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MMETXTA FQNQLQJI OLUND{ UDI N’QMXMX ASXSX IGBO IZUGBE N’OGO
SIN{Q SEKQND{R{ NA ZOON MMXTA NKE UDI NA STEETI ENUGWU
SI N’AKA
UDE, UCHENNA FABIAN
PG/M.ED/09/50924
NGALABA NKA EDUKESHQN, FAKQLTI K’EDUKESHQNX
MAHADUM NA{JIR{A, NSXKA.
JUN, 2012.
i
IHU AKWXKWQ ISIOKWU
MMETXTA FQNQLQJI OLUND{ UDI N’QMXMX ASXSX IGBO IZUGBE N’OGO
SIN{Q SEKQND{R{ NA ZOON MMXTA NKE UDI NA STEETI ENUGWU
QRX NCHQCHA E DERE IJI MEJXPXTA QNQDX INWETA NZERE DIGIRII
NKE MASTA N’ASXSX IGBO N’EDUKESHQNX (ME.D IGBO)
SI N’AKA
UDE, UCHENNA FABIAN
PG/MED/09/50924
NGALBA NKA EDUKESHQN ASXSU,FAKQLTI K’EDUKESHQN
MAHADUM NA[JIRIA, NSXKA
JUN, 2012.
i
ii
NNABATA
Nd[ nabtara ederede projekt a n‟aha ngalaba Nka
Edukeshqn Asxsx, Mahadum Na[jiria Nsxka bx;.
____________________ ____________________
QKAMMXTA UJU XMQ QKAMMXTA UJU XMQ
ONYENLEKQ ONYEISI NGALABA
________________________ ______________________
ONYENTXCHA SI EBE QZQ ONYENTXCHA NQ
EBE A
QKAMMXTA O.M.AN[ZQBA DQKT.M.O.OMEJE
____________________________
QKAMMXTA S.A. EZEUDU
DIIN FAKQLTI K‟EDUKESHQN
iii
NTXZIAKA
Nke a bx iji kqwapxta na UDE, UCHENNA FABIAN nwere
akara ndebanye PG/MED/09/50924 emejupxtala qnqdx niile
kwesiri iji nweta nzere digirii nke M.ED na Ngalaba Nka
Edukeshqn Asxsx, Mahadum Naijir[a. Qrx nchqcha ya ka o
mepxtara ma weta n‟otu ogbe akwxkwq nke gosiri na o wetagh[
ya na mpekiri mpekiri. O nwekwegh[ ebe qzq e bipxtaworo qrx
a maqbx mpaghara xfqdx ya maka inweta nzere diplqma maqbx
digirii nd[ qzq d[ elu.
_____________________ _____________________
UDE, UCHENNA FABIAN QKAMMXTA UJU XMQ
NWAAKWXKWQ ONYENLEKQ
iv
NHUNYERE
Eji m obi a]xr[ na [hxnaanya ehunyere xmxaka m bx
Nnenna, Mmas[chukwu, Onyinyechukwu, Obiqmachukwu na nne ha
bx Nneka (Oriakx)Fab. Udenwa nchqcha a.
v
OZI EKELE
Na mbx, ekele m na- agara Chineke, onye mere ka nchqcha
a bxrx ihe e mejxpxtara n‟enwegh[ nsogbu qbxla. Ana m ekele
ya maka ahx isike na nchekwaba o nyere m malite na mbido
nchqcha wee ruo n‟qgwxgwx ya.
Xkpa ekele m na-agakwara Qkammxta UJU XMQ maka [rx onwe
ya xka gxq ma hazie qrx nchqcha a etu o si bxrx [gba
n‟agbanyegh[ qrx nd[ qzq jxpxtara ya aka. Chukwu gqziere m
g[ n‟ebe q d[ ukwuu. Ana m ekelekwa Qkammxta I.U. Nwadike
na nd[ Dqk[ta nd[ a B.M. Mbah, M. Omeje, E.N. Nwosu, n‟
Uche Igbokwe na V.N. Nwachukwu maka mbq ha gbara wee
nyqchaa ngwa nchqcha a ma gxq ma hazie qrx nchqcha mgbe e
mere amxma nchqcha a. Echefugh[ m nd[ nkxzi kxziere m maka
inweta nzere ME.D d[ka: Dqk[ta J.U Akabqgx, E.N. Oluikpe,
P.N. Uzoegwu, na Qkammxta Uju Xmq.
Ana m ekelekwa Qkammxta E.C. Umeanq bx onye ndu CUDIMAC
maka nkwado ya iji hx na e nyere m akwxkwq ikike [bagide
agxmakwxkwq a. Xkpa ekele m na-agakwara nnukwu mmqnwx bx
vi
Diin, Fakqlti K‟Edukeshqnx Mahadum Na[jir[a Nsxka, bx
Qkammxta, S.A Ezeudu. Ka Chukwu gozie ma chekwaba g[.
Ekele m na-agakwara xmxakwxkwq ibe mx nd[ m na ha
gxkqrq akwxkwq maka nzere ME.D, q kachas[ Peter, Sunday,
Dorcas, Ilonze B.X. Nwobodo na nd[ qzq.Onye qzq m na-ekele
n‟ebe q d[ ukwu bx Maaz[ Nwande, Oliver, onye qrx na Zoon
Mmxta Udi d[ na Ngwq, bx onye nyeere m aka nweta qnxqgx
xlqakwxkwq na xmxakwxkwq e ji mee nchqcha a. Chineke ga-
emere g[ ihe qma maka umeala i wepxtara wee nyere m aka
n‟oge ahx.
Chris Ibenegbu sokwaazi na nd[ m na-enye ekele niihi
mbq na enyemaka ya n‟xzq pxrx iche q kachas[ n‟ihe gbasara
inweta xsa nnwale ntxkwas[obi ngwa nchqcha a.
N‟[ga n‟ihx, aghagh[ m ikele nd[ nkxzi d[ka Eze, V.C na
nd[ nkxzi niile nq n‟xlqakwxkwq nd[ ahx e jiri mee nchqcha
a, maka mbq ha gbara iji kee ma nakqta xmxakwxkwq nd[ ahx
ngwa nchqcha e jiri nweta ihe qrx nchqcha a.
Ana m ekelekwa nd[ qrx any[ niile q kachas[: Chineke
Stella, Emma. Nwangwu, Qnwxka, G.T. na Xlq –Bethels. Nd[
qzq m na ekele bx nd[ kxrx qrx a n‟igwe kqmpxta bx Stella
Emegharibe na Ichie Cletus Ojobor na mbq ha gbara makana
[kx asxsx Igbo n‟igwe kqmpxta ad[gh[ mfe.
N‟ikpeazx, agagh[ m akwxs[ ekele ma q bxrx na m
ekelegh[ nd[ ezinaxlq m bx: Onyinyechukwu (onye nke amxrx
vii
qhxrx mgbe m malitere agxmakwxkwq -a),Obiqmachukwu;bx onye
nke a mxrx mgbe m gxchaara akwxkwq a, Mmas[chukwu, Nnenna,
Qruakx Nneka Udenwa na xmxnne m niile maka ndidi na ekpere
n‟ebe m nq n‟oge a m na-agx akwxkwq. Ana m ariq Chineke ka
q gqzie onye qbxla mmaji kwuru mmaji.
Ude, Uchenna, F.
ND{NA
Ihuakwxkwq bx isiokwu i
Nabata
ii
Ntxziaka
iii
Nhunyere
iv
Ozi Ekele v
Nd[na vii
Ndepxta Tebul
ix
viii
Xm[ Ederede x
ISI NKE MBX: MKPQLITE 1
Ntqala Nchqcha 1
Nsogbu Nchqcha 11
Mbunuche Nchqcha 12 Mbunuche Nchqcha
Uru Nchqcha 13
Oke Nchqcha 15
Ajxjx Nchqcha 16
Xmaokwu 17
ISI NKE ABXQ: NTXLEGHAR{ AGXMAGX 18
Atxtx Nkqwa 18
Nkqwa Asxsx na Qmxmx Asxsx 18
Nkqwa Igbo Izugbe 21
Nkqwa Olund[ 21
Nkqwa Nkuzi na Qmxmx 22
Nkqwa fqnqlqj[ na Fqn[m 25
Nkqwa Asxsx Nd[ Qgbq 31
Nkqwa Jenda 32
Nkqwa Asxsx Nne na Nna (Asxsx Ezinaxlq) 33
Nkqwa Mpaghara Ebe A Runyere Xloakwxkwq 34
Atxtx Mmxghar[ 35
Atxtx Akparamaagwa/Agwa Qmxmx Asxsx
(Behavourist Theory of Language Learning)
35
Atxtx Qmxmx Mmekqr[ta Mmadx na Ibe ya
(Social Learning Theory)
36
Nchqcha A hxrx Anya 38
Nch[kqta Ntxleghar[ Agxmagx 43
ISI NKE ATQ: USORO NCHQCHA 45
Xd[ Nchqcha 45
Ebe Nchqcha 46
ix
Nd[ Njiri Mee Nchqcha 46
Nsere na Usoro Nsere
47
Ngwa Nchqcha 47
Nnyocha Ngwa Nchqcha 48
Nnwale Ntxkwas[obi Ngwa Nchqcha 48
Usoro Nnweta Ihe Nchqcha. 49
Usoro Nhazi Ihe Nchqcha/Data 50
ISI NKE ANQ: RIZQLT/NHAZI DATA 52
Nch[kqta ihe a chqpxtara 71
ISI NKE ISE: NKATA MMECHI NA NCH{KQTA
72
Nkata maka Rizqlt/Ihe a Chqpxtara
72
Mmechi
76
Ihe Nd[ Nwere Ike {dapxta na Mmxta N‟qd[nihu
77
Nsogbu E zutere na Nchqcha
78
Atxmatx/Ntxnyeuche
78
Ebe Nd[ Kwesiri Imekwu Nchqcha
79
Nch[kqta
80
NRXTXAKA
81
MGBAKWUNYE NKE MBX: Ajujx Ederede Njxmaza
86
MGBAKWUNYE NKE ABXQ: Qnxqgx Xlqakwxkwq
94
x
MGBAKWUNYE NKE ATQ: R[zqlt Nnwale Ntxkwas[obi Ngwa Nchqcha 96
MGBAKWUNYE NKE ANQ: Ntxziaka Nd[ Nnyocha Ngwa Nchqcha
xi
NDEPXTA TEBUL
1. Tebul nke mbx nke „A‟: Akara miin na standad Divieshqn
gqsiri etu mkpqpxta fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxta xmxakwxkwq
nd[ nwoke n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
53
2. Tebul nke mbx nke „B‟: Akara miin na Standad Divishqn
gosiri etu mkpqpxta fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwaany[ n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
55
3. Tebul nke abxq: Miin na Standad Divishqn na-egosi
mmetxta asxsx nne na nna na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe. 57
4. Tebul nke atq: Miin na Standad Divieshqn na-egosi
mmetxta asxsx nd[ qgbq na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe. 58
5. Tebul nke anq: Miin na Standad Divisehqn maka etu jenda
si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe iji mata
nd[ ka mee nke qma na mkpqpxta okwu.
60
6. Tebul nke ise: Nd[miche akara Miin agbammbq xmxakwxkwq
d[ka o si gbasata jenda maka nnwale xmaokwu nke mbx.
63
7. Tebul nke isii Nke „A‟: Akara miin na Standad Divieshqn
agbammbq xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟ebe mepere emepe.
65
xii
8. Tebul nke isiii Nke „B‟ Nzipxta akara miin na Standad
DIvieshqn agbammbq xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq ebe emepegh[
emepe. 67
9. Tebul Nke Asaa: Nd[miche n‟akara miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq d[ka o si gbasata mpaghara ebe a rxnyere
xlqakwxkwq maka nnwale xmaokwu nke abxq.
70
xiii
XM{ EDEREDE
Isiokwu nchqcha a bx mmetxta fqnqlqji olundi Udi n’qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe n’ogo sin[q sekqnd[r[ na Zoon Mmxta Udi.
Asxsx bx ihe nr[bama nke mmadx na ibe ya ji ekwukqr[ta okwu
ma na-egos[pxta ihe ha bu n’obi. Asxsx Igbo bx otu n’ime
asxsx atq: Igb, Awxsa na Yorub nke Gqvxment[ Naijir[a
wepxtara ka a na-akxzi n’xlqakwxkwq d[ na Naijir[a. N’qmxmx
asxsx Igbo, xtqasxsx bx otu n’ime alaka a na-akxzi
n’xlqakwxkwq ebe a na-akxzi Igbo. N’otu aka ahx fqnqlqji
bxkwazi otu n’ime alaka xtqasxsx nke metxtara qmxmx maka
fqn[m e ji akpqpxta asxsx ahx d[ka asxsx Igbo. N’xlqakwkxwq
d[ iche iche xdaasxsx bxxrx xmxakwxkwq nsogbu n’qmxmx asxsx
Igbo niihi na q na-emetxta ha n’ule d[ iche iche d[ka SSCE.
Onyeisi ule WAEC, (2002, 2003, 2004 2007, 2008 ruo na 2009)
gbara akaebe na xmxakwxkwq anagh[ eme nke qma n’ihe gbasara
xdaasxsx niihi na ebe xfqdx amagh[ ihe q bx, xfqdx na-eji
fqnqlqji olund[ be ha ede Igbo nke na-emetxta ha n’ule
SSCE. N’otu aka ahx xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[ nq na
Zoon Mmxta Udi nwekara otu nsogbu ahx niihi na ha na-eji
fqn[m olundi Udi ede Igbo Izugbe. Q bx nke a mere onye
nchqcha ji bagide nchqcha a. Onye nchqcha hibere ajxjx
nchqcha ise nke dabeere na mbunuche nchqcha a iji wee duzie
nchqcha a, tinyere xmaokwu abxq. A txrx anya na nchqcha a
ga-abara xmxakwxkwq, nd[ nkxzi, Gqvxment[, nd[ nhazi
Kqrikulum, na nd[ nne na nna uru. Nchqcha a jedebere na
sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[ na Zonu Mmxta Udi ma rxtxkwa aka na
mmetxta asxsx nne na nna, asxsx nd[ qgbq, jenda na mpaghara
ebe a rxrx xlqakwxkwq na-emetxta qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Nchqcha a lebakwara anya n’atxtx nkqwa, atxtx mmxghar[ na
nchqcha a hxrx any[. Xd[ nchqcha e ji mee nchqcha a bx nke
EKSPOSTU FAKTO. Qnxqgx nchqcha bx otu puku, nari isii na
iri ise (1650) ebe nd[ e seere d[ nari atq na iri atq
(330). Ngwa nd[ e ji mee nchqcha a bx ajxjx ederde Nwale
Mpkpqpxta Mmetxta Fqnqlqji Olund[ (NMMFO) na ajxjx ederede
njxmaza. Onye nchqcha nwetara ngwa qrx site n’inye
xmxakwxkwq okwu nd[ ha kpqpxtara tinyere ajxjx ederede
njxmaza. Q bx akara miin 1.5 na 2.5 bx qnqdx mkpebi miin
nd[ dababara na nchqcha a nke pxtara na q bx miin na
Standad Divieshqn ka e ji txcha/hazie ihe a chqpxtara. Ihe
a chqpxtara na nchqcha a gosiri na fqn[m olund[ Udi, asxsx
nne na nna asxsx nd[ qgbq, jenda na mpaghara ebe a rxnyere
xlqakwxkwq na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq nq na Zoon Mmxta Udi
n’qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Ihe nd[ qzq pxtara ihe na
nchqcha bx ihe nd[ qzq nwere ike [dapxta na nchqcha tinyere
atxmatx /ntxnyeuche nd[ a : Gqvxment[ inye nd[ nkuzi qzxzx
mmxghar[, inye xmxakwxkwq ihe mgbamume, [ch[kqbara nd[ nne
na nna qgbakq, na nd[ qzq.
1
ISI NKE MBX
MKPQLITE
Ntqala Nchqcha
Asxsx bx ihe nr[baama nke mmadx ji ezipxta ihe o bu
n‟obi mgbe ya na nd[ qzq b[akqtara qnx. Q bx asxsx ka mmadx
na ibe ya ji ekwukqr[ta okwu nke mere na e wepx asxsx, q
ga-ah[a ahx [mata ihe mmadx bu n‟uche. Asxsx bx otu ihe
mere ka mmadx kar[a anx nd[ qzq d[ n‟xwa elu.
Farinde (2005), kwadoro na asxsx bx nnukwu ihe bara oke
uru mmadx jiri d[ elu kar[a anx nd[ qzq d[ iche iche.
Agbxrx qbxla nwere asxsx ha na-asx be ha. Nd[ Igbo d[ka
agbxrx nwere asxsx nke ha na-asx bx asxsx Igbo. Asxsx Igbo
so n‟otu n‟ime asxsx a na-asx na Na[jir[a nke a na-asx na
mpaghara qwxwa anyanwx ala Naijir[a. Qzq kwa, asxsx Igbo so
n‟asxsx atq (Awxsa, Igbo na Yoruba) gqvxment etiti ala
Na[jir[a wepxtara ka a na-akxz[ ma na-elekwa n‟ule sin[q
sekqnd[r[. Q bx niihi oke uru qmxmx asxsx bara mere
gqvxment etiti Na[jir[a jiri kqwapxta nke qma n‟akwxkwq FRN
(2004) na:
Gqvxment nabatara ma hx uru asxsx bara
d[ka nke e ji akwalite ezi mmekqr[ta d[
n‟etiti mmadx na ibe ya nkwxgidesike nke
ala Naijir[a nakwa nchekwaba omenaala d[
iche iche. Ya mere nwata q bxla ga-eji
mxq asxsx d[ na gburugburu ya. N‟[ga
n‟ihu, maka q d[ mma, [d[kq n‟otu ala
Naijir[a, nwata q bxla ga-amxr[r[ otu
n‟ime asxsx qd[naala Na[jir[a: Awxsa Igbo
na Yoruba (p.10).
1
2
Nke a gosiri na nkxzi na qmxmx asxsx nd[ ahx a kpqrq aha
ebe a d[ nnukwu mkpa n‟xlqakwukwo Naijiria d[ iche iche; ma
nke pra[mar[, sekqnd[r[ nakwaaz[ nd[ d[ elu. Qmxmx asxsx
na-amalite site n‟[kpqpxta xda d[ iche iche e ji asx asxsx
ahx etu o kwesiri. Xmxaka na-amalite [mx asxsx qbxla site
n‟[kpqpxta mkpxrx ederede na mkpxrx xdaasxsx ahx d[ ya
gburugburu. Q bx mgbe nwata qbxla kpqpxtara xda asxsx q na-
amx maka ya etu o kwesiri ka a ga-as[ na q mxtala [sx asxsx
ahx nke qma. N‟iji kwado nke a, Ayodele, Oyeleye, Yakubu na
Ajayi (1990) kwuru na ebe q bx na asxsx bara oke uru, q d[
mkpa [sx ya etu o kwesiri n‟enwegh[ ntxpq. Ha gara n‟ihu
rxtx aka na q bxrx na mmadx a kpqkqq okwu etu q dabagh[, na
q na-ebute nsesa mpxtara na nghqta okwu ahx nwere nke ga-
eme ka nd[ mmadx ghara [ghqta ihe o kwuru. Ya bx, o kwesiri
na mmadx ga-akpqpxta okwu etu o kwesiri ka onye qzq na-ege
nt[ ghqta ihe o kwuru. Q bx nke a mere na onye na-amx asxsx
Igbo ga-agba mbq jiri asxsx Igbo Izugbe wee na-akpqpxta
maqbx na-asx asxsx Igbo q kachas[ n‟xlqakwxkwq.
Q bx ezie na asxsx Igbo so n‟asxsx nd[ ahx a na-akxzi
n‟ala Naijir[a mana q bxgh[ ihe d[ mfe n‟ihi qtxtx nsogbu
d[ iche iche ya nke mere na xmxakwxkwq xfqdx anagh[ eme
nke qma n‟ule s[n[q sekqnd[r[ d[ka „WASSCE‟. Qmxmaatx, ozi
sitere n‟aka onyeisi ule WAEC (2000; 2002; 2004; 2007;
2008; 2009), kqwara na xmxakwxkwq emegh[ nke qma n‟asxsx
1
3
Igbo niihi nsogbu xfqdx. Otu n‟ime nsogbu nd[ ahx bx xbara
olund[ nke jupxtara n‟asxsx Igbo nke mere qtxtx xmxakwxkwq
ji were olund[ ha d[ iche iche wee na-ede Igbo Izugbe.
Igbo Izugbe bx Igbo a nabatara nke e si n‟olund[ d[
iche iche mejupxta e ji asx ma na-edekwaaz[ asxsx Igbo nke
abxgh[ olund[ mba qbxla. Qraka (1983), kqwara na Igbo
Izugbe bx asxsx ahx e sitere n‟olund[ d[ iche iche d[
n‟Igbo wee wepxta nke a txrx anya na onye Igbo qbxla ga na-
aghqta. Oraka gara n‟ihu kqwaa na ihe gbasara asxsx Igbo
Izugbe abxgh[ naan[ isite n‟olund[ d[ iche iche e nwere
n‟Igbo weta okwu nd[ ga-enye aka iji mee ka Igbo Izugbe too
kama, o metxtara ibite okwu xfqdx sitere n‟asxsx d[ iche
iche nd[ e nwegh[ ihe a ga-akpq ha n‟Igbo. Site n‟xzq a,
Igbo Izugbe bx nke e hibere ka onye Igbo qbxla na-asx nke
ga-eme ka nd[ qzq bx nd[ Igbo ghqta ihe q na-ekwu.
Emenanjq, Okolie, Ekwe, Maduakq (1985) kqwara na Igbo
Izugbe bx olu nke q d[gh[ mba nwe ya. Ha gqsipxtara na otu
ihe mere olumba ji d[ oke mkpa bx na, a na-esi na
ya enweta qtxtx mkpxrxokwu ga-abx myiriwere maqbx ga-akqwa
echiche nd[ ad[gh[ n‟Igbo Izugbe. Nke a dabara n‟ihe Qraka
(1983) kwurula n‟elu ebe a maka isi n‟olund[ d[ iche iche
wee weta okwu xfqdx mejxtara Igbo Izugbe iji mee ka o too
ma bxrxkwa asxsx zuru oke.
4
N‟aka nke qzq olund[ bx asxsx nd[ qbxla na-asx na be ha
nke ezugh[ Igbo niile qnx. Ikekqnwx, Ezikeojiakx, Xban[ na
Ugqj[ (1999) kqwara na etu mba d[ iche iche d[ n‟ala Igbo
si asx Igbo bx olund[ maqbx olumba ha. Nke a pxtara na etu
onye Qn[cha si asx Igbo d[ iche n‟etu onye Nsxka, Udi maqbx
Abakiliki si asx Igbo. Ikekqnwx (1986) chqpxtara na e nwere
ogbe olund[ isii na mpaghara Igbo nd[ bi n‟ugwu nke gxnyere
Nsxka, Enugwu, Udi, Qgwx, Ach[ na Izii. Qmxmaatx okwu
pxtara ihe n‟olund[ nd[ a a kpqrq aha d[ka Ikekqnwx (1986)
si gosipxta bx:
S/N Olund[
Nsxka
Olund[
Enugwu
Olund[
Udi
Olund[
Qgwx
Olund[
Ach[
Olund[
Izii
1 ishi ishi ishi Ishi ishi ishi
2 ivu Ivu ivu Ivu ivu ibvu
3 eka Eka eka Eka eka eka
4 rime riwo
/rigwo
riene rigwo rigwo riwarx
5 eshxa Ehx maho b[aha b[aha ubvu
N‟[ga n‟ihu, Ward (1939), kqwara na qtxtx olund[ d[ n‟Igbo
mere na asxsx Igbo ekwegh[ qmxmx. Nsogbu olund[ d[ n‟Igbo
nwere ike [pxta ihe n‟xzq d[ iche iche d[ka: nsogbu
fqnqlqj[ (qd[d[ xdaasxsx) nsogbu mqfqlqj[ (mkpxrxokwu) na
nsogbu s[ntaktikal (qd[d[ xsorookwu). N‟ime nsogbu niile
nd[ ahx a kpqrq aha n‟elu ebe a, onye nchqcha hqqrq nke
5
fqnqlqj[ olund[ Udi iji wee nyomie ma chqpxta etu o si
emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq
sin[q sekqnd[r[.
N‟[ga n‟ihu, q d[ mkpa [rxtx aka ebe a na nsogbu olund[
emeela ka qtxtx xmxakwxkwq ghara ime nke qma n‟ule sin[q
sekqnd[r[ iji nweta nzere „WASSC‟ niihi na ha ji olund[ ha
d[ iche iche dee Igbo Izugbe n‟ule ha. Ihe akaebe e nwetara
n‟aka onyeisi ule „WAEC‟ (2004:25), dere bx, “mperi qzq a
chqpxtara bx na qtxtx xmxakwxkwq ji asxsx olund[ ha d[ iche
iche wee zaa ajxjx n‟ule ahx kar[a iji Igbo Izugbe”. Q bx
nke a mere onye nchqcha jiri rxtx aka n‟ihe gbasara mmetxta
olund[ na-emetxta Igbo Izugbe. A gagh[ ekwu maka olund[
maqbx Igbo izugbe ma hapx fqnqlqj[ na fqn[m e ji akpqpxta
maqbx asx ha niihi na fqnqlqj[ olund[ qbxla na-apxtar[r[
ihe mgbe e ji olund[ ahx asx asxsx.
Fqnqlqj[ bx otu n‟alaka pxtara ihe n‟usoro xdaasxsx
maqbx sistem xda asxsx d[ iche iche. Fqnqlqj[ na-amx maka
fqn[m/mkpxrx xdaasxsx d[ n‟asxsx mba xwa d[ iche iche.
Anqzie (1999), kqwara fqnqlqj[ d[ka nke na-amx maka fqn[m.
Ume, Ugqj[ na Dike (1989), kqwara fqnqlqj[ d[ka sayens[
qmxmx njirimara usoro xdaasxsx nke na-ebute nghqta d[ iche
n‟okwu na ibe ya. Ha gara n‟ihu kwuo na asxsx qbxla nwere
xdaasxsx nke ya. Ihe nke a pxtara bx na olund[ qbxla
n‟Igbo nwere fqnqlqj[ nke ya; n‟otu aka ahx Igbo Izugbe
6
nwekwaaz[r[ fqnqlqj[ nke ya. Nke a na-egosi na olund[ Udi
nwere fqnqlqj[ nke ya. N‟agbanyegh[ nke a, q bx fqnqlqj[
Igbo Izugbe ka xmxakwxkwq kwesiri [mx ma na-asx ma na-
edekwa ya n‟Igbo Izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq. Qzq kwa, Mbah na Mbah
(2010), hxrx fqnqlqj[ d[ka nke na-amx gbasara nhazi qd[d[
xdaasxsx d[ iche iche e nwere n‟xwa. Nke a pxtara na
n‟agbanyegh[ ka nd[ si asx, asxsx qbxla nwere fqnqlqj[ nke
ya.
Fqnqlqj[ Igbo Izugbe bx otu n‟ime ihe qmxmx pxtara ihe
n‟xdaasxsx/sistem xda nke a na-akxziri xmxakwxkwq na sin[q
sekqnd[r[ d[ iche iche n‟ala Naijir[a ebe qbxla a na-akxzi
Igbo. Q bx ihe [kwa ar[r[ na qtxtx xmxakwxkwq anagh[ eme
nke qma na ya (xdaasxsx) q kachas[ n‟ule sin[q sekqnd[r[
d[ka „WASSCE‟. Iji kwado nke a, onyeisi ule „WAEC‟
(2002:23) gosipxtara na xmxakwxkwq emegh[ nke qma n‟ajxjx
nke atq e nyere ha n‟ule ahx. Q gara n‟ihu kwuo: “ajxjx a
chqrq ka xmxakwxkwq kqwaa ebe mkpqpxta fqn[m/ mkpxrxdaasxsx
nd[ a: /m/, /p/, /b/, /f/ /v/, /p/, mana q bxgh[ qtxtx
xmxakwxkwq zara ajxjx ahx n‟ihi na isiokwu ahx d[bxr[[ na
mbx bxxrx xmxakwxkwq nsogbu”. Qzq kwa onyeisi ule „WAEC‟
(2003), kqwapxtara na qtxtx xmxakwxkwq dere ihe enwegh[
isi n‟ajxjx metxtara sistem xda/xdaasxsx nke gosiri na ha
aghqtagh[ ihe a chqrq ka ha mee n‟ajxjx ahx. Ihe nke a na-
egosi bx na xmx akwxkwq amagh[ ihe xdaasxsx na fqnqlqj[
7
Igbo Izugbe bx. O nwere ike bxrx amagh[ xdaasxsx Igbo
Izugbe mere na xmxakwxkwq anagh[ eme nke qma n‟ule Igbo d[
iche iche q kachas[ n‟ihe gbasara fqnqlqj[.
Onyeisi ule „WAEC‟ (2004) gara n‟ihu kwuo s[:
Xmxakwxkwq emegh[ nke qma maql[ n‟ajxjx
gbasara Xdaasxsx/sistem xda n‟ihi na e
legh[ anya, q bxrx na nd[ nkxzi ha
aghqtagh[ ya bx alaka ihe qmxmx asxsx
Igbo. Nd[ nkxzi na-akxzi Igbo ga-enye ya
ka q bxrx iwu na xmxakwxkwq ga-agx
akwxkwq agxmagx Igbo oge q bxla nke ga-
eme ka ha nwee ike [mxta nke qma etu e si
ede ma na-asxpe ihe etu o kwesiri. Nke a
ga-eme ka xmxakwxkwq nwee ike ide ihe
n‟Igbo Izugbe (p.25).
Ihe nke a pxtara bx na q bxgh[ naan[ xmxakwxkwq ka ihe
gbasara xdaasxsx maqbx mkpxrxxdaasxsx Igbo Izugbe siiri
ike kama, ma xfqdx nd[ nkxzi n‟onwe ha nwere ike ha
aghqtachabegh[ ihe gbasara ya. Akaebe qzq gosiri na
xmxakwxkwq na-eri mperi n‟ihe gbasara xdaasxsx q kachas[ na
fqnqlqj[ sitekwaaziri n‟aka onyeisiule „WAEC‟ (2007), nke
kwuru na q bxgh[ xmxakwxkwq niile zara ajxjx nke abxq
metxtara xdaasxsx niihi na q d[ka a ga-as[ na ha
aghqtachabegh[ ihe gbasara xdaasxsx. N‟otu aka ahx onyeisi
ule „WAEC‟ (2008), gosikwaaziri na qtxtx xmxakwxkwq gosiri
na ha amagh[ maql[ ihe bx xdaasxsx na ihe okwu ahx pxtara.
Nke a pxtara na o nwegh[ etu xmxakwxkwq gaara isi nye
xsa/qs[sa ihe ha amagh[. N‟[ga n‟ihu, onyeisiule WAEC
(2009), gbara akaebe na xmxakwxkwq emeghi nke qma etu o
8
kwesiri maka na ha enwegh[ ike [kqwa ihe a jxrx ha maka
mkpxrxxdaasxsx /m/ na /n/. Akaebe niile a onyeisi ule
„WAEC‟ gbara bx nd[ a kpqrq aha n‟elu ebe a na-egosi na ihe
gbasara xdaasxsx Igbo Izugbe nke fqnqlqj[ bx alaka ya
d[bxr[[ kembge bxrx nsogbu nye xmxakwxkwq na-amx asxsx Igbo
n‟xlqakwxkwq. Q pxtagh[ na xmxakwxkwq anagh[ asx ma na-ede
asxsx Igbo, kama, ha na-eji fqnqlqj[ maqbx xdaasxsx olund[
ha d[ iche iche asx ma na-edekwaaz[ asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Q bx niihi mmetxta fqnqlqj[ olund[ d[ iche iche na-
ebute n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe ka o jiri d[ mkpa ikuziri
xmxakwxkwq fqnqlqj[ Igbo Izugbe etu o kwesiri. Ezigbo nkuzi
bx nke a tqrq ntqala ya nke qma ka o wee weta ezigbo
mgbanwe n‟ebe xmxakwxkwq nq. Nkxzi bx xzq ime ka mmadx mxta
ihe qhxrx na ndx ya. Nnachi (2010), kwadoro nke a mgbe q
rxtxrx aka na nkxzi bx ihe e hibere n‟xzq inwe mmxta pxrx
iche nke a na-esi na ya eme ka mmadx nwee mmxta site n‟aka
onye ka ibe ya mara. Site na nkxzi ka amamihe na mmxta
mmadx nwere ji esi n‟aka fere aka. Q bx site na nkxzi ka
xmxakwxkwq ga-esi mxta fqnqlqj[ Igbo Izugbe site n‟aka nd[
nkxzi ma sitekwaaz[ etu ahx kxziere nd[ qzq. Q bxrx na nd[
nkxzi kxzie fqnqlqj[ Igbo Izugbe nke qma, q ga-eweta ezigbo
mgbanwe n‟etu xmxakwxkwq si ede ma na-asx Igbo izugbe. Mana
q bxrx na q d[gh[ etu a, xmxakwxkwq ga na-ede ma na-asxkwa
fqnqlqj[ olund[ ha.
9
N‟[ga n‟ihu, ihe qzq nwere ike imetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe d[ka o siri metxta fqnqlqj[ bx
asxsx nne, nna na xmxnne ha na-asxrx ha n‟ezinaxlq ha d[
iche iche. Asxsx ezinaxlq ji ekwukqr[ta okwu n‟xlq nwere
ike imetxta nwata qbxla n‟[mx asxsx Izugbe ahx q na-amx. Ya
bx na ntqala asxsx e jiri zulite nwata na-apxta ihe na ndx
ya, q kachas[ mgbe q na-ekwu okwu. Q bxrx na ha ji olund[
ha ekwukqr[ta okwu mgbe ha nq n‟ezinaxlq ha d[ iche iche,
nke a nwere ike ime ka o jikwaaziri olund[ ahx ekwu okwu
mgbe qbxla na ebe qbxla d[ka n‟xlqakwxkwq. Nke a nwere ike
[ba ha n‟xm[ qkpxkpx.
Ihe qzq nwere ike imetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe bx asxsx nd[ qgbq. Asxsx nd[ qgbq nwata qbxla ji
ekwukqr[ta okwu n‟etiti onwe ha nwere ike metxta maqbx
bxxrx nwata ahx nsogbu n‟[mx asxsx q na-amx. Q bxrx na q bx
olund[ xmxaka ka ha ji egwuri egwu n‟obodo maqbx
n‟xlqakwxkwq, o nwere ike metxta nwata ahx n‟[kpqpxta maqbx
[sx Igbo Izugbe. Nke a pxtara na xdaasxsx ha ga na-akpqpxta
bx nke olund[ ha. Xmxakwkwq nd[ qzq na-ahxta onye na-asx
Igbo Izugbe d[ka onye na-asx asxsx qzq. Niihi nke a, q ga-
esoro ha sxwa olund[ ha ka o wee nwee ike sonye nke qma
mgbe ha nqkqtara qnx. Nnachi (2007), kqwapxtara na otu qgbq
na-emetxta agbammbq nwata qbxla n‟ihe q na-amx niihi na
nwata ahx ga-adabere na nkwenye na iwu nd[ qgbq ya. Otu
10
qgbq nwata nwere ike iduzi usoro obibi ndx ya. Nke a pxtara
na ihe nd[ qgbq nwata na-eme nwere ike imetxta ya.
Qzq kwa, ihe qzq nwere ike imetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx
Igbo Izugbe bx ejigh[ fqn[m Igbo Izugbe ede Igbo. Fqn[m bx
xda kachas[ nta nke na-ebute nd[iche n‟okwu abxq nwere
myiri na nsupe. Qmxmaatx bx okwu nd[ a:
akpa
akpx
akpo
Xda nd[ a kara ihe n‟okpuru (/a/, /u/, na /o/) bx fqn[m nd[
ahx butere nd[iche n‟qmxmaatx okwu nd[ ahx. Agagh[ ekwu
maka fqnqlqj[ ma hapx fqn[m / mkpxrxxdaasxsx. Fqn[m bx ihe
qzq na-apxta ihe n‟asxsx Igbo, q kachas[ mgbe a na-amx maka
mkpqpxta mkpxrxokwu. Fqn[m na-ebute nd[iche n‟etiti olund[
na asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Anqzie (1999), kwuru na xdaasxsx ahx
nke na-ebute nghqta d[ iche iche na mkpxrxokwu maqbx kar[a
bx nd[ yiri onwe ha ma e wezuga otu mkpxrxxda nd[ ahx, ka a
kpqrq fqn[m. Ya bx na fqn[m na-eweta nd[iche na nghqta
mkpxrxxda n‟etiti olund[ na ibe ya. N‟otu aka ahx, fqn[m
olund[ Udi nwere ike na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq mgbe ha na-amx
Igbo Izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq.
11
Ihe qzq onye nchqcha ga-eleba anya nwere ike imetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe d[ka o siri gbasata
fqnqlqj[ olund[ Udi bx Jenda, Jenda bx [kqwa na q bx
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke na-emekar[ nke qma n‟asxsx ka q bx nd[
nwaany[. Jenda, d[ka Nnachi (2007), si kqwaa, bx xd[d[
qnqdx omenaala gbasara omume maqbx akparamaagwa nke
metxtara [bx oke maqbx nwunye. Agbxrx d[ iche iche nwere
ihe ha txrx anya n‟aka nd[ bx nwoke na nd[ bx nwaany[ nke
na-emetxta ha mgbe qbxla ha na-eme ihe. Qnqdx a na-apxtakwa
ihe n‟qmxmx akwxkwq. Nke a na-apxtakwa ihe n‟ihe gbasara
asxsx. Xmq (2001), gosipxtara na ihe gbasara asqmpi na
egwuregwu kwesiri [pxta ihe n‟ebe ihe gbasara jenda d[ d[ka
o siri gbasata asxsx Igbo. Xmq gara n‟ihu kwuo na nke a d[
oke mkpa iji mata ma q bx xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke ka eme nke
qma kar[a nd[ nwaany[ n‟qmxmx asxsx. N‟otu aka ahx, jenda
d[ mkpa na nchqcha a iji mata ka o si emetxta xmxakwxkwq
nd[ nwoke na nwaany[ n‟qmxmx fqnqlqj[ asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Niihi nke a Nnachi (2007) kqwara na nd[ nwoke na-aka eme
nke qma n‟ihe gbasara nkanxxzx na sayens[ nd[ qzq kar[a nd[
nwaany[. N‟[ga n‟ihu, Nnachi kwuru na nd[ nwaany[ na-aka
eme nke qma n‟ihe gbasara asxsx na nkamma d[ iche iche. Ihe
nke a gosiri bx na nd[ nwoke na-agbara imx asxsx asq.
Qmxmaatx mgbe onye nchqcha na-agx awkxkwq inweta nzere NCE
n‟Igbo na Fedral Kqleeji k‟Edukeshqnx d[ na Okene, na 1989-
12
1992, q bx naan[ ya bx otu nwoke nq na klas[ ebe e nwere
xmx nwaany[ iri isii na atq. Nke gosiri na xmx nwoke na-
agbara [mx asxsx Igbo qsq. Nke a gosikwaaziri na nd[
nwaany[ na-aka enwe mmas[ n‟imx asxsx d[ iche iche tinyere
Igbo Izugbe.Akabqgx ( 2002) kwadoro na xmxaka nd[ nwaany[
na-aka akpopxta okwu xfqdx d[ n‟asxsx d[ iche iche nke qma
kar[a nd[ nwoke. Nke a pxtara na asxsx Igbo Izugbe ad[gh[
iche n‟asxsx nd[ qzq niihi na otu ihe ahx na-eme n‟asxsx
nd[ qzq nwere ike na-eme n‟asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Ihe qzq nwere ike ime ka fqnqlqj[ olund[ Udi metxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe bx mpaghara ebe a
rxnyere xlqakwxkwq. Xfqdx xlqakwxkwq ka a rxnyere n‟ime
obodo ebe xfqdx d[ n‟obodo mepere emepe. E nwere njirimara
xfqdx e ji akqwapxta obodo mepere emepe na nke emepegh[.
Njirimara nd[ a gxnyere na obodo mepere emepe bx ebe nd[
mmadx si ebe d[ iche iche (obodo) bikqtara qnx niihi
azxmah[a, qrx Bekee na mmepe obodo. Nke qzq, akarangwa d[ka
akwxkwq na ihe nd[ na-enyere ndx aka na-ad[ n‟obodo mepere
emepe kar[a n‟ime obodo. Etu a ka q d[ n‟xlqakwxkwq d[ na
mpaghara nke qbxla. Qbas[ (2011) kqwara na ihe xfqdx na-
ebute xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟ime obodo ejigh[ eme nke qma bx
na ha enwegh[ nd[ nkuzi a zxrx nke qma na akara ngwa d[
iche iche e ji akxzi ihe. Q gara n‟ihu kwuo na nd[ nkuzi
nq n‟xlqakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟ime obodo anagh[ eje qzxzx
13
nzxghar[, na nkuzi nd[ qzq na-enye aka na mbawanye amamiihe
ha nwere. Q bx niihi njirimara nd[ ahx a rxtxrx aka n‟elu
ebe a ka onye nchqcha gbasoro wee hazie xlqakwxkwq nd[ a
ga-eji mee nchqcha n‟xzq abxq: nd[ nq n‟ime obodo na nd[ nq
n‟obodo mepere emepere iji mata nd[ fqnqlqj[ olund[ Udi ka
emetxta n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Xmq (2001), kwadoro nke
a mgbe o kwuru na ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq na-emetxta
xmakwxkwq n‟qmxmx xtqasxsx Igbo. Xd[ mmetxta a na-apxtakar[
ihe mgbe xmxakwxkwq na-akpqpxta xdaasxsx d[ iche iche
n‟Igbo Izugbe. Q bx nke a kpatara Kqr[kulum ala Na[jir[a
Maka Sin[q Sekqnd[r[ Skuul (1985), ji gosipxta na otu n‟ime
mbunuche nkuzi qd[d[ xdaasxsx maqbx fqnqlqj[ na sin[q
sekqnd[r[ bx na xmxaka ga-akpqpxtali xd[ mgbochiume na
xdaume site na mkpqpxta. Nke a pxtara na q d[ mkpa [kxziri
xmxakwxkwq fqnqlqj[ Igbo Izugbe n‟oge malite n‟afq nke mbx
na S[n[q sekqnd[r[ d[ na Zoon Mmxta Udi tupu ha e ruo
n‟ogo ile ule „SSCE‟. Q d[ mkpa [rxtx aka ebe a na xfqdx
xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[ nq na Zoon Mmxta Udi na-eji
olund[ Udi asx ma na-edekwa Igbo Izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq.
Qmxmatx pxtara ihe n‟okwu nd[ a:
S/N Olund[ Udi Igbo Izugbe
1 wune nwanne
2 Waay[ nwany[
3 Weghi nwegh[
4 nwa Wa
14
5 Oye Onye
6 ye nye
Site n‟qmxmaatx nd[ ahx, q pxtara na ha na-eji fqn[m /w/
anqchite anya /nw/ ma werekwa fqn[m /y/ anqchite anya /ny/.
Site n‟ikziri xmxakwxkwq ihe nd[ a, nke a ga-enye aka ime
ka ha mata nd[iche d[ n„etiti fqnqlqji olund[ Udi na nke
Igbo Izugbe. Qnqdx a nwere ike na-emetxta ha n‟imx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe. Nke a ga-enye aka ime ka ha mata nd[iche d[
n‟etiti fqnqlqj[ olund[ na nke Igbo Izugbe. Q bx ihe nd[ a
niile e kwuru na ntqala nchqcha a kpalitere mmxq onye
nchqcha [bagide ime nchqcha a.
Nsogbu Nchqcha
Asxsx qbxla d[ka asxsx Bekee, Awxsa, Yoruba tinyere
Igbo nwere alaka xtqasxsx nke a na-akxziri xmxakwxkwq
n‟xlqakwxkwq taa. Xtqasxsx nwekwaaziri xmx alaka nd[ qzq
mejupxtara ya d[ka: Fqnqlqj[, Mqfqlqj[, S[ntaks na
Semantiks. A b[a n‟xlqakwxkwq Sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[ n‟ala
Naijir[a, fqnqlqj[ na mqfqlqj[ bx nd[ kachas[ pxta ihe
niihi na ha metxtara usoro akpqmxxda na mmxbaokwu nke bx
ebe mbido qmxmx asxsx d[ iche iche. Asxsx qbxla nwere
fqnqlqj[ na fqn[m nke ya. N‟otu aka ahx asxsx Igbo Izugbe
nwekwara fqnqlqj[ nke ya. Ihe gbasara nkxzi fqnqlqj[ Igbo
n‟xlqakwxkwq d[ iche iche n‟ala Na[jir[a ad[gh[ mfe niihi
na asxsx Igbo nwere qtxtx olund[. Olund[ d[ iche iche n‟ala
15
Igbo nwere fqn[m nke ha nke na-emetxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe.
Igbo Izugbe nwekwaaz[r[ fqnqlqj[ na fqn[m nke ya a nabatara
maka ide ya. Q bx nke a mere na fqnqlqj[ olund[ d[ iche
iche ji emetxta nkxzi na qmxmx asxsx Igbo n‟ebe xmxakwxkwq
nq taa.N‟otu aka ahx, fqnqlqj[ olund[ Udi na-emetxta qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe niihi na xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[
nq na Zoon Mmxta Udi na-eji fqn[m olund[ Udi asx ma na-
ekewazi Igbo Izugbe. Qmxmaatx nd[ a kwadoro nke a:
Olund[ Udi Igbo Izugbe
ahq/awhq Afq
ay[ any[
eʒi ezi
N‟qmxmaatx a, q gosiri na xfqdx xmxakwxkwq na-eji /h/,/wh/
anqchi anya /f/ ma werekwa /y/ anqchi anya /ny/. Nke qzq,
ha ji /ʒ/ eme /z/ mgbe ha na-akpq okwu a bx‟ ezi‟. Xd[
qnqdx a na-eweta mgbanwe na nghqta okwu xfqdx nwere niihi
na e were fqn[m adabagh[ dee ha, q ga-eweta nd[iche na
nghqta okwu nd[ ahx nwere. Nke qzq, qnqdx d[ etu a na-
emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ s[n[q sekqnd[r[ na Zoon Mmxta Udi
na-ele ule s[n[q sekqnd[r[ bx „SSCE‟ n‟ihe gbasara xdaasxsx
nke fqnqlqj[ na-amx maka ya. Onyeisiule „WAEC‟ (2002; 2003;
2004; 2007; 2008 na 2009), kwekqr[tara na xmxakwxkwq anagh[
eme nke qma n‟ihe gbasara xdaasxsx niihi na xfqdx amagh[
16
ihe q bx ebe xfqdx na-eji fqnqlqj[ olund[ ha ede nke a.
Tinyere nke a, onye nchqcha sobu wee na-atxcha maqbx eleba
anya n‟akwxkwq xmxakwxkwq n‟ule „WASSCE‟ n‟oge gara aga wee
chqpxta na xmxakwxkwq na-eri mperi ebe q d[ ukwuu n‟ihe
gbasara xdaasxsx Igbo.
Niihi mperi a xmxakwxkwq na-eri n‟oge ule „WASSCE‟, q
d[ mkpa nke ukwuu na e bidoro n‟oge tqq ntqala [kxzi
xdaasxsx nke qma malite na sin[q sekqnd[r[ nke mbx na Zoon
Mmxta Udi ka ha nwee ike mee nke qma n‟ule (SSCE). Q bx ihe
nd[ a mere onye nchqcha ji wee na-ajx kedu ka fqnqlqj[
olund[ Udi si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe
n‟xlqakwxkwq s[n[q sekqnd[r[ d[ na Zoon mmxta Udi n‟ Enugwu
Steeti.
Mbunuche Nchqcha
Mbunuche izugbe nchqcha a bx inyocha mmetxta fqnqlqj[
olund[ Udi na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe
n‟xlqakwxkwq s[n[q sekqnd[r[ d[ na Zoon mmxta Udi n‟ Enugwu
Steeti. Nchqcha a ga-elebakwazi anya n‟ihe nd[ a:
a. {chqpxta etu fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe
b. {chqpxta etu asxsx ezinaxlq si emetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟[mx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
c. Ileba anya n‟etu asxsx nd[ qgbq xmxakwxkwq si emetxta
ha n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
17
d. {chqpxta ka jenda si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe.
e. Ileba anya ka mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq si
emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe.
Uru Nchqcha
Nchqcha a ga-enye aka n‟[kwalite qmxmx asxsx Igbo n‟xd[
i]omi mkpqpxta xdaasxsx Igbo Izugbe nke dabara n‟atxtx
Akparamaagwa nke Skinner (1957) wepxtara. Atxtx a Skinner
wepxtara na-egosi na qmxmx dabeere n‟[]qmiri nd[ okenye.
N‟qmxmx asxsx d[ iche iche, fqnqlqj[ bx otu alaka xtqasxsx
nke metxtara mkpqpxta xdaasxsx e ji asx ma na-ede asxsx d[
iche iche d[ka asxsx Igbo. Nchqcha a ga-enye aka [kwal[te
qmxmx fqnqlqj[ Igbo Izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq sekqnd[r[ d[ iche
iche qkachas[ na Zoon Mmxta Udi niihi na xmxakwkxwq anagh[
eme nke qma n‟ihe gbasara xdaasxsx Igbo Izugbe. Qzq kwa,
niihi na nchqcha a hibere isi na mmetxta fqnqlqj[ olund[
Udi n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe, q ga-enye aka igosipxta etu
fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxta qmxmx asxsx Igbo n‟xlqakwxkwq
s[n[q sekqnd[r[ d[ iche iche nke ga-enye aka z[pxta nd[iche
d[ n‟etiti fqn[m olund[ Udi na nke Igbo Izugbe. Nd[iche a
ga-enye aka mgbe a na-akxzi fqnqlqj[ Igbo Izugbe
n‟xlqakwxkwq s[n[q sekqnd[r[.
18
A txrx anya na nd[ nchqcha a ga-abara uru bx
xmxakwxkwq, nd[ nkuzi, nd[ nhazi kqr[kulum Igbo, nd[ odee
(akwxkwq) Igbo, nd[ gqvxment na nd[ nne na nna. Xmxakwxkwq
ga-erita uru na nchqcha a niihi na q ga-eme ka ha
mata/ghqta na e nwere nd[iche d[ n‟etiti olund[ na Igbo
Izugbe nke ga-enyere ha aka [matakwu na e nwere fqn[m
(mkpxrxudaasxsx) olund[ d[ iche iche na fqn[m Igbo Izugbe.
Nchqcha a ga-eme ka ha nwee ike na-akpqpxta xdaasxsx Igbo
Izugbe etu o kwesiri ma mee ka ha na-asx ma na-edekwa Igbo
a nabatara n‟xlqakwxkwq. Nke qzq bx na q ga-enyere ha aka
ime nke qma n‟ule sin[q sekqnd[r[. Site n‟[ch[kqba asqmpi
nnwale nrxr[ta xka n‟etiti klaas[ abxq maqbx n‟etiti
xlqakwxkwq abxq ga-asx Igbo Izugbe n‟etinyegh[ olund[ Udi,
nchqcha a ga-abara xmxakwxkwq uru n‟xzq d[ otu a.
N‟[ga n‟ihu, nchqcha a ga-abara nd[ nkxzi asxsx Igbo
uru niihi na ha ga-aghqta na fqnqlqj[ olund[ d[ iche iche
na-emetxta Igbo Izugbe. Nke a ga-eme ka ha nwee ike na-
akxziri xmxakwxkwq fqn[m/fqnqlqji Igbo Izugbe. Q ga-emekwa
ka nd[ nkuzi ghara iji asxsx olund[ ha maqbx bekee na-
akxziri xmxakwxkwq Igbo n‟xlqakwxkwq. Nchqcha a ga-emekwa
ka nd[ nkxzi asxsx Igbo n‟xlqakwxkwq d[ iche iche tinye
uchu na uche n‟[kxziri xmxakwxkwq xdaasxsx ebe q bx na
xdaasxsx bxxrx xmxakwxkwq nnukwu nsogbu. Uru qzq nchqcha a
ga-abara nd[ nkuzi Igbo bx na q bxrx na a ch[kqbara ha
19
qzxzx mmxghar[ n‟ihe gbasara mmetxta fqnqlqj[ olund[ d[
iche iche qkachas[ nke nd[ Udi, q ga-eme ka ha nwee mbawnye
n‟amamihe ha nwere n‟asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Qzq kwa, nd[ qzq ga-erita uru na nchqcha a bx nd[ nhazi
kqr[kulum Igbo. Q ga-eme ka ha nwee ike mara na ihe gbasara
xdaasxsx bxxrx xmxakwxkwq nsogbu nke ga-eme ka ha mara
maqbx wepxta usoro maqbx nka nkuzi a ga-eji na-akxzi
fqnqlqj[ ka o wee kwe xmxakwxkwq nghqta. Q bx site
n‟[ch[kqba qgbakq Izugbe maka kqr[kulum sin[q sekqnd[r[
Igbo nke ga-adabere na mmetxta fqnqlqj[ qmxmx asxsx Igbo ka
nd[ nhazi kqr[kulum ga-esi rita uru na nchqcha a. Qgbakq d[
etu a ga-enye aka iji hazie kqr[kulum Igbo n‟xzq q ga-esi
webata mmetxta nd[ ahx fqn[m olund[ na-emetxta nke Izugbe.
Nd[ odee (akwxkwq) n‟asxsx Igbo, q kachas[ nd[ na-ede
akwxkwq gbasara xtqasxsx Igbo, ga-esi na nchqcha mata na
alaka xtqasxsx a bx fqnqlqj[ na-enye xmxakwxkwq nsogbu. Ha
ga-esi etu ahx gbanwee aka odee ha ma dee ya n‟xd[ q ga-ad[
mfe xmxakwxkwq na nd[ nkuzi [ghqta xdaasxsx nke qma.
Nchqcha a ga-emekwa ka nd[ odee jiri asxsx Igbo Izugbe wee
na-ede akwxkwq n‟ihi na xfqdx na-ewebata olund[ ha mgbe ha
na-ede akwxkwq. O kwesiri [ch[kqba qgbakq mmxghar[ maka nd[
odee nke ga-eme ka ha nwee ike ghqta na mwebata olund[ d[
iche iche n‟Igbo Izugbe na-adqghachi qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe azx. Nke a ga-enye aka iji mee ka ha jiri asxsx Igbo
20
Izugbe wee na-ede Igbo nke ga-eme ka ha na-erepx akwxkwq ha
n‟ebe q d[ ukwuu. A txrx anya na gqvxment ga-ahxta uru q
bara iziga nd[ nkuzi a zxrx nke qma n‟asxsx Igbo Izugbe
n‟xlqakwxkwq Niajir[a d[ iche iche maka [kxzi asxsx Igbo.
Nd[ qzq nchqcha a ga-abara uru bx nd[ nne na nna. Nd[ nne
na nna ga-ahxta uru q bara bx [sxrx xmx ha asxsx Igbo
Izugbe maka na olund[ na-emetxta xmxaka ha n‟[mx asxsx Igbo
nke mere na ha anagh[ emecha nke qma n‟ule Igbo d[ iche
iche d[ka SSCE. Nchqcha a ga-abakwara nd[ nne na nna uru
site n‟[chqkqba qgbakq nkuzi n‟obodo d[ iche iche iji wee
kxziere ha mkpa q d[ iji asxsx Igbo Izugbe wee na-agwa xmx
ha okwu n‟ezinaxlq. Site n‟iji nd[ nkuzi Igbo n‟xlqakwxkwq
d[ka nd[ qb[a pxrx iche n‟xd[ qgbakq ahx kwamgbe kwamgbe, q
ga-eme ka nd[ nne na nna mxta Igbo Izugbe.
Oke Nchqcha
Ebe a nq mee nchqcha a bx n‟xlqakwxkwq s[n[q sekqnd[r[
niile d[ na Zoon Mmxta Udi n‟ Enugwu Steeti. Nchqcha a
jedebere n‟ebe xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[ nke abxq nq
na Zoon Mmmxta Udi nq. Ihe mere onye nchqcha jiri hqrq
xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[ nke abxq maka ime nchqcha a
bx na ha anqqla ihe ruru afq abxq maqbx kar[a n‟xlq akwxkwq
nd[ ahx ma nwee ike [kpqpxta ma gosi fqn[m/mkpxrxxdaasxsx
Igbo d[ iche iche. Nke qzq, xmxawkxwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[
nke abxq nd[ ahx bx nd[ ga-ele ule sin[q sekqnd[r[ n‟afq
21
qzq ga-ab[a bx 2013. Zoon Mmxta Udi bx otu n‟ime Zoon Mmxta
isii e nwere n‟Enugwu Steeti gxnyere: Enugwu, Nsxka, Udi,
Qgwx, Agban[ na Obolo-Afq. Zoon mmxta Udi nwere isi qnqdx
na Ngwoo. Ihe kpatara onye nchqcha jiri hqrq Zoon Mmxta Udi
bx na q chqpxtara na xmxakwxkwq nq ebe ahx na-ejikar[
olund[ ha asx ma na-edekwa Igbo. Nke qzq, q bxkwaazi ebe
ga-ad[r[ onye nchqcha mfe inweta ngwaqrx a ga-eji mee
nchqcha a.
Na nkxzi na qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq d[
iche iche, xtqasxsx so n‟ihe a na-akuzi. N‟[kxz[ xtqasxsx,
alaka a na-eleba anya na ha gxnyere: Fqfqlqj[,
Mqfqlqj[,Semantiks, na S[ntaks. Niihi na nchqcha a dabeere
na fqnqlqj[ Igbo, q d[ mkpa [rxtx aka ebe a na e nwere
fqn[m olund[ d[ iche iche na fqn[m Igbo Izugbe. Mgbe xfqdx,
fqn[m olund[ nwere ike metxta nke Igbo Izugbe mgbe a na-amx
asxsx Igbo. Niihi nke a, nchqcha a ga-ejedebe n‟[chqpxta
mmetxta fqnqlqj[ olund[ Udi na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq s[n[q sekqnd[r[. Nchqcha a
ga-elebakwaazi anya n‟ihe nd[ qzq gxnyere: etu asxsx nne na
nna, asxsx nd[ qgbq xmxakwxkwq si emetxta ha n‟[mx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe. Q ga-ejedebekwa n‟[chqpxta ka jenda na
mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq si emetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Ajxjx Nchqcha
22
Iji duzie nchqcha a, onye nchqcha hibere ajxjx nchqcha
nd[ a:
a. Kedu etu mkpqpxta fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxta
xmxmakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
b. Olee etu asxsx ezinxxlq si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
c. Kedu ka asxsx nd[ qgbq xmxakwxkwq si emetxta ha n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
d. Olee etu qnqdx jenda si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
e. Kedu ka mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
Xmaokwu
A ga-anwale xmaokwu nd[ a n‟ogo akara mpxtara nd[miche
bx 0.05.
Ho1.E nwegh[ ezigbo nd[miche n‟akara miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke na nd[ nwaany[ n‟[kpopxta fqn[m
Igbo Izugbe.
Ho2.E nwegh[ ezigbo nd[miche n‟akara miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq nq n‟ime obodo na nke nd[ nq n‟obodo mepere
emepe n‟[kpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe.
23
ISI NKE ABXQ
NTXLEGHAR{ AGXMAGX
Onye nchqcha haziri isi nke abxq a site n‟[gbasoro
isiokwu nd[ a:
a. Atxtx Nkqwa
Nkqwa Asxsx na Qmxmx Asxsx
Nkqwa Igbo Izugbe
Nkqwa Olund[
Nkqwa Nkuzi na Qmxmx
Nkqwa fqnqlqj[ na Fqn[m
Nkqwa Asxsx Nd[ Qgbq
Nkqwa Jenda
Nkqwa Asxsx Nne na Nna (Asxsx Ezinaxlq)
Nkqwa Mpaghara Ebe A Runyere Xloakwxkwq
b. Atxtx Mmxghar[
Atxtx Akparamaagwa/Agwa Qmxmx Asxsx (Behavourist Theory of
Language Learning)
Atxtx Qmxmx Mmekqr[ta Mmadx na Ibe ya (Social Learning
Theory
c. Nchqcha A Hxrx Anya,
d. Nch[kqta Ntxleghar[ Agxmagx.
Nkqwa Asxsx na Qmxmx Asxsx
Asxsx d[bara kemgbe xwa. Q bx asxsx ka mmadx na ibe ya
ji ekwukqr[ta okwu ma na-ezipxta ihe o bu n‟obi. Qtxtx nd[
24
odee na nd[ qkachamara agbaala mbq [kqwa ihe asxsx bx d[ka
o siri metxta ha maqbx ka ha siri hx ya n‟echiche nke ha
Ike [sx asxsx bx otu ihe mmadx jiri kar[a anx nd[ qzq
Chukwu kere n‟xwa a. Nke a pxtara na mmadx ji asxsx a
kpar[ta nkata n‟etiti onwe ha. Iji kwado nke a, Farinde
(2005), kqwara na asxsx bx ihe nr[baama e jiri mara agbxrx,
obodo maqbx n‟xwa mmadx nq nke bx nnukwu ihe mmadx jiri
kar[a anx nd[ qzq e kere n‟xwa. Nuhu (2005), kwenyere n‟ihe
Farinde (2005) kwuru n‟ihi na q kqwara asxsx d[ka usoro
[kuzi ihe nke bara oke uru mere ka mmadx kar[a anxmanx nd[
qzq e kere n‟xwa. Nke a pxtara na q bx naan[ mmadx nwere
ike ikwu okwu n‟ime ihe niile Chukwu kere eke. Haslett
(1987), hxrx asxsx d[ka ihe nr[baama nke e ji ekwukqr[ta
okwu. {hxta asxsx d[ka ihe nr[baama ebe a gosiri ma na na-
ezipxta agbxrx mmadx si na ya nke ha ji ekwukqr[ta okwu
n‟etiti onwe ha. N‟aka nke ya, Ude (2010), kqwara asxsx
d[ka alaka omenaala nke mmadx na ibe ya ji ekwukqr[ta okwu
n‟xwa mmadx nq n‟ime ya nke enwegh[ ihe e ji anqchite anya
ya. N‟[ga n‟ihu, Nnachi (2007), kqwara na asxsx bx ezigbo
ihe d[ oke mkpa nke e ji ezipxta mmetxta, mmas[ na echiche
mmadx nwere. Nke a pxtara na site n‟asxsx, mmadx na-eme ka
onye qzq mara ihe o bu n‟uche nakwaz[ nka d[ iche iche onye
ahx nwere. Q gara n‟ihu gosipxta na asxsx na-eme anxmanx ka
q bxrx mmadx maka na q bx naan[ ihe a kpqrq mmadx nwere ike
25
[sx asxsx. Ihe nke a na-egosi bx na q bx naan[ mmadx na-
ekwu okwu mana anx nd[ qzq bx xzx ka ha na-eme. Xzx a ha
na-eme abxgh[ mkpxrxokwu mmadx na-aghqta. Anozie (1999;
2001, 2007), kqwara na asxsx bx xda sitere n‟olu mmadx nke
nwere nghqta mgbe qgan okwu d[ iche iche na-emeghar[ ahx
n‟xzq d[gas[ iche iche nke mmadx na ibe ya na-eji ezir[ta
onwe ha ozi. Nke a pxtara na q bx xda nd[ ahx mmadx haziri
n‟xd[ mkpxrxokwu nwere nghqta mgbe o si n‟qnx mmadx apxta
mgbe a na-ekwukqr[ta okwu bx asxsx. Okoli (2005:14), kqwara
na “asxsx bx otu xzq mmadx na ibe ya si enwe ezi mmekqr[ta.
Q bx xdaokwu nwere ezi nghqta nke sitere n‟qnx mmadx pxta”.
Nkqwa a dabara na nke Anozie (1999, 2001, 2007), nyere
n‟elu ebe a. Qzq kwa, Ikekeqnwx, Ezikeqjiakx, Xban[ na
Ugoji (1999), gosiri na asxsx bx usoro nd[ mmadx na-eji
akpar[ta xka, na-aghqtakqr[ta echiche ha nke bx ekwumekwu
na edereede d[[r[ mmadx. Nke a pxtara na asxsx gbasara
naan[ mmadx iji wee kwukqr[ta okwu ma ghqtakwa onwe ha. Nke
a agbasagh[ anxmanx.
Iji kwado nke a, Umeh, Ugoji na Dike (1989), zipxtara na:
Asxsx bx sistem qd[mara, nkamara sistem
nke bx maka ihe gbasara mmadx na abxgh[
nke na-eme mmadx ndapxta; na qd[mara bx
ihe qd[naala na ihe nkwuputere n‟qnx, ha
niile bxrx otu ihe nd[ obodo ji eme
mmekqr[ta n‟ogbe ha. (pg 1)
Nke a na-egosi na asxsx metxtara qd[naala ogbe qbxla
nke ha ji ezipxta mmekqr[ta n‟etiti ha. Nwodo (2008), hxrx
26
asxsx d[ka usoro xda d[ iche iche nke nd[ mmadx sitere
n‟otu obodo, ebe, maqbxkwanx agbxrx ji emekqr[ta n‟etiti
onwe ha. Ayodele, Oyeleye, Yakubu na Ajay[ (1990),
kqwapxtara na asxsx bx usoro nke mmadx na ibe ya si
emekqr[ta n‟xd[ ekwumeekwu maqbx ekwurunqqnx. Ha gara n‟ihu
zipxta na asxsx baara mmadx oke uru. Q bx maka oke uru
asxsx baara na ndx mmadx maka ezigbo nghqta mmadx na ibe ya
kpatara o ji d[ mkpa [mx asxsx n‟xlqakwxkwq qkachas[
fqnqlqj[ asxsx ahx.
N‟aka nke qzq, qmxmx asxsx bx xzq maqbx usoro e si
akxziri mmadx ihe gbasara asxsx onye ahx chqrq [mx. Nke a
pxtara na tupu mmadx ebido [mx asxsx, a na-ele anya na onye
ahx ad[la na mbx nweta asxsx qd[naala maqbx asxsx epum a
na-asx na gburugburu ebe a mxrx onye ahx. Anyanwx (2002),
gosipxtara na qmxmx asxsx na-eleba anya n‟ebe xmxaka na nd[
okenye d[bu na mbx nwee asxsx ha na-asx ma na-agba mbq
inweta maqbx [mxta asxsx qzq d[ka asxsx nke abxq ha.
Qmxmx asxsx bx usoro a haziri nke abxgh[ na mberede e
si akxz[r[ mmadx asxsx niihi na a na-enwe onye nkuzi na
ngwa nkuzi e ji akuzi asxsx ahx a na-amx. Wilkins (1982),
kwadoro nke a mgbe o kwuru na qmxmx asxsx bx nke a haziri
site n‟ikxzi asxsx. Nke a pxtara na a na-agbaso usoro a
ch[kqbara wee kuzie asxsx. N‟uche nke ya, Schutz (2010),
na-egosi na qmxmx asxsx bx [nabata ozi na ihe gbasara asxsx
27
ahx a na-amx site n‟[txghar[ ya n‟xd[ mmxta na amamihe e
debere ma chekwaba n‟xbxrx isi. Q pxtara na [mx asxsx na-
agbado ukwu n‟[nabata ihe qhxrx a kxziri onye ahx nke o
tosiri ichekwaba ma ghara ichefu ihe q mxtara.
Nkqwa Igbo Izugbe
Asxsx Igbo nwere qtxtx olund[ maqbx olumba nke mere na
q na-esi ike onye qzq [ghqta ihe ibe ya na-ekwu n‟olund[
ya. Q bx niihi qnqdx a mere nd[ Otu Iwelite Asxsx na
Omenaala Igbo (SPILC) jiri nqrq n‟afq 1972 wee hibe otu
kqmitii lebara anya n‟ime ka e si n‟qtxtx olund[ nd[ ahx d[
iche iche e nwere n‟Igbo wepxta otu asxsx Igbo nke onye q
bxla bx onye Igbo ga na-aghqta. Ya bx, Igbo Izugbe bx nke e
sitere n‟okwu d[ iche iche si n‟qtxtx olund[, na okwu mbite
weta iji mee ka asxsx Igbo too ma zuo oke (Oraka 1983).
Emenanjq (1978,) kqwara na Igbo Izugbe pxtara d[wa ire
niihi na olund[ d[ n‟asxsx Igbo kar[r[ akar[. Nke a na-
ebuta ndqghachi azx n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo. Nke a pxtara na
xbara olund[ d[ iche iche n‟Igbo na-eme ka qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe sie ike. Olund[ Udi so n‟otu n‟ime olund[ nd[ ahx
nke mere o jiri d[ mkpa ileba anya na fqnqlqji olund[ Udi
na mmetxta q na-emetxta qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Nkqwa Olund[
Q bxrx na mmadx e gee nt[ mgbe nd[ qzq na-ekwu okwu,
onye ahx ga-achqpxta na asxsx ha na-asx na etu ha si
28
akpqpxta okwu nwere ike d[ iche na nke ya. Nke a pxtara na
nd mmadx d[ iche iche na-asxpxta olu be ha. Q bx mgbasa
n‟ebe onye siri pxta na-ebute nke a. Ya bx olund[ bx asxsx
pxrx iche na-ezugh[ ebe niile qnx nke nd[ mmadx na-asx be
ha. Ndukwe (1991), kqwara olund[ d[ka alaka asxsx a na-asx
n‟ogbe d[ iche iche nke nwere mkpxrxokwu na qtxtx njirimara
xtqasxsx olund[ ahx. Nke a pxtara na olund[ qbxla nwere
mkpxrxokwu na mkpxrxxda pxrx iche mere ka q d[ iche
n‟olund[ nd[ qzq d[ iche iche. Ndukwe (1991), gara n‟ihu
kwuo na ihe na-ebute qtxtx olund[ bx mgbasa nke ebe; nke
pxtara na nd[ mmadx eb[kqtagh[ qnx n‟otu ebe.
Oluikpe (1979), hxrx olund[ d[ka mgbakqta qnx ihe niile
gbasara alaka asxsx Izugbe a na-asx n‟obodo nke e jiri mara
obodo qbxla. Nke a na-egosi na olund[ d[ iche iche nwere
njirimara ha nwere d[ka mkpxrxxda nke mere ha ji d[ iche
n‟asxsx olund[ nd[ qzq. Olund[ bx asxsx nke q bx naan[ otu
ogbe, obodo maqbx nd[ na-asx na be ha nke mere ha ji d[
iche n‟ebe nd[ qzq yiri ha nq (http://define.com/dialect) .
N‟[ga n‟ihu, olund[ bx alaka asxsx Izugbe qbxla nke
obodo qbxla maqbx ogbe na-asx. Olund[ d[ xzq abxq: nke ebe
na nke izugbe (http://www.mantex.co.uk/2009/08/31/english-
language-dialect). Nke a na-egosi na olund[ d[ iche iche
metxtara obodo d[ iche iche bx olund[ nke ebe d[ka olund[
29
Udi, Nsxka, mana nke izugbe bx nke asxsx Igbo jikqtara Igbo
niile qnx.
Nkqwa Nkuzi na Qmxmx
Nkuzi bx [gba mbq hx na mmadx mxtara ihe site n‟aka
onye ka ya wee mara. Ya bx mgbe mmadx na-anwa oke ya ime ka
onye qzq nweta mmxta n‟aka ya. Onye na-anwa oke ya bx onye
nkxzi ebe onye na-amx ihe bx nwata akwxkwq maqbx qmxx.
Nkxzi bx qnqdx na-abxgh[ n‟xd[ mberede wee gbaa mbq ka onye
qzq mxta ihe n‟aka mmadx.
Nnachi (2010), kwadoro nkqwa a e nyere nkxzi mgbe o
kwuru na nkuzi bx ihe e ji ezi mmxta hibe maka inyefe mmxta
site n‟aka onye qkaibe ruo n‟aka onye na-amx ihe. Nke a
pxtara na site na nkxzi ka mmxta si e si n‟aka otu onye
ruo onye qzq aka. Nkxzi anagh[ ezu oke ganye na onye nkxzi
abata n‟ime ya. Na nkqwa nke ya banyere nkxzi, Offorma
(1994), kwuru na nkxzi bx usoro a haziri nke abxgh[ na
mberede nke mmadx bagidere iji mee ka nka qmxmx ihe kwesiri
ruo onye qzq aka ma si etu ahx nweta qs[sa d[ mkpa n‟ihe a
kxziiri ya. Nke a gosiri na nkxzi bx xzq mmadx si agba mbq
ime ka onye qzq mxta ihe a kuziir[ ya. Q ga-esitekwaazi
n‟xzq nkuzi mata ma o mere nke qma ka q bx na o megh[.
N‟ikwenye n‟ihe (Offorma 1994), kqwara maka ihe nkxzi bx,
Davidson (2005), kwuru na nkxzi bx usoro nke qmxx, onye
nkxzi, ogbe ihe qmxmx na ihe nd[ qzq gbasara nkxzi bx nke a
30
haziri n‟xzq q ga-esi wee mee ka mbunuche nkxzi bxrx ihe
nwere isi. Nkqwa Davidson na Offorma nyere banyere nkxzi
na-egosi na nkxzi na-agbaso usoro a haziri ma nwee
mbunuche. D[ka Mbakwem (2001), siri kwuo, nkxzi pxtara inye
mmadx qzxzx n‟otu ihe qmxmx, ime ka mmadx nweta mmxta maqbx
nka d[ iche iche, ime ka mmadx nabata ma mata ihe ya na
igosi mmadx ihe qjq o mere ka q ghara ime xd[ ihe ahx qzq.
Q gakwara n‟ihu kqwaa na q bxgh[ naan[ nd[ nkxzi mere maka
mmxta ka q d[[r[ kama xfqdx bx nd[ nkuzi agbambqqlx, nd[
nkxzi xka, nd[ na-enye qrx nd[ okenye, xmxnne mmadx na nd[
nne na nna. Nke a pxtara na mgbe a na-ekwu maka nkxzi, q
bxgh[ naan[ maka n‟xlqakwxkwq.
N‟[ga n‟ihu, nkuzi bx [gba mbq nyere onye qzq aka ka o
nwee ike nweta nka d[ iche iche, akparamaagwa, echiche na
mmxta nke onye ahx ga-anabata maqbxkwanx gbanwee (Clark na
Starr 1997). Nke a pxtara na site na nkxzi, qmxx na-enwe
mgbanwe n‟akparamaagwa, echiche na mmxta site n‟ihe q
mxtara n‟aka onye nkxzi. Iji p[achie nkqwa ihe nkxzi bx ebe
a, q bx mmadx ime ka onye qzq mxta ihe n‟aka ya nke ga-
eweta mgbanwe na ndx ya. {mxta ihe ebe a nwere ike [bx
akparamaagwa, nka d[ iche iche, na echiche miri emi.
Nkqwa ihe qmxmx bx tara akpx n‟ihi na e nwegh[ otu
nkqwa gboro qgx [kqwa ihe q pxtara. Q bx nke a mere xfqdx
nd[ qkachamara na mmxta jiri kqwaa ya n‟xzq d[ iche iche.
31
Qmxmx bx mmadx inweta mmxta na mbawanye n‟amamihe site
n‟[gx akwxkwq, site n‟ihe merela na ndx ya maqbx n‟aka onye
qzq. Qmxmx bxkwaazi inweta nka d[ iche iche mmxta site na
nkuzi (http://www.branyquote.com.2011). Cobb (2009), kwuru
na qmxmx bx ihe d[ qkpxx na ndx mmadx nke na-ebute mgbanwe
ozi na ihe merela mmadx na ndx na-ewetara mmadx inweta
mmxta, nka d[ iche iche, omume na akparamaagwa. {hx qmxmx
d[ka ihe d[ qkpxx na ndx mmadx gosiri na mmadx ga-anq
n‟qmxmx ganye na q nwxq. N‟echiche nke ha, Ashman na Conway
(1993), kwuru na qmxmx bx usoro d[ qkpxx nke na-eweta
mgbanwe pxtara ihe na nka omume a hxrx anya. N‟ihi nke a,
Kolar (1982), hxrx qmxmx d[ka ihe mgbanwe pxtara qhxrx
sitere n‟ihe nke ochie. Nke a pxtara na qmxmx na-eweta
mgbanwe na ndx mmadx. Max (1971), kwenyere na nke a mgbe o
kwuru na qmxmx metxtara mgbanwe n‟omume maqbx akparamaagwa
nke sitere n‟omume gara aga. Hockenbury na Hockenbury
(2000), n‟otu aka ahx hxkwaaziri qmxmx d[ka mgbanwe na
mmxta maqbx akparamaagwa n‟ihi ihe merela na ndx mmadx.
Mgbanwe q bxla nke na-esita n‟qmxmx na-adigide n‟ime mmadx
ganye na nke q hxrx abata maqbx na xbxrx ad[gh[zi ire
icheta ihe. Qmxmx bx usoro nke na-ebute mgbanwe n‟omume
mmadx (Ngwoke 2010). Nkqwa Kimble (1981), nyere qmxmx
dabara na nke Ngwoke (2010), niihi na q hxrx qmxmx d[ka
mgbanwe n‟omume d[ ire nke na-ad[gide sitere na mgbamume.
32
Na nkqwa niile a pxtara ihe n‟elu ebe a, ihe pxtara ihe
na nke qbxla bx „mgbanwe omume‟ na-esite n‟ihe merela na
ndx maqbx ihe q mxtara. Nke a pxtara na tupu qmxmx ad[ ire
n‟ime mmadx, a ga-enwer[r[ mgbanwe n‟omume onye ahx.
N‟ikpeazx q bx site n‟qmxmx ka mmadx si amxta [sx asxsx.
Nkqwa Fqnqlqji na Fqn[m
Fqnqlqji bx alaka sayens[ asxsx bx lingwistiks nke na-
eleba anya n‟xdaasxsx d[ iche iche d[ n‟asxsx mbaxwa d[
iche iche. Nd[ qkammxta na odee d[ iche iche agbaala mbq
n‟xzq d[ iche iche [kqwa ihe fqnqlqji bx. Mbah na Mbah
(2010), kqwara na fqnqlqj[ na-amx maka nch[kqta na nhazi
qd[d[ xdaokwu d[ n‟asxsx mba xwa d[ iche iche. Ikekeqnwx
(1996), kqwara na fqnqlqji na-amx maka mkpxrxxda na ka e si
eji ha arx qrx n‟asxsx mba xwa d[ iche iche. Nke a pxtara
na q na-enyocha ka asxsx d[ iche iche si eji mkpxrxxda nd[
a chqpxtara ma kqwakwa mkpqpxta ha na fqnitikisi arx qrx
n‟asxsx e nwegas[r[ n‟xwa.
Nnachi (2007), gosipxtara na fqnqlqji bx qmxmx gbasara
xda kacha nta a kpqrq mkpxrxxdaasxsx maqbx fqn[m nke na-
emetxta nghqta okwu maqbx asxsx nwere. Q gara n‟ihu kwuo na
asxsx qbxla nwere fqn[m maqbx mkpxrxxdaasxsx nke ya. N”iji
kwado nke a Ladefoged (1975), kwuru na fqnqlqji nwere mmas[
n‟[mx maka mkpxrxxdaasxsx nwere ike iweta mgbanwe na nghqta
n‟asxsx maqbx ihe a sxrx. Q kqwara na fqnqlqji na-
33
elebakwaaz[ anya n‟usoro xdaasxsx nd[ ahx sitere na
fqn[tiks. Nke a gosiri na fqnqlqji ji ngwa qrx fqn[tiks wee
na-arx qrx n‟asxsx d[ iche iche.
N‟[ga n‟ihu Agbedo (2000), kwenyere n‟ihe Ladefoged
(1975) kwuru maka fqnqlqj[ niihi na q kqwara ya d[ka nke
na-eleba anya n‟xda d[ iche iche na qd[d[ ha nke sitere na
fqn[tiks. Q pxtara na fqnqlqj[ na-eji ngwa qrx si na
fqn[tiks arx qrx. Fqnqlqj[ na-eleba anya na
fqn[m/mkpxrxxdaasxsx. D[ka Hyman (1975), siri kqwaa,
fqnqlqj[ na-amx maka usoro xda d[ iche iche d[ n‟asxsx nke
mbunuche ya bx ileba anya n‟xmx irighiri ihe gbasara usoro
xda maqbx xdaasxsx nke qsxx ga-amx ma ghqta ya maka iji
asxsx ahx wee kwukqr[ta okwu. Nke a pxtara na ihe gbasara
xdaasxsx d[ oke mkpa n‟asxsx maka na isi ihe gbasara asxsx
q bxla bx maka iji ya wee kwukqr[ta okwu n‟etiti mmadx na
ibe ya. Nwodo (2008), hxkwaaziri fqnqlqj[ d[ka nke na-amx
maka usoro xda e nwere n‟asxsx d[ iche iche nke isi sekpx
nt[ na ya bx [chqpxta iwu d[ iche iche na-ach[kwa xzq e
siri hazie xda d[ iche iche iji kqwaa xd[d[ ha. Umaru
(2005), na nkqwa nke ya kqwara fqnqlqj[ d[ka nke gbasara
etu nhazi nkeji xda d[ iche iche n‟xd[ nghqta ha nwere
n‟asxsx q bxla. Nke a pxtara na mkpxrxxda q bxla nwere qrx
pxrx iche q na-arx n‟asxsx. Dike (1989:10), “fqnqlqj[ bx
qmxmx njirimara usoro xdaasxsx. Q bx qmxmx sayens[ xdaasxsx
34
nke na-ebute nghqta d[ iche na mkpxrxokwu na ibe ya. Nke a
pxtara na fqn[m q bxla nwere nghqta d[ iche iche na nke
qzq. Na nch[kqta okwu, fqnqlqj[ bx amxmaamx gbasara
xdaasxsx nke na-eleba anya na fqn[m asxsx mba xwa d[ iche
iche.
Fqnqlqji na-amx maka fqn[m maqbx mkpxrxxdaasxsx nke na-
eweta mgbanwe/nd[iche na nghqta okwu. Qnqdx kachas[ nta e
nwere ike ikeri okwu ka a na-akpq fqn[m. Nd[ qkammxta na
odee d[ iche iche agbaala mbq [kqwa ihe fqn[m bx. Umeh,
Ugoji na Dike (1989), kqwara fqn[m d[ka xdaasxsx kachas[
nta nke na-ebute nd[iche na nghqta okwu. Anqzie (1999),
nabatakwaziri na fqn[m bx xdaasxsx nd[ ahx nwere ike ibute
nd[iche n‟okwu ole na ole bx nd[ kaara iyi onwe ha ma n‟xd[
ma na nghqta ma e wepx naan[ otu xdaasxsx. De Courtenay
(1971), na-akqwa na fqn[m nwere ike [pxta ihe naan[ n‟uche
okwukwu nke pxtara na mkpxrxxda ahx mmadx bu n‟obi iji
kpqpxta mkpxrxokwu maqbx ah[r[okwu ka a na-akpq
fqn[m/mkpxrxxdasxsx.
N‟[ga n‟ihu Gimson (1980) hxrx fqn[m d[ka alaka nta
lingwistiks nke metxtara xda d[ iche iche e nwere n‟asxsx
d[ iche iche. Nke a na-egosi na n‟agbanyegh[ na fqn[m d[
nta n‟asxsx, q na-ebute nd[iche n‟etiti okwu abxq. D[ka
Mbah na Mbah (2010), siri kqwaa, fqn[m bx nkebi kacha d[
35
nta na mkpxrxokwu nke na-ebute nd[iche na ghqta okwu na ibe
ya. Ha gara n‟ihu nye okwu nd[ a d[ka qmxmaatx:
(a) d fall
l go (home)
s wash
(b) sèé draw
lee look
mèé do
( c) rìé eat
bìé slice
dìé endure
N‟ime qmxmaatx okwu nd[ a d[ n‟elu ebe a, nd[[che d[
n‟etiti ha pxtara ihe na fqn[m mbx nd[ ahx malitere okwu
nd[ ahx e dere n‟Igbo. Ya bx na /d/, /l/ /s/ /m/ /r./ /b/
/d/ pxtara ihe n‟okwu nd[ ahx bx ha gosipxtara nd[[che d[
n‟etiti okwu nd[ ahx.
N‟[kwado nke a Nnachi. (2007), kqwara na nd[ na-amx
asxsx na-amxkwaazi maka fqn[m/mkpxrxxdaasxsx iji wee nwee
ike gosipxta nd[[che d[ n‟etiti okwu abxq maqbx kar[a yiri
onwe ha site na mkpqpxta ha d[ iche iche. O gara n‟ihu nye
qmxmaatx nd[ a: „pig‟ na „big‟, „cat‟ na „cake‟ „rice‟ na
„rise‟. Q bx /p/ / j/ /t/ /k/ /s/ /z/ bx fqn[m maqbx
mkpxrxxdaasxsx bxtere nd[[iche n‟okwu nd[ ahx.
36
Ndepxta Fqn[m Asxsx Igbo Izugbe
Nd[ Bx Xdaume
1. /a/
2. /e/
3. /i/
4. /{/
5. /o/
6. //
7. /u/
8. //
Nd[ Bx Mgbochiume
1. /b/
2. /ʧ/
3. /d/
4. /f/
5. /g/
6. /gb/
7. //
8. /gw/
9. //
10. //
11. /k/
12. /kp/
13. /kw/
14. //
15. /m/
16. /n/
17. /w/
18. //
19. //
37
20. /p/
21. //
22. /s/
23. //
24. /t/
25. /v/
26. /w/
27. /j/
28. /z/
Wikiped[a 2011.
Ndepxta Fqn[m Olund[ Udi
Nd[ Bx Xdaume
1. /a/
2. /e/
3. //
4. /ə/
5. /i/
6. //
7. /o/
8. //
9. /u/
10. //
Nd[ Bx Mgbochume
1. /b/
2. /ʧ/
3. /d/
4. /f/
5. /g/
6. /gb/
7. //
38
8. /gw/
9. //
10. //
11. /k/
12. /kp/
13. /kw/
14. //
15. /m/
16. /n/
17. /w/
18. //
19. //
20. /p/
21. //
22. /s/
23. //
24. /t/
25. /v/
26. /w/
27. /wh/
28. /j/
29. /z/
Ndepxta fqn[m nd[ ahx gosiri na ebe Igbo Izugbe nwere
xdaume asatq, olund[ Udi nwere iri. Nd[ ha nwere tinyere
asatq e nwere n‟Igbo Izugbe bx /ə/ na //. N‟aka nke qzq
mgbochume e nwere n‟Igbo Izugbe d[ iri abxq na asatq ebe
olund[ Udi nwere iri abxq na toolu. Olund[ Udi nwere /wh/
mana Igbo Izugbe enwegh[ ya. Okwu xfqdx nd[ a zipxtara
omxmaatx mkpqpxta fqn[m olund[ Udi na nke Igbo Izugbe:
39
S/N fqn[m olund[ Udi fqn[m Igbo
Izugbe
1 nw /nw/ enwe /enwe/
2 d /d/ ede /ede/
3 awhq /awh/ afq /af/
4 ahq /ah/ afq /af/
5 awhxwhx
/awhwh/
ahxhx /ahh/
Nke a zipxtara na olund[ Udi nwere fqn[m // na /wh/ nke
ad[gh[ n‟Igbo Izugbe nke na-egosi na nd[ Udi ji // anqch[
anya /e/ n‟Igbo Izugbe ma jiri /wh/ anqch[ anya /h/ n‟Igbo
Izugbe n‟otu aka ahxkwa.
Nkqwa Asxsx Nd[ Qgbq
Nwata q bxla nwere otu qgbq nd[ ya na ha na-egwu egwu.
Q bx asxsx ka ha na-eji wee na-akpakqr[ta xbxbq n‟etiti
onwe ha. Anyanele (2003) kwuru na mgbe nwata na-eto ma nwee
ike [ga ije, na igwu egwu, q na-ab[akqta qnx n‟ebe xmxaka
nd[ qgbq ya nq nd[ abxgh[ nd[ ezinaxlq ya. Q gara n‟ihu
kqwaa na mb[akqta qnx d[ n‟etiti xmxaka nd[ a na-eme ka ha
nwee ike [kqr[ta akxkq, [kpar[ta nkata na [kqcha onwe ha
na-enyere xmxaka aka iji zxq akxkx ahx d[ iche iche e ji
ekwu okwu nke ga-eme ka ha nwee ike iji asxsx kqwaa onwe ha
nke qma. {kq akxkq na-enye aka n‟[mx ka e si ekwu okwu nke
bara uru na nkxzi fqnqlqji. Ya bx na nkxzi fqnqlqji
metxtara ikpqpxta xda n‟xd[ [kq ak[kq. Asxsx ha ji akq
akxkq a nwere ike na-emetxta xmxaka n‟[mx Igbo Izugbe.
40
Na nkqwa nke ya, Nnachi (2007), kwuru na xmxaka na-
emekqrita n‟etiti onwe ha d[ka qgbq ha siri d[. Ha na-ebi
ndx d[ka ebumnobi otu ha siri kpebi. N‟ihi nke a otu qgbq
qbxla na-ahazi ma na-eduzi akparamagwa na usoro obibi ndx
nd[ qgbq ahx. Q gara n‟ihu kqwaa usoro obibi ndx nd[ qgbq
qbxla na-emetxta xmxaka n‟qmxmx d[ iche iche nke kpatara na
ha na-amxta ezigbo ihe na ihe qjqq. Nke a pxtara na ihe
gbasara qmxmx asxsx Igbo; asxsx xmxaka na-asx n‟etiti onwe
ha nwere ike na-emetxta ha n‟[mx asxsx Igbo Izugbe niihi na
asxsx xmxaka ji egwuri egwu na-abxkar[ olund[ ha maqbx
asxsx bekee.
Nkqwa Jenda
N‟ihe gbasara qmxmx asxsx, jenda so n‟qnqdx e nwere ike
iji gosipxta maqbx oke ka q bx nwaany[ na-aka eme nke qma.
Nke a gosiri na xfqdx asxsx, e nwere etu nd[ bx nwaany[ si
akpqpxta xda d[ iche iche nke d[ iche n‟etu nd[ nwoke siri
akpqpxta ha. Nke a mere Ndukwe (1998) jiri kqwaa na a b[a
n‟asxsx a kpqrq Yukaghir d[ na mba mgbagougwu qwxwa anyanwx
Ashia (Asia), na mgbe xdaasxsx abxq nd[ a /tj/ na /ʧ/
b[akqtara qnx n‟otu mkpxrxokwu nd[ nwaany[ na-akpqkq /ʧ/
d[ka /dj/, /bj/. Nke a gosiri na e nwere nd[iche n‟etu
xmxnwoke si akpqpxta xfqdx xda na etu nd[ bx nwaany[ si
akpqpxta ha.
41
Qbah (2000) kqwara na otu ihe pxtara ihe na-egqsi ihe
d[ iche n‟otu asxsx na qzq bx ihe gbasara jenda / oke maqbx
nwaany[ d[ka o siri metxta qsxx. Q gara n‟ihu kqwaa na a
b[a n‟xfqdx obodo, na e nwere xfqdx okwu xmxnwoke na-eji
ekwu okwu nke xmxnwaany[ anagh[ eji ekwu okwu. Qmxmaatx,
n‟ezinaxlq xfqdx n‟ala Igbo, anagh[ akpq d[qkpara aha mbx
ya. Qzq kwa, n‟ebe xfqdx xmxnwaany[ anagh[ eji ilu ekwu
okwu n‟qgbq. N‟ebe xfqdx anagh[ enwe asxsx pxrx iche maka
nwaany[ maqbx qke / nwoke.
N‟[ga n‟ihu Xmq (2001) kqwara na a b[a n‟ihe gbasara
aghqtaazaa na nkqwa n‟asxsx q bxla, nkwenye nd[ mmadx na-
egosi na xmxnwany[ na-enwekar[ mmxq [mx asxsx kar[a
xmxnwoke. Q rxtxrx aka na ihe gbasara egwureegwu kwesiri
izipxta nd[iche n‟[mx asxsx d[ka o siri metxta jenda bara
oke uru d[ka o siri metxta asxsx Igbo. Xmq gara n‟ihu
kqwara na jenda maqbx [bx oke maqbx nwaany[ na-emetxta
nkxzi na qmxmx asxsx Igbo niihi na obodo/mba qbxla nwere
asxsx ha na-asx nke na-ezipxta nd[iche na jenda. Nd[iche a
na-apxta d[ iche site n‟otu obodo wee ruo n‟qzq.
Iji kwado nke a, Akabogu (2002) kwenyere na nd[iche na
jenda bx otu xzq pxtakar[r[ ihe e si egosipxta na nd[
nwaany[ ka eme nke qma n‟[mx asxsx d[ iche iche kar[a nd[
nwoke n‟xlqakwxkwq. Q gara n‟ihu kwuo na mmalite na mbido
ikwu okwu d[ka o siri metxta xmxaka; nd[ nwaany[ n‟ime ha
42
na-aka eme nke qma n‟[kpqpxta okwu nd[ nwere otu xda, na
xda abxq.Nke a gosiri na xmxaka nd[ nwaany[ na-amxtakar[
asxsx qsqqsq kar[a nd[ nwoke. {mx asxsx na-amalite na nwata
nke na-apxta ihe na mkpqpxta xda d[ iche iche e ji asx
asxsx ahx nke dabara na fqnqlqj[. Ihe gbasara jenda d[ mkpa
ileba anya na nchqcha a niihi na q ga-enye aka [mata ka q
bx nd[ xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke ka fqnqlqji[ olund[ Udi na-
emetxta ebe q d[ ukwu ka q bx nd[ nwaany[.
Nkqwa Asxsx Nne na Nna (Asxsx Ezinaxlq)
Asxsx nne, nna na xmxnne na-asxrx xmxaka n‟ez[naxlq
nwere ike imetxta ha n‟qmxmx asxsx q bxla ha na-amx. Niihi
na xmxaka bx nd[ na-eñomiri nd[ okenye qsqqsq. Q bxrx na
nd[ nne na nna e jiri asxsx olund[ ha na-agwa xmx ha okwu,
e nwere ike xmxaka ahx e soro ha sxwa olund[ ahx. N‟aka nke
qzq, q bxrx na nne na nna na-asxrx xmx ha Igbo Izugbe, a
txrx anya na xmxaka ahx ga-asxkwazi Igbo Izugbe. Nke a mere
Tamis-LeMonda (2008), jiri kwuo na xd[ asxsx nne na nna na-
asxrx xmxaka ha mgbe ha na-akpar[ta nkata bx otu ihe siri
ike nke na-ezipxta ka xmxaka siri amxta asxsx mgbe ha d[
obere. Nke a gosiri na q bx asxsx nne maqbx nna na-asx
n‟ezinaxlq ka nwata qbxla na-asxkwaazi n‟otu aka ahx. Nka
asxsx q bxla nwata nwere na-adabere n‟asxsx nne na-asxrx
xmxaka ya nke pxtara na q bx asxsx nne na-asx bx asxsx
xmxaka na-amx (Wikipedia 2008). Ihe nke a na-egosi bx na
43
asxsx qbxla nwata mxtara n‟aka nne ya nwere ike na-apxta
ihe mgbe nwaa ahx na-ekwu okwu maka na q bx asxsx mbx q
mxtara.
Nkqwa Mpaghara Ebe A Rxnyere Xlqakwxkwq
Xfqdx xlqakwxkwq ka a rxnyere n‟ebe mepere emepe ebe
nd[ qzq ka a rxnyere n‟ebe emepegh[ emepe. Ebe a rxnyere
xlqakwxkwq nwere ike imetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟agxmakwxkwq niihi
na ka obodo siri mepedebe na-ewetara xlqakwxkwq mmepe n‟xd[
akarangwa e ji akxzi ihe. Xfqdx xlqakwxkwq nq n‟ime obodo
anagh[ enwecha ngwa zuru oke e ji akxzi ihe. N‟aka nke qzq
ngwa nkxzi na-aka ad[ n‟xlqakwxkwq d[ n‟obodo mepere emepe.
Qbas[ (2011), kwadoro nke a mgbe q kqwara na q bxrxla ihe a
maara ama na xlqakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟obodo mepere emepe na-aka
eme nke qma kar[a nd[ nq n‟obodo emepegh[ emepe niihi na a
na-enwe nd[ nkxzi a zxrx nke qma na ngwa nkxzi nd[ qzq. Q
gara n‟ihu kwuo na ogige ebe mepere emepe na-azxpxta
xmxakwxkwq nd[ qgxgxisi ha ka arx qrx kar[a nd[ nq n‟obodo
emepegh[ emepe.
Nwagx (1990) chqpxtara na xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟obodo
mepere emepe na-eme nke qma n‟ihe qmxmx gbasara mmekqr[ta
mmadx na ibe ya (Social Studies) kar[a nd[ ogbo ha nq
n‟obodo emepegh[ emepe. Iji kwado ihe Nwagx (1990) kwuru,
Umo (2001), kqwakwaaziri na ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq na-
emetxta xmxakwxwkq n‟ebe q d[ ukwu n‟ihe gbasara qmxmx
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xtqasxsx Igbo. O kwuru na xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟obodo mepere
emepe na-aka eme nke qma kar[a nd[ nq n‟ime obodo emepegh[
emepe n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo. N‟otu aka ahx, q d[ mkpa [chqpxta
etu ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxwkq nwere ike isi metxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx fqnqlqj[ Igbo Izugbe iji chqpxta ka q
bx xmxakwxkwq nq n‟obodo mepere emepe ka eme nke qma ka q
bx nd[ nq n‟ime obodo n‟Xdi.
Atxtx Mmxghar[
Atxtx Akparamaagwa/Agwa Qmxmx Asxsx (Behaviourist Theory of
Language Learning).
Atxtx akparamaagwa maqbx agwa qmxmx asxsx bx nke
Skinner (1957) txpxtara. Skinner kwenyere na qmxmx asxsx bx
nke metxtara i]qmi omume na [kpa agwa bara mmadx n‟xm[
okpxkpx. D[ka o si d[ n‟atxtx a, xmxaka na-eñomiri xda d[
iche iche na usoro akpqmxda ha na-anx na gburugburu ha ma
nweta ezigbo ihe mgbamume nke nwere ike [bx otito maka inwe
ike [sx asxsx ahx nke qma. Site n‟xd[ mgbamume a, nwata
qbxla na-enweta na gburugburu ya maka [kpqpxta xda etu o
kwesiri mgbe q na-ekwu okwu, q ga-esi etu ahx na-amx
[kpqpxta xda nd[ ahx kwamgbe kwamgbe ganye na q baa ya
n‟xm[ qkpxkpx. Atxtx a na-akqwakwa na n‟agbanyegh[ ka asxsx
nwata si d[ mma na olee o nwere ike [nx na ugboro olee q
na-enweta ihe mgbamume (reinforcement) site na nd[ nq ya
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gburugburu, o kwesiri inwe mmetxta n‟ebe nwata ahx nq
n‟qmxmx asxsx qbxla. Ihe nke a na-egosi bx na xmxaka na-amx
asxsx site n‟i]omiri na ilegide nd[ okenye anya n‟xd[ [sx
asxsx ahx ha na-amx d[ka nd[ okenye.
Atxtx a dabara na nchqcha a niihi na o metxtara
fqnqlqji nke na-amx maka fqn[m e ji akpqpxta xdaasxsx d[
iche iche n‟asxsx qbxla. Mgbe nd[ nne, nna, nd[ ezinaxlq na
nd[ qzq gbara nwata gburugburu na-asx asxsx maqbx na-
akpqpxta xda d[ iche iche, nwata ahx ga na-ege nti n‟ihe ha
na-asx nke ga-eme ka o nwee ike ]omiri etu nd[ okenye ahx
si asx asxsx mgbe q ga-asx nke ya. Nwata ahx nwere ike gaa
n‟ihu n‟imx mkpqpxta xdaasxsx ahx ugboro ugboro ganye na q
baa ya n‟xm[ qkpxkpx. Qzq kwa, mgbe onye nkxzi Igbo na-
akxzi fqnqloji Igbo, o nwere ike na-akpqpxta xda nd[ a:
/ o / / q / / / / u / / { / / i / / e / / / / b /,
xmxakwxkwq ga na-akpqkwaazi xda nd[ ahx ma onye nkxzi
kpqchaa. Q bx ihe onye nkxzi kwuru ka xmxakwxkwq ga-ekwu. Q
sxq n‟Igbo Izugbe, xmxaka a sxq n‟Igbo Izugbe ma q sxq
n‟olund[ ya; xmxakwxkwq a sxq n‟olund[ ahx. Q bxrx na nwa
akwxkwq a kpqpxta xda qbxla etu o kwesiri, a na-enye ya ihe
mgbamume d[ka otito, [kxrx ya aka nke ga-eme ka o mee nke
qma n‟qd[nihu. N‟aka nke qzq, q bxrxkwa na nwaakwxkwq
akpqtagh[ xda etu o kwesiri, a na-ata ya ahxhx. D[ka onye
nchqcha kwuru na mbx, q bx etu ahx ka q siri d[ n‟atxtx
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omume / agwa. Niihi ihe nd[ a a rxtxrx aka n‟elu ebe a, q
dabara ikwu na atxtx a dabara na nchqcha a.
Atxtx Qmxmx Mmekqr[ta Mmadx na Ibe ya (Social Learning
Theory)
Atxtx qmxmx mmekqr[ta bx nke e wepxtara iji gosi ka nd[
mmadx si amxta ihe n‟aka nd[ qzq site n‟i]omi ha. Q bx
Bandura (1925) bx otu onye n‟ime nd[ txpxtara atxtx a aha
ya kacha pxta ihe. Ihe pxtara ihe nke ukwu n‟atxtx a bx na
omume / agwa na-esite na mmekqr[ta d[ n‟etiti mmadx na ibe
ya n‟xd[ nñomi. Bandura kwenyere na site n‟ilele omume
maqbx ka nd[ qzq si eme, mmadx na-esite etu ahx amxta ihe
qhxrx.
Atxtx a na-egosipxta etu mmekqr[ta d[ n‟etiti mmadx na
ibe ya si eweta mmxta ihe qhxrx nke ga-enyere ya aka igbo
mkpa d[ iche iche nke gbagwojuru ya anya. D[ka Nnachi
(2007) siri kwuo, qmxmx mmekqr[ta mmadx na ibe ya bx xd[
qmxmx nke na-apxtakar[ ihe n‟xd[ nlele anya maqbx n]omi nke
xmxanxmanx d[ iche iche siri amxta ihe site na nlele na
nñomi anx maqbx mmadx iji wee nwee ike tozuo [bx onye otu
ahx maqbx ijx nnabata otu ahx. Iji maa atx, xd[ akwa onye
nkxzi, etu o siri akpa agwa na xd[ mmadx q bx ka xmxakwxkwq
na-e]omiri maka na ha nwere ike chqq [d[ ka onye nkxzi ha.
Xmxakwxkwq d[ etu a na-amalite ime ihe onye nkxzi mere
iji wee d[ka onye nkxzi ahx. N‟aka nke qzq, xfqdx
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xmxakwxkwq nwere ike ghara [mx [kpa xd[ agwa onye nkxzi
maqbx ike ekike ko o si eke. N‟otu aka ahx, n‟ihe gbasara
fqnqlqj[ Igbo, bx mkpqpxta xda d[ iche iche. Mgbe onye
nkxzi na-akxzi fqnqlqj[ nke na-amx maka mkpxrxxda/fqnim
asxsx d[ iche iche, ihe ga-abx mbunuche o ji akxzi ya bx ka
xmxakwxkwq nwee ike kpqkqnwuo xda qbxla etu onye nkxzi siri
kpqkq ya. Onye nkxzi ga-edetu xda qbxla na mgboodee, ebe q
ga-abx q na-akpqpxta ha xmxakwxkwq a na-e]omiri ya site
n‟ikwu ihe o kwuru na nlele anya. N‟xzq d[ etu a, asxsx
onye nkxzi nwere ike imetxta asxsx xmxakwxkwq. Q bxrx na
onye nkxzi ahx ji olund[ ya akpqpxta xda nd[ ahx,
xmxakwxkwq nwere ike sorokwa ya jiri olund[ ya wee na-asx
asxsx niihi na qmxmx ihe ebe a bx n‟xd[ nñomi na nlele
anya. Mana e nwere ike xfqdx xmxakwxkwq agagh[ anabata nke
a. Xmxakwxkwq d[ka nd[ na-enwe mmekqr[ta n‟etiti ibe ha, bx
nd[ ha na nd[ mmadx d[ka nne na nna, xmxnne, otu qgbq na
nd[ qzq bi na gburugburu ha na-ebikq qnx.
Site na mmekqr[ta d[ n‟etiti ha na nd[ qzq, xmxakwxkwq
na-e]omiri omume nd[ ahx nd[ mmadx na-eme nke nwere ike
metxta xmxakwxkwq na mkpqpxta xdaasxsx ahx. Site n‟ihe
niile a kqwara n‟elu ebe a, q d[ mkpa ikwu na qmxmx
mmekqr[ta mmadx na ibe ya dabara na nchqcha a n‟ihi na mgbe
xmxakwxkwq na-amx asxsx d[ iche iche site n‟i]omiri na
ilele etu onye nkxzi s[ akpqpxta mkpxrxxdasxsx d[ iche
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iche. Iji kwado nke a Mgbodile na Iwuh (2000), kqwara na
xmxaka na-amxta qtxtx ihe site n‟i]omiri nd[ okenye na
xmxaka nd[ qzq. Xmxaka na-elele ihe nd[ qzq na-eme nke
mas[r[ ha d[ka ikwu okwu, [ga ije, ide ihe na iyi akwa. Otu
ihe pxtara ihe ebe a d[ka o siri metxta nchqcha a bx na
xmxaka na-e]qmi etu nd[ okenye na nd[ qzq siri ekwu okwu
nke metxtara mkpqpxta xda d[ iche iche e nwere n‟asxsx.
Nchqcha A Hxrx Anya
N‟ebe a onye nchqcha lebara anya na nchqcha nd[ qzq
merela iji mata myiri na nd[[che d[ n‟etiti nchqcha nd[ ahx
e merela na mbx na nke a na-eme ugbua.
Nnene (2006) mere nchqcha n‟isiokwu a kpqrq „Anlysis of
Error Between English Phonology Patterns and Qgwx Dialects
of Igbo Among Senior Secondary School Students‟ na Bekee. O
lebara anya na ndehie d[ iche iche d[ n‟etiti asxsx Bekee
na olund[ Qgwx mgbe a na-ede asxsx Bekee d[ka o siri metxta
xmxakwxkwq nd[ sekqnd[r[ ukwu. Xd[ nchqcha o jiri mee nke a
bx nke sovee nkqwa. Qnxqgx o jiri mee nchqcha a bx
xmxakwxkwq nq na sekqnd[r[ ukwu nq n‟afq nke abxq (SS2) d[
nar[ asatq nke q bx nd[ nwoke na nd[ nwaany[ mejxpxtara. Q
bx usoro nsere nhatanha ka o jiri hqta xmxakwxkwq nd[ ahx.
Ngwaqrx o jiri nweta ihe qrx o jiri mee nchqdcha ahx bx nke
nlele na iji tepx rekqda wee dqrq mkpar[ta xka d[ n‟etiti
ya na xmxakwxkwq nd[ ahx. O jikwaazi ajxjx ederede nd[naya
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d[ iri anq wee nwetakwuo iheqrx ya. O jiri miin wee hazie
ihe q chqpxtara. Xfqdx n‟ime ihe q chqpxtara gxnyere: na
nd[ Ogwu na-amx asxsx Bekee anagh[ eji ndeboolu
(intonation) wee na-asx asxsx Beke; nke qzq, nchqcha ya na-
egosi na nsxhie na-apxta ihe mgbe ha na-asx Bekee bx olund[
qgwx na-ebute ya. Qmxmaatx ha na-akpq /v/ mgbe ha kwesiri
[kpq /f/.
Nchqcha Nnene (2006) dabara na nchqcha a na-eme ugbu a
niihi na ha abxq metxtara fqnqlqj[ asxsx Bekee na nke Igbo.
Ebe nchqcha ya gbadoro xkwx na fqnqlqj[ olund[ Qgwx, na nke
Bekee, nke a gbadoro xkwx na fqnqlqj[ Udi na nke Igbo
Izugbe. Ya bx na ebe q nqrq mee nchqcha ya bx n‟Qgwx mana
ebe onyenchqcha a ga-anq mee nke ya bx n‟Udi.
Nkamigbo (2007), mere nchqcha n‟isiokwu a kpqrq
„Phonology in Teacher Education in Nigeria: The Igbo
language Example‟ n‟asxsx Bekee. Xd[ nchqcha o jiri mee
nchqcha ahx bx nke usoro sovee nkqwa ma jiri nd[ nkxzi d[
iri na xmxakwxkwq d[ nar[ ise q hqtara n‟xlqakwxkwq
gqvxment[ niile nq na steeti ise a na-asx asxsx Igbo (Abia,
Anambara, Ebqny[, Enugwu na Imo).
Nkamigbo jiri ngwa nchqcha bx ajxjx qnx edemede nke o
ji tepu rekqda wee nweta ihe qrx o jiri mee nchqcha ahx.
Maka ntxcha data o nwetara, q txlere mkpqpxta okwu xfqdx
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n‟asxsx Bekee na nke Igbo ma gosipxta nch[iche d[ na fqn[m
asxsx abxq nd[ ahx. Xfqdx okwu nd[ ahx na mkpqpxta ha bx.
Bekee Igbo
Cup /kp/ kp
Come /km/ km
Mother /m
ər/
mda
Love /lv/ lv
Sword /sd/ swd
Tomb /tum/ tombu
Comb /kəm/ kombu
Nchqcha ya gosiri na e nwere ihe nh[aahx olund[ Igbo
na-ebute n‟qmxmx fqnqlqj[ asxsx Bekee. Q gara n‟ihx chqpxta
na xfqdx xda d[ iche iche na-ad[gh[ n‟asxsx Igbo Izugbe ka
e nwere ike [hx n‟xfqdx olund[ d[ iche iche e nwere n‟Igbo.
Qmxmaatx, ihe d[ka olund[ Eziagx nwere // na //, ebe nke
Udi nwere /ə/ // mana fqn[m nd[ ahx ad[gh[ n‟Igbo Izugbe.
N‟[ga n‟ihx, nchqcha a Nkamigbo (2007) mere na nke a a
na-eme ugbu a dabara niihi na ha abxq metxtara mmetxta
fqnqlqg[ olund[ asxsx Igbo na-emetxta qmxmx asxsx Izugbe
abxq (asxsx Bekee na Igbo Izugbe) Ya bx, nchqcha Nkamigbo
zipxtara mmetxta fqnqlqj[ olund[ asxsx Igbo d[ iche iche
na-emetxta qmxmx asxsx Bekee ebe nchqcha nke a na-eleba
anya na mmetxta fqnqlqj[ olund[ Udi na-emetxta qmxmx asxsx
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Igbo Izugbe. Q bx n‟ala Igbo ka Nkamigbo nqrq mee nchqcha
ya ma onye nchqcha a ga-anqkwaazi n‟ala Igbo wee nke ya.
Nd[iche d[ n‟etiti nchqcha a na nke Nkamigbo mere bx na
ebe o jiri xd[ nchqcha sovee wee mee nke ya, onye nchqcha a
ga-eji xd[ nchqcha „Expos-facto‟ wee mee nchqcha a. Ebe
Nkamigbo jiri naan[ ntxle mkpqpxta okwu xfqdx wee txcha
data, onye nchqcha ga-eji miin, na standad divieshqn wee
txcha data nchqcha a. Nke qzq Nkamigbo lebara anya n‟ihe
gbasara olund[ Igbo d[ iche iche na asxsx Bekee, mana
nchqcha a ga-eleba anya naan[ n‟olund[ Udi na mmetxta q na-
emetxta asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Ngwa qrx e ji mee nchqcha bx
nnwale ajxjx qnx na ajxjx ederede kweshqn[a mana Nkamigbo
jiri naan[ ajxjx qnx ederede wee mee nchqcha ya.
Qzq kwa, nchqcha qzq e mere banyere fqnqlqj[ bx nke Ebe
(2008) mere gbasara nsogbu xmxakwxkwq nd[ bx nd[ Igbo na-
enwe n‟qmxmx fqnqlqj[ asxsx Bekee. Q bx n‟okpuru qch[ch[
Isi-Xzq n‟Enugwu Steeti ka q nqrq mee nchqcha a. Nd[ o jiri
mee nchqcha ahx bx otu nari xmxakwxkwq nd[ si n‟ulqakwxkwq
sekqnd[r[ nta nke atq (JSS111) na nd[ nke sin[q sekqnd[r[
nke atq (SS111). Ebe ji xd[ nchqcha sovee wee mee nchqcha
ya. Nchqcha a Ebe mere na-egosi na xmxakwxkwq na-enwe
nh[ahx n‟[kpqpxta xda xfqdx etu o kwesiri. Q kqwara na
n‟ime xmxakwxkwq nd[ sekqnd[r[ nta (JSS111) d[ iri ise na q
bx naan[ mmadx asatq nwere ike [kpqpxta xda nd[ ahx nke qma
52
mgbe ha pxtara ihe na mkpuruokwu: //,//,/ʒ/,//,
/a/,/o/, /a/, /ai/, /i/, /iə/, /eə/, /uə/. O gosipxtara
na ihe ruru pesent[ iri ise xmxakwxkwq nd[ sekqnd[r[
enwegh[ ike [kpqkq xda nd[ ahx etu q kwesiri.
Nchqcha Ebe (2008) na nchqcha a a na-eme nwere myiri na
mmetxta d[ n‟etiti ha. D[ka o siri metxta myiri, isiokwu ha
abxq metxtara fqnqlqj[ asxsx ha abxq metxtara fqnqlqj[
asxsx Igbo na nke Bekee nakwaazi ka o siri emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟[sx na ide asxsx nd[ ahx (Bekee na Igbo
Izugbe). N‟agbanyegh[ na nke Ebe mere metxtara asxsx Bekee,
nchqcha nke a metxtara asxsx Igbo, mana ha abxq gbasara
mkpqpxta xdaasxsx.
N‟aka nke qzq nchqcha a na nke Ebe (2008) d[ iche niihi
na ebe o mere nchqcha ya bx n‟xlqakwxkwq sekqnd[r[ nta nke
atq (JSS111) na sekqnd[r[ ukwu nke isii (SS111) d[ n‟okpuru
qch[ch[ Is[-Xzq n‟Enugwu Steeti, nchqcha a bx n‟xlqakwxkwq
sekqnd[r[ ukwu niile d[ na Zoon mmxta Udi n‟Enugwu Steeti
ka a ga-anq wee mee ya. Nchqcha a metxtara fqnqlqj[ olund[
Udi na nke Igbo Izugbe mana nchqcha nke Ebe metxtara
fqnqlqj[ Bekee, na nke Igbo maka na xmxakwxkwq ahx, Ebe
jiri mee nchqcha bx asxsx epum (indigenous language) ka ha
ji akpqpxta xda Bekee nd[ ahx.N‟agbanyegh[ nd[iche d[
n‟etiti nchqcha a na nke Ebe; ha abxq yiri onwe ha niihi na
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ha na-eleba anya n‟ihe gbasara fqnqlqj[ asxsx abxq-Igbo na
Bekee.
A b[a n‟ihe gbasara nchqcha a hxrx anya maka jenda, Umo
(2001), n‟isiokwu a kpqrq n‟asxsx Bekee. “Effects of games
on the achievement and interest of JSS in Igbo grammar. Xd[
nchqcha ya bx nke “quasi-experimental” n‟asxsx Bekee. Q bx
na Nsxka edukeshqnx zoonu ka q nqrq mee ya ma jiri
xmxakwxkwq qnxqgxgx ha d[ otu nari na iri itoolu na asaa
(197). Q bx „Igbo‟ Grammar Achievement Test‟ na Igbo
Language Interest inventory (IGAT ILII) n‟asxsx Bekee ka o
jiri mere ngwa nchqcha ahx. O jiri „Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA). Wee txchaa ihe q chqpxtara. Nchqcha ya gosiri na
jenda nwere mmetxta n‟agbammbq xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx xtqasxsx
Igbo nke na-egosi na nd[ nwaany[ ka mee nke qma kar[a nd[
nwoke n‟xtqasxsx Igbo.
Isiokwu nchqcha Xmq (2001) d[ iche na nke a maka na o
metxtara egwureegwu mana n‟agbanyegh[ nke a ha abxq na-
arxtx aka n‟ihe gbasara xtqasxsx n‟ihi na fqnqlqji metxtara
xtqasxsx. Myiri qzq bx na ebe Xmq lebara anya n‟ihe gbasara
jenda, nchqcha ga-elebakwa anya na jenda.
Akabqgx (2002) mekwara nchqcha n‟isiokwu a kpqrq
n‟asxsx Bekee, “Effects of Secondary School Students‟
Exposure to English Registers Contextual Clues on
Achievement in reading Comprehesion”. Q bx „quasi-
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Experimental‟ bx xd[ nchqcha ya. O mere nchqcha ya n‟Enugwu
Edukeshqnx Zoon ma were xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟afq nke abxq na
sekqnd[r[ ukwu d[ nar[ abxq na iri isi were mere qnxqgx nd[
e jiri mee nchqcha ahx. Ngwa nchqcha o jiri mee nchqcha ya
bx nke a kpqrq n‟asxsx Bekee “Reading Comprehension
Achievement Test‟ (RCAT) ma jiri „ANCOVA‟ wee sekaa/txcha
data maqbx ihe a chqpxtara. Mpxtara nchqcha ya na-egosi na
jenda enwekabegh[ ihe pxrx iche d[ ukwu n‟ebe qmxmx asxsx
d[ d[ka o siri metxta nd[ nwoke na nd[ nwaany[. Q chqpxtara
na, ma nd[ nwoke na nd[ nwaany[ ritere elele na nchqcha
ahx.
Nchqcha Akabqgx metxtara nchqcha a niihi na q bx site
n‟qgxgx ka e si akpqpxta xda d[ iche iche. N‟aka nke qzq
nchqcha ya metxtakwaaziri fqnqlqj[ nke na-arxtxkwa aka na
mkpqpxta xda mgbe a na-agxpxta ihe. Nchqcha ya lebara anya
na jenda, n‟otu aka ahx, nchqcha a ga-elebakwa anya na
jenda.
Nchqcha qzq gbasara jenda bx nke Oluikpe (2004), mere
gbasara isiokwu n‟asxsx Bekee bx “Effect of English for
Academic Purposes Method on the Achievement of University
of Nigeria Education Students in Expository Writing”. Xdi
nchqcha o jiri mee nchqcha ahx bx nke “quasi-Experimental‟
n‟asxsx Bekee. Q bx na Mahadum ala any[ d[ na Nsxka ka q
nqrq mee nchqcha ya, ebe o jiri qnxqgx xmxakwxkwq di otu
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nar[ na iri wee mee nchqcha ya. Ngwa nchqcha ya bx nke a
kpqrq „Expository Essay Achievement Test‟ (EEAT) n‟asxsx
Bekee. Q bx „ANCOVA‟ ka o jiri sekaa/txcha ihe ngwa qrx o
nwetara. Nchqcha ya gbasara jenda na-egosi na jenda e
bxtagh[ oke nd[iche n‟agbammbq d[ n‟etiti nd[ nwoke na nd[
nwaany[ mana ihe nd[ nwaaany[ jiri gafee nd[ nwoke pere
mpe. O gosipxtara na ihe gbasara jenda e teelar[ o jiri
bxrx ihe nrxr[ta xka n‟ihe gbasara qmxmx asxsx.
Nchqcha ya lebara anya na jenda ebe nchqcha nke a ga-
elebakwaazi anya na jenda. Nchqcha ya d[ iche na nke a
niihi na ebe nke ya rxtxrx aka n‟ihe gbasara edemede,
nchqcha nke a ga-eleba anya n‟ihe gbasara fqnqlqj[ olund[
Udi na mmetxta q na-emetxa asxsx Igbo izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq
sin[q sekqnd[r[.
Nch[kqta Ntxleghar[ Agxmaxgx
Na nch[kqta ntxleghar[ agxmagx, onye nchqcha rxtxrx aka
maqbx lebara anya n‟ihe okwu nd[ a pxtara d[ka ha siri
gbasata nchqcha a: asxsx, qmxmx asxsx, Igbo Izugbe, olund[,
nkxzi, qmxmx, fqnqlqj[, fonim, asxsx onye nkxzi, asxsx nne
na nna, asxsx nd[ qgbq nwata na jenda na mpaghara ebe a
runyere xlqakxkwq Onye nchqcha lebakwaaziri anya n‟atxtx
abxq gxnyere: atxtx akparamagwa maqbx atxtx agwa qmxmx
asxsx (Behaviourist Theory of Language Learning), na atxtx
qmxmx mmekqr[ta mmadx na ibe ya (Social Learning Theory).
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N‟ihe gbasara nchqcha a hxrx anya, onye nchqcha
zipxtakwara nchqcha nd[ qzq e merela nke yitere nchqcha a
a na-eme ugbua. N‟ime nchqcha a hxrx anya nd[ ahx nd[ qzq
merela, o nwegh[ nke metxtara fqnqlqj[ olund[ Udi kpqmkwem
na mmetxta q na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Q bx nke a mere onye nchqcha
jiri bagide ime nchqcha iji lebaa anya na mmetxta fqnqlqji
olund[ Udi na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[
n‟Udi Edukeshqnx Zoon n‟Enugwu Steeti.
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ISI NKE ATQ
USORO NCHQCHA
N‟isi nke a, onye nchqcha lebara anya n‟xmx isiokwu nd[
a: Xd[ nchqcha, Ebe nchqcha, Nd[ e ji mee nchqcha/qnxqgxgx
nchqcha, Nsere na usoro nnweta qnxqgxgx, Ngwa nchqcha,
Nnyocha ngwa nchqcha, Nnwale Ngwa nchqcha, Usoro nnweta ihe
nchqcha/data na usoro nhazi ihe nchqcha/data.
Xd[ Nchqcha
Xd[ nchqcha e ji mee nchqcha a bx nke Ekspostu Fakto
(Expost facto design). Ekspostu fakto bx xd[ nchqcha onye
nchqcha ji achqpxta mmetxta otu ihe maqbx qnqdx nwere n‟ebe
ihe qzq nq. Ya bx, xd[ nchqcha na-eleba anya n‟ihe kpatara
ihe jiri mee mgbe otu qnqdx metxtara nke abxq nke nwere ike
[pxta ihe n‟ezi mmetxta maqbx nke qjqq.
Iji kwado nke a, Ali (2006) kqwara na Ekspostu fakto
(Expost facto) bx xd[ nchqcha a na-eji atule mmetxta d[
n‟etiti agbammbq nke otu/ogbe mmadx abxq. Ya bx ichqpxta
ihe mere na nd[ otu „a‟ ka mee nke qma kar[a nd[ otu „b‟
n‟otu nnwale maqbx nke qzq. N‟iga n‟ihu Nworgu (2006)
kqwara Ekspostu-fakto d[ka xd[ nchqcha nke e ji ezipxta ka
otu qnqdx si emetxta qnqdx qzq, d[ka [bx oke maqbx nwaay[ /
58
jenda, ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq, q bx ime obodo ka q bx
obodo mepere emepe?
Ihe kpatara onye nchqcha ji hqrq xd[ nchqcha a bx na q
metxtara ileba anya etu otu ihe maqbx qnqdx siri emetxta
nke qzq. Niihi nke a, isiokwu nchqcha a gbasara mmetxta
fqnqlqji olund[ Xd[ na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe. Xd[ nchqcha a d[kwaaz[ mkpa iji chqpxta ihe d[
xmxakwxkwq n‟ime d[ka mkpqpxta xdaasxsx d[ iche iche.
Ebe Nchqcha
Ebe a nqrq mee nchqcha a bx n‟xlqakwxkwq sin[q
sekqnd[r[ niile d[ na Zoon Mmxta Udi n‟Enugwu Steeti.
Zoon Mmxta Udi nwere isii qnqdx na Ngwoo. Q bx otu n‟ime
Edukeshqn zoon isii e nwere n‟Enugwu Steeti. E nwere okpuru
qch[ch[ abxq (L.G.A.) mejxpxtara Zoon Mmxta Udi. Ha bx
okpuru qch[ch[ Udi na Eziagx. Onye nchqcha hqqrq Udi d[ka
ebe nchqcha niihi na isiokwu a na-eme nchqcha banyere ya
dabeere n‟olund[ Udi. Ihe mere onye nchqcha jiri hqrq ebe a
d[ka ebe q nqrq mee nchqcha a bx na onye nchqcha chqpxtara
na xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[ nq na Zoon Mmxta Udi na-
ewebatakar[ fqn[m olund[ Udi mgbe ha na-asx ma na-ede Igbo
Izugbe nke mere ha ji eri mperi n‟ule d[ iche iche n‟Igbo
n‟xlqakwxkwq.
45
59
Ihe e jiri mara nd[ Udi bx imepxta j[gbq maqbx abacha
na ite mmanya. N‟ihe gbasara omenaala, ha ne-eti mmqnxwx na
odo ma na-echikwaaz[ qzq.
Nd[ Njiri Mee Nchqcha
Nd[ e ji mee nchqcha a d[ otu puku,, nari isii na iri
ise (1650) bx xmxakwxkwq niile nq n‟ogo sin[q sekqnd[r[
nke abxq (SS11) na Zoon Mmxta Udi n‟agbata agxmakwxkwq afq
2011 / 2012. Xlqakwxkwq nd[ ahx d[ iri abxq na atq (23). Q
bx n‟isi xlqqrx Udi Edukeshqn Zoon d[ na Ngwoo, n‟alaka ya
na-ahx maka mgbakq na mwepx (Audit Unit) ka onye nchqcha
siri nweta qnxqgx xmxakwxkwq na xlqakwxkwq olee nd[ ahx a
kpqrq aha n‟elu ebe a. Onye nchqcha nwetara qnxgx a ebe ahx
n‟ihi na q bx ha ka nch[kwa xlqakwxkwq sekqnd[r[ niile
gqvxment nwe n‟Udi d[ n‟aka (Post Primary Schools
Management Board Udi Zone).
N‟ime xlqakwxkwq nd[ ahx, asaa d[ na mpaghara ebe mepere
emepe, ebe iri na isii d[ n‟ime obodo. Qnxqgx xmxakxkwq nd[
nq na mpaghara mepere emepe d[ nari itoolu (900) ebe nd[ nq
n‟ime obodo d[ nari asaa na iri ise (750).
Nsere na Usoro Nsere
Onye nchqcha seere xmxakwxkwq d[ nar[ atq na iri atq
(330) nke nqchitere anya pesent[ iri abxq nke qnxqgx
nchqcha a. Nke a pxtara na q bx usoro pesent[ ka onye
60
nchqcha jiri sere xmxakwxkwq nqchitere anya nd[ e ji mee
nchqcha a.
E ji usoro pesenti wee sere xmxakwxkwq d[ otu nari na
iri isii na ise (165) n‟qnxqgx nd[ nq n‟obodo mepere emepe
n‟ime qnxqgx d[ nari itoolu (900). N‟aka nke qzq e
jikwaz[ usoro pesenti wee sere xmxakwxkwq d[ otu nari na
iri isii na ise (165) n‟ime qnxqgx nd[ nq n‟ime obodo d[
nari asaa na iri ise (750). Onye nchqcha ji pesenti iri
abxq niihi na qnxqgx nd[ o ji mee nchqcha a buru ibu. Iji
kwado nke a, Ali (2006) kqwara na mgbe qnxqgx nchqcha buru
ibu, q bx pesenti malitere na iri wee ruo na pesenti iri
atq (10-30%) ka onye nchqcha kwesiri isere nke ga-adabere
n‟qgbakqta qnxqgx nchqcha ahx.
Ngwa Nchqcha
Ngwa nchqcha onye nchqcha ji mee nchqcha a d[ abxq nke
gxnyere ajxjx ndepxta. Nnwale Mkpqpxta Mmetxta Fqnqlqji
Olund[ (NMMFO), na ajxjx ederede njxmaza. Niihi na isiokwu
nchqcha a metxtara fqn[m, o kwesiri na e ji nnwale qnx nke
ga-ebu akara abxq maka nd[ kpqtara ya nke qma na otu akara
maka nd[ akpqtagh[ ya nke qma wee chqpxta etu xmxakwxkwq si
akpqpxta xfqdx okwu Igbo ma buru n‟uche ihe gbasara
xdaasxsx. Onye nchqcha ji tepu rekqda wee dqrq etu
xmxakwxkwq si kpqpxta xda/okwu nd[ ahx e depxtaara ha.
61
Nnwale qnx ahx hxrx maka ajxjx nchqcha nke mbx bx maka
mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe. N‟aka nke qzq ngwa nchqcha nke
abxq e ji mee nchqcha a bx ajxjx ederede njxmaza nke hxrx
maka ajxjx nchqcha nke abxq na nke atq, bxkwanx nke
metxtara etu asxsx nne na nna na nke nd[ qgbq si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Ajxjx nchqcha nke
abxq ka e ji nweta xsa gbasara etu mmetxta asxsx nne na nna
si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe, ebe ajxjx
nchqcha nke atq nwetara xsa maka etu asxsx nd[ qgbq si
emetxta xmxawkxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. N‟ajxjx
njxmaza nd[ ahx, onye nchqcha nyere akara gbatawxrx nd[ a:
Ekwenyesiri m ike (EMI) akara anq (4 points)
Ekwere m (EM) akara atq (3 points)
Ajxsiri m ike (AMI) akara abxq (2 points)
Ajxrx m (AM) otu akara (1 point)
Nnyocha Ngwa Nchqcha
Iji hx na ngwa nchqcha nd[ ahx e jiri mee nchqcha a
tozuru oke maka inweta ihe qrx e jiri mee nchqcha a, onye
nchqcha were ha abxq nyefee n‟aka nd[ qkammxta na dqk[ta nq
na ngalaba edukeshqn na ngalaba asxsx Igbo na Mahadum d[
na Nsxka. Aro na mgbazi ha nyere aka mee ka ngwa nchqcha
bxrx nke a hazighariri ka o nwee ike rxq qrx o kwesiri [rx.
Q bx site na mgbazi na ntxzi aka ha nyere ka onye nchqcha
62
jiri gbubileta nd[na ngwa nchqcha ahx olee q ha na-nchqcha
a.
Nnwale Ntxkwas[ obi Ngwa Nchqcha
Iji hx na ngwa nchqcha abxq nd[ ahx e jiri mee nchqcha
a zuru oke [rx qrx ya, onye nchqcha nwalere ya n‟isi
xmxakwxkwq d[ iri abxq nq n‟ogo sin[q sekqnd[r[ nke abxq nq
n‟xlqakwxkwq Edem Kqminiti Sekqnd[r[ Skuul, Edem d[ na
Nsxka
Nworgu (2006), kqwara na ngwa nchqcha izu oke bx mgbe q
rxrx qrx ya ugboro ugboro ghara inwe mgbanwe n‟akara e
nwetara make ihe a na-achq. Xd[ nnwale ntxkwas[ obi ngwa
nchqcha onye nchqcha mere ebe a bx nke estimeti intanalx
kqnsistensi (estimate internal consistency). Q bx usoro
„Cronbach‟s Alpha‟ ka onye nchqcha jiri txcha ihe e nwetara
na nnwale ntxkwas[ obi ngwa nchqcha. Maka rizqtx nnwale e
nwetara, nke nnwale ekwurunqnx bx .743, ebe nke ajxjx
ederede njxmaza bx .768. Lee anya na mgbakwunye nke atq.
Usoro Nnweta Ihe Nchqcha
Onye nchqcha kere xmxakwxkwq ngwa nchqcha site n‟
enyemaka nd[ nkuzi ise na-akuzi Igbo bxkwanx nd[ onye
nchqcha nyere qzxzx maka nke a. Qzxzx e nyere nd[ ahx bx
maka t[t[mbqr[mbq gbasara iji tepu rekqda wee dqrq mkpqkxta
okwu nd[ ahx xmxakwxkwq ga-akpqpxta maka nchqcha a. Nd[
63
enyemaka nchqcha ahx nyekwara aka n‟[nakqta ngwa nchqcha
nd[ ahx.
Niihi na ngwa nchqcha e jiri mee nchqcha a d[ abxq,
onye nchqcha bu xzq jiri nke mbx bx nnwale ekwurunqqnx e
depxtara okwu xfqdx nke a ga-asi xmxakwxkwq kpqpxta. Nke
nyere aka [mata ka ha si akpqpxta fqn[m d[ iche iche e
nwere n‟Igbo Izugbe. Onye nchqcha ji tepu rekqda wee dqrq
mkpqpxta xda maqbx mkpxrxokwu nd[ ahx.
Agba nke abxq bx na onye nchqcha ji ajxjx ederede
njxmaza wee kee xmxakwxkwq nd[ ahx iji nweta qs[sa ha n‟ihe
gbasara mmetxta asxsx nne na nna na asxsx nd[ qgbq n‟ebe ha
nq d[ka o si gbasata fqnqlqji Igbo Izugbe.
Usoro Nhazi Ihe Nchqcha / Data
Onye nchqcha ji ngwa mgbakq na mwepx miin na Standad
Divieshqn wee hazie ma txchaa ihe qrx / data e nwetara na
nchqcha a. Q bx ngwa mgbakq na mwepx nd[ ahx ka a e ji wee
txcha ihe e nwetara site na nnwale ajxjx ekwurunqqnx na
ajxjx ederede njxmaza nke hibere isi n‟ajxjx nchqcha isii a
rxtxrx aka na nchqcha a. D[ka o siri gbasata ajxjx nnwale
ekwurunqqnx, e nyere akara mgbqkq na mwepx iji wee mata ka
xmxakwxkwq ga-esi kpqpxtadebe okwu a ga-enye ha.
Akara/meshq nd[ a bx:
64
Q kpqtara ya nke qma (QKPYNQ) akara abxq (two
points).
Q kpqtagh[ ya maol[ (OKPYMQ) otu akara (one
point).
2+1 = 1.5
2
E ji akara miin na Standad Divieshqn wee txcha ihe
xmxakwxkwq kpqpxtara. Akara bidoro na “1.5” gbagowe ka a
nabata d[ka nke xmxakwxkwq kpqtara nke qma na nchqcha a
maka ajxjx nchqcha nke mbx. Nke qzq, ajxjx ederede njxmaza
nd[ metxtara asxsx nne na nna na nd[ qgbq, ka e nyekwaaziri
akara nd[ a:
Ekwenyesiri m ike (EMI) akara anq (4 points)
Ekwere m (EM) akara atq (3 points)
Ajxsiri m ike (AMI) akara abxq (2 points)
Ajxrx m (AM) otu akara (1 point)
Usoro mgbakq na mwepx a ga-eji nweta miin bx:
pxtara miin
X pxtara nqmal
F pxtara ugboro ole onye e ji mee nchqcha zara az[za.
N pxtara mgbakqta qnx nd[ e ji mee nchqcha. Iji mata
akara miin a agbadoro xkwx nabata maqbx jx qs[sa a ga-
agbakq akara ahx e depxtara n‟elu ebe a akara nnonetiti ha
d[ka:
X = fx ebe
x
65
4+3+2+1=10 = 2.5
Akara miin bidoro na 2.5 gbagowe ka a nabatara d[ka qs[sa
dabara n‟ihe a na-achq, ebe akara miin pere mpe kar[a 2.5
bx nd[ a gah[ anabata na nchqcha a maka ajxjx nchqcha nke
abxq na nke atq.
Usoro mgbakq na mwepx inweta Standad Divieshqn: ( usoro
divieshqn)
S =
or S =
N‟aka nke qzq, e ji „T-test‟ wee nwalee xmaokwu nd[ ahx
pxtara ihe na nchqcha a.
4
X2 – X
N
X2
N
66
ISI NKE ANQ
RIZQLT / NHAZI DATA
N‟ebe a onye nchqcha haziri ma tap[a ihe e nwetara na
nchqcha a site n‟[gbasoro ajxjx nchqcha ise nd[ ahx e
hibere maka iduzi nchqcha a. A haziri ihe e nwetara na
tebulu na tubul. Maka ajxjx nchqcha nke mbx, a ga-ebu
n‟uche na e inyere okwu qbxla nwaakwxkwq kpqtara nke qma
akara abxq ebe nke a kpqtagh[ nke qma ka e nyere otu akara.
N‟aka nke qzq, n‟ajxjx nchqcha nke abxq na nke atq, e
nyere ha akara nd[ a:
Ekwenyesiri m ike : akara anq.
Ekwere m : akara atq.
Ajxrx m : akara abxq.
Ajxsiri m ike : otu akara.
Qzq kwa q bx site na nkqwa onwe nke pxtara ihe n‟ajxjx
ederede njxmaza ka a gbasoro wee zaa ajxjx nchqcha nke anq
na nke ise.
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Mbx:
Kedu Etu Mkpqpxta Fqn[m Olund[ Udi Si Emetxta,
Xmxakwxkwq N’qmxmx Asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
67
Tebulu Nke Mbx Nke ‘A’
QGX AKARA
NDEPXTA
OKWU
AKARA
NDEPXTA NA
BEKEE
QKPYNQ QKPYMQ
SD MKPEBI
1 Anya Eye 60 105 1.36 0.48 Q
dabagh[
2 Anwx Sunshine 65 100 1.39 0.49 Q
dabagh[
3 Enwe Monkey 57 108 1.34 0.47 Q
dabagh[
4 Onye Who 48 117 1.29 0.45 Q
dabagh[
5 Any[ We 66 99 1.40 0.49 Q
dabagh[
6 q]x Happiness 54 111 1.32 0.47 Q
dabagh[
7 Aghara Careless 125 40 1.75 0.42 Q dabara
8 Agha War 130 35 1.78 0.41 Q dabara
9 Nwere Have 44 121 1.26 0.44 Q
dabagh[
10 O nwegh[ He has
none
/nothing
56 109 1.33 0.47 Q
dabagh[
11 Were Take 115 50 1.69 0.46 Q dabara
12 Oghere An opening 120 45 1.72 0.44 Q dabara
13 Mmanya Wine 80 85 1.48 0.50 Q
dabagh[
14 Nwanne Relation 62 103 1.37 0.48 Q
dabagh[
15 Nwoke Man / male 55 110 1.33 0.47 Q
X
52
68
Akara Miin na Standad Divieshqn gosiri etu mkpqpxta fqn[m
olund[ Udi si
emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe
Mgbakqta qnx Akara Miin Nd[ Oke
1.468
Tubul nke mbx nke „A‟ d[ n‟elu ebe a na-egosi na fqn[m
olund[ Udi na-emtxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke n‟qmxmx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe. Q bx naan[ akara Miin nd[ a :
1.75,1.78,1.69,1.72,1.79,1.73,1.64 na 1.76, bx nd[ gafeere
akara miin 1.5 bx qnqdx mkpebi bx nd[ nqchitere anya okwu
nd[ xmxakwxkwq kpqpxtara nke qma dabara na nchqcha a. Akara
dabagh[
16 Nwaany[ Female 49 116 1.29 0.45 Q
dabagh[
17 Nwa Child 50 115 1.30 0.46 Q
dabagh[
18 Onyinye Gift 58 107 1.35 0.47 Q
dabagh[
19 Anyanwx Sun 67 98 1.40 0.49 Q
dabagh[
20 Nye Give 43 122 1.26 0.44 Q
dabagh[
21 Chinyere God‟s gift 62 103 1.37 0.48 Q
dabagh[
22 a]x Bee 131 34 1.79 0.40 Q dabara
23 ]xq
mmiri
Drink
water
122 43 1.73 0.44 Q dabara
24 A]ara Garden egg 106 59 1.64 0.48 Q dabara
25 Aghxghq Trickery 127 38 1.76 0.42 Q dabara
69
Miin nd[ ahx d[ elu ebe a nwere akara Standadx Diviehqn
0.42,0.41,0.46,0.44,0.40,0.44,0.48 na 0.42 n‟otu n‟otu.
N‟aka nke qzq, akara Miin nd[ erxgh[ 1.5 d[ka 1.36, 1.34,
1.29, 1.40, 1.32,
1.26,1.33,1.48,1.37,1.33,1.29,1.30,1.35,1.40,1.1.36,1.39,1.
34,1.29,1.40,1.32,1.26,1.33,1.48,1.37,1.33,1.29,1.30,1.35,1
.40,1 .26, na 1.37 gosipxtara na xmxakwxkwq nd[ ahx
akpqtagh[ qtxtx okwu n‟ime okwu nd[ ahx e nyere ha kpqpxta.
Nke a gosiri na fqnim olund[ Udi na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
70
Tebul Nke Mbx Nke ‘B’
Akara Miin na Standad Divieshqn gosiri etu mkpqpxta
fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwaany[ n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
QGX AKARA
NDEPXTA
OKWU
AKARA NDEPXTA
NA BEKEE
QKPYNQ QKPYMQ
SD MKPEBI
1 Anya Eye 126 39 1.7
6
0.4
2
Q dabara
2 Anwx Sunshine 61 104 1.3
6
0.4
8
Q
dabagh[
3 Enwe Monkey 52 113 1.3
1
0.4
6
Q
dabagh[
4 Onye Who 45 120 1.2
7
0.4
4
Q
dabagh[
5 Any[ We 70 95 1.4
2
0.4
9
Q
dabagh[
6 q]x Happiness 146 19 1.8
8
0.3
2
Q dabara
7 Aghara Careless 137 28 1.8
3
0.3
7
Q dabara
8 Agha War 140 25 1.8
4
0.3
5
Q dabara
9 Nwere Have 52 113 1.3
1
0.4
6
Q
dabagh[
10 O
nwegh[
He has none
/nothing
48 117 1.2
9
0.4
5
Q
dabagh[
11 Were Take 128 37 1.7
7
0.4
1
Q dabara
12 Oghere An opening 124 41 1.7
5
0.4
3
Q dabara
13 Mmanya Wine 106 59 1.6 0.4 Q dabara
X
71
4 8
14 Nwanne Relation 69 96 1.4
1
0.4
9
Q
dabagh[
15 Nwoke Man / male 62 103 1.3
7
0.4
8
Q
dabagh[
16 Nwaany[ Female 41 124 1.2
4
0.4
3
Q
dabagh[
17 Nwa Child 54 111 1.3
2
0.4
7
Q
dabagh[
18 Onyinye Gift 56 109 1.3
3
0.4
7
Q
dabagh[
19 Anyanwx Sun 71 94 1.4
3
0.4
9
Q
dabagh[
20 Nye Give 46 119 1.2
7
0.4
4
Q
dabagh[
21 Chinyer
e
God‟s gift 67 98 1.4
0
0.4
9
Q
dabagh[
22 A]x Bee 143 22 1.8
6
0.3
4
Q dabara
23 ]xq
mmiri
Drink water 127 38 1.7
6
0.4
2
Q dabara
24 A]ara Garden egg 111 55 1.6
6
0.4
7
Q dabara
25 Aghxghq Trickery 132 33 1.8
0
0.4
0
Q dabara
Mgbakqta qnx miin nd[ nwunye
1.5312
N‟otu aka ahx tebul nke mbx nke „B‟ na-egosikwazi etu
mkpqpxta fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxtakwa xmxakwxkwq nd[
nwaany[ n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Akara Miin nd[ ruru ma
gafee 1.5 bx nd[ dabara na nchqcha a bx;
72
1.76,1.88,1.83,1.84,1.77,1.75,1.64,1.86,1.76,1.66 na 1.80
ma nwee Standad Divieshqn d[ a n‟otu n‟otu:
0.42,0.32,0.37,0.35,0.41,0.43,0.48,0.34,0.42,0.47 na 0.40.
Nke a gosiri na q bx naan[ okwu nd[ ahx Miin gafeere 1.5
n‟otu ebe a nqchitere anya ha ka xmxakwxkwq nd[ ahx
kpqpxtara nke qma.
N‟aka nke qzq, akara Miin nd[ a: 1.36,1.31,1.27,1.42,
1.31,1.29,1.41, 1.37,1.24,1.32,1.33,1.43,1.27,na 1.40
gosipxtara na xmxakwxkwq akpqpxtagh[ okwu nd[ ahx nke qma.
Nke a pxtara na fqn[m olund[ Udi na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq nq
na Zoon Mmxta Udi n‟qmxmx fqn[m / asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
73
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Abxq
Olee etu asxsx Nne na Nna si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n’imx
Igbo Izugbe?
Tebul nke Abxq: Miin na Standad Divieshqn na-egosi mmetxta
asxsx nne na nna na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe.
QGX NDINA EMI EM AM AMI SD MKPEBI
1 Q bx asxsx
olund[ Udi nne
na nna m na-eji
agwa m okwu ka m
na-asxkwazi
n‟xlqakwxkwq
80
210
33
7
3.10
0.64
Q
dabara
2 Q bx olund[ Udi
ka nd[ ezinxxlq
m na-asx mgbe q
bxla any[ nq
n‟xlq.
66
240
9
15
3.08
0.63
Q
dabara
3 A na m aka
aghqta ihe nne
na nna m na-agwa
m ma ha jiri
olund[ Udi kar[a
Igbo Izugbe
198
121
11
-
3.56
0.55
Q
dabara
4 A na m asx Igbo
were were d[ka
nne na nna m ma
q bxrx na m ji
72
239
17
2
3.15
0.52
Q
dabara
x
74
olund[ Udi.
5 Asxsx olund[ Udi
nne na nna m na-
asxrx m na-
emetxta m
n‟qmxmx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe
148
179
3
-
3.44
0.40
Q
dabara
Mgbakqta qnx Akara Miin
3.27
Tebul nke abxq d[ elu ebe a na-egosi etu asxsx nne na nna
maqbx asxsx ezinaxlq si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe. Akara Miin nd[na gosipxtara nke a bx
3.10,3.08,3.56,3.15,3.44 tinyere akara standad divieshqn,
0.64,0.63,0.55,0.52 na 0.40 n‟otu n‟otu. Akara Miin nd[ ahx
gafeere 2.5 nke bx akara qnqdx mkpebi Miin a nabatara d[ka
nke dabara na nchqcha a. Akara Miin nd[ ahx na-egosi na
asxsx nne na nna maqbx asxsx ezinaxlq na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe maka na ha ruru ma gafeere akara
Miin 2.5. Nke qzq mgbakqtaqnx akara Miin e nwetara na tebul
nke abxq bx 3.27.
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Atq
Kedu ka Asxsx nd[ qgbq xmxakwxkwq si emetxta ha n’omxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
Tebul Atq: Miin na Standad Divieshqn na-egosi mmetxta
asxsx nd[ qgbq na- emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe.
75
Mgbakqta qnx Akara Miin
3.43
Tebul nke atq d[ n‟elu ebe a na-egosi etu mmetxta asxsx nd[
qgbq si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Akara
Miin na Standad Divieshqn nd[ a: 3.23,3.34,3.60,3.71,na
3.57 tinyere 0.89,0.50,0.60,0.71,0.54, gosipxtara na asxsx
nd[ qgbq na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟ebe q digh[ mma niihi na
QGX ND[NA EMI EM AM AMI SD MKPEBI
6 Q bx olund[ Udi ka
m n and[ qgbq m ji
akpa nkata/xbxbq.
151 134 17 28 3.23 0.89 Q dabara
7 Q na-ah[a m ahx
[sx Igbo Izugbe
mgbe m n and[ qgbq
m nq nke na-
emetxta m n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
120
205
5
-
3.34
0.50
Q dabara
8 Q na-akara m mfe
iji olund[ Udi wee
gwuri egwu mgbe m
na nd[ qgbq
213
109
2
6
3.60
0.60
Q dabara
9 Any[ na-asxkwazi
asxsx olund[ Udi
n‟xlqakwxkwq nke
mere na [sx Igbo
Izugbe na-ah[a m
ahx.
163
144
12
11
3.39
0.71
Q dabara
10 Asxsx Ud[ qgbq m
na-emetxta m mgbe
m na-asx ma na-ede
Igbo Izugbe n‟ihi
na ihe m sxrx ka m
na-ede n‟akwxkwq.
197
128
3
2
3.57
0.54
Q dabara
X
76
akara Miin nd[ ahx gafeere akara Miin 2.5. Qzq kwa mgbakqta
qnx akara Miin na tebul nke atq bx 3.43.
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Anq
Kedu ka jenda si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n’qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe?
X2
77
Tebul Nke Anq: Tebul nke anq na-egosi akara Miin na
Standad Divieshqn maka otu jenda si emetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe iji mata nd[ ka mee nke qma na
mkpqpxta okwu.
Qgx Oke nwunye
SD1 MKPEBI
SD2 MKPEBI
1 1.36 0.48 Q
dabagh[
1.76 0.42 Q dabara
2 1.39 0.49 Q
dabagh[
1.36 0.48 Q
dabagh[
3 1.34 0.47 Q
dabagh[
1.31 0.46 Q
dabagh[
4 1.29 0.45 Q
dabagh[
1.27 0.44 Q
dabagh[
5 1.40 0.49 Q
dabagh[
1.42 0.49 Q
dabagh[
6 1.32 0.47 Q
dabagh[
1.88 0.32 Q dabara
7 1.75 0.42 Q dabara 1.83 0.37 Q dabara
8 1.78 0.41 Q dabara 1.84 0.35 Q dabara
9 1.26 0.44 Q
dabagh[
1.31 0.46 Q
dabagh[
10 1.33 0.47 Q dabara 1.29 0.45 Q
dabagh[
11 1.69 0.46 Q dabara 1.77 0.41 Q dabara
12 1.72 0.44 Q dabara 1.75 0.43 Q dabara
13 1.48 0.50 Q dabara 1.64 0.48 Q dabara
14 1.37 0.48 Q
dabagh[
1.41 0.49 Q
dabagh[
15 1.33 0.47 Q
dabagh[
1.37 0.48 Q
dabagh[
16 1.29 0.45 Q
dabagh[
1.24 0.43 Q
dabagh[
17 1.30 0.46 Q 1.32 0.47 Q
X1 X2
78
dabagh[ dabagh[
18 1.35 0.47 Q
dabagh[
1.33 0.47 Q
dabagh[
19 1.40 0.49 Q
dabagh[
1.43 0.49 Q
dabagh[
20 1.26 0.44 Q
dabagh[
1.27 0.44 Q
dabagh[
21 1.37 0.48 Q
dabagh[
1.40 0.49 Q
dabagh[
22 1.79 0.40 Q dabara 1.86 0.34 Q dabara
23 1.73 0.44 Q dabara 1.76 0.42 Q dabara
24 1.64 0.48 Q dabara 1.66 0.47 Q dabara
25 1.76 0.42 Q dabara 1.80 0.40 Q dabara
Mgbakqta qnx nd[ oke 1.46 Mgbakqta qnx nd[
nwunye1.53
Tebul nke anq pxtara ihe n‟elu ebe a na-arxtx aka n‟akara
Miin nd[ nqchitere anya okwu nd[ ahx xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke
kpqtara nke qma. Akara Miin nd[ ahx gxnyere: 1.75, 1.78,
1.69, 1.72, 1.79, 1.73, 1.64 na 1.76. Tebul a na-egosikwazi
na akara Miin nd[ qzq erugh[ 1.5, nke gosiri na nd[ nwoke
emegh[ nke qma na mkpqpxta okwu nd[ ahx.
N‟aka nke qzq akara Miin nqchichere anya okwu nd[
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwaany[ kpqtara nke qma bx: 1.76, 1.88,
1.83, 1.84, 1.77, 1.75, 1.64, 1.86, 1.76, 1.66 na 1.80 bx
nd[ dabara na nchqcha a n‟ihi na ha gafeere 1.5. Akara nd[
qzq erugh[ 1.5 bx nd[ adabagh[ na nchqcha a.
79
Q d[ mkpa [rxtx aka ebe a na qgbakqta qnx akara Miin
nd[ nwoke bx 1.46 ebe nke nd[ nwaany[ bx 1.53 nke gosiri na
q bx nd[ nwaany[ ka mee nke qma na mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo
Izugbe kar[a nd[ nwoke. O gosikwaziri na olund[ Udi na-
emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke kar[a nd[ nwaany[ n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Nnwale xmaokwu Nke Mbx (HO1) site n’iji ‘T-test’
HO1: E nwegh[ ezigbo ndmiche n’akara Miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke na nd[ nwaany[ n’[kpqpxta fqn[m Igbo
Izugbe.
T = X1 X2
80
(SD1)2 + (SD
2)2
N1 N2
Kii:
XI = Miin Oke
X2 = Miin nwunye
SD1 = SD maka oke
SD2 = SD maka nwunye
N1 = qnxqgx oke
N2 = qnxqgx nwunye
T – tebul = 165+165+-2 = 330-2 = 328 (infiniti)
T – tebul = 1.960
Nnwale qmaokwu n‟ogo akara nd[miche 0.05.
Tebul nke ise na-egosi nd[miche n‟akara miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq d[ka o si gbasata jenda.
Qgx Oke
X1
SD1 Nwunye
X2
SD2 t-cal Mkpebi
1 1.36 0.48 1.76 0.42 8.16 S
2 1.39 0.49 1.36 0.48 0.56 NS
3 1.34 0.47 1.31 0.46 0.58 NS
81
4 1.29 0.45 1.27 0.44 0.40 NS
5 1.40 0.49 1.42 0.49 0.37 NS
6 1.32 0.47 1.88 0.32 1.27 NS
7 1.75 0.42 1.83 0.37 0.19 NS
8 1.78 0.41 1.84 0.35 0.15 NS
9 1.26 0.44 1.31 0.46 0.10 NS
10 1.33 0.47 1.29 0.45 0.08 NS
11 1.69 0.46 1.77 0.41 1.73 NS
12 1.72 0.44 1.75 0.43 0.65 NS
13 1.48 0.50 1.64 0.48 3.07 S
14 1.37 0.48 1.41 0.49 0.85 NS
15 1.33 0.47 1.37 0.48 0.80 NS
16 1.29 0.45 1.24 0.43 1.15 NS
17 1.30 0.46 1.32 0.47 0.63 NS
18 1.35 0.47 1.33 0.47 0.45 NS
19 1.40 0.49 1.43 0.49 0.68 NS
20 1.26 0.44 1.27 0.44 0.02 NS
21 1.37 0.48 1,40 0.49 0.68 NS
22 1.79 0.40 1.86 0.34 1.75 NS
23 1.73 0.44 1.76 0.42 0.07 NS
24 1.64 0.48 1.66 0.47 0.05 NS
25 1.76 0.42 1.80 0.40 0.93 NS
Mgbakqta qnx miin agbammbq Mgbakqta qnx
miin agbammbq
nd[ nwoke 1.46
nd[ nwaany[ 1.53
Na tebul nnwale xmaokwu maka jenda d[ n‟elu ebe a, o gosiri
na q bx nd[na nke mbx na nke iri na atq nwere akara „t-cal‟
8.16 na 3.07 n‟otu n‟otu nke pxtara na e nwere ezigbo
nd[miche n‟akara miin agbammbq n‟etiti nd[ nwoke na nd[
82
nwaany[ na mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe nke adabagh[ n‟akara
nnwale nd[miche 0.05. Q bx niihi na „t-cal‟ 8.16 na 3.07
gafeere akara t-tebul bx 1.960 mere e ji nwee mkpebi a.
N‟aka nke qzq akara „t-cal‟ nd[ qzq pxtara ihe na tebul
ahx d[ n‟elu ebe a erugh[ 1.960 (t-tebul) nke na-egosi na e
nwegh[ ezigbo nd[miche n‟akara miin agbammbq nd[ nwoke na
nd[ nwaany[ d[ka o siri gbasata okwu nd[ ahx xmxakwxkwq
kpqpxtara. Nke a gosiri na ha dabara n‟ogo akara nd[miche
bx 0.05.
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Ise
83
Kedu ka mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n’qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
Tebul Nke Isii nke „A‟. Tebul nke isii nke‟ A‟ na-egosi
akara miin na standad Divishqn agbammbq xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq
n‟ebe mepere emepe.
QGX AKARA
NDEPXTA
OKWU
AKARA
NDEPXTA NA
BEKEE
QKPYNQ QKPYMQ
SD MKPEBI
1 Anya Eye 138 27 1.83 0.37 Q
dabara
2 Anwx Sunshine 70 95 1.42 0.49 Q
dabagh[
3 Enwe Monkey 68 97 1.41 0.49 Q
dabagh[
4 Onye Who 49 116 1.29 0.45 Q
dabagh[
5 Any[ We 66 99 1.40 0.49 Q
dabagh[
6 q]x Happiness 152 13 1.92 0.2
7
Q
dabara
7 Aghara Careless 141 24 1.85 0.35 Q
dabara
8 Agha War 127 38 1.76 0.42 Q
dabara
9 Nwere Have 57 108 1.34 0.47 Q
dabagh[
10 O nwegh[ He has
none
/nothing
71 94 1.43 0.49 Q
dabagh[
11 Were Take 131 34 1.79 0.40 Q
dabara
12 Oghere An opening 139 26 1.84 0.36 Q
dabara
13 Mmanya Wine 144 21 1.87 0.33 Q
dabara
14 Nwanne Relation 59 106 1.35 0.48 Q
dabagh[
X
84
15 Nwoke Man / male 64 101 1.38 0.48 Q
dabagh[
16 Nwaany[ Female 60 105 1.36 0.48 Q
dabagh[
17 Nwa Child 73 92 1.44 0.49 Q
dabagh[
18 Onyinye Gift 62 103 1.37 0.48 Q
dabagh[
19 Anyanwx Sun 80 85 1.48 0.50 Q
dabagh[
20 Nye Give 56 109 1.33 0.47 Q
dabagh[
21 Chinyere God‟s gift 65 100 1.39 0.49 Q
dabagh[
22 a]x Bee 128 37 1.77 0.41 Q
dabara
23 ]xq
mmiri
Drink
water
143 22 1.86 0.34 Q
dabara
24 A]ara Garden egg 124 41 1.75 0.43 Q
dabara
25 Aghxghq Trickery 133 32 180 0.39 Q
dabara
Mgbakqtaqnx akara miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟ebe mepere emepe
1.5711
Tebul d[ n‟elu ebe a zipxtara akara miin na Standad
Divieshqn agbammbq xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe mepere
emepe. Tebul a gosiri na akara miin
1.83,1.92,1.85,1.76,1.79,1.84,1.87,,1.77,1.86,1.75, na 1.80
nqchitere anya okwu nd[ ahx xmxakwxkwq kpqpxtara nke qma
85
n‟ihi na akara miin nd[ ahx gafeere 1.5 bx qnqdx mkpebi
miin dabara na nchqcha a. Akara miin nd[ ahx d[ n‟elu ebe a
nwere Standad Divieshq nd[ a: 0.37, 0.27, 0.35,
0.42,0.40,0.36,0.33,0.41,0.34,0.43 na 0.39 n‟otu n‟otu.
N‟aka nke qzq, akara miin nd[ qzq bx 1.42, 1.41, 1.29,
1.40, 1.34,1.43, 1.35, 1.38,1.36,1.44,1.37,,1.48,1.33,na
1.39 erugh[ 1.5 nke gosiri na xmxakwxkwq akpqtagh[ okwu nd[
ahx nke qma. Nke a gosiri na mpaghara ebe a rxnyere
xlqakwxkwq na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na Sin[q sekqnd[r[
n‟ebe mepere emepe n‟Udi n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Tebulu Nke Isii nke ‘B’
86
Nzipxta akara miin na Standad Divieshqn agbammbq xmxakwxkwq
nd[ nq ebe emepegh[ emepe.
QGX AKARA
NDEPXTA
OKWU
AKARA
NDEPXTA
NA BEKEE
QKPYNQ QKPYNQ
SD MKPEBI
1 Anya Eye 90 75 1.54 0.49 Q dabara
2 Anwx Sunshine 63 102 1.38 0.48 Q
dabagh[
3 Enwe Monkey 74 91 1.44 0.49 Q
dabagh[
4 Onye Who 51 114 1.30 0.46 Q
dabagh[
5 Any[ We 58 107 1.35 0.47 Q
dabagh[
6 q]x Happiness 82 83 1.49 0.50 Q dabara
7 Aghara Careless 108 57 1.65 0.47 Q dabara
8 Agha War 96 69 1.58 0.49 Q dabara
9 Nwere Have 48 117 1.29 0.45 Q
dabagh[
10 O nwegh[ He has
none
/nothing
69 96 1.41 0.49 Q
dabagh[
11 Were Take 113 52 1.68 0.46 Q dabara
12 Oghere An
opening
120 45 1.72 0.44 Q dabara
13 Mmanya Wine 75 90 1.45 0.49 Q dabara
14 Nwanne Relation 55 110 1.33 0.47 Q
dabagh[
15 Nwoke Man /
male
67 98 1.40 0.49 Q
dabagh[
16 Nwaany[ Female 54 111 1.32 0.47 Q
dabagh[
17 Nwa Child 71 94 1.43 0.49 Q
dabagh[
18 Onyinye Gift 64 101 1.38 0.48 Q
X
87
Mgbakqta qnx akara miin agbammbq nd[ nq ebe emepegh[
emepe=1.4848
Tebul nke isii nke „B‟ d[ n‟elu ebe a gosiri akara miin na
Standad Divieshqn agbammbq xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na mpaghara
ebe emepegh[ emepe. Site na tebulu a, akara miin nd[
gafeere 1.5 bx, 1.54,1.65, 1.58, 1.68,1.72, 1.71,1.66,1.73
na 1.67 ma nwee Standad Divisehqn 0.49,0.47,0.58,0.46,
0.44,0.43,0.47,0.44 na 0.46 n‟otu na n‟otu. Akara miin nd[
ahx gafeere 1.5 na-egosi okwu nd[ xmxakwxkwq kpqtara nke
qma bxkwanx nd[ dabara na nchqcha a.
Nke qzq, tebul a na-egosikwazi na xmxakwxkwq akpqtagh[
qtxtx okwu nd[ ahx nke qma niihi na akara miin ha erugh[
1.5, bx akara qnqdx mkpebi miin dabara na nchqcha a. Nke a
pxtara ihe n‟akara nd[ a: 1.38, 1.44,1.30,
dabagh[
19 Anyanwx Sun 77 88 1.46 0.50 Q
dabagh[
20 Nye Give 54 111 1.37 0.47 Q
dabagh[
21 Chinyere God‟s
gift
63 102 1.38 0.48 Q
dabagh[
22 a]x Bee 123 42 1.71 0.43 Q dabara
23 ]xq
mmiri
Drink
water
110 55 1.6
6
0.47 Q dabara
24 A]ara Garden
egg
121 44 1.73 0.44 Q dabara
25 Aghxghq Trickery 112 53 1.67 0.46 Q dabara
88
1.35,1.49,1.29,1.41,1.45,1.33,1.40,1.32,1.43,1.38,1.46,1.37
na 1.38. Niihi nke a q dabara ikwu na mpaghara ebe a
rxnyere xlqakwxkwq na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na mpaghara
ebe emepegh[ emepe nq n‟ogo Sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[ na Zoon
Mmxta Xdi.
Nnwale qma okwu Nke. Abxq Ho2 site n’iji ‘T-test’.
HO2: E nwegh[ ezigbo nd[miche n’akara miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq nq n’ime obodo na nke nd[ nq n’obodo mepere
emepe n’ikpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe.
T = X1 - X2
(SD1 )2 + ( SD2 )
2
N N
Kii:
X1 = miin nd[ nq obodo mepere emepe
X2 = miin nd[ nq n‟ime obodo
SD1 = SD maka obodo mepere emepe
SD2 = SD maka nd[ nq n‟ime obodo
N1 = qnxqgx nd[ obodo mepere emepe
N2 = qnxqgx nd[ nq m‟ime obodo.
T- tebul = 165+165-2 = 330-2 = 328 00 (infiniti)
T-tebul = 1.960.
89
Nnwale xmaokwu n‟ogo akara nd[miche 0.05
Tebul Nke Asaa:
Tebul nke asaa na-egosi nd[miche n‟akara miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq d[ka q si gbasata mpaghara ebe a rxnyere
xlqakwxkwq
Qgx Ebe
mepere
X1
SD1 Ebe emepegh[
emepe X2
SD2 t-cal Mkpebi
1 1.83 0.37 1.54 0.49 9.35 S
2 1.42 0.49 1.38 0.48 0.90 NS
3 1.41 0.49 1.44 0.49 0.68 NS
90
4 1.29 0.45 1.30 0.46 0.23 NS
5 1.40 0.49 1.35 0.47 0.11 NS
6 1.92 0.27 1.49 0.50 9.77 S
7 1.85 0.35 1.65 0.47 0.43 NS
8 1.76 0.42 0.58 0.49 3.60 S
9 1.34 0.47 1.29 0.45 1.14 NS
10 1.43 0.49 1.41 0.49 0.44 NS
11 1.79 0.40 1.68 0.46 2.34 S
12 1.84 0.36 1.72 0.44 2.72 S
13 1.87 0.33 1. 45 0.49 0.91 NS
14 1.35 0.48 1.33 0.47 0.04 NS
15 1.38 0.48 1.40 0.49 0.38 NS
16 1.36 0.48 1.32 0.47 0.77 NS
17 1.44 0.49 1.43 0.49 0.19 NS
18 1.37 0.48 1.38 0.48 0.20 NS
19 1.48 0.50 1.46 0.50 0.36 NS
20 1.33 0.47 1.37 0.47 0.08 NS
21 1.39 0.49 1.38 0.48 0.19 NS
22 1.77 0.41 1.71 0.43 1.30 NS
23 1.86 0.34 1.66 0.47 4.44 S
24 1.75 0.43 1.73 0.44 0.04 NS
25 1.80 0.39 1.67 0.46 2.77 S
1.57 1.48
Tebul nnwale qma okwu nke abxq d[ n‟elu ebe a na-egosi na
nd[na maqbx okwu nke mbx, nke isii, nke asatq, nke iri na
otu, nke iri na abxq, nke iri abxq na atq tinyere nke iri
abxq na ise nwere akara „t- cal‟ gafeere 1.960,(t-tebul).
Akara t-cal nd[ ahx bx 9.35, 9.77, 2.34,2.72, 4.44 na 2.77.
Akara nd[ a gosiri na e nwere ezigbo nd[miche n‟agbammbq
91
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟ime obodo na nd[ nq n‟ebe mepere emepe
na mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe.
Nke qzq, akara „t-cal‟ nd[ qzq erugh[ 1.960 (t-tebul)
nke gosiri na e nwegh[ ezigbo nd[miche n‟agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq nq n‟ime obodo na nke nd[ nq n‟ebe mepere emepe.
Nke a wee dabaa n‟ogo akara nd[miche bx 0.05 e ji nwale qma
okwu nchqcha a.
Nch[kqta Ihe A chqpxtara
Site na rizlqt nchqcha e depxtara n‟elu ebe a, onye
nchqcha chqpxtara na:
Tebul nke mbx gosiri na fqn[m olund[ Udi na-emetxta
xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[ n‟Udi n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe. Tebul nke abxq gosiri na asxsx nne na nna
(ezinaulq) na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n „qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe. Qzq kwa tebul nke atq zipxtara na asxsx nd[ qgbq
xmxakwxkwq na-emetxta ha n‟imx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Tebul nke anq gosiri na jenda na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe niihi na rizqtx nchqcha a gosiri na nd[
nwaany[ ka mee nke qma na mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe.
Tebul nke isii gosiri na mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq
na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Nke a bx
niihi n a xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe mepere mere nke
qma kar[a nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe emepegh[ emepe.
92
ISI NKE ISE
NKATA, MMECHI, IHE ND{ NWERE IKE {DAPXTA NA MMXTA
N’QD{NIHU, ATXMATX/NTXNYEUCHE, NSOGBU E ZUTERE NA NCHQCHA,
EBE ND{ QZQ KWESIRI IMEKWU NCHQCHA, NCH{KQTA.
N‟ebe a, onye nchqcha lebara anya n‟ihe nd[ a: Nkata
maka r[zqtx maqbx ihe a chqpxtara, Mmechi, Ihe nd[ nwere
ike [dapxta na mmxta n‟qd[nihu, Atxmatx/ntxnyeuche, Nsogbu
e zutere na nchqcha, Ebe qzq kwesiri imekwu nchqcha na
Nch[kqta.
Nkata Maka Rizqlt/Ihe A Chqpxtara
Kedu Etu Mkpqpxta Fqn[m Olund[ Udi si Emetxta Xmxakwxkwq
N’qmxmx Asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
Ihe a chqpxtara na nchqcha a na tebul nke mbx nke „A‟
na nke „B‟ n‟ihe gbasara mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe gosiri
na q bx naan[ okwu nd[ nwere qgx 1,6,7,8,11,12,13,22,23,na
25 ka nd[ xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwaany[ kpqtara nke qma n‟ihi na
ha nwere akara miin 1.76, 1.88, 1.83, 1.84, 1.77,
1.75,1.64, 1.86, 1.76, 1.66 na 1.80. Akara miin nd[ ahx
gafeere 1.5 bx akara miin qnqdx mkpebi miin nd[ a dabara
maka ajxjx nchqcha nke mbx. N‟aka nke qzq xmxakwxkwq nd[
nwoke kpqtara naan[ okwu nd[ nwere qgx
7,8,11,12,22,23,24,na 25 nwere akara
miin1.75,1.78,,1.69,1.72,1.79,1.73,1.64 na 1.76.
93
Nke a pxtara na q bx naan[ okwu iri na otu ka
xmxakwxkwq nd[ ahx kpqtara nke qma. Q na-egosi na
xmxakwxkwq riri mperi n‟[kpqpxta okwu nd[ qzq n‟ihi na
akara miin okwu nd[ ahx erugh[ akara miin 1.5 bx qnqdx
mkpebi akara miin dabara n‟ajxjx nchqcha nke mbx. Niihi nke
a q dabara ikwu ebe a na fqn[m olund[ Udi na-emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe maka na qtxtx
xmxakwxkwq hapxrx nkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe wee kpqpxta
okwu nd[ ahx na fqn[m olund[ Udi nke mere e ji nwee
nchiche n‟ihe e dere na ihe ha kpqpxtara. Q bx nke a mere
Anqzie (1999) jiri kqwaa na xdaasxsx ahx nke na-ebute
nghqta d[ iche iche na okwu abxq maqbx kar[a nd[ yiri onwee
ha ma ewezuga otu mkpxrxxda nd[ ahx, ka a kpqrq fqn[m. Ya
bx na q bx site n‟akpqtagh[ fqn[m Igbo Izugbe ka e jiri
nwee nch[iche n‟ihe a txrx anya na xmxakwxkwq ga-akpqtanwu.
Qzq kwa Nnachi (2007) kqwakwara na nd[
na-amx asxsx kwesiri imxkwazi maka fqn[m iji wee nwee ike
gosipxta nd[iche d[ etiti okwu abxq maqbx kar[a yiri onwe
ha site na mkpqpxta ha d[ iche. Q pxtara na xmxakwxkwq
kwesiri [mx mkpqpxta fqn[m d[ iche iche ma nke olundi ha na
nke Igbo Izugbe nke ga-enyere ha aka [kpqpxta nke qbxla etu
o kwesiri.
Olee Etu Asxsx Nne na nna si Emetxta Xmxakwxkwq N’[mx Igbo
Izugbe?
72
94
D[ka o siri gbatakwxrx n‟ihe a chqpxtara na tebulu nke
abxq o gosiri na malite na nd[na nke mbx ruo na nke ise
(item 1-5) nwere akara miin 3.10,3.08,3.56,3.15 na 3.44.
Akara miin nd[ ahx gafeere akara miin 2.5 bx akara qnqdx
mkpebi miin nd[ dabara na nchqcha a.
Ihe nke a na-egosi bx na xmxakwxkwq kwenyere na asxsx
nne na nna izinxxlq na-emetxta ha (xmxakwxkwq) n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Q bx qnqdx d[ etu a ka Tamis-Lemonda
(2008) jiri kqwaa na xd[ asxsx nne na nna na-asxrx xmxaka
ha mgbe ha na-akparita nkata bx otu ihe siri ike nke na-
ezipxta ka xmxaka siri amxta asxsx mgbe ha d[ obere. Q
pxtara na q bx ihe nne sxrx ka xmxakwxkwq na-enomiri mgbe
ha na-akpar[ta xka.
Kedu ka Asxsx Nd[ Qgbq Xmxakwxkwq si Emetxta Ha N’qmxmx
Asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
Ihe a chqpxtara maqbx rizqlt pxtara ihe na tebul nke
atq zipxtara na xmxakwxkwq kwenyenyere na asxsx nd[ qgbq ha
na-emetxta ha n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Akara miin nd[na
bido na nke mbx ruo na nke ise gbara akaebe nke a niihi na
ha gafeere 2.5 bx akara miin qnqdx mkpebi dabara na
nchqcha a. Akara miin e nwetara na tebul nke atq ahx
gxnyere 3.23, 3.34,3.60, 3.71 na 3.57.
Ya bx akara miin nd[ a gosipxtara n‟ezie na xmxakwxkwq
kwekqritara na asxsx nd[ qgbq ha na-emetxta ha n‟[mx asxsx
95
Igbo Izugbe. Nke, a gosikwaziri na nd[ qgbq nwata qbxla na-
emetx usoro obibi ndx ya d[ka n‟xd[ [sx asxsx. Iji kwado
nke a, Nnachi (2007) kqwara na usoro obibi ndx nd[ qgbq
qbxla na-emetxta xmxaka n‟qmxmx d[ iche iche. nke kpatara
na ha na-amxta ezigbo ihe na nke qjqq. Qmxmx nd[iche iche
agxpxgh[ asxsx Igbo Izugbe n‟ihi na q bx otu ihe
xmxakwxkwq na-amx n‟xlqakwxkwq.
Kedu ka Jenda si Emetxta Xmxakwxkwq N’qmxmx Asxsx Igbo
Izugbe?
Ihe a chqpxtara maka jenda na tebul nke anq gosiri na
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwaany[ ka mee nke qma na mkpqpxta okwu nd[
ahx e nyere ha ka ha kpqpxta n‟ihi na qgbakqtaqnx akara
miin ha bx 1.5312 gafeere qgbakqtaqnx akara miin nke nd[
nwoke bx 1.468 (1.47). Nke a pxtara na olund[ Udi ka
emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe na
sin[q sekqnd[r[ kar[a nd[ nwaany[. O gosikwaziri na
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwaany[ ka eme nke qma n‟asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
Iji kwado nke a, Umo (2001) gosipxtara na nkwenye nd[ mmadx
gosiri na xmxnwaany[ na-enwekar[ mmxq [mx asxsx kar[a
xmxnwoke. Q gakwara n‟ihu kqwaa na jenda na-emetxta nkxzi
na qmxmx asxsx Igbo n‟ihi na mba q bxla nwere asxsx ha na-
asx nke metxtara jenda.
Akabqgx (2002) kwadoro ihe Xmq (2001) kwuru maka jenda
niihi na nd[ xmxaka nd[ nwaany[ na-aka eme nke qma
96
n‟[kpqpxta okwu nd[ nwere otu xda na xda abxq nke gosiri
na nd[ nwaany[ na- amxtakar[ta asxsx qsqqsq kar[a nd[
nwoke.
N‟ihe gbasara qma okwu nke mbx maka jenda, tebul nke
ise egosiri akara „t-cal‟ nd[ gafeere t-tebul bx 1.960.
akara t-cal nd[ ahx bx 8.16, na 3.07 nke gosiri na q bx
naan[ na mkpqpxta okwu abxq ka e nwere ezigbo nd[miche
makara miin agbammbq xmxakwkxwq nd[ nwoke na nd[ nwaany[
nke adabagh[ n‟ogo akara nd[miche bx 0.05. N‟aka nke qzq
akara t-cal 0.56, 0.58, 40,0.37, 0.27, 0.19,0.15, 0.10,
0.08, 1.73, 0.65, 0.85, 0.80, 1.15, 0.63, 0.45, 0.68, 0.02,
0.68, 0.75, 0.07, 0.05 na 0.93 gbara akaebe na e nwegh[
ezigbo nd[miche n‟akara miin agbammbq xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke
na nd[ nwaany[ maka na akara nd[ ahx erugh[ akara t-tebul
bx 1.960. Nke a gosiri na akara nd[ ahx dabara n‟ogo akara
nd[miche 0.05 nke onye nchqcha jiri nwalee qma okwu nke
nchqcha a.
Kedu ka Mkpaghara Ebe a Rxnyere Xlqakwxkwq si Emetxta
Xmxakwxkwq N’qmxmx Asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
Site n‟ihe a chqpxtara d[ka o siri pxta ihe na tebul
nke ise nke „A‟ na nke „B‟ na nchqcha, o gosiri na
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe mepere emepe ka mee nke
qma na mkpqpxta okwu nd[ ahx e nyere ha ka ha kpqpxta.
Akaebe gosipxtara nke a bx na qgbakqtaqnx akara miin
97
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq mpaghara ebe mepere emepe bx 1.57, ebe
qgbakqtaqnx akara miin nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe emepegh[
emepe bx 1.48. Niihi nke a, q dabara ikwu ebe a na olundi
Udi ka emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe emepegh[
emepe kar[a nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe mepere emepe. Ya bx na
mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Nke a dabara n‟ihe Qbas[ (2011)
kwuru na q bxrxla ihe a maara nke qma na xlqaakwxwkq nd[ nq
n‟obodo mepere emepe na-aka eme nke qma n‟ihe gbasara qmxmx
kar[a nd[ nq n‟obodo emepegh[ emepe nihi na ha na-enwe nd[
nkxzi a zxrx nke qma nakwazi ngwa nkxzi. N‟otu aka ahx,
Xmq (2001) kwadoro na ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq na-emetxta
xmxakwxwq n‟ebe q d[ ukwu qkachas[ n‟qmxmx xtqasxsx Igbo. Q
gara n‟ihu kwuo na xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟obodo mepere emepe
na-eme nke qma kar[a nd[ nq n‟obodo emepegh[ emepe n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo.
A b[a n‟ihe gbasara nnwale xmaokwu nke abxq d[ka o siri
gbasata akara miin agbammbq xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na mpaghara
ebe mepere emepe na nd[ nq n‟ebe emepegh[ emepe, tebul nke
asaa zipxtara na „t-cal‟ 9.35,9.77,3.60,2.34,2.72,4.44 na
2.77 gafeere t-tebul bx 1.960 na e nwere ezigbo nd[miche
n‟agbammbq xmxakwxkwq nd[ ahx. Mana „t-cal‟ nd[ qzq d[ka
0.90,0.68,0.23,0.11,0.43,1.14,0.44,0.91,0.04,0.38,0.77,0.19
,0.20,0.36,0.08,
98
0.19,1.30 na 0.04 gosiri na e nwegh[ ezigbo nd[miche
n‟akara miin agbammbq xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe
mepere emepe na nke nd[ nq na mpaghara emepegh[ emepe. Nke
a dabara n‟ogo akara nd[miche bx 0.05 e jiri nwalee qma
okwu nchqcha a.
Mmechi
Na mmechi q d[ mkpa [rxtx aka n‟isi ihe a chqpxtara na
nchqcha a nke gosiri na:
a. Mkpqpxta fqn[m olund[ Udi na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
b. Asxsx nne na nna na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[ n‟Udi.
c. Asxsx nd[ qgbq xmxakwxkwq na-emetxta ha n‟[mx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe n‟xlqakwxkwq sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[ n‟Udi.
d. Jenda na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq nd[ sin[q sekqnd[r[ di
n‟Udi n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Nchqcha a gosiri na
xmxakwkxkwq nd[ nwaany[ ka mee nke qma kar[a nd[
nwoke.
e. Mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq na-emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. Nchqcha a zipxtara na
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe mepere emepe ka mee nke
qma kar[a nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe emepeghi emepe.
Ihe Nd[ Nwere ike [dapxta na Mmxta N’qd[nihu
99
Site n‟ihe a chqpxtara na nchqcha a, e nwere ike
idepxta ihe nd[ nwere ike [dapxta na mmxta n‟qd[nihu nke
gxnyere ihe nd[ a:
a. Q bxrx na nd[ nkxzi akxzigh[ mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo
Izugbe etu o kwesiri, q ga-adqghachi mmxta azx niihi na
xmxakwxkwq ga na-eji olund[ ha akpqpxta ma na-edekwa Igbo
Izugbe nke ga-eme ka ha ghara ime nke qma n‟ule d[ iche
iche d[ka SSCE.
b. Ebe q bx na asxsx nne na nna na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq
n‟[kqpqpxta maqbx n‟[mx asxsx Igbo Izugbe, nke a ga –
adqghach[ xtq asxsx Igbo azx ma mee ka mmxta na-adaghach[
azx.
c. Q bxrx na xmxakwxkwq a gaa n‟ihu na-eji asxsx ha
wee na-akpar[ta nkata/xbqbq, nke a ga-eme ka agbammbq ha
(xmxakwxkwq) n‟Igbo Izugbe na-alaa azx. Nke qzq o nwere
ike ime ka olund[ nd[ Udi were qnqdx n‟qtxtx xlqakwxkwq ma
mee ka Igbo Izugbe na-ala azx.
d. Ihe a nwetara na nchqcha a gosiri na jenda na-
emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe. O gosiri
na nd[ nwaany[ ka mee nke qm n‟[kpqpxta fqn[m Igbo
Izugbe. Ihe nwere ike [dapxta na mmxta n‟qdinihu bx na
qnxgxgx nd[ nwaany[ nd[ nkxzi Igbo ga na-abawanye ebe nke
nd[ nwoke ga na-epe mpe.
100
e. Ebe q bx na nchqcha a zipxtara na xmxakwxkwq nd[
nq na mpaghara ebe mepere emepe ka mee nke qma kar[a nd[
nq na mpaghara ebe emepegh[ emepe, qnqdx d[ otu a
nwere ike ime ka xmxakwxkwq nd[ ahx nq n‟ime obodo na-
agbaga n‟ebe mepere emepe nke ga-ebute ntikpo na qd[da
xlqakwxkwq nd[ nq n‟ime obodo. Q ga-emetxtakwazi nkxzi na
qmxmx asxsx Igbo n‟ebe ahx.
Nsogbu E Zutere Na Nchqcha
Nsogbu nd[ a ka onye nchqcha kwudoro n‟oge q na-eme
nchqcha.
a. Nsogbu nke mbx bx xkq akwxkwq e dere n‟Igbo gbasara
isiokwu nchqcha a.
b. Nke abxq bx nghar[px sitere n‟aka nd[ nzamajxjx.
Nke a mere onye nchqcha jiri gaa qtxtx ugboro n‟xfqdx
xlqakwxkwq nd[ e ji mee nchqcha iji gbaa mbq kee ma nakqta
ajxjx ederede njxmaza e jiri mee nchqcha a.
c. Nke qzq bx na xfqdx xlqakwxkwq n‟ime xlqakwxkwq nd[
ahx onye nchqcha gara nq n‟ime ime obodo nke mere na inweta
xgbqala maqbx xgbqala qgbatumtum ad[gh[ mfe.
Atxmatx/Ntxnyeuche
Q bx site n‟ihe a chqpxtara na nchqcha ka onye nchqcha
ji ewepxta atxmatx/ntxnyeuche nd[ a:
a. Na nd[ nkxzi ga-agba mbq kxziere xmxakwxkwq
mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe etu o kwesiri.
81
101
b. O kwesiri na nd[ nkuzi ga na-ach[kqbara xmxakwxkwq
asqmpi nnwale n‟etiti klas[ abxq maqbx n‟etiti
xlqakwxkwq abxq n‟ihe gbasara mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe.
c. Gqvxmenti kwesriri [ch[kqbara nd[ nkuzi qzxzx
mmxghari n‟ihe gbasara mmetxta fqnqlqji olundi d[ iche
qkachas[ nke Udi.
d. Q di mkpa ka gqvxment[ ch[kqba qgbakq Izugbe maka
kqr[kulum sin[q sekqnd[r[ Igbo n‟ihe gbasara mmetxta
fqnqlqji n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
e. Nd[ nne na nna ga-agba mbq na-asxrx xmx ha Igbo
Izugbe nke
ga- enyere aka eme nke qma na mkpqpxta fqn[m Igbo
Izugbe.
f. Gqvxment[ kwesiri iziga nd[ nkuzi a zxrx nke qma
n‟Igbo n‟xlqakwxwq nd[ nq na mpaghara ebe emepegh[
emepe nke ga-enye aka ime ka xmxakwxkwq nq ebe ahx nwee
ike na-eme nke qma n‟asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
g. O kwesiri ka a na-enye xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke ihe
mgbamume iji mee ka ha nwee mmxq [mx asxsx Igbo Izugbe
d[ka ogbo ha nd[ nwaany[.
Ebe Nd[ Kwesiri Imekwu Nchqcha
Ebe nd[ qzq onye nchqcha na-ele anya na o kwesiri ka nd[
qzq na-eme nchqcha mekwuo nchqcha bx:
82
102
a. Mmetxta fqnqlqji olund[ Eziagx n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe n‟qgq jxn[q sekqnd[r[ n‟Enugwu Steeti.
b. Mmetxta fqnqlqji olund[ d[ iche iche n‟xlqakwxkwq
sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[ na mpaghara Qwxwa Anyanwx (South East)
nke Naijir[a.
c. Ntxle mmetxta fqn[m olund[ Udi na Eziagx n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe n‟ogo pra[mar[ n‟Enugwu Steeti.
Nch[kqta
Nchqcha a lebara anya na mmetxta fqnqlqji Udi n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe n‟ogo sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[ na Zoon Mmxta
Xdi. Onye nchqcha haziri nchqcha a n‟isi ise zuru oke.
Isi nke mbx metxtara mkpqlite. Ihe nd[ onye nchqcha
lebara anya na ya n‟isi nke mbx gxnyere. Ntqala nchqcha,
Nsogbu nchqcha, Mbunuche nchqcha, Uru nchqcha, Oke nchqcha,
Ajxjx nchqcha na xmaokwu. N‟isi nke abxq bx ntxleghar[
agxmagx nke onye nchqcha haziri n‟xzq anq nke gxnyere:
Atxtx nkqwa, Atxtx mmxghar[, Nchqcha a hxrx anya na
Nch[kqta ntxleghari agxmagx. N‟[ga n‟ihu, ihe nd[ e lebara
anya n‟isi nke atq bx: Xd[ nchqcha, Ebe nchqcha, Nd[ e ji
mee nchqcha, Nsere na usoro nsere, Ngwa nchqcha, Nnyocha
ngwa nchqcha, Nnwale ntxkwas[obi ngwa nchqcha, Usoro nnweta
ihe nchqcha na Usoro nhazi ihe nchqcha maqbx data. A b[a
n‟isi nke anq, onye nchqcha haziri ihe a chqpxtara na
tebulu site n‟[gbasoro ajxjx nchqcha nd[ ahx duziri nchqcha
103
a. N‟ikpeazx, onye nchqcha nqrq n‟isi nke ise wee lebaa
anya na nkata maka rizqlt, mmechi, ihe nd[ nwere ike
idapxta na mmxta n‟qd[nihx, Atxmatx/Ntunyeuche, Nsogbu e
zutere na nchqcha, Ebe nd[ qzq kwesiri imekwu nchqcha na
nch[kqta.
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108
MGBAKWUNYE NKE MBX
AJXJX EDEREDE NJXMAZA
Faculty of Education,
Department of Arts Education.
School of Postgraduate Studies,
University of Nigeria,
Nsukka.
1st February, 2012.
Ezigbo Nnam ukwu/Nnem ukwu,
INYOCHA NGWA NCHQCHA
Abx m nwaakwxkwq na-agx akwxkwq n‟xlqakwxwq a kpqrq aha
n‟elu ebe a. Ana m agx akwxkwq maka (M.Ed.). Ana m eme
nchqcha n‟isiokwu a bx „Mmetxta Fqnqlqji Olund[ Udi N‟qmxmx
Asxsx Igbo Izugbe N‟ogo Sin[q Sekqnd[r[ na Zonu Mmxta Nke
Udi na Steeti Enugwu.
Ana m ar[q ka [ nyochaa ngwa nchqcha abxq onye nchqcha
haziri maka ime nchqcha a. Ngwa nchqcha nd[ ahx gxnyere
nnwale ekwurunqqnx na ajxjx njxmaza. Ntxzi aka g[ d[ mkpa
iji hx na ngwa nchqcha nd[ a tozuru maka inweta ngwa a ga-
eji mee nchqcha a.
Daalx maka obi qma i ji gee m nt[.
Abx m,
Ude, Uchenna F. (Maaz[).
109
Faculty of Education,
Department of Arts Education.
School of Postgraduate Studies,
University of Nigeria,
Nsukka.
1st February, 2012.
Ezigbo Onye Nzamajxjx,
Abx m nwaakwxkwq na-agx akwxkwq n‟xlqakwxwq a kpqrq aha
n‟elu ebe a. Ana m agx akwxkwq maka (M.Ed.). Ana m eme
nchqcha n‟isiokwu a bx „Mmetxta Fqnqlqji Olund[ Udi N‟qmxmx
Asxsx Igbo Izugbe N‟ogo Sin[q Sekqnd[r[ na Zonu Mmxta Nke
Udi na Steeti Enugwu.
Biko, e nwere ngwa nchqcha abxq bx nnwale ekwurunqqnx
na ajxjx njxmaza. E kere ha xzq atq. Mpaghara nke mbx
metxtara ebe [ ga-akqwa onwe g[; nke abxq bx ebe [ ga-
akpqpxta okwu xfqdx na fqn[m Igbo Izugbe, ebe mpaghara nke
atq bx ebe [ ga-aza ajxjx ederede d[ iri abxq na ise.
Q d[ mkpa ime ka [ mata na o nwegh[ ihe qzq a ga-eji
xsa / qs[sa [ ga-enye wee mee kar[a ihe gbasara mmxta.
Daalx maka enyemaka g[.
Abx m,
Ude, Uchenna F. (Maaz[).
110
Bikq, gbaa mbq kqwaa onwe g[ nke qma na nkeji „A‟. Nkeji
„B‟ bx mkpqpxta okwu nd[ ahx n‟Igbo Izugbe. Na nke atq
„CH‟, a txrx anya na { ga-etinye akara
( ) na nke q bxla [ hqqrq d[ka qs[sa g[.
Mpaghara nke „A‟ (nke mbx) Nkqwa onwe G[.
Aha xlqakwxwq g[ -----------------------------------------
--------------------------------
Ebe A rxnyere xlqakwxkwq (Ebe mepere emepe) ( ) Ebe
emepegh[ emepe ( )
Ogo Klas[:……………………………………………………..
Obodo:…………………………………………………………
Okpuru Qch[ch[:………………………………………………
Jenda: Oke ( ), Any[ ( )
Maka mkpqpxta okwu nd[ ahx d[ n‟ajxjx nchqcha nke mbx lee
anya na nkqwa a:
Q kpqtara ya nke qma – (QKPYNQ)
Q kpqtagh[ ya ma ql[ – (QKPYMQ)
Maka ajxjx nchqcha nke abxq na atq lekwaaz[a anya na nkqwa
nd[ a:
Ekwenyesiri m ike – (EMI)
Ekwere m – (EM)
Ajxrx m – (AM)
Ajxs[r[ m ike – (AMI)
111
ISIOKWU NCHQCHA
Mmetxta Fqnqlqj[ Olund[ Udi N‟qmxmx Asxsx Igbo Izugbe N‟ogo
Sin[q Sekqnd[r[ na Zonu Mmxta Udi N‟Enugwu Steeti
Mbunuche Nchqcha
Mbunuche izugbe nchqcha a bx inyocha mmetxta fqnqlqj[
olund[ Udi na-emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe
n‟xlqakwxkwq sin[q sekqnd[r[ d[ na Zonu Mmxta Udi n‟Enugwu
Steeti. Nchqcha a ga-elebakwaz[ anya n‟ihe nd[ a:
1. [chqpxta etu mkpqpxta fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
2. {chqpxta etu asxsx nne, nna na xmxnne n‟ezinaxlq si
emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟[mx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
3. Ileba anya etu asxsx nd[ qgbq xmxakwxkwq siri emetxta
ha n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
4. {chqpxta ka qnqdx jenda siri emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
5. Ileba anya ka mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq si
emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe.
112
Ajxjx Nchqcha
Iji duzie nchqcha a ka q gazie nke qma, onye nchqcha
hibere ajxjx nchqcha isii nd[ a:
1. Kedu etu mkpqpxta fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
2. Olee etu asxsx nne, nna na xmxnne n‟ezinxxlq si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟[mx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
3. Kedu ka asxsx nd[ qgbq xmxakwxkwq si emetxta ha n‟qmxmx
asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
4. Olee etu qnqdx jenda/[bx nwoke maqbx nwaany[ si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
5. Kedu ka mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
Xmaokwu
A ga-anwale qma okwu nd[ a n‟ogo akara mpxtara ndmiche
bx 0.05
113
Ho1 Enwegh[ ezigbo nd[miche d[ n‟akara miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq nd[ nwoke na nke nd[ nwaany[ n‟[kpqpxta
fqn[m Igbo Izugbe n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo.
Ho2 E nwegh[ ezigbo ndmiche d[ n‟akara miin agbammbq
xmxakwxkwq nq n‟ime obodo na nke nd[ nq n‟obodo mepere
emepe n‟ikpqpxta fqn[m Igbo Izugbe.
Mmetxta Fqnqlqj[ Olund[ Udi N‟qmxmx Asxsx Igbo Izugbe N‟ogo
Sin[q Sekqnd[r[ na Zonu Mmxta Udi Na Steeti Enugwu.
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Mbx:
Kedu etu mkpqpxta fqn[m olund[ Udi si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟omxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
Qgx Akara Ndepxta
Okwu
Akara Ndepxta na
Bekee
1 anya eye
2 Anwx Sunshine
3 Enwe monkey
4 onye who
5 any[ we
6 q]x Happiness
7 aghara careless
8 agha War
9 nwere have
10 o nwegh[ He has none/nothing
11 were take
12 oghere An opening
13 mmanya Wine
14 nwanne relation
15 nwoke man/male
16 nwaany[ female
17 nwa child
18 onyinye gift
19 Anyanwx sun
20 Nye give
21 Chinyere Gods gift
22 a]x bee
114
23 ]xq mmiri drink water
24 a]ara garden egg
25 aghxghq Trickery
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Abxq
Olee etu asxsx Nne na Nna, Xmx Nne n‟Ezinxxlq si
emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟imx Igbo Izugbe?
Qgx
Nd[na
EMI EM AM AMI
1 Q bx asxsx olund[ Udi nne na nna m
na-eji agwa m okwu ka m na-asxkwazi
n‟xlqakwxkwq.
2 Q bx olund[ Udi ka nd[ ezinxxlq m
na-asx mgbe q bxla any[ nq n‟xlq.
3 Ana m aka aghqta ihe nne na nna m
na-agwa ma ha jiri olund[ Udi kar[a
Igbo Izugbe.
4 Ana m asx Igbo were were d[ ka nne
na nna m ma q bxrx na m ji olund[
Udi.
5 Asxsx olund[ Udi nne na nna m na-
asxrx m na-emetxta m n‟qmxmx asxsx
115
Igbo Izugbe.
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Atq:
Kedu ka asxsx nd[ qgbq xmxakwxkwq si emetxta ha
n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
Qgx Nd[na EMI EM AM AMI
6 Q bx olund[ Udi ka m na nd[ qgbq m
ji akpa nkata.
7 Q na-ah[a m ahx [sx Igbo Izugbe
mgbe m na nd[ qgbq m nq nke na-
emetxta m n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo
Izugbe.
8 Q na-akara m mfe iji olund[ Udi wee
gwuri egwu mgbe m na nd[ qgbq m nq.
9 Any[ na-asxkwazi asxsx olund[ Udi
n‟xlqakwxkwq nke mere na [sx Igbo
izugbe na-ah[a m ahx.
10 Asxsx nd[ qgbq m na-emetxta m mgbe
m na-asx ma na-ede Igbo Izugbe
n‟ihi na ihe m sxrx ka m na-ede
n‟akwxkwq.
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Anq
Kedu ka qnqdx jenda si emetxta xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx
Igbo Izugbe?
Ajxjx Nchqcha Nke Ano:
Kedu ka mpaghara ebe a rxnyere xlqakwxkwq si emetxta
xmxakwxkwq n‟qmxmx asxsx Igbo Izugbe?
116
MBGAKWUNYE NKE ABXQ
Xlqakwxkwq d[ na Mpaghara Ebe Mepere Emepe
1 Community High School, Udi-Ab[a 95
2 St, Paul‟s Secondary School, Eke 60
3 Community Secondary School, Nsude 142
4 Community Secondary School Amokwe 77
5 St. Theresa Secondary School,
Abor
75
6 Community Secondary School Ngwo-
Uno
281
7 Girls‟ Secondary School Ngwo 170
900
Xlqakwxkwq d[ n’ime Obodo
8 Community High School, Obiomo 37
9 Community Secondary School,
Umulumgbe
50
10 Community Secondary School Okpatu 30
11 Girls‟ High School, Nachi 45
12 Christ High School, Abor 30
13 Community Secondary School, Egede 45
14 Community High School, Ukana 47
15 Community High School, Nachi 39
16 Community Secondary School, Awhum 42
17 Community High School Ogor-Affa 44
18 Community Secondary School
Akpakwume
67
19 Community Secondary School,
Amozalla Affa
50
20 Community Secondary School, Agbudu 41
21 Community Secondary School, Nze 42
22 Community Secodary School, Ebe 86
117
23 Community Secondary School, Amokwu
Affa
55
750
Source: PPSMB, Udi Zonal Office Ngwoo Enugu State
Xlqakwxkwq Nd[ A Hqqrq maka Nchqcha
Qgx Aha xlqakwxkwq Mpaghara Qnxqgxgx
1
Community High School,
Udi-Abia.
Ebe mepere emepe 33
2 St. Paul‟s Secondary
School, Eke
Ebe mepere emepe 33
3 Community Secondary
School, Nsude.
Ebe mepere emepe 33
4 Community Secondary
School, Amokwe
Ebe mepere emepe 33
5 Community Secondary
School, Ngwe-Xnq
Ebe mepere emepe 33
6 Community Secondary
School, Xmxlumgbe
Ebe emepegh[
emepe
33
7 Community Secondary
School, Egode
Ebe emepegh[
emepe
33
8 Community High School,
Ukana
Ebe emepegh[
emepe
33
9 Community Secondary
School, Amozala-Affa
Ebe emepegh[
emepe
33
10 Community Secondary
School, Agbudu.
Ebe emepegh[
emepe
33
Qgbakqtaqnx 330
118
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