selection, S1.1, 8small forced-air, S9.1

dynamic simulation model (HOUSE), S9.12

solar energy, A33.16, 26steam, S10.1

thermal storage, A34.11; S50.11Heating load

calculations, F30.26central plant, S3.2residential calculations, F29.11

Heating values of fuels, F18.3, 6, 8Heat loss. (See also Load calculations)

basement, F29.11crawlspaces, F29.13floor slabs, F29.12latent heat loss, F29.13radiant panels, S6.7

Heat pipes, air-to-air energy recovery, S25.12Heat pumps

absorption, R41.3air-source, S48.1, 8

add-on, S48.9air-to-air, S8.4, 9air-to-water, S8.6, 9balance point, S48.9compressor selection, S48.10control, S48.10defrost cycle, S48.9installation, S48.10refrigerant circuits, S48.10selection, S48.9

boosters, A34.13; S50.13cascade systems, S8.6components, S8.6compression cycles, S8.2control, A46.16; S8.7, 8efficiency, S48.5engine-driven, S7.46ground-source

ground-coupled, A32.10, 12; S8.14; S48.12

heat transfer analysis, A32.13horizontal systems, A32.11, 18vertical systems, A32.10, 12water loop, S8.14

groundwater, A32.11, 23; S48.12surface water, A32.11, 27; S48.12terminology, A32.10

heat recovery heat pumps, S8.9design principles, S8.12waste heat recovery, S8.13

heat sources and sinks, S8.2, 4ice-source, R34.6industrial process, S8.8

closed-cycle systems, S8.9design, S8.12


heat recovery, S8.8, 9open-cycle systems, S8.11semi-open-cycle systems, S8.11

packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5

testing, S49.7residential, A1.2room, S49.1split systems, S48.1supplemental heating, S8.8through-the-wall, S2.3types, S8.4unitary, S48.1

application, S48.1certification, S48.6codes, S48.5desuperheaters, S48.4installation, S48.2space conditioning/water heating, S48.4standards, S48.5types, S48.2

water heaters, A49.3, 25water-source

certification, S48.12design, S48.12entering water temperature, S48.12groundwater, A32.11, 23; S48.12

indirect systems, A32.26surface water, A32.11, 27

closed-loop heat pumps, A32.28; S48.12

lake heat transfer, A32.27open-loop heat pumps, A32.27

testing, S48.12water loop, S8.14; S48.12water-to-air, S8.4water-to-water, S8.6

window-mounted, S2.3Heat recovery. (See also Energy recovery)

balanced heat recovery, S8.18cascade systems, S8.13coils, S26.3combined heat and power (CHP), S7.33combustion turbines, S7.37evaporative cooling, A51.7; S25.21; S40.4heat-activated chillers, S7.39heat balance, S8.19heat pumps, S8.9industrial exhaust systems, A30.7kitchen ventilation, A31.21laboratories, A14.19liquid chillers; S42.2, 12multiple buildings, S8.21reciprocating engines, S7.34retail food store refrigeration, R46.18service water heating, A49.4steam

systems, S10.3, 14turbines, S7.38

supermarkets, A2.4terminology, S8.1waste heat, S8.13water loop heat pump systems, S8.14

Heat storage. See Thermal storageHeat stress

index (HSI), A29.5; F8.20industrial environments, A29.4thermal standards, A29.4



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Heat transfer, F3; F23. (See also Heat flow)across air space, F23.3air infiltration, effect of, F23.16animal environments, F10.3antifreeze effect on water, S12.23augmentation

active, F3.20passive, F3.19

coefficients, F31.5condensation, F4.9convective, F8.7convective evaporation, F4.6evaporative, F8.8foods, R9.25Lewis relation, F8.4low-temperature, R39.9overall, F3.18pool boiling, F4.3

coilsair-cooling and dehumidifying, S22.6air-heating, S26.4

condensers, S38.2water-cooled, S38.2

conductance, F3.18conduction, F3.1, 2

shape factors, F3.2control, F23.1convection

buffer layer, F3.2coefficient, F3.2effect of, F23.16external, F3.13flow, fully developed laminar, F3.14forced, boundary layer, F3.13free, F3.2, 16internal, F3.14laminar sublayer, F3.2natural, F3.2, 16turbulent region, F3.1

definition, F23.1diffuse radiation, F3.12district heating and cooling pipes, S11.9effectiveness, F3.28extended surfaces, F3.23factor, friction, F3.14film

coefficient, F23.1resistance, F23.1, 2

fins, F3.23, 25forced convection

air coolers, F3.13solid-to-fluid, F3.2

Fourier’s law, F23.2ground, F32.7ground loops, A32.13heat exchangers, S47.1insulation, F14.31lakes, A32.27mass transfer

convection, F5.5molecular diffusion, F5.2simultaneous with, F5.9

cooling coils, F5.12number of transfer units (NTU), F3.28radiant balance, F3.12radiation

actual, gray, F3.2, 8angle factor, F3.10


Beer’s law, F3.12blackbody, F3.1, 8

spectral emissive power, F3.8coefficient, F3.18energy transfer, F3.8exchange between surfaces, F3.11gray surface, F3.8hemispherical emissivity, F3.8in gases, F3.12Kirchoff’s law, F3.9monochromatic emissive power, F3.8net, F3.8Stefan-Boltzmann

law, F3.8relation, F3.1

thermal, F3.1Wien’s displacement law, F3.8

simultaneous, F5.9snow-melting systems, A50.1

fluids, A50.10solar energy systems, A33.11steady-state, F23.2terminology, F23.1transient

cooling time estimation, F3.5cylinder, F3.5multidimensional, F3.5performance, F23.4radiation, F3.3slab, F3.5sphere, F3.5temperature distribution, F3.5

water, S12.3Heat transmission

below-grade construction, F25.13doors, F25.12floor slabs, F29.12pipes, buried, F25.14properties, F25.1slab-on-grade construction, F25.13soils, F25.13windows, F25.12

Heat traps, A49.2Helium

in air, F6.1in cryogenics, R38.1

recovery, R38.18in leak testing, R8.2; R45.4properties, F19.2; F20.58, 59; F39.1and thermal radiation, F3.12

High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, A26.3; S28.7; S29.2

High-temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, R20.2

High-temperature water (HTW) system, S12.1Homeland security. See Chemical, biological,

radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidentsHoods

draft, S32.2; S34.30gaseous contaminant control, A45.5industrial exhaust systems

capture velocities, A30.2compound hoods, A30.5design principles, A30.3entry loss, A30.3overhead hoods, A30.5sidedraft hoods, A30.5volumetric flow rate, A30.2


kitchen exhaust, A31.27ductless, A31.9recirculating systems, A31.9, 13residential, A31.27type I, A31.3type II, A31.3, 8

laboratory fume, A14.3sound control, A47.27

unidirectional, A16.8Hospitals, A7.2

air conditioning, A7.2air movement, A7.3air quality, A7.2cooling, A7.13design criteria

administration, A7.11ancillary spaces, A7.9autopsy rooms, A7.10diagnostic and treatment, A7.11infectious isolation, A7.8intensive care units, A7.8laboratories, A7.9nursery suites, A7.8nursing areas, A7.8operating rooms, A7.5

humidity, S21.2patient rooms, A7.8pharmacies, A7.10protective isolation, A7.8recovery rooms, A7.8service areas, A7.11sterilizing and supply, A7.11surgery and critical care, A7.5

energy conservation, A7.13heating and hot-water standby, A7.12indoor air quality (IAQ), A7.2infection sources and control, A7.2insulation, A7.13Legionella pneumophila, A7.2pressure relationships and ventilation, A7.4smoke control, A7.5zoning, A7.12

Hot-box method, of thermal modeling, F23.4Hotels and motels, A5

accommodations, A5.3back-of-the-house (BOTH) areas, A5.6central plant, A5.7design criteria, A5.1guest rooms, A5.3indoor air quality (IAQ), A5.6load characteristics, A5.1makeup air units, A5.7public areas, A5.6service water heating, showers, A49.12, 19sound control, A5.7systems, A5.2

Hot-gas bypass, R2.34HOUSE dynamic simulation model, S9.12Houses of worship, A4.3HSI. See Heat stress, index (HSI)HTST. See High-temperature short-time

(HTST) pasteurizationHumidification, S21

air washers, S40.7all-air systems, S4.5, 9control, A46.13, 14; S21.1design, S21.3direct evaporative cooling, A51.2



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evaporative coolers, S40.7load calculations, S21.4

Humidifiers, S21all-air systems, S4.9bacterial growth, S21.1central air systems

industrial and commercial, S21.6, 7residential, S21.5

commercial, S21.6controls, S21.7energy considerations, S21.3equipment, S21.4evaporative cooling, S21.7furnaces, S32.2industrial, S21.6Legionella pneumophila control, A48.7load calculations, S21.3nonducted, S21.5portable, S21.5residential, A1.5; S9.1; S21.5scaling, S21.4supply water, S21.4terminal, S4.17

Humiditybuilding envelope affected by, S21.2control, A46.13; F22.1; F24.4; S21.1; S23.1disease prevention and treatment, S21.1human comfort conditions, S21.1measurement, F14.10odors affected by, F13.2plant environments, F10.19sensors, F15.8sound transmission affected by, S21.2static electricity affected by, S21.2

Hydrogenliquid, R38.2properties, F19.2; F20.54; F39.1

Hydronic systems, S35. (See also Water systems)

capacity control, A46.20central multifamily, A1.5combined heat and power (CHP), S7.43heating and cooling design, S12.1heat transfer vs. flow, A37.6, 7pipe sizing, F36.6residential, A1.3snow melting, A50.10testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.6, 8units

baseboard, S35.1, 3, 5convectors, S35.1, 2, 5finned-tube, S35.1, 3, 5heaters, S27.4makeup air, S27.9pipe coils, S35.1radiant panels, S6.11; S35.6

ceiling, S6.13design, S6.11floor, S6.15wall, S6.15

radiators, S35.1, 2, 5ventilators, S27.1

water treatment, A48.10Hygrometers, F14.10, 10; F15.8Hygrothermal modeling, F23.8IAQ. See Indoor air quality (IAQ)Ice

commercial, R34.6


delivery systems, R34.5manufacture, R34.1storage, R34.4thermal storage, A34.7; R34.3; S50.7

Ice makerscommercial, R47.6heat pumps, R34.6household refrigerator, R48.3large commercial, R34.1storage, R34.4thermal storage, R34.3types, R34.1water treatment, A48.7, 9

Ice rinks, A4.5; R35conditions, R35.4dehumidifiers, S24.6energy conservation, R35.5floor design, R35.7heat loads, R35.2pebbling, R35.10refrigeration, R35.5surface building and maintenance, R35.9water quality, R35.10

ID50‚ mean infectious dose, A58.4Ignition temperatures of fuels, F18.2IGUs. See Insulating glazing units (IGUs)Indoor air quality (IAQ)

(See also Air quality)bioaerosols

health effects, F9.7particles, F9.4sampling, F9.8sources, F9.6

environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), F9.6gaseous contaminant control, A45.1hospitals, A7.2hotels and motels, A5.6infiltration, F27.9kitchens, A31.13modeling, F34.1particulate matter, F9.4polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC),

F9.6polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),

F9.6radon action levels, F9.16sensors, F15.9standards, F9.9synthetic vitreous fibers, F9.5ventilation, F27.9volatile organic compounds (VOC), F9.8

Indoor environmental health, F9. (See also Indoor air quality)

Indoor environmental modeling, F34computational fluid dynamics (CFD), F34.1contaminant transport, F34.16multizone network, F34.14verification and validation, F34.17

Inductionair-and-water systems, A37.5systems, S5.8units under varying load, S5.10

Industrial applicationsburners

gas, S30.6oil, S30.12

gas drying, S23.11heat pumps, S8.8


humidifiers, S21.6process drying, S23.11process refrigeration, R37.1

thermal storage, A34.17; S50.17service water heating, A49.23steam generators, A25.4

Industrial environments, A12; A29; A30air conditioning, A12

cooling load, A12.5design, A12.5evaporative systems, A12.7maintenance, A12.8refrigerant systems, A12.7spot cooling, A29.3, A51.12ventilation, A29.1

air distribution, A29.2air filtration systems, A12.7; S28.2; S29.1contaminant control, A12.5, 8energy conservation, A29.6energy recovery, A29.6evaporative cooling, A51.12heat control, A29.4heat exposure control, A29.5heating systems, A12.6heat stress, A29.4local exhaust systems, A29.5; A30.1

air cleaners, A30.7airflow near hood, A30.3air-moving devices, A30.7ducts, A30.5; S29.28energy recovery, A30.7exhaust stacks, A30.7fans, A30.7hoods, A30.2operation and maintenance, A30.8system testing, A30.8

process and product requirements, A12.1spot cooling, A29.3, 5thermal control, A12.4ventilation systems, A29.1

Industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29. (See also Air cleaners)

auxiliary equipment, S29.28equipment selection, S29.1gaseous contaminant control, S29.17

absorption, S29.17adsorption, S29.24, 26incineration, S29.27spray dry scrubbing, S29.18wet-packed scrubbers, S29.18, 24

gas stream, S29.2monitoring, S29.1operation and maintenance, S29.29particulate contaminant control, S29

collector performance, S29.3electrostatic precipitators, S29.8fabric filters, S29.10inertial collectors, S29.4scrubbers (wet collectors), S29.15settling chambers, S29.3

regulations, S29.1safety, S29.29scrubbers (wet collectors), S29.15

Industrial hygiene, F9.3Infiltration. (See also Air leakage)

air exchange, R13.4rate, F27.3, 10

air leakage



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air-vapor retarder, F27.14building data, F27.13controlling, F27.14

calculation, residential, F27.20climatic zones, F27.16commercial buildings, F27.23direct flow through doorways, R13.6driving mechanisms, F27.10examples, F27.21fenestration, F31.55indoor air quality (IAQ), F27.9infiltration degree-days, F27.10leakage function, F27.12measurement, F14.22refrigerated facilities, R13.4residential buildings, F27.12terminology, F27.1thermal loads, F27.9ventilation, R46.4

Infrared applicationscomfort, F8.22, 23drying, A28.3energy generators, S15.1greenhouse heating, A22.12heaters, A53.1, 4, 8; S15.1

electric, S15.2gas-fired, S15.1; S30.6industrial environments, A12.7oil-fired, S15.3system efficiency, S15.3

snow-melting systems, A50.16In-room terminal systems

changeover temperature, S5.11performance under varying load, S5.10primary air, S5.10refrigeration load, S5.11

Insects, farm crop storage, F11.8Instruments, F14. (See also specific instruments

or applications)Insulating glazing units (IGUs), F31.1Insulation, electrical, R5.8

motor, breakdown of, S44.11Insulation, thermal

airflow retarders, F23.17heating climates, F24.5mixed climates, F24.7warm/humid climates, F24.8

animal environments, A22.4apparent thermal conductivity of, F23.14below-ambient system, R33.2ceilings, A43.5clothing, F8.8compressive resistance, F26.6condensation control, F26.2and convection, effects of, F23.16corrosion under, F26.5cryogenic, R38.23ducts, F24.15, F26.11; F35.14; S18.6

flexible, F26.9process, F26.11

economic thickness, in mechanical systems, F26.1

energy conservation, F26.1fire resistance ratings, F26.5fire safety, F26.4flame spread index, F26.4floors, F24.2foundations, A43.2; F24.2


freeze protection, F26.2green buildings, F26.1heat gain, F26.13heat loss, F26.13heat transfer, F14.31hospitals, A7.13insertion loss, F26.4limited combustible, F26.5masonry construction, F24.2materials, F23.14; F26.6

cellular, F26.6fibrous, F26.6foil, scrim, and kraft paper (FSK), F26.9foil-reinforced kraft (FRK), F26.9granular, F26.6reflective, F26.6

moisture control, F24.1noise control, F23.17; F26.3noncombustible, F26.5operating temperature, F26.6performance, F24.3personnel protection, F26.2pipes, F26.9

economic thickness, S11.17hangers, F26.9underground, F24.14; F26.10; S11.8

properties, F23.14, 17reflective, F23.3refrigerant piping, R33.1

design, R33.1installation, R33.7jacketing, R33.7joint sealant, R33.4maintenance, R33.9vapor retarders, R33.4

refrigerated facilities, R13.1; R14.12roof deck construction, F24.3roofs, A43.5safety issues, F23.17smoke developed index, F26.4solar energy systems, S36.4, 12steel frame construction, F24.1, 2tanks, vessels, and equipment, F26.11thermal

bridging, F24.2conductivity, F26.6control, F24.1storage systems, water, A34.6; S50.6

types, F23.14walls, A43.4water absorption, F26.6water vapor

permeability, F26.6permeance, F26.6retarders, F23.17, 18; F26.8

weather barriers, F26.6weather protection, F26.6wood frame construction, F24.1

Integrated building design (IBD), A57.1budgeting, A57.5commissioning, A57.8communication, A57.5construction

contract administration, A57.7document phase, A57.8post-construction activities, A57.8

designbasis, A57.6


criteria, A57.6development, A57.8intent, A57.8team, A57.5, A57.7

design-phase contract, A57.1documentation, A57.7drawings, A57.7energy modeling, A57.4objectives, A57.1organization, A57.4programming, A57.4project

closeout, A57.8delivery, A57.8design, A57.6manual, A57.7predesign, A57.8

quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC), A57.5

schematic design, A57.1specifications, A57.7training, A57.5

Integrated design process (IDP), A57.1Intercoolers, ammonia refrigeration systems,

R3.3Jail cells, A8.5Jails, A8.3Joule-Thomson cycle, R38.6Judges’ chambers, A8.4Juice, R25.1Jury facilities, A8.4Justice facilities, A8

control rooms, A8.3, 4controls, A8.3courthouses, A8.4courtrooms, A8.4, 4dining halls, A8.4energy considerations, A8.2fire/smoke management, A8.3fitness, A8.5forensic labs, A8.1, 5guard stations, A8.3, 4health issues, A8.3heating and cooling plants, A8.2jail cells, A8.5jails, A8.3judges’ chambers, A8.4jury rooms, A8.4juvenile, A8.1kitchens, A8.4laundries, A8.4libraries, A8.3, 5police stations, A8.1prisons, A8.3system requirements, A8.1terminology, A8.1types, A8.1U.S. Marshals, A8.5

Juvenile facilities, A8.1. (See also Family courts)

K-12 schools, A6.3Kelvin’s formula, F23.8Kirchoff’s law, F3.9Kitchens, A31

air balancing, A31.18multiple-hood systems, A31.20

air conditioning, A3.5, 6air filtration, A31.3, 9



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controls, A31.27cooking effluent

control of, A31.9generation of, A31.1plume, A31.1thermal plume behavior, A31.2

dishwashers, piping, A49.7energy conservation

economizers, A31.21reduced airflow, A31.22residential hoods, A31.28restaurants, A31.21

exhaust hoods, A31ductless, A31.9recirculating systems, A31.9, 13residential, A31.27systems, A31.2type I, A31.3type II, A31.3, 8

exhaust systems, A31.2, 9, 28ducts, A31.12; S18.5effluent control, A31.9fans, A31.12fire safety, A31.9hoods, A31.2maintenance, A31.26multiple-hood systems, A31.20, 24residential, A31.28terminations, A31.13

fire safety, A31.22, 24fire suppression, A31.22multiple-hood systems, A31.24prevention of fire spread, A31.24protection, A31.22residential, A31.28

grease removal, A31.3, 9heat recovery, A31.21indoor air quality (IAQ), A31.13in justice facilities, A8.4integration and balancing, A31.18maintenance, A31.26makeup air systems

air distribution, A31.15maintenance, A31.26replacement, A31.13residential, A31.28

operation, A31.25residential, A31.27service water heating, A49.7ventilation, A31

Kleemenko cycle, R38.13Krypton, recovery, R38.17Laboratories, A14

air distribution, A14.9air filtration, A14.9air intakes, A14.13animal labs, A14.14

cage environment, A22.9heat and moisture production, F10.14ventilation performance, A22.9

biological safety cabinets, A14.6biosafety levels, A14.17clean benches, A14.8cleanrooms, A16.1clinical labs, A14.18commissioning, A14.19compressed gas storage, A14.8containment labs, A14.16


controls, A14.12design parameters, A14.2duct leakage rates, A14.10economics, A14.19exhaust devices, A14.8exhaust systems, A14.10fire safety, A14.11fume hoods, A14.3

controls, A14.13performance, A14.4

hazard assessment, A14.2heat recovery, A14.19hospitals, A7.9loads, A14.2nuclear facilities, A26.9paper testing labs, A24.3radiochemistry labs, A14.18safety, A14.2, 11scale-up labs, A14.17stack heights, A14.13supply air systems, A14.9system maintenance, A14.18system operation, A14.18teaching labs, A14.18types, A14.1ventilation, A14.8

Laboratory information management systems (LIMS), A8.7

Lakes, heat transfer, A32.27Laminar flow

air, A16.4fluids, F2.3

Large eddy simulation (LES), turbulence modeling, F34.3

Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA), F14.17Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV), F14.17Latent energy change materials, A34.2; S50.2Laundries

evaporative cooling, A51.13in justice facilities, A8.4service water heating, A49.21

LCCP. See Life-cycle climate performance (LCCP)

LCR. See Load collector ratio (LCR)LD50‚ mean lethal dose, A58.4LDA. See Laser Doppler anemometers (LDA)LDV. See Laser Doppler velocimeters (LDV)LE. See Life expectancy (LE) ratingLeakage, ducts, F35.14; S18.2Leakage function, relationship, F27.12Leak detection of refrigerants, F19.7; R8.2

methods, R45.4Legionella pneumophila, A48.6

air washers, S40.9control, A48.7cooling towers, S39.12, 13decorative fountains, A48.7evaporative coolers, S40.9hospitals, A7.2Legionnaires’ disease, A48.6service water systems, A49.9

Legionnaires’ disease. See Legionella pneumophila

LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES)Lewis relation, F5.8; F8.4Libraries. See Museums, galleries, archives,

and librariesLife-cycle climate performance (LCCP), R5.1


Life expectancy (LE) rating, film, A20.3Lighting

animal environments, F10.3cooling load, F30.3greenhouses, A22.14heat gain, F30.3plant environments, A22.17; F10.17return air light fixtures, F30.4sensors, F15.9

Light measurement, F14.28LIMS. See Laboratory information

management systems (LIMS)Linde cycle, R38.6Line sizing for halocarbon systems, R2.2Liquefied natural gas (LNG), S17.4

vaporization systems, S17.4Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), F18.4Liquid overfeed (recirculation) systems, R1

ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.21circulating rate, R1.3evaporators, R1.6line sizing, R1.7liquid separators, R1.7overfeed rate, R1.3pump selection, R1.5receiver sizing, R1.7recirculation, R1.1refrigerant distribution, R1.2terminology, R1.1

Lithium bromide/water, F20.1, 69Lithium chloride, S23.2Load calculations

cargo containers, R30.8coils, air-cooling and dehumidifying, S22.14computer calculation, A39.5humidification, S21.3hydronic systems, S12.2for in-room systems, S5.2nonresidential

cooling, F30.1heating, F30.26

precooling fruits and vegetables, R15.1refrigerated facilities

air exchange, R13.4direct flow through doorways, R13.6equipment, R13.6infiltration, R13.4internal heat load, R13.3product, R13.3transmission, R13.1

residentialcooling, F29.8heating, F29.11

snow-melting systems, A50.1Load collector ratio (LCR), A33.21Local exhaust. See ExhaustLoss coefficients

control valves, F2.9duct fitting database, F35.11fittings, F2.8flexible ducts, F35.12

Louvers, F31.45, F35.16Low-temperature water (LTW) system, S12.1LPG. See Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)LTW. See Low-temperature water (LTW)

systemLubricants, R7. (See also Lubrication; Oil)

additives, R7.4



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ammonia refrigeration, R3.6component characteristics, R7.3effects, R7.27evaporator return, R7.18foaming, R7.26halocarbon refrigeration

compressor floodback protection, R2.31liquid indicators, R2.32lubricant management, R2.10moisture indicators, R2.31purge units, R2.32receivers, R2.32refrigerant driers, R2.31separators, R2.30strainers, R2.31surge drums or accumulators, R2.30

mineral oilaromatics, R7.3naphthenes (cycloparaffins), R7.2nonhydrocarbons, R7.3paraffins, R7.2

miscibility, R7.13moisture content, R45.1oxidation, R7.26properties, R7.4

floc point, R7.20viscosity, R7.5

refrigerantcontamination, R6.7reactions with, R5.5solutions, R7.8

density, R7.8solubility, R7.9, 11, 13viscosity, R7.13

requirements, R7.2separators, R44.22solubility

air, R7.26hydrocarbon gages, R7.21refrigerant solutions, R7.9, 11, 13water, R7.26

stability, R7.27synthetic lubricants, R7.3testing, R7.1wax separation, R7.20

Lubricationcombustion turbines, S7.22compressors

centrifugal, S37.36reciprocating, S37.10rotary, S37.13single-screw, S37.15twin-screw, S37.22

engines, S7.12Mach number, S37.32Maintenance. (See also Operation and

maintenance)absorption units, R41.7air cleaners, S28.8air conditioners, retail store, A2.1air washers, S40.8chillers, S42.5, 12coils

air-cooling and dehumidifying, S22.15air-heating, S26.5

combined heat and power (CHP) systems, S7.17

condensers, S38


air-cooled, S38.12evaporative, S38.18water-cooled, S38.7

cooking equipment, A31.26coolers, liquid, S41.6cooling towers, S39.11costs, A36.6documentation, A38.3energy recovery equipment, S25.7, 11evaporative coolers, S40.8filters, air, S28.8gaseous air cleaners, A45.14heat pumps, unitary, S48.2industrial air-conditioning systems, A12.8infrared heaters, S15.5kitchen ventilation systems, A31.25, 28laboratory HVAC equipment, A14.18liquid chillers, S42.15makeup air units, S27.10management, A38manual, A38.3solar energy systems, A33.24terminology, A38.1turbines

combustion, S7.22steam, S7.31

unit heaters, S27.8Makeup air units, S27.8

applications, S27.8codes, S27.9commissioning, S27.9controls, A46.18; S27.9design, S27.8maintenance, S27.10selection, S27.8standards, S27.9types, S27.9

Malls, A2.6Manometers, differential pressure readout,

A37.12Manufactured homes, A1.6

airflow modeling example, F34.18Masonry, insulation, F24.2

(See also Building envelopes)Mass transfer, F5

convection, F5.4eddy diffusion, F5.8

Lewis relation, F5.8; F8.4energy recovery, air-to-air, S25.5, 7heat transfer simultaneous with, F5.9

air washers, F5.11cooling coils, F5.12cooling towers, F5.12dehumidifying coils, F5.12direct-contact equipment, F5.9enthalpy potential, F5.9

molecular diffusion, F5.1in liquids and solids, F5.4two-film theory, S29.21

simultaneous, F5.9Mass-transit systems

buses, A9.12, 13bus garages, A13.20bus terminals, A13.22diesel locomotive facilities, A13.25enclosed vehicular facilities, A13.1environmental control, A9.1fixed-guideway vehicles, A9.12


rail cars, A9.12, 16rapid transit, A9.16; A13.10stations, A13.13thermal comfort, A9.12; A13.13thermal load analysis, A9.13; A13.14tunnels

railroad, A13.14rapid transit, A13.10subway, A13.10

ventilation, A9.12; A13McLeod gages, F14.14Mean infectious dose (ID50), A58.4Mean lethal dose (LD50), A58.4Mean radiant temperature (MRT), A53.1Mean temperature difference, F3.28Measurement, F14. (See also Instruments)

air exchange rates, F27.10airflow, A37.2air infiltration, F14.22air leakage, F27.13airtightness, F14.22carbon dioxide, F14.23combustion analysis, F14.32contaminants, F14.32data acquisition, F14.32electricity, F14.24fluid flow, A37.11; F2.10; F14.19gaseous contaminants, A45.4heat transfer in insulation, F14.31humidity, F14.10light levels, F14.28moisture content, F14.30; R6.3

farm crops, F11.5refrigeration systems, R45.3

moisture transfer, F14.30odors, F13.5pressure, F14.13rotative speed, F14.26sound, F14.27temperature, F14.4thermal comfort, F14.29uncertainty analysis, A40.12; F14.3velocity, F14.15vibration, F14.27

Meat, R17display refrigerators, R46.7food processing, R17.1frozen, R17.16packaged fresh cuts, R17.11processing facilities

boxed beef, R17.7carcass coolers

beef, R17.2calves, R17.10hogs, R17.8lamb, R17.10

energy conservation, R17.17pork trimmings, R17.10processed meats

bacon slicing rooms, R17.13freezing, R17.15lard chilling, R17.14sausage dry rooms, R17.13smokehouses, R17.12

sanitation, R17.1shipping docks, R17.17variety meats, R17.10

retail storage, R46.12



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thermal properties, R9.1Mechanical traps, steam systems, S10.8Medium-temperature water (MTW) system,

S12.1Meshes, for computational fluid dynamics, F34.4

refining, F34.11Metabolic rate, F8.6Metals and alloys, low-temperature, R39.6Microbial growth, R12.4Microbiology of foods, R12.1Mines, A27

heat sources, A27.2mechanical refrigeration plants, A27.9spot coolers, A27.10ventilation, A27.1wall rock heat flow, A27.2

Modeling. (See also Data-driven modeling; Energy modeling)

airflow, A16.4around buildings, F16.10in buildings, F34.1

contaminant transport, F34.16multizone, F34.1, 14pollutant transport, F34.1, 18turbulence, F34.3

boilers, F32.14compressor, F32.15condenser and evaporator, F32.15controls, F32.23cooling tower, F32.17moisture in buildings, F23.8scale simulation and testing, A44.10small forced-air heating systems, S9.12systems, F32.17thermal (hot-box method), F23.4validation, F32.31

Moist air, F6psychrometrics, F6.1thermal conductivity, F6.19thermodynamic properties

standard pressure, F6.14temperature scale, F6.2

transport properties, F6.19viscosity, F6.19

Moistureanimal production, F10.8, 14in attics, F24.5in building materials, F23.6in buildings

animal facilities, A22.2commercial and institutional, F24.12condensation prevention; F24.4envelope component intersections, F24.11humidity control, F24.4

capacity, F23.2in cathedral ceilings, F24.5in ceilings, A43.6combustion, F18.11condensation, S21.2content, F23.2control, F23

heating climates, F24.4, 6mixed climates, F24.7options, F24.4terminology, F23.1warm/humid climates, F24.8

diffusivity, F14.31farm crops content, A23.1; F11.1, 5, 6


flowand airflow, F23.8and heat flow, F23.5, 8isothermal, F23.8mechanisms, F23.7modeling, F23.8nonisothermal, F23.8

in foundations, A43.2; F24.10and heat storage, F23.6hygrothermal modeling, F23.8in insulation, F24.1

for refrigeration piping, R33measurement, F14.30in membrane roofs, F24.9migration, F24.4paint, effects on, F23.5permeability, F14.30permeance, F14.30problems, in buildings, F23.5ratio, F23.2in refrigerant systems

control, R6.1desiccants, R6.3driers, R6.6drying methods, R6.2effects, R6.1factory dehydration, R45.1hydrocarbon gages solubility, R7.21indicators, R6.3lubricant solubility, R7.26measurement, R6.3; R45.3solubility, R6.1sources, R6.1; R45.1

in roofs, A43.6sorption isotherms, F14.30in walls, A43.4water vapor retarders, F23.18; F27.14

heating climates, F24.5mixed climates, F24.7warm/humid climates, F24.8

in windows, A43.7Mold, F23.5Montreal Protocol, F19.1Motors, S44

air volume control, S44.8codes, S44.2compressors, S37.6controls, S44.6current imbalance, S44.2efficiency, S44.2evaporative cooling, A51.12field assembly and refrigerant contamination,

R6.8furnaces, residential, S32.2general purpose, S44.4harmonics, S44.12hermetic, S44.4

burnout, R6.8impedance, S44.10induction, S44.4integral thermal protection, S44.5inverter duty, S44.10noise, S44.11power factor correction capacitors, S44.13power supply (ac), S44.1protection, S44.5pumps, centrifugal, S43.7, 11, 13service factor, S44.4


standards, S44.2starting, and electricity, S44.7switching times, S44.10torque, S44.4in variable-speed drives, S44.10voltage imbalance, S44.1

Movie theaters, A4.3MRT. See Mean radiant temperature (MRT)Multifamily residences, A1.5Multiple-use complexes

air conditioning, A5.8design criteria, A5.1load characteristics, A5.1systems, A5.1, 2

energy inefficient, A5.2total energy, A5.2

Multisplit, S48.1Multizone airflow modeling, F34.14

applications example, F34.18approaches, F34.16verification and validation, F34.17

Museums, galleries, archives, and librariesair distribution, A21.18air filtration, A21.18artifact deterioration, A21.4building construction, A21.12dehumidification, A21.17, 19exhibit cases, A21.5humidification, A21.17mold growth, A21.4outside air, A21.17relative humidity, effect on artifacts,

A21.4system selection, A21.14temperature, effect on artifacts, A21.3

Mycotoxins, F11.6Naphthenes, R7.2Natatoriums. (See also Swimming pools)

air conditioning, A4.6dehumidifiers, S24.4duct design, A4.7envelope design, A4.7load estimation, A4.6pool water chemistry, A4.7ventilation requirements, A4.6

Natural gas, F18.4liquefaction, R38.8liquefied, R38.3pipe sizing, F36.21processing, R38.18separation, R38.18

Navier-Stokes equations, F34.1Reynolds-averaged, F34.3

NC curves. See Noise criterion (NC) curvesNet positive suction, S43.9Net positive suction head (NPSH), A32.6, 24;

A34.6; R3.3Net positive suction pressure (NPSP), A32.6,

24; A34.6; R3.3Nightclubs, A3.6Night setback

furnaces, residential, S9.15, 16recovery, A41.27

Nitrogenliquid, R38.3properties, F19.2, 4; F20.60; F39.1recovery, R38.17

Noise, F7.14. (See also Sound)



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air conditioners, room, S49.4combustion, F18.16compressors

centrifugal, S37.5, 23, 34scroll, S37.26single-screw, S37.18

condensing units, R46.18control, with insulation, F26.3controls, A16.17engine test facilities, A15.4fans, S20.8fluid flow, F2.14health effects, F9.15valves, S46.2water pipes, F36.5

Noise criterion (NC) curves, A47.31; F7.16balanced (NCB), A47.32

Noncondensable gasescondensers, water-cooled, S38.6refrigerant contamination, R6.7

Nonhydrocarbons, R7.2NPSH. See Net positive suction head (NPSH)NPSP. See Net positive suction pressure

(NPSP)NTU. See Number of transfer units (NTU)Nuclear facilities, A26

air filtration, A26.3, 7basic technology, A26.1codes, A26.10criticality, A26.1decommissioning, A26.10Department of Energy facilities requirements

confinement systems, A26.4ventilation, A26.4

fire protection, A26.2HVAC design considerations, A26.1Nuclear Regulatory Commission

requirementsboiling water reactors, A26.7laboratories, A26.9medical and research reactors, A26.9other buildings and rooms, A26.8power plants, A26.5pressurized water reactors, A26.7

radioactive waste facilities, A26.10safety design, A26.1standards, A26.10tornado and wind protection, A26.2

Number of transfer units (NTU)cooling towers, S39.16heat transfer, F3.28

Nursing facilities, A7.14service water heating, A49.13

Nusselt number, F3.14Nuts, storage, R29.7Odors, F13

analytical measurement, F13.5control of, in industrial exhaust gas cleaning,

S29.26, 27factors affecting, F13.2, 5odor units, F13.5olf unit, F13.6sense of smell, F13.1sensory measurement, F13.2

acceptability, F13.5sources, F13.1suprathreshold intensity, F13.3threshold, F13.1


ODP. See Ozone depletion potential (ODP)Office buildings

air conditioning, A3.6space requirements, A3.7

service water heating, A49.13, 16Oil, fuel, F18.5

characteristics, F18.5distillate oils, F18.5handling, S30.15heating value, F18.6pipe sizing, F36.19preparation, S30.16residual oils, F18.5storage buildings, A25.9storage tanks, S30.14sulfur content, F18.6viscosity, F18.5

Oil. (See also Lubricants)in refrigerant systems, R7.2in two-phase flow, F4.11

Olf unit, F13.6One-pipe systems

chilled-water, S12.19steam convection heating, S10.11; 1993

Fundamentals, Chapter 33, pp. 18-19 (See explanation on first page of index.)

Operating costs, A36.4Operation and maintenance, A38. (See also

Maintenance)compressors, S37.36condition monitoring, A38.5desiccant dehumidifiers, S23.7documentation, A38.3industrial exhaust systems, A30.8

exhaust gas cleaning equipment, S29.29

laboratory HVAC equipment, A14.18management

condition monitoring, A38.5results-oriented maintenance, A38.2system complexity, A38.4

manuals, A38.3new technology, A38.7responsibilities, A38.6

Outlets, air diffusionlocation, F33.15performance, F33.9selection, F33.15

Outpatient health care facilities, A7.13Outside air, free cooling

cooling towers, S39.9liquid chillers, S42.12

Outside air fraction, F27.8Owning costs, A36.1Oxygen

in aircraft cabins, A10.9liquid, R38.3properties, F19.2, 4, F20.64; F39.1recovery, R38.17

Ozoneabsorption bands, F31.15activated carbon air cleaner, A45.12in aircraft cabins

catalytic converters, A10.7, 8limits, A10.1

electronic air filters, S28.8Ozone depletion potential (ODP), R5.1


PAC. See Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC)

Packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.5

residential, A1.6Packaged terminal heat pumps (PTHPs), S49.5

residential, A1.6PAH. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAH)Paint, and moisture problems, F23.5Panel heating and cooling, S6. (See also

Radiant heating and cooling)advantages, S6.1air-heated/cooled panels, S6.19capillary tube mats, S6.7control, S6.19cooling, S6.1design, S6.6

calculations, S6.8disadvantages, S6.2electric heating systems, S6.16

ceiling, S6.16floor, S6.18wall, S6.18

heat fluxcombined, S6.5natural convection, S6.3thermal radiation, S6.2

heating, S6.1hybrid HVAC, S6.1hydronic systems, S6.11

ceiling, S6.13design considerations, S6.11distribution and layout, S6.14floor, S6.15wall, S6.15

Papermoisture content, A18.2photographic, A20.1

storage, A20.3Paper products facilities, A24

air conditioning, A24.2conduction drying, A28.3control rooms, A24.3evaporative cooling, A51.13finishing area, A24.3machine area, A24.2system selection, A24.4testing laboratories, A24.3

Paraffins, R7.2Parallel compressor systems, R46.14Particulate matter, indoor air quality (IAQ),

F9.4, 5Pasteurization, R20.2

beverages, R26.6dairy products, R20.2eggs, R21.4, 10juices, R25.4, 7

Peanuts, drying, A23.8; F11.13Peclet number, F3.14PEL. See Permissible exposure limits (PEL)Performance contracting, A40.2Permafrost stabilization, R36.4Permeability

air, F23.2clothing, F8.8vapor, F14.30water vapor, F23.2



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Permeanceair, F23.2thickness, F14.30water vapor, F23.2

Permissible exposure limits (PEL), F9.5Pharmaceutical manufacturing cleanrooms,

A16.6Phase-change materials, thermal storage of,

A34.11, 21; S50.11, 21Photographic materials, A20

processing and printing requirements, A20.1storage, A20.1, 3

unprocessed materials, A20.1Photovoltaic (PV) systems, S36.18

(See also Solar energy)Physical properties of materials, F39

boiling points, F39.1, 2density

liquids, F39.2solids, F39.3vapors, F39.1

emissivity of solids, F39.3freezing points, F39.2heat of fusion, F39.2heat of vaporization, F39.2solids, F39.3specific heat

liquids, F39.2solids, F39.3vapors, F39.1, 2

thermal conductivitysolids, F39.3vapors, F39.1

viscosityliquids, F39.2vapors, F39.1

Physiological principles, humans. (See also Comfort)

adaptation, F8.15age, F8.15body surface area (DuBois), F8.3clothing, F8.8cooling load, F30.3DuBois equation, F8.3energy balance, F8.2heat stress, F8.20, 24heat transfer coefficients

convective, F8.7evaporative, F8.8Lewis relation, F8.4radiative, F8.7

hypothalamus, F8.1hypothermia, F8.1latent heat loss, F8.3, 10mechanical efficiency, F8.6metabolic rate, F8.6respiratory heat loss, F8.4seasonal rhythms, F8.16sensible heat loss, F8.3sex, F8.16skin heat loss, F8.3, 5skin wettedness, F8.20thermal exchanges, F8.2thermoregulation, F8.1vasodilation, F8.1

Pigs. See SwinePipes, S45. (See also Piping)

buried, F25.14


heat transfer analysis, S11.11codes, S45.6cold springing, S11.18; S45.12computer analysis, A39.7copper tube, S45.1expansion, S11.18expansion bends, S45.11expansion joints, S45.12expansion loops, S45.10, 11fluid flow, F2.1freeze prevention, F24.14heat transfer analysis, S11.9insulation, F24.13; F26.9

hangers, F26.9installation, F26.9underground, F26.10

iron, S45.2joining methods, S45.2plastic, F36.10; S45.7, 8selection, S45.6sizing, F36

ammonia systems capacity tables, R3.8, 9fittings, F36.1, 8fuel oil, F36.19gas, F36.19hydronic systems, F36.6; S12.23

air separation, F36.6insulation and vapor retarders, R3.10isolated line sections, R3.10pressure drop equations, F36.1refrigerant

halocarbon systems, R2.2retail food store refrigeration, R46.13

service water, F36.9cold water sizing procedure, F36.11

steam, F36.12condensate return, F36.14high-pressure, F36.14low-pressure, F36.13two-pipe systems, F36.14

valves, F36.1, 8; R3.8water

fixture units, F36.9flow rate limitations, F36.5

aging allowances, F36.6erosion, F36.6noise, F36.5water hammer, F36.6

standards, fittings, S45.2steel, S45.1stress calculations, S45.7supporting elements, S11.18; S45.8underground, F24.14

Piping. (See also Pipes)boilers, S10.3capacity tables, R2.10–15codes, S45.6cooling towers, S13.2; S39.8district heating and cooling

distribution system, S11.6heat transfer, S11.9insulation thickness, S11.17

geothermal energy systems, A32.7heat-carrying capacity, S12.3hydronic snow melting, A50.11insulation, R33.1radiant panels, hydronic, S6.14refrigerant


ammonia systems, R3.1below-ambient, R33.1carbon dioxide systems, R3.26halocarbon systems, R2.1insulation, R33.1jacketing, R33.7pipe preparation, R33.2supports and hangers, R33.8vapor retarders, R33.4

service hot water, A49.4solar energy, A33.12; S36.3

soundcontrol, A47.44transmission, A37.24

standards, S11.19; S45.6system identification, F37.10systems

ammonia refrigeration, R3.7compressor piping, R3.10, 12condenser and receiver piping, R3.14evaporator piping, R3.18

carbon dioxide refrigeration, R3.26halocarbon refrigeration

capacity tables, R2.3–9, 11–15compressor, R2.24defrost gas supply lines, R2.21discharge lines, R2.19double hot-gas risers, R2.19draining prevention, R2.19evaporator, R2.28gas velocity, R2.1hot-gas

(discharge) mufflers, R2.20bypass, R2.34

insulation, R2.5liquid cooler, flooded, R2.25location and arrangement, R2.5minimum gas velocities, R2.19oil transport up risers, R2.19pressure drop, R2.2refrigerant feed devices, R2.26single riser and oil separator, R2.19vibration and noise, R2.5

solar energy, A33.12; S36.5, 7steam, S10.3, 5water, S14.7

circuits, S12.11distribution, S12.6

unit heaters, S27.7vibration control, A47.44vibration transmission, A37.24

Pitot tube, A37.2; F14.17Places of assembly, A4

air conditioning, A4.2air distribution, A4.2air filtration, A4.1air stratification, A4.2arenas, A4.4atriums, A4.8auditoriums, A4.3concert halls, A4.4convention centers, A4.5exhibition centers, A4.5fairs, A4.8gymnasiums, A4.5houses of worship, A4.3lighting loads, A4.1mechanical equipment rooms, A4.3



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movie theaters, A4.3natatoriums, A4.6playhouses, A4.3precooling, A4.2sound control, A4.1space conditions, A4.1stadiums, A4.4temporary exhibit buildings, A4.8vibration control, A4.1

Planes. See AircraftPlank’s equation, R10.7Plant environments, A22.10; F10.15

air, F10.20controlled-environment rooms, A22.16design, A22.10energy balance, F10.15greenhouses, A22.10

carbon dioxide enrichment, A22.14cooling, A22.12energy conservation, A22.15evaporative cooling, A22.13heating, A22.11; F10.15heat loss calculation, A22.11humidity control, A22.14photoperiod control, A22.14shading, A22.13site selection, A22.10supplemental irradiance, A22.14; F10.19ventilation, A22.12

humidity, F10.19lighting, F10.17other facilities, A22.21photoperiod control, A22.14; F10.19phytotrons, A22.18plant growth chambers, A22.16supplemental irradiance, A22.14; F10.18temperature, F10.15

Plate heat exchangers (PHEs), S11.28Plenums

construction, S18.4mixing, S4.7sound attenuation, A47.12stratification in, A37.2

PMV. See Predicted mean vote (PMV)Police stations, A8.1Pollutant transport modeling. See

Contaminants, indoor, concentration prediction

Pollution, air, and combustion, F18.6, 13Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC), F9.6Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), F9.6Polydimethylsiloxane, F21.12Ponds, spray, S39.5Pope cell, F14.12Positive positioners, F15.7Potatoes

processed, R27.5storage, A51.14

Poultry. (See also Animal environments; Chickens; Turkeys)

chilling, R18.1decontamination, R18.4freezing, R18.5packaging, R18.7processing, R18.1, 4processing plant sanitation, R18.9recommended environment, A22.8refrigeration, retail, R18.10


storage, R18.10tenderness control, R18.9thawing, R18.11

Power-law airflow model, F34.14Power plants, A25

buildingsoil pump, A25.9oil storage, A25.9steam generator, A25.4turbine generator, A25.7

coal-handling facilities, A25.6, 9combined heat and power (CHP), S7.1combustion turbine areas, A25.8control center, A25.9cooling, A25.10design criteria, A25.1evaporative cooling, A51.13fuel cells, S7.22heating, A25.10turbines

combustion, S7.18steam, S7.25

ventilation, A25.3rates, A25.2

PPD. See Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD)Prandtl number, F3.14Precooling

buildings, A41.28flowers, cut, R15.11fruits and vegetables, load calculation, R15.1indirect evaporative, A51.3places of assembly, A4.2

Predicted mean vote (PMV), F14.30comfort, F8.17

Predicted percent dissatisfied (PPD), F8.17Preschools, A6.1Pressure

absolute, F14.13aircraft cabins, A10.2, 4, 6, 8clean spaces, A16.15differential, F14.13

conversion to head, A37.12hospitals, A7.3, 4readout, A37.12

dynamic, F14.13gage, F14.13measurement, A37.2; F14.13sensors, F15.9smoke control, A52.5, 9

stairwells, A52.9, 10static control, A46.8; F14.13steam systems, S10.4units, F14.13vacuum, F14.13

Pressure drop. (See also Darcy-Weisbach equation)

correlations, F4.11in plate heat exchangers, F4.13pipe sizing, F36.1two-phase fluid flow, F4.11

Pressure losses, district heating and cooling, S11.7

Primary-air systems, S5.10Printing plants, A18

air conditioning, A18.1air filtration, A18.4binding areas, A18.4collotype printing rooms, A18.4


letterpress areas, A18.2lithographic pressrooms, A18.3paper moisture content control, A18.2platemaking rooms, A18.2relief printing areas, A18.2rotogravure pressrooms, A18.4salvage systems, A18.4shipping areas, A18.4

ink drying, A28.3Prisons, A8.3Produce

desiccation, R11.1deterioration rate, R11.1display refrigerators, R46.8

Propanecommercial, F18.4furnaces, residential, S32.10properties, F19.2, 4; F20.44; F39.1

Propylene glycolcoolants, secondary, F21.4hydronic systems, S12.23

Psychrometers, F6.13Psychrometrics, F6

air composition, F6.1air handlers, S4.4chart, F6.15

adiabatic mixing, F6.13of water, F6.17

heat absorption and moisture gain, F6.18

moist air, cooling and heating, F6.16thermodynamic properties, F6.14

evaporative cooling systems, A51.1, 11, 16, 17

humidity parameters, F6.2industrial drying, A28.1moist air

standard atmosphere, U.S., F6.1thermal conductivity, F6.19thermodynamic properties, F6.2, 14transport properties, F6.19viscosity, F6.19

perfect gas equations, F6.12water at saturation, thermodynamic

properties, F6.2PTACs. See Packaged terminal air

conditioners (PTACs)PTHPs. See Packaged terminal heat pumps

(PTHPs)Public buildings. See Commercial and public

buildingsPulldown load, R46.5Pumps

centrifugal, S43affinity laws, S43.7antifreeze effect on, S12.24arrangement, S43.10

compound, S12.8pumping

distributed, S43.12parallel, S12.7; S43.10primary-secondary, S12.8; S43.11series, S12.7; S43.11variable-speed, S43.12

standby pump, S12.8; S43.11two-speed motors, S43.11

casing, S43.2cavitation, S43.8



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commissioning, S43.13construction, S43.1efficiency, best efficiency point (BEP),

S43.6energy conservation, S43.13impellers

operation, S43.2trimming, S43.5, 7, 8

installation, S43.13mixing, S12.8motors, S43.13operation, S43.2, 13performance

net positive suction, S43.8operating point, S43.5pump curves, S12.6; S43.3, 5

power, S43.6radial thrust, S43.8selection, S43.9types, S43.2variable-speed, S12.8

chilled-water, A41.2, 6, 16, 17sequencing, A41.16, 20

condenser water, A41.6as fluid flow indicators, A37.13geothermal wells, A32.25

lineshaft, A32.6submersible, A32.6

hydronic snow melting, A50.13liquid overfeed systems, R1.5solar energy systems, A33.12systems, water, S12.6; S14.6variable-speed, A41.8, 17

Purge units, centrifugal chillers, S42.11Radiant heating and cooling, A53; S6.1; S15;

S33.4. (See also Panel heating and cooling)applications, A53.8asymmetry, A53.5beam heating design, A53.4; S15.5control, A46.4design, A53.2, 3direct infrared, A53.1, 4, 8equations, A53.2floor reradiation, A53.5infrared, A53.1, 4, 8; S15

beam heater design, S15.5control, S15.4efficiency, S15.3electric, S15.2energy conservation, S15.1gas-fired, S15.1indirect, S15.2maintenance, S15.5oil-fired, S15.3precautions, S15.4reflectors, S15.4

installation, A53.8intensity, S15.1panels, A53.1, 8; S33.4; S35.6

applications, A53.8control, A46.4cooling, A53.1heating, S33.4hydronic systems, S35.6

radiation patterns, A53.5snow-melting systems, A50.16terminology

adjusted dry-bulb temperature, A53.1


ambient temperature, A53.1angle factor, S15.5effective radiant flux (ERF), A53.2; S15.5fixture efficiency, S15.4mean radiant temperature (MRT), A53.1;

S6.1operative temperature, A53.1pattern efficiency, S15.4radiant flux distribution, S15.6radiation-generating ratio, S15.4

test instruments, A53.7total space heating, A53.6

Radiant time series (RTS), F30.20load calculations, nonresidential, F30.1

Radiationatmospheric, A33.5diffuse, F31.16, 37electromagnetic, F9.15ground-reflected, F31.16optical waves, F9.16radiant balance, F3.12radio waves, F9.17solar, A33.3thermal, F3.1, 8; S6.1

angle factors, F3.10blackbody, F3.1, 8

spectral emissive power, F3.8display cases, R46.4energy transfer, F3.8exchange between surfaces, F3.11in gases, F3.12gray, F3.2, 8heat transfer, F3.1infrared, F31.17Kirchoff’s law, F3.9monochromatic emissive power, F3.8nonblack, F3.8transient, F3.3

Radiators, S35.1, 5design, S35.3nonstandard condition corrections, S35.3types, S35.1

Radioactive gases, contaminants, F12.18Radiometers, A53.7Radio stations, A3.8Radon, F9.9, 11, 16

control, A43.3; A45.12; F27.18indoor concentrations, F12.16

Rail carsair conditioning, A9.15air distribution, A9.17heaters, A9.17vehicle types, A9.15

Railroad tunnels, ventilationdesign, A13.15diesel locomotive facilities, A13.25equipment, A13.31locomotive cooling requirements, A13.15tunnel aerodynamics, A13.16tunnel purge, A13.16

RANS. See Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation

Rapid-transit systems. See Mass-transit systems

Rayleigh number, F3.14RC curves. See Room criterion (RC) curvesReceivers

ammonia refrigeration systems


high-pressure, R3.3piping, R3.14through-type, R3.15

halocarbon refrigerant, R2.21liquid overfeed systems, R1.7

Recycling refrigerants, R8.3Reflectors, S15.4Refrigerant/absorbent pairs, F1.15Refrigerant-control devices, R44

air conditioners, S48.6; S49.2automobile air conditioners, A9.8capillary tubes, R44.23coolers, liquid, S41.5heat pumps

system, S8.7unitary, S48.10

lubricant separators, R44.22pressure transducers, R44.4sensors, R44.4short tube restrictors, R44.30switches

differential control, R44.2float, R44.3pressure control, R44.1

valves, controlcheck, R44.20condenser pressure regulators, R44.14condensing water regulators

operation, R44.20year-round, R44.19

expansionconstant pressure, R44.11, 13electric, R44.10thermostatic, R44.5

float, R44.16pressure relief devices, R44.21solenoid, R44.17suction pressure regulators, R44.14

Refrigerants, F19absorption solutions, F20.1, 69ammonia, F20.1, 34–35; R5.3

chemical reactions, R5.5refrigeration system practices, R3.1

ammonia/water, F20.1, 69analysis, R5.4automobile air conditioners, A9.11azeotropic, F1.6bakeries, R28.7carbon dioxide, F20.1, 38–39

refrigeration system practices, R3.26cascade refrigeration systems, R39.3CFC conversion, R7.27compatibility with other materials, R5.8

database, R5.11elastomers, R5.10electrical insulation, R5.8plastics, R5.10

compositional groups, R5.1ammonia, R5.3chlorofluorocarbons, R5.1fluoroethanes, R5.3fluoroethers, R5.3fluoromethanes, R5.3fluoropropanes, R5.3hydrocarbons, R5.3hydrochlorofluorocarbons, R5.1hydrofluorocarbons, R5.3

computer analysis, A39.12



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contaminants in, R6generation by high temperature, R5.8

cryogenic fluids, F20.1, 54–67electrical properties, F19.5, 6emissions, R8.1environmental acceptability, R5.1halocarbons, F20.1; R5.3

azeotropic blends, F20.1, 33ethane series, F20.1, 10–21flow rate, R2.1hydrolysis, R5.5methane series, F20.1, 2–3propane series, F20.1, 25refrigeration system practices, R2.1thermal stability, R5.4zeotropic blends, F20.1, 26–31

hydrocarbons, F20.1; R5.3ethane, F20.1, 42–43ethylene, F20.50–51isobutane, F20.48–49methane, F20.1, 40–41n-butane, F20.1, 46–47propane, F20.1, 44–45propylene, F20.1, 52–53

leak detection, F19.7, R8.2; R45.4lines

oil management, R2.10sizing, R2.2

lithium bromide/water, F20.1, 69lubricant solutions, R7.8moisture in, R6.1performance, F19.6phaseout, F19.1

costs, A36.8piping, R2.1

design, R33.1insulation, R33.1

pressure dropdischarge lines, R2.5liquid lines, R2.2suction lines, R2.4

properties, F19.1, 4; R5.1, 4rail car air conditioning, A9.15reclamation, R8.3

removing contaminants, R8.2recovery, R8.2recycling, R8.3safety, F19.7

classifications, F19.2sound velocity, F19.5systems

chemistry, R5.1lubricants, R7.1

thermodynamic propertiespressure-enthalpy diagrams, F20.1saturated liquid and vapor data, F20.1tabular data, F20.1

thermophysical properties, R3.26transport properties, F20.1water/steam, F20.1, 36–37zeotropic, F1.6, 9

Refrigerant transfer units (RTU), liquid chillers, S42.12

Refrigerated facilities, R14air

circulation, R11.10purification, R11.10

automated, R14.4, 15


construction, R14.4controlled-atmosphere storage, R14.3controls, R11.10design

building configuration, R14.1initial building considerations, R14.1location, R14.1shipping and receiving docks, R14.3single-story structures, R14.2specialized storage facilities, R14.3stacking arrangement, R14.2utility space, R14.3

freezers, R14.10insulation, R14.12load calculations, R13.1refrigerated rooms, R14.4refrigeration systems

condensate drains, R14.9defrosting, R14.9fan-coil units, R14.8multiple installations, R14.10unitary, R14.7valves, R14.9

sanitation, R11.10temperature pulldown, R14.15vapor retarders, R14.5, 12

Refrigeration, F1.1. (See also Absorption)absorption cycle, F1.13air coolers, forced-circulation, R42.1air transport, R32.3, 4ammonia systems, R3

compressorscooling, R3.11, 12piping, R3.10, 12types, R3.2

controls, R3.6converting systems, R3.21equipment, R3.2evaporative condensers, R3.15liquid recirculation (overfeed), R3.21, 22lubricant management, R3.6multistage systems, R3.20piping, R3.7safety, R3.25system selection, R3.1two-stage screw compressor, R3.20valves, R3.8vessels, R3.3

autocascade systems, R39.1azeotropic mixture, F1.6beverage plants, R26.11biomedical applications, R40.1breweries, R26.3carbon dioxide systems, R3.26cascade systems

compressors, R39.5refrigerants, R39.4

chemical industry, R37.1, 2, 5coefficient of performance (COP), F1.3, 13compression cycles

Carnot cycle, F1.6, 7Lorenz cycle, F1.9multistage, F1.10zeotropic mixture, F1.9

concrete, R36.1condensers, cascade, R43.1food

eggs and egg products, R21.1


fish, R19.1vegetables, R24.1

food processing facilities, R27.1banana ripening rooms, R23.5control of microorganisms, R12.3meat plants, R17.1

food service equipment, R47fruits, fresh, R22.1; R23halocarbon systems, R2

accessories, R2.28heat exchangers, R2.28lubricant management, R2.10piping, R2.2refrigerant receivers, R2.23subcoolers, R2.29valves, R2.10

heat reclaim, service water heating, A49.4, 25ice rinks, R35.1insulation, R33.1liquid overfeed systems, R1.1loads, R13.1; R27.3low-temperature

autocascade systems, R39.1cascade systems, R39.3heat transfer, R39.9material selection, R39.6secondary coolants, R39.11single-refrigerant systems, R39.2

lubricant coolers, R43.2marine, R31

fishing vessels, R31.7ships’ stores, R31.4

refrigerated-facility design, R14.1retail food store systems, R46.12secondary coolant systems, R4.1

applications, R4.5coolant selection, R4.1design

control valves, R4.2expansion tanks, R4.3, 5piping, R4.2pulldown time, R4.4storage tanks, R4.2system costs, R4.5

soils, subsurface, R36.3, 4systems

charging, factory, R45.4chemical reactions, R5.4component balancing, R43.1contaminant control, R6

of moisture, R6.1retrofitting, during, R6.9

copper plating, R5.7dehydration, factory, R45.1design balance points, R43.2energy and mass balance, R43.3evaluating system chemistry, R5.10moisture in, R45.1performance, R43.4reactions, R5.7testing, factory, R45.4

ultralow-temperature, R39.1wineries, R26.8

Refrigeration load, R13. (See also Load calculations)

calculations, air-and-water systems, S5.11Refrigeration oils, R7. (See also Lubricants)Refrigerators



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commercialblast, R47.3energy efficiency, R47.7freezers, R47.3temperatures, R47.2types, R47.1

cryocoolers, R38.11food service, R47.1household

absorption cycle, R41.8cabinet construction, R48.3defrosting, R48.6design and construction, R48.1efficiency, R48.1ice makers, R48.3refrigeration systems, R48.5testing, R48.9

mortuary, R47.3retail food store

display, A2.3; R46.1storage, R46.11

walk-in, R47.3Regulators. (See also Valves)

condenser pressure, R44.14condensing water, R44.19draft, S34.30pressure, steam, S10.9suction pressure, R44.14

Residential systems, A1air cleaners, S28.9air leakage, F27.13

calculation, F27.21climatic infiltration zones, F27.16dehumidifiers, A1.5duct construction, S18.2equipment sizing, A1.2forced-air systems

air outlets and returns, S9.3selection, S9.10

controls, S9.3design, S9.1, 3distribution design, S9.7ducts, S9.6

efficiency testing, S9.11furnace, S32.1heating performance

climate effect, S9.15dynamic simulation model (HOUSE),

S9.12factors, S9.12night setback effect, S9.15, 16

zone control, S9.9furnaces, S32.1gas burners, S30.5heating and cooling systems, A1.1humidifiers, S9.1; S21.5kitchen ventilation, A31.27load calculations, F29.1oil burners, S30.11ventilation, F27.15water heating, A49.11

Resistance, thermal, F3.2, 26; F23. (See also R-values)

calculation, F3.2contact, F3.26of flat assembly, F23.2of flat building components, F23.2overall, F3.18


radiant panels, S6.6surface film, F23.1water vapor, F23.2

Resistance temperature devices (RTDs), F14.6; F15.8

Resistivity, thermal, F23.1Resource utilization factor (RUF), F17.5Respiration of fruits and vegetables, R9.18Restaurants

air balancing, A31.18air conditioning, A3.4, 5commercial and public buildings, A3.4energy conservation, A31.21kitchen ventilation, A31.1service water heating, A49.13, 14, 19

Retail facilities, A2air conditioning, A2.1convenience centers, A2.6department stores, A2.5design considerations, A2.1discount and big-box stores, A2.2load determination, A2.1malls, A2.6multiple-use complexes, A2.7refrigeration, R46.1, R47shopping centers, A2.6small stores, A2.1supermarkets, A2.2

refrigerators, R46.1service water heating, A49.14

Retrofit performance monitoring, A40.3Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)

equation, F34.3Reynolds number, F2.3; F3.14Rice, drying, A23.9; F11.13RMS. See Root mean square (RMS)Road tunnels, A13.4

carbon monoxideallowable concentrations, A13.7analyzers and recorders, A13.9, 10

computer analysis, A13.2vehicle emissions, A13.7ventilation

air quantities, A13.7, 8computer analysis, A13.2controls, A13.9ducts, A13.8emergency, A13.1

air quantities, A13.8enclosed facility, A13.4enhancements, A13.7equipment, A13.31hybrid, A13.7mechanical, A13.4natural, A13.4normal air quantities, A13.7normal conditions, A13.1pressure evaluation, A13.8temporary, A13.1

Rodents, and farm crop storage, F11.8Roof ponds, Legionella pneumophila control,

A48.7Roofs

air movement, A43.6insulation, A43.5; F24.3membrane roof systems, F24.9moisture control, A43.6; F24.9radiant barriers, A43.5


R-values, F25.12wall interface, A43.7

Room air distribution, A56Room criterion (RC) curves, A47.31; F7.17

Mark II, A47.32Root mean square (RMS), F14.1Rotary vane compressors, S37.13Rotative speed, F14.26Roughness factors, ducts, F35.7RTDs. See Resistance temperature devices

(RTDs)RTS. See Radiant time series (RTS)RTU. See Refrigerant transfer units (RTU)RUF. See Resource utilization factor (RUF)Rusting, of building components, F23.5R-values, F3; F23; F25; F26. (See also

Resistance, thermal)calculation

modified zone method, F25.11overall thermal resistances; F25.2zone method, F25.10

calculation, F3.18ceilings, F25.12masonry construction, F25.3roofs, F25.12steel frame construction, F25.9wood frame construction, F25.2

Safetyagainst attacks, A58.1air cleaners, A45.14; S28.12ammonia systems, R3.25automatic controls, A46.20burners, S30.1, 2, 19chemical plants, R37.2cryogenic equipment, R38.28electrical, A55.1filters, air, S28.12industrial exhaust gas cleaning, S29.29nuclear facilities, A26.1refrigerants, F19.2, 7service water heating, A49.9solar energy systems, A33.24thermal insulation and fires, F26.4thermal insulation for, F26.2UVGI systems, S16.8water systems, S14.9wood stoves, S33.6

Safety showers, Legionella pneumophila control, A48.7

Sanitationfood production facilities, R12

control of microorganisms, R12.4egg processing, R21.12HACCP, R12.4meat processing, R17.1poultry processing, R18.9regulations and standards, R12.5

refrigerated storage facilities, R11.10Scale

control, A48.4humidifiers, S21.4service water systems, A49.8water treatment, A48.4

Schematic design, A57.8Schneider system, R14.7Schools

air conditioning, A6.3service water heating, A49.21



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elementary, A49.13high schools, A49.13, 16

Security. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents

Seedsdrying, F11.13storage, A23.11

Seismic restraint, A47.46; A54.1anchor bolts, A54.14design, A54.1design calculations

examples, A54.15–21static analysis, A54.3, 7

duct construction, S18.6dynamic analysis, A54.2installation problems, A54.22snubbers, A54.15terminology, A54.2weld capacities, A54.15

Sensible heatload calculations, F29; F30psychrometrics, F6.18ratio, S49.2

refrigeration load, R13Sensors

automatic controls, F15.7, 9location, A46.23

Separators, lubricant, R44.22Service water heating, A49

combined heat and power (CHP), S7.43commercial and institutional, A49.11corrosion, A49.8design considerations, A49.4distribution system

for commercial kitchens, A49.7manifolding, A49.8piping, A49.4pressure differential, A49.5return pump sizing, A49.6two-temperature service, A49.8

geothermal energy, A32.9indirect, A49.3, 25industrial, A49.23Legionella pneumophila, A49.9pipe sizing, F36.9requirements, A49.11residential, A49.11safety, A49.9scale, A49.8sizing water heaters

instantaneous and semi-instantaneous, A49.23

refrigerant-based, A49.25storage heaters, A49.11, 15

solar energy, A33.13, 18, 25; A49.4steam, S10.1system planning, A49.2terminology, A49.1thermal storage, A34.11; S50.11water heating equipment

placement, A49.10sizing, A49.11, 23, 25types, A49.2

water quality, A49.8SES. See Subway environment simulation

(SES) programShading

coefficient, F31.38


devices, indoor, F31.54fenestration, F31.2

Sheep, F10.9Ship docks, A3.10Ships, A11

air conditioningair distribution, A11.3, 4controls, A11.3, 4design criteria, A11.1, 3equipment selection, A11.2, 4systems, A11.2, 4

cargo holds, R31.2cargo refrigeration, R31.1coils, A11.4ducts, A11.3fish freezing, R31.8fish refrigeration

icing, R19.1; R31.7refrigerated seawater, R19.2; R31.8

merchant, A11.1naval surface, A11.3refrigerated stores, R31.4refrigeration systems, R31.1regulatory agencies, A11.3

Single-duct systems, all-air, S4.10Skating rinks, R35.1Skylights, and solar heat gain, F31.40Slab heating, A50Slab-on-grade foundations, A43.2

moisture control, A43.3SLF. See Shade line factor (SLF)SLR. See Solar-load ratio (SLR)Smoke management, A52

acceptance testing, A52.18atriums, A52.12computer analysis, A52.12, 14design

door-opening forces, A52.6flow areas

airflow paths, A52.6effective, A52.7

open doors, A52.8pressure differences, A52.8weather data, A52.8

duct design, F35.14elevators, A52.11hospitals, A7.5in justice facilities, A8.3large open spaces

plugholing, A52.16plume, A52.14prestratification layer, A52.16smoke filling, A52.14steady clear height and upper layer

exhaust, A52.14steady fire, A52.13, 14unsteady fire, A52.13, 14zone fire models, A52.14

methodsairflow, A52.5buoyancy, A52.6compartmentation, A52.4, 9dilution near fire, A52.5pressurization, A52.5, 9, 10remote dilution, A52.4

rapid-transit systems, A13.12road tunnels, A13.8smoke dampers, A52.8


smoke movementbuoyancy, A52.3expansion, A52.3HVAC systems, A52.4stack effect, A52.2wind, A52.3

stairwellsanalysis, A52.10compartmentation, A52.9open doors, A52.10pressurization, A52.10, 11pressurized, A52.9

zones, A52.12Smudging air outlets, S19.3Snow-melting systems, A50

back and edge heat losses, A50.6, 8control, A50.10electric system design

constant wattage systems, A50.15electrical equipment, A50.13gutters and downspouts, A50.17heat flux, A50.13

idling, A50.18heating elements, A50.13infrared systems, A50.16installation, A50.16mineral insulated cable, A50.13

free area ratio, A50.1freeze protection systems, A50.10, 17heat balance, A50.1heating requirement

annual operating data, A50.8heat flux equations, A50.2hydronic and electric, A50.1load frequencies, A50.6surface size, A50.6transient heat flux, A50.6weather data, A50.6wind speed, A50.6

hydronic system designcomponents, A50.10controls, A50.13fluid heater, A50.12heat transfer fluid, A50.10piping, A50.11pump selection, A50.13thermal stress, A50.13

operating costs, A50.10slab design, hydronic and electric, A50.8snow detectors, A50.10

Snubbers, seismic, A54.15Sodium chloride brines, F21.1Soft drinks, R26.10Soils. (See also Earth)

stabilization, R36.3, 4temperature calculation, S11.10thermal conductivity, F25.13; S11.9

Solar angle, determining, F31.15Solar energy, A33; S36.1

active systems, A33.16, 17, 19airflow, A33.25collectors, A33.5, 6, 11, 25; S36.3

array designpiping, S36.7shading factor, S36.8

concentrating, A33.8construction

glazing, S36.4



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insulation, S36.4manifolds, S36.5

design and installation, A33.25efficiency, A33.10flat plate, A33.5, 6

glazing materials, A33.7plates, A33.8

module designpiping, S36.5thermal expansion, S36.6velocity limits, S36.6

mounting, A33.23performance, A33.9; S36.8

steady-state conditions, S36.8selection, S36.9testing, S36.9types, S36.3

constant, A33.1control, A33.24, 26; S36.16

automatic temperature, S36.16differential temperature controller, S36.16hot-water dump, S36.17overtemperature protection, S36.17

cooling systems, A33.16, 18, 26absorption refrigeration, A33.18; S36.3, 9sizing, A33.19types, A33.16

design, installation, operation checklist, A33.25

design values, solar irradiation, A33.4domestic hot water, A33.13, 25equipment, S36.1freeze protection, A33.24; S36.2, 17heat exchangers, A33.12; S36.14

external, S36.15freeze protection, S36.17internal, S36.14performance, S36.15requirements, S36.14

heating systems, A33.16; A34.2; S50.2active, A33.16, 17air, S36.1, 7, 10components, A33.11control, A33.13design, S36.1direct circulation, S36.2

drain-down, A33.14hybrid, A33.16indirect

circulation, S36.2drainback, A33.15; S36.2nonfreezing fluid, S36.2water heating, A33.14

integral collector storage systems, A33.15; S36.3

liquid, S36.7, 10freezing protection, S36.2

passive, A33.16pool heating, A33.15recirculation, A33.15residential, A1.4sizing, A33.19thermosiphon, A33.13

heat pump systems, S8.4hybrid systems, A33.16hydraulics, A33.25installation, A33.23irradiation, A33.4


maintenance, A33.24overheat protection, A33.24passive systems, A33.16, 21photovoltaic (PV) systems, A33.26; S36.18quality and quantity, A33.1radiation at earth’s surface, A33.3, 4safety, A33.24service water heating systems, A33.13, 18,

25; A34.2; A49.4; S50.2combined with space heating, A33.18

sizing heating and cooling systems, A33.19spectrum, A33.3start-up procedure, A33.24thermal storage systems, A33.11, 25

short circuiting, S36.13sizing, S36.14

time, A33.1, 3types, S36.13uses, A33.25

Solar heat gaincalculation, F31.40coefficient, F31.36roof overhangs, F31.45skylights, F31.40

Solar-load ratio (SLR), A33.21Solar-optical glazing, F31.18Solar radiation

daylighting, F31.1flux, F31.13optical properties, F31.17

Solar-thermal separation, F31.43Solid fuel

burners, S30.17coal, F18.7coke, F18.10

Solvent drying, constant-moisture, A28.6Soot, F18.16Sorbents, F22.1Sorption isotherm, F23.6Sound, F7. (See also Noise)

air outlets, S19.2attenuators, A47.12bandwidths, F7.4chillers, A47.10combustion, F18.16compressors, A47.10computerized analysis, A39.8cooling towers, S39.10ducts, A47.7loudness, F7.14measurement, F14.27

basics, F7.5instrumentation, A37.18; F7.4level meter, F7.4

power, F7.2pressure, F7.1rating methods, A47.31speed, F7.2terminology

bandwidths, F7.8controlling, F7.11decibel, F7.1frequency, F7.2frequency spectrum, F7.15intensity, F7.3level, F7.1loudness, F7.14pressure, F7.1


quality, F7.14wavelength, F7.2

testing, A37.18time averaging, F7.4transmission, A37.19; A47.20

humidity affecting, S21.2paths, F7.9

troubleshooting, A37.20typical sources, F7.10unit heaters, S27.6

Sound control, A47; F7acoustical design of HVAC systems, A47.1air handlers, S4.10A-weighted sound level (dBA), A47.32;

F7.16barriers, A47.26; F7.11ceiling sound transmission, A47.30chillers, A47.10clean spaces, A16.17combustion turbines, S7.22cooling towers, S39.10data reliability, A47.1design, A47.2, 35; F7.15ducts, A47.7; S18.4

sound attenuation, A47.12; F7.13branch division, A47end reflection loss, A47.20insulated flexible, A47.16plenums, A47.12sheet metal, A47.15silencers, A47.16

sound transmission, A47.20enclosures, F7.13engines, S7.15engine test facilities, A15.4equipment sound levels, A47.3fans, A47.4, 5fume hood duct design, A47.27hotels and motels, A5.7indoor sound rating, A47.31insertion loss, A47.16insulation, F23.17justice facilities, A8.5, 6mechanical equipment rooms, A47.28noise criterion (NC) curves, A47.31; F7.16outdoor

criteria, A47.35equipment, A47.26

piping, A47.44, 45places of assembly, A4.1return air system sound transmission, A47.30rooftop air handlers, A47.6room criterion (RC) curves, A47.31, 32;

F7.17room sound correction, A47.24standards, A47.48terminology, F7.11transmission loss, A47.21troubleshooting, A37.20; A47.46variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, A47.5

Soybeans, drying, A23.7; F11.13Specific heat

equation, F1.4foods, R9.7liquids, F39.2materials, F39.1

Spot coolingevaporative, A51.12



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industrial environments, A29.3, 5; A51.12makeup air units, S27.8mines, A27.10

Spot heating, A53.4Stack effect

duct design, F35.2multizone airflow modeling, F34.14smoke movement, A52.2

Stadiums, A4.4Stainless steel boilers, S31.3Stairwells, smoke control, A52.9Standard atmosphere, U.S., F6.1Standards, S51. (See also Codes)

air cleaners, S28.3, 5air conditioners, S48

packaged terminal, S49.7room, S49.4unitary, S48.5, 6

air distribution, A56.1boilers, S31.5chimneys, fireplaces, and gas vents,

S34.29, 35condensers, S38

evaporative, S38.18water-cooled, S38.7

coolers, liquid, S41.4data processing, A17.15dehumidifiers, room, S24.3duct construction, S18.1

commercial, S18.2industrial, S18.4residential, S18.2

electrical, A55.15filters, air, S28.3, 5furnaces, S32.11heaters, S33.6, 7heat pumps, S48

packaged terminal, S49.7unitary, S48.5, 6water-source, S48.12

indoor air quality (IAQ), F9.9liquid chillers; S42.5makeup air units, S27.9motors, S44.2, 10nuclear facilities, A26.10pipe fittings, S45.2piping, S11.19; S45.6sound control, A47.48vibration control, A47.48

Stanton number, F3.14Static electricity and humidity, S21.2Steam

psychrometric properties, F6.19quality, S10.2sources, S10.2testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.14thermophysical properties, F20.1, 36–37

Steam systems, S10air, effects of, S10.2boilers, S10.3, S31.1classification, S10.2coils, air-heating, S26.1combined heat and power (CHP) distribution,

S7.44combined steam and water, S10.15condensate removal, S10.6

drainage and return, S11.7drip stations, S11.7


return pipes, S11.19convection heating, S10.11design, S10.2; S35.3

piping, S10.5pressure, S10.4

distribution, S10.12district heating and cooling, S11.18

district heating and cooling, S11.3, 19, 30flash steam, S10.14

percentage, S10.2flash tank, S10.14gas, effects of, S10.2generator buildings, A25.4heat exchangers, S10.3heating, A48.11heat recovery

direct recovery, S10.15flash steam, S10.14waste heat boilers, S10.3

makeup air units, S27.9one-pipe systems, S10.11; 1993

Fundamentals, Chapter 33, pp. 18-19 (See explanation on first page of index.)

pipingdistribution, S10.5Hartford loop, S10.3inlet orifices, S10.12return, S10.3, 6sizing, F36.12supply, S10.3, 5, 12terminal equipment, S10.6

temperature control, S10.13terminal equipment

forced-convection, S10.11natural convection, S10.11

units, S35.1piping design, S10.6radiant panel, S10.11

traps, S10.7turbines, S7.25two-pipe systems, S10.12unit

heaters, S27.4ventilators, S27.1

valvespressure-reducing, S10.9safety, S10.9temperature control, S10.13

water, effects of, S10.2Steam traps, S10.7Stefan-Boltzmann equation, F3.1, 8Stevens’ law, F13.3Stirling cycle, R38.14Stokers, S30.17Storage

apples, A51.14; R22.1, 3controlled atmosphere, R22.1, 3

bakery ingredients, R28.1candy, R29.5carbon dioxide, R26.12citrus, A51.14; R23.3cold, facility design, R14.1compressed gases, A14.8controlled-atmosphere (CA), R14.3cryogenic fluids, R38.26desiccant dehumidification, S23.8

high-pressure, S23.11design, refrigerated-facility, R14.1


eggs, R21.5farm crops, A23.9; F11.1fish

fresh, R19.3frozen, R19.7

flowers, cut, R11.12food, canned or dried, R11.11fruit

dried, R29.7fresh, R22.1

furs and fabrics, R11.11ice, R34.4meat products, frozen, R17.16milk, R20.4nursery stock, R11.12nuts, R29.7photographic materials, A20.3, 4

unprocessed, A20.1potatoes, A51.14poultry products, R18.10refrigerated-facility design, R14.1seeds, A23.11; R11.13tanks, secondary coolant systems, R4.2vegetables, R24.3

dried, R29.7wine, R26.10wood products, A24.2

Stoves, heating, S33.5Stratification

of airin places of assembly, A4.2in plenums, A37.2

of water, in thermal storage tanks, A34.4; S50.4

Stroboscopes, F14.26Subcoolers

condensers, S38evaporative, S38.17water-cooled, S38.5

two-stage, R2.29Subway environment simulation (SES)

program, A13.2Subway systems. (See also Mass-transit

systems)car air conditioning, A9.16station air conditioning, A13.13ventilation, A13.10

Suction risers, R3.24Sulfur content, fuel oils, F18.6Superconductivity, diamagnetism, R38.5Supervisory control, A41

air-handling systemsair distribution, A41.2sequencing, A41.26set point reset, A41.27

boilers, optimizing, A41.3building temperature set point

night setback recovery, A41.27precooling, A41.28

chilled-water pumps, A41.6, 16, 17chillers

load distribution, A41.21sequencing, A41.6, 20, 23

computerized, A39.14cooling systems without storage, A41.5cooling tower fans, A41.8, 12cool thermal storage systems, A41.29

ice storage control optimization, A41.37



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forecasting energy requirements, A41.31optimization methods

dynamic, A41.36static, A41.32system based, A41.33

performance measures, A41.2Supply air outlets, S19.1. (See also Air outlets)Surface effect. See Coanda effectSurface transportation

automobiles, A9.1buses, A9.13fixed-guideway vehicles, A9.18mass transit, A9.12rail cars, A9.15

Surface water heat pump (SWHP)heat exchanger, S48.12subset of GSHPs, A32.11

Sustainabilitychimney, S34.1

Sustainability, F17.2, S48.2design, A56.2in integrated building design, A57.3unitary systems, S48.2

SVFs. See Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs)SWHP. See Surface water heat pump (SWHP)Swimming pools. (See also Natatoriums)

dehumidifiers, S24.4solar heating, A33.15water chemistry, A4.7water heating for, A49.22

Swinegrowth, F10.10heat and moisture production, F10.11recommended environment, A22.7reproduction, F10.11

Symbols, F37Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs), F9.5Tachometers, F14.26Tanks, secondary coolant systems, R4.2Television studios, A3.8Temperature

ambient, A53.1animal environments, F10.3changeover, S5.11, 13dew-point, F6.12, 13dry-bulb, adjusted, A53.1effective, A51.11; F8.19humid operative, F8.20mean radiant, A53.1; F8.10; F14.29; S6.1measurement, F14.4odors affected by, F13.2operative, A53.1plane radiant, F8.11; F14.29plant environments, F10.15radiant asymmetry, F8.11sensors, F15.8sol-air, F30.22vertical differences, F8.14wet-bulb, F6.12, 13

globe, F8.20wet-globe, F8.21wind chill index, F8.21

Temperature-controlled transport, R30.1Temperature index, S21.2Terminal units, A46.14; S19.8

air distribution, 15boxes

reheat, A46.14; S4.16


variable-air-volume (VAV), A47.6bypass, S19.10ceiling, S19.8chilled beams, S5.7constant volume, S4.16dual-duct, S19.8fan-coil, S5.4fan-powered, A46.14; S4.16; S19.9humidifiers, S4.17induction, A46.15; S4.16induction units, S5.8radiant floor heat, S5.8radiant panels, S5.8reheat, S19.8steam systems, S10.11throttling, S4.16unit ventilators, S5.6variable-air-volume (VAV), S4.16

Terrorism. See Chemical, biological, radiological, and explosive (CBRE) incidents

Testingair cleaners, A45.15; S28.3air conditioners, packaged terminal, S49.7air leakage, fan pressurization, F27.12clean spaces, A16.6compressors

centrifugal, S37.32positive-displacement, S37.5

condensers, S38evaporative, S38.18water-cooled, S38.7

cooling towers, A37.15; S39.15desiccant dehumidification for, S23.10, 11duct efficiency, S9.11fans, S20.4filters, air, S28.3heaters, S33.7heat pumps

packaged terminal air conditioners (PTACs), S49.7

water-source, S48.12industrial exhaust systems, A30.8radiant heating system, A53.7refrigeration systems

leak detection, R45.4performance testing, R45.5

refrigerators, household, R48.9smoke control systems, A52.18solar collectors, S36.9sound

instrumentation, A37.18procedure, A37.19transmission problems, A37.19, 24

vibrationequipment, A37.22instrumentation, A37.21isolators, A37.21; A47.47piping transmission, A37.24procedure, A37.21

Testing, adjusting, and balancing. (See also Balancing)

air diffusers, A37.2air distribution systems, A37.3

reporting results, A37.6airflow measurement, A37.2balancing procedure, A37.5central plant chilled-water systems, A37.14cooling towers, A37.15


dampers, F35.18design considerations, A37.1dual-duct systems, A37.4duct design, F35.13, 17energy audit field survey, A37.17fluid flow measurement, A37.11HVAC systems, A37.1hydronic systems, A37.6

heat transfer vs. flow, A37.6, 7water-side balancing

instrumentation, A37.8proportional method, A37.9rated differential method, A37.10sizing balancing valves, A37.8temperature difference method, A37.9total heat transfer method, A37.11

induction systems, A37.5instruments, A37.3sound transmission problems, A37.19, 24steam distribution systems, A37.14temperature controls, A37.16terminology, A37.1variable-air-volume (VAV) systems, A37.6

TETD/TA. See Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA)

TEWI. See Total equivalent warning impact (TEWI)

Textile processing plants, A19air conditioning design

air cleaning, A19.5, 7air distribution, A19.6collector systems, A19.5health considerations, A19.7

energy conservation, A19.7fabric making, A19.3fiber making, A19.1yarn making, A19.2

TFM. See Transfer function method (TFM)Theaters, A4.3Thermal bridges, F23.4

building envelopes, A43.8Thermal comfort. See ComfortThermal control, F23

and moisture control, F23.1; F24.1terminology, F23.1

Thermal diffusivity, F23.1Thermal emittance, F23.2Thermal energy storage (TES), S17.4Thermal mass, of buildings, A43.11

(See also Building thermal mass)Thermal properties of food, R9Thermal resistivity, F23.1Thermal storage, A34; S50

applications, A34.16; S50.16benefits, A34.3; S50.3building mass, A34.14; S50.14combined heat and power (CHP), S7.40controls, A34.1; S50.1

sequence, A34.23; S50.23strategies, A41.27

precooling, A41.28cool storage, A34.1, 17; A41.2; S50.1, 17district cooling, A34.17; S50.17district heating, A34.7; S50.7district heating and cooling, S11.4electrically charged storage, A34.11; S50.11

brick storage heaters, A34.12; S50.12



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central furnace, A34.13; S50.13heat pump boosters, A34.13; S50.13room units, A34.12; S50.12underfloor heat, A34.14; S50.14water heaters, A34.11, 13; S50.11, 13

equipmentcooling, A34.4; S50.4heating, A34.11; S50.11

heat storage, A34.1, 11; S50.1, 11ice storage, A34.1, 2; R34.3; S50.1, 2

charging and discharging, A41.29control optimization, A41.37encapsulated ice, A34.2, 9, 11; S50.2, 9,

11harvesting system, A34.2, 9; S50.2, 9ice on coil, A34.1, 7, 8; S50.1, 7, 8piping, A34.21; S50.21slurries, A34.10; S50.10

industrial refrigeration, A34.17; S50.17insulation, A34.6; S50.6latent energy change, A34.2; S50.2media, A34.2, 4; S50.2, 4mission-critical operations, A34.17; S50.17off-peak

heating, A34.11; S50.11operation, A34.23; S50.23phase-change materials, A34.2, 11, 21; S50.2,

11, 21piping, ice storage, A34.21; S50.21process cooling, A34.17; S50.17retrofits, A34.12; S50.12solar energy systems, A33.11, 16, 25; A34.2;

S36.3, 10; S50.2system sizing, A34.17; S50.17terminology, A34.1; S50.1water storage, A34.4, 27; S50.4, 27

aquifers, A34.6; S50.6performance, A34.5; S50.5tank insulation, A34.6; S36.12; S50.6temperature range, A34.4; S50.4thermal stratification, A34.4, 5; S50.4, 5water heaters, A34.11, 13; S50.11, 13

water systems, medium and high temperature, S14.9

water treatment, A34.6; S50.6Thermal transmission data, F25.1Thermistors, R44.4Thermocouples, R44.4Thermodynamics, F1.1

absorption refrigeration cycles, F1.13bubble point, F1.5compressed liquid, F1.2compression refrigeration cycles, F1.6cooling and freezing of foods, R10.1cycle, F1.2dew point, F1.6dry saturated vapor, F1.2enthalpy, F1.4entropy, F1.4equations of state, F1.3laws, F1.2liquid, F1.2multicomponent systems, F1.5principles, F1.1process, F1.2properties, F1.2

calculation, F1.4zeotropic mixture, F1.9


pure substance, F1.2refrigeration cycle analysis, F1.3saturated liquid or vapor, F1.2subcooled liquid, F1.2superheated vapor, F1.2terminology, F1.1vapor, F1.2

Thermometers, F14.4black globe, A53.7error sources, F14.5infrared

radiometers, A53.7; F14.9thermography, F14.10

liquid-in-glass, F14.4resistance

semiconductors, F14.7temperature devices (RTDs), F14.6thermistors, F14.6

thermocouples, F14.7Thermopile, F14.9; F15.4; R36.4Thermosiphons

heat exchangers, S25.14solar energy systems, A33.13

Thermostatsheater control, S33.2, 4heating/cooling, F15.10location, A46.23types, F15.10

Three-pipe distribution, S5.4Tobacco, drying, F11.14Tobacco smoke

contaminants, A45.2, 7, 11; F12.2, 17environmental (ETS), F9.6

Tollboothsair quality criteria, A13.25ventilation, A13.25, 31

Total equivalent temperature differential method with time averaging (TETD/TA), F30.45

Total equivalent warming impact (TEWI), R5.1; R46.16

Trailers and trucks, refrigerated, R30. (See also Cargo containers)

Transducers, pneumatic pressure, F15.9Transfer function method (TFM), A39.6;

F30.20, 45, 50Transmittance, thermal, F23.1

of flat building component, F23.4thermal bridging, F23.4

hot-box method, F23.4Transmitters, pneumatic pressure, F15.9Transpiration, R9.19Transportation centers

commercial and public buildings, A3.9ventilation, A13.10, 22

Transport properties of refrigerants, F20.1Traps

ammonia refrigeration systemsliquid, R3.17liquid level indicators, R3.5purge units, R3.5suction accumulator, R3.4vertical suction, R3.4

steam systems, S10.7thermostatic, S10.7

Trucks, refrigerated, R30. (See also Cargo containers)

Tuning automatic control systems, F15.16


Turbines, S7benefits, S17.2chiller systems, S17.4combustion, S7.18, 46; S17.1

Brayton cycle, S7.18components, S7.18controls, S7.22dual-shaft, S7.19emissions, S7.22evaporative cooling applications, S7.21;

S17.3exhaust gas systems, S7.22fuels, S7.20heat recovery, S7.37instruments, S7.22lubrication, S7.22maintenance, S7.22noise control, S7.22performance, S7.19single-shaft, S7.19split-shaft, S7.19starting systems, S7.22thermal output, S7.34

engine test facilities, gas, A15.3expansion, S7.31; S42.1fogging, S17.3gas, S7.18

evaporative cooling, A51.13microturbines S7.18steam

applications, S7.47axial flow, S7.25heat recovery

extraction turbines, S7.38noncondensing turbines, S7.38

maintenance, S7.31wetted media, S17.3

Turbochargers, heat recovery, S7.35Turbulence modeling, F34.3

identification, F34.10Turbulent flow, fluids, F2.3Turkeys. (See also Animal environments;

Poultry)growth, F10.13heat and moisture production, F10.14reproduction, F10.13

Turndown ratio, design capacity, S12.4Two-pipe systems, S5.4; S12.19

air-to-transmission ratio, S5.12central ventilation, S5.12changeover temperature, S5.13chilled-water, S12.19electric heat, S5.14nonchangeover design, S5.13steam convection heating, S10.12zoning, S5.14

U.S. Marshal spaces, A8.5U-factor

center-of-glass, F31.4doors, F25.12; F31.11edge-of-glass, F31.4fenestration products, F31.6frame, F31.4thermal transmittance, F31.4windows, F25.12

Ultralow-penetration air (ULPA) filters, S28.7; S29.2

Ultraviolet (UV) light, S16



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fixture configurations, S16.5lamps, S16.1, 3

germicidal, S16.3aging, S16.5ballasts S16.4cooling and heating effects, S16.5

maintenance, S16.8photodegradation, S16.8systems, S16.1

terminology, S16.1Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI),

S16.1fundamentals, S16.2lamp irradiance, S16.5systems, S16.6

in-duct airstream disinfection, S16.6safety, S16.8surface disinfection, S16.6upper-air, S16.7

Uncertainty analysismeasurement, A40.12, 13

precision uncertainty, F14.3sources, F14.3systematic uncertainty, F14.3

statistical regression, A40.13Unitary systems, S48

floor-by-floor systems, S2.6heat pumps, S2.3; S48.1, 8, 10outdoor equipment, S2.8self-contained, S2.6split systems, S2.6; S48.1through-the-wall, S2.3window-mounted, S2.3

Unit heaters. See HeatersUnits and conversions, F38.1Unit ventilators, S27.1Utility interfacing, electric, S7.44UV. See Ultraviolet (UV) lightUVGI. See Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation

(UVGI)Vacuum cooling, of fruits and vegetables,

R15.9Validation, of airflow modeling, F34.9, 10, 17Valves, S42. (See also Regulators)

actuators, S46.5ammonia refrigeration systems

control, R3.8float control, R3.19relief, R3.10solenoid, R3.10stop, R3.8

authority, S46.8automatic, S46.4

actuators, S46.4applications, S46.9control computerized, S46.6control, F15.4expansion, S22.2flow characteristics, S46.7sizing, S46.8types, S46.6

backflow-prevention devices, S46.13balancing, S46.9

sizing, A37.8body styles, S46.2cavitation, S46.2check, R44.20; S46.12compressors, reciprocating, S37.10


condensing-pressure-regulating, R44.14constant-pressure expansion, R44.13control valves, F2.7

coefficient, F2.9discharge bypass, R44.15expansion

constant-pressure, R44.11, 13electric, R44.10thermostatic, R44.5

float control, R44.16flow coefficient, S46.2, 9geothermal energy, A32.7halocarbon refrigeration systems

equivalent lengths, R2.10float control, R2.26

hydronic systemscontrol, S12.15safety relief, S12.20

manual, S46.3materials, S46.1multiple-purpose, S46.10noise, S46.2pressure drop, F36.1, 8pressure-reducing makeup water, S46.12pressure relief, S46.11

safety, R44.21ratings, S46.1refrigerant control, R44.5regulating and throttling, R44.10safety, S46.11solar energy systems, A33.12solenoid, R44.17; S46.6steam system, S10.9, 13stop-check, S46.13suction pressure regulating, R44.14thermostatic, S10.13; S46.11water hammer, S46.2zone control, S10.13

Vaporization systems, S17.4Vapor pressure, F39.2Vapor retarders, A43.3; F26.8

jackets, F26.8Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems

versus constant-air-volume (CAV), A14.12control, A41.2, 27diversity, A37.5duct static pressure control, A46.8, 9fan

selection, A47.5sequencing, A46.10unstable operation, A46.10

museums, galleries, archives, and libraries, A21.19

pressure-dependent systems, A37.4pressure-independent systems, A37.4sound control, A47.5static pressure control, A37.4static pressure reset, A41.27system types, A37.5terminal boxes, A46.14; A47.6testing, adjusting, balancing, A37.4

Variable-air-volume (VAV) systems,all-air

dual-duct, S4.12single-duct, S4.11

dual-duct systems, S4.12humidity control, S21.8single-duct, S4.11


variable-speed drives, S44.9Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), S48.1, 13Variable-speed drives, S44.9

carrier frequencieseffect on drive ratings, S44.12effect on motor noise, S44.11

conductor impedance, S44.10control, S44.9harmonic disturbances, S44.12

load side, S44.13motors, S44.10

impedance, S44.10pulse-width modulation, S44.10transistors, S44.9voltage waveform distortion, S44.12

VAV. See Variable-air-volume (VAV) systemsVegetables, R24

air transport, R32.1cooling, R15.1deterioration rate, R11.1display refrigerators, R46.8dried, storage, R29.7frozen, R27.3misters and Legionella pneumophila control,

A48.7refrigeration, R24.1storage, R24.3thermal properties, R9.1transport, R24.2

Vehiclesac- or dc-powered, transit, A9.16design, R30.1equipment attachment provisions, R30.3sanitation, R30.3temperature-controlled, R30.1use, R30.9

Vena contracta, F2.4Vending machines, R47.5Ventilation, F27

age of air, F27.4air change effectiveness, F27.4aircraft, A10.1, 4air exchange rate, F27.3, 10airflow, F27.2animal environments, A22.5bus garages, A13.20bus terminals, A13.22cargo containers, R30.5climatic infiltration zones, F27.16dilution, A29.2; A45.5displacement, F33.10; S4.14

design, F33.11driving mechanisms, F27.10effectiveness, F27.4engine test facilities, A15.1forced, F27.1gaseous contaminant control, A45.5greenhouses, A22.13health care facilities, A7.1

hospitals, A7.2nursing facilities, A7.14outpatient, A7.13

indoor air quality (IAQ), F27.9industrial environments, A29

exhaust systems, A30.1kitchens, A31laboratories, A14.8leakage function, F27.12



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mechanical, F27.1mines, A27natatoriums, A4.6natural

airflow, F27.1, 10guidelines, F27.11stack effect, F27.11wind, F27.10

nuclear facilities, A26.4odor dilution, F13.5power plants, A25.3railroad tunnels, A13.14rapid-transit systems, A13.10residential, F27.15road tunnels, A13.4roof ventilators, A29.3security concerns, A58.3ships, A11.1terminology, F27.1thermal loads, F27.9tollbooths, A13.24unidirectional, F33.12warm/humid climates, F24.8wind effect on, F16.7

Ventilatorsroof, A29.3unit

capacity, S27.3control, A46.17; S27.3location, S27.1selection, S27.3types, S27.1

Ventingfurnaces, S32.2gas appliances, S34.19oil-fired appliances, S34.21

Verification, of airflow modeling, F34.9, 10, 17Vessels, ammonia refrigeration systems, R3.3Vibration, F7.19

compressorscentrifugal, S37.34positive-displacement, S37.5scroll, S37.26single-screw, S37.18

critical speeds, S20.8health effects, F9.13measurement, F14.27

accelerometer, F7.21instrumentation, A37.21

testing, A37.21Vibration control, A47

air handlers, S4.10chillers, A47.12clean spaces, A16.17criteria, A47.38data reliability, A47.1ducts, A47.46engines, S7.15equipment vibration, A37.22

analysis, A37.23fans, S20.9floor flexibility, A47.47isolators

noise, A47.38resonance, A47.48specifications, A47.39testing, A37.21; A47.47

piping


connectorsexpansion joint or arched, A47.45flexible, A47.45hose, A47.45

noise, A47.44resilient hangers and supports, A47.44

places of assembly, A4.1resonance, A47.47seismic restraint, A47.46; A54.1standards, A47.48troubleshooting, A37.23; A47.46

Virgin rock temperature (VRT), and heat release rate, A27.3

Viscosity, F2.1fuel oils, F18.5lubricants, R7.5modeling, F34.10moist air, F6.19

Volatile organic compounds (VOC), F9.8contaminants, A45.2

Voltage, A55.1imbalance, S44.1utilization, S44.1

Volume ratio, compressorsrotary vane, S37.14single-screw, S37.16twin-screw, S37.21

VRF. See Variable refrigerant flow (VRF)VRT. See Virgin rock temperature (VRT)Walls, A43.3

acoustic insulation, F23.17airflow retarders, A43.4glass block, F31.40insulation, exterior, A43.4masonry construction, A43.4; F24.2moisture control, A43.4panelized, A43.4residential, A43.3roof interface

air leakage, A43.7moisture control, A43.8

steel frame construction, F24.2window interface, A43.6wood frame construction, A43.3; F24.1

Warehouses, A3.11Water

boiler thermal models, F32.14coils, S22.2

air-heating, S26.2coolers, R26.11distribution, S3.6; S12.10; S14.7

central plants, S11.5district heating and cooling, S11.18

filtration, A48.7hammer, F36.6

pipe stress, S11.7heating

geothermal energy systems, A32.9solar energy systems, A33.13water treatment for, A48.10

humidifier supply, S21.4properties, A48.1; S14.2

references, F6.19refrigerant, F20.1, 36–37

in refrigerant systems. See Moisture, in refrigerant systems

systems, pipe sizing, F36.5thermal storage systems, A34.4, 11, 27;


S50.4, 11, 27vapor. (See also Moisture)

control, F23.2flow, F23.2, 7and heat flow, F23.5pressure, saturation, F23.8resistance, F23.2retarders, F24.8

condensation, S21.2heating climates, F24.5mixed climates, F24.7refrigerant piping insulation,

R33.4refrigerated facilities, R14.5, 12warm/humid climates, F24.8

terminology, F23.2transmission, F25.1

Water heatersblending injection, A49.4boilers (indirect), A49.25circulating tank, A49.4combination, A49.4electric, A49.2gas-fired, A49.2heat pump, S48.4indirect, A49.3, 25instantaneous, A49.3, 23oil-fired, A49.2placement, A49.10refrigeration heat reclaim, A49.4, 25semi-instantaneous, A49.3, 23sizing, A49.11, 23, 25solar energy, A49.4storage, A49.2, 3, 11terminology, A49.1usable hot-water storage, A49.10waste heat recovery, A49.4

Water/lithium bromide absorptioncomponents, R41.1control, R41.6double-effect chillers, R41.3maintenance, R41.7operation, R41.6single-effect chillers, R41.2single-effect heat transformers, R41.3terminology, R41.1

Water-source heat pump (WSHP), S48.10Water systems, S12. (See also Hydronic

systems)air elimination, S12.21antifreeze, S12.23

precautions, S12.24capacity control, S12.13chilled-water, S12.1, 17

combined heat and power (CHP) distribution, S7.44

district heating and cooling, S11.19, 32closed, S12.1, 2; S14.1components, S12.2condenser water, S13.1

closed, S13.3once-through, S13.1open cooling tower, S13.1

air and vapor precautions, S13.2freeze protection, S13.3piping, S13.2water treatment, S13.2

overpressure precautions, S13.3



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systems, S13.1water economizer, S13.3

control valve sizing, S12.15Darcy-Weisbach equation, S43.4district heating and cooling, S11.3dual-temperature (DTW), S12.1, 19equipment layout, S12.22expansion tanks

functions of, S12.4, 11sizing equations, S12.5

fill water, S12.20four-pipe, S12.20freeze prevention, S12.23hot-water

boilers, S31.1combined heat and power (CHP)

distribution, S7.45district heating and cooling, S11.31high-temperature (HTW), S12.1

loads, S12.2low-temperature (LTW), S12.1

design considerations, S35.3heating systems, S12.16loads, S12.2nonresidential, S12.16terminal equipment, S35.1

medium- and high-temperature, S12.1; S14

air-heating coils, S14.8boilers, S14.2cascade systems, S14.6circulating pumps, S14.6control, S14.8design, S14.2direct-contact heaters, S14.6direct-fired generators, S14.2distribution, S14.7expansion tanks, S14.4heat exchangers, S14.8piping design, S14.7pressurization, S14.4safety, S14.9space heating, S14.8thermal storage, S14.9water treatment, S14.9

medium-temperature (MTW), S12.2loads, S12.2makeup, S12.20open, S12.2; S13.1pipe sizing, S12.23piping, S12.11


water distributuion, S12.6pressure drop determination, S12.23; S43.4pumps, S43.1

pump curves, S12.6; S43.3pumping

compound, S12.8distributed, S43.12parallel, S12.7; S43.10primary-secondary, S12.8; S43.11series, S12.7; S43.11variable-speed, S12.8, S43.12

standby pump, S12.8; S43.11two-speed motors, S43.11

safety relief valves, S12.20steam and, combined, S10.15temperature classifications, S12.1turndown ratio, S12.4two-pipe, S12.19water horsepower, S43.6

Water treatment, A48air washers, A48.9; S40.9biological control, A48.5

Legionella pneumophila, A48.6boilers, A48.10brine systems, A48.10closed recirculating systems, A48.10condensers, evaporative, S38.17condenser water, S13.2cooling towers, A48.4, 8; S39.13corrosion control, A48.2, 9evaporative coolers, S40.9filtration, A48.7fundamentals, A48.1heating systems, A48.10ice makers, A48.7, 9medium- and high-temperature systems,

S14.9nonchemical (physical), A48.5once-through systems, A48.9open recirculating systems, A48.9scale control, A48.4sprayed coil units, A48.9steam and condensate systems, A48.11terminology, A48.11thermal storage, A34.6; S50.6

Water vapor retarders, F23.18Water wells, A32.24Weather data

design conditions, F28.1calculation, F28.4cooling, F28.5


dehumidification, F28.5heating, F28.5relationships, F28.4

residential infiltration zones, F27.16sources, F28.3

Welding sheet metal, S18.6Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), heat

stress, A29.4Wheat, F11.13Wheels, rotary enthalpy, S25.10Whirlpools and spas

Legionella pneumophila control, A48.7service water heating, A49.23

Wien’s displacement law, F3.8Wind. (See also Climate design information;

Weather data)data sources, F16.6effect on

chimneys, S34.3, 32smoke movement, A52.3system operation, F16.7

pressure, F16.3Wind chill index, F8.21Windows. (See also Fenestration)

air leakage, A43.7; F31.55heat transfer, A43.6moisture control, A43.7solar gain, A43.6; F31.13, 36U-factors, F25.12; F31.4, 6wall interface, A43.6

Wind restraint design, A54.22minimum design wind load, A54.22

Wineriesrefrigeration, R26.8temperature control

fermentation, R26.9storage, R26.10

wine production, R26.8Wood construction, and moisture, F23.5

dimensional changes, F23.6Wood products facilities, A24.1

evaporative cooling, A51.13process area, A24.1storage, A24.2

Wood pulp, A24.2Wood stoves, S33.5World Wide Web (WWW), A39.17WSHP. See Water-source heat pump (WSHP)WWW. See World Wide Web (WWW)Xenon, R38.17


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