Sicilian studies / [Percy Gardner]

8/3/2019 Sicilian studies / [Percy Gardner]

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2'. _ '-T'Y -1i i"- ' ! lJ ' f ~ ! i1Tri" 'l ' n"Cj'nn'''"'''~IiIf'!.LWN I ! ;; i! ,M iI ; S 'j [~~ ,1, .... I ; . . ; i ' . . . . Q~\,v~" "'"" -,ii;!Y,'t.Th ,e re are three eourcea w hence we' may gain from. th e

f j ,tudy of a coin data for f i x . - i l l g ' its period. I'o the :fil"8tplace" its. types In:ay have a poli tical, reference, o.r be for.other reasons such, as could, only have been used at aparticular p e r i o d , . , For example" the pieces bearing thename of a :king must almost eertainly have appearedduring that king's Iifetime, Or, again .if' a cit.y wastoour k ' : ; row I e d g . ,n d 'estro ' y ; e ; d ' " at 'Ii':i e e r t a i n 'd ' i!Ji1.t..a ' 1 ~ 1tCJI C - ' 0 ' in (:I, m - .u ;(:!"~_ .1 _ . . L I "_ U,':,~"-I,":"I"O ' ,_ ," 4i i~ _ - ~ . ,: ._ .~ ". "v.~-_: ",.' ~ '!iJ.-~ ! i , _ ~ - = _ ' . .~.l,W.~~, ,I .g...~.~! ~.: . - _~I(~have been Jssued before t ' ,hat date, 'Or) once more, if theruler o : f one cit,y 'made; 'h ims;elf~ ,at :a known 't im .'8j, master(It a second ,oity'~and among the coins of this second city'there , a p ' p e a . r some with , th.'e '~ypeB of th.'eir conqu,e:FOt" th eepoch of these pieces also can be almost with eertaintyconcluded, Of' course none of these tests can b e : u se d ,ina m erely mechanical W'Ry ~ Case s might: easilY ' b e: foundw'he~e a slavish fat'biding 'b y them \vouId Iead to error,But; used in telli,g,ently J they certainly affard~ valuable'indica t ions,

Th i s second set, 10 ' iindi.cations, useful for the presentpurpose : i i S , to ' h i e found from a study of this mythologicaleharaeter and th,s style of art in the typeif1 of coins"'Vithin th e ]8"s't:hfl;H eentury very mueh has been done to.n .J.''L d l I t f th ~ G ;~~ f " . . 'I' .]1.lX l!JJfe:ale 0 - ; , '1-. _ _,6 appearance m vrreeee 01; various 'B~y iesof art ana, 'modes of treatment. T h ' l 9 utterances of ancientoriti j'liot::l and travel o'iL"~ esp i O , n i ! i 1 : i l ' l l l y ' p l - ~ i . ~ l n ' y ~ - l"n- 'd ' Pausania e'!'!v", ' '~!di ~i ._. _. ~. dll~~.!i,~,~ ". ~' ..1"-lU.~~~ . ":.. _ I 1 ill. _ ~ .. ~,I ._. ' W } Idt~ - .1~lJ'h '-b il d 'I' ' 1 ' " '-h d th ~ f;BVi8:een, ..eX8Dlm,e~_,In every light, an ':-: e remains o~"antiquity compared In a more , in,tellligent spirit, hidascoins,il! carelessly executed as they' often are, y'et reflect,lCrC.urately the , influenees of eonsem porary art, it i s , clearthaj~much , m a ' y ' be gained b :y comparing their character-: i s t i c B w ith , th ose of' ancient monuments 'whose date: can ,b e: determined;, Just as, on "the other hand , coins, of knowndate 'will 1 1 x the period o f ' st ;a tU0S and g~"i ' 'For Inetance,W'G 'know t'ha't, the personel t r a i . t . s o if Alexan,de:l , the G r 1 e a t


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served to modify ths id,eal representation of the ' huma,nhead in th e days of Lysippns, and it, is generally possiblefrom l1::nowl,edge of th is :fau t alone t o . de'teiF',mine whethera coin bearing as 't,ype a young male head ' belongs to thep erio d, 'b e fo re or 'the period, aft,er Aleix,an,de,r l l Aga;in , arepresentation of a male head with the: 'hair' bound in , ak~obylusmust a lm o st ~ lw a yls be classed not la.tel' than theear],Y 'part of the fifth century ,; 1 while wavy : R 1 1 1 d artistiaall,Y'sprea,d locks DfV'eF' ap.pear before ,the, aI,ge of Seopas and:Praxi teJ,el~~,

Th , e thrnd se,t of indications, are draw n from. the historyfani h T h - ' ! I i - d- lad d~' b - k d hfji, , o P : - I O " f i l l li 1 P : - , : I - Y - - - 10 ; il:jl'~'''lil' I y - - In - i:iIiC!i,--- '1"'- ' m - I n r . a . - , ' O v i i ' ! ! ;~ - - w - ' : ' !i 'l i,~ - - t - ' _ : 'nn--I'U. P-'.t) ~_-, ~_ii ':. ,--~ ~ IIll!y" '_ ,- _'IQ!!.. ','I -~, ,U ~ '. U!L,I" ,_ ~lIi., -,-,__I i! ; ; ! ! , ! " _eou - l d ~ l - b-i";; ~ l - " ' sh , G , d - b-- I - ] -I \ . - ~~,~'llI \ . - ae; made deeid o. ;m - p , , - - c r - 0 '- I ' g : r--1Gt:I'Q'-"','ILl, -- -_O" ' i I f e _~ -~ 'c _, - - _ _ . I ~ ~ ,: ~ li L - - - lJ __~ -!i;iIl'_ 'i!O ' --- ,'0",", _--:pU. __- _ _ .. - - 'I - 1iJ! i , ; ,1 I" " , ,since th e im pulse Imparted to ,it 'by' Boeekh. In ,t',he 'Ca9iof' ,A,ttic . insorj,ptions 8 I , t all events, w"e 'now' know ' wit'htolerable accuracy wb"sn, particular fOFIDiS O 'f letters camein to use and went o u r t of UStEL, It i s , g e n , i e F ' , a l1 y ' , however,!only' in . th e third place, and 'with great eanti o n", thatw ei can , at p:l\esent rely (}'n ,tb,e i insJ~ription,~of our coinsfo r 'n ,x ing' , thie ir 'datss, Th,at R precedes I P , and E " IH~areBafe propos itions 'enOU,"h, but do not give 'u s "the exactand minute information which 'we:desire.In addition to the data g,adn:ed from these soureessomething Qlay ' l l S l l a ' l l i l y b,e~illierlled from fabric, espeeielly

as to coins of an 6!:trly l~}e'riod; and much : m ; a y often b eIearned from considering the monetar ,Y' standard used, I: p ' a S i S l th ,e~e: thing~ 'by lightly, because in th e , part,ic .u ] arcase of Si,ci.~Jr t ' hey do 'not aid 1llS much, the 'monetaryetandard in that island being almost uniformly 'the Attio,and the fabric mueh the same ! a , t , all per iods after the flrs:t.I ventu re b old ly ' to state that, there is ~carcely allY coinf 8, '1 k h f ,-e Romanneri d t, -0, oiei ,Y:ll0\Vll, save those 0_ t l - e . . "oman perroo 'tue date,of which cannot, 'b y one or another of the above means,' b ' e fixed with i n, 'tw 'ent ,Y ' 'O r ,th'irty' y ' e : a r f s ~


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-It i.s [ o , t ,g'reat iD1,portllnce to observe the above order insettlin g the dates, of our eoina.. Historical data, if -t h e : y' b e , certa-in. and definite, , g iv [e ' tm a [ ~ sa te g -ro l1n ,d.. - c n : l t Ol~'akele;ton,~ Ieaving Oll.]y ,the details to b el :611.,8(1in from.,l-1 ~i< IOAi.~ -n.'l"ni'ii,f!rj A n - _ - ' . d . - . ~ l o _ . t . ~ . , y _ ' .~,IO.'_- of art, t _ ~ l : p . - to , t , " , : h . " e _ - : '8_D:d of thel ! l , r n . . . - : . . . m . , ~IV YI i , . , ! I l. ,~,0JiJ[.. I ' Z I I 1!t1 ""IA.. 'I"iI'th'" ;)II .. , "~-[-' '. ,"',-,- almost ,. l i l l l , " - b l , : snid fornl ioingrru cen!,jur,y~ B",Ci_; L8 an ~08, mrar 1 . ne gUl- e J!Ol , p. cEUJ .l _ .- .,

'i' h 'h)- J lI 4-..;1 , ! ' . . . . . . ' " 'bo ur ple c!el~-'Iwhen onee we 1 iave "eemeu xo ~tl:o,gu]lS-,~ - I h '" I ' b ';;'t~ ~'~t ti ]_ . '" - . " - , - - - " ' , . : . , . . . . , ' - - ' . . ' , . ' , : , . " ' , ' . ' ' . 1 - - " " . . ' . ' . ' , ' , . '- - ' 'I f: '- - ' ,' , '. .. C " ' . , , -ge,u"tllID,e,y aror aie rrom mere are: ais 10 or lIDl:R, rve worx,

m T - h t ~ '1 '~ - .c - ! I ' d t"ha- D ' ii1 ' "-r aph Y ' w i l l soon' a SLry' e 15 a sarer g u : i I 1 " _ _e ~'_n '~f15i1\~,~",!.:J' .: ~:yl I,become evident to ,any' one- 'who tries to arra'nge a, serieso f , . ( t , - , , , ' k . . ,~-:.l , ! : " t b v the " " t - - ' - ' - l ' " , onlv a n d " - : - . : , . - : . . 1 1 1 1 ' , , . . bvo irreea coms, nrs .y t 19 ~,ye 0 ,y", an .. ifiJeOonwy - - , y

t- h ' " . ~ " " '" , " , t ,~on onlly 'J , It ' ! ! ; i , p " - - - p - iCtiiOi,,~g th'a't:'-'n D W '- " e A , ' r ' m. a o , - e' o l e ::mnSCl]p'_.JLv l : " . . . . . , . . " " ~ , - _ _ ~~i.i;,;;:I'- . _ I~ . . 10 l,u, , iQ I' .. '.lletters ' w ' B 1 I I " e - - not usually i n :i]t;O'riI''i eral ,~li'!!;Jfii;iOi,p' J, .1~-,g 'TI I ; i f t Ion unt , i l l ' : about., ~JL.I~J ".'!L-,~ ....l ,.!_Vl_ !Wt~IUJ~._.lI l.~: ~. " ~~JU.~ "(,'~ 1U.!~~i~ ... '~Ui~~~ "_. ..... -_.- ,~ ... !. ".:,1' _ - _ - ~ ' - ( ' ' - - - , ' ' : ' , . - , f , " iIi ': _r--"-'.'- .--' '.' :," f l : t ~ : , thei Ii ' : 1 1 ' - " . - t 0 I - J , . , " " ' d " ' , . I': " t : " - - : . ' " - " : , " ,h e r ~ a : '' ' l ~ t - 'score 0 ,1 ,yea.IS a ,er men " rs, mtroc ,tIC. ron, W. area .. __1. , _ -. - ' . '1 .3 b e 1 . . : 1 1 ~ f f i : ' . ~ , ~ ,lt t ' - l . r-s. -. :.~ .". . , - ..' , .. r I h ' , " " ' . ' , t ' " ' 1 " ' I " t ' . . ' . : . ' d ' ,wonin oe u.11 JJlti__O prove ,any ,SU,C-- uneer am, 'y an:8uotuation ill the p;rogTess of typ'8S.. BU.t e v i c t e D , t I y . , toI~H~MJU,!~\B ~:a,tisfa,[c:tory' 'lfeflult, W'8 must make simultaneoususe of 'Bv'ery eireumstanee wh,ic,h will ,thrrow' any ' ligh:to n , t h e subject,

,

T'he:re are several events of' known date which loan, .b eshown to have had an, influence on, Sicilian coinaze,IyT h ,e-se I 'w ill bl~i~fl.,yndicate in , sueeession, B ut n,fst it i s ,im'P , ossible not to ; Q j . X - ' ' ' ' 1 1 I i [ ' , e :! i : : r I , r e g r e t t' hat there is a w rant [0 ' ' , f : ,__.... o.gJll. ~ IU. .._. ~. "l~ ..~~. ~'.'" 0 I - ,Q- ,,-.~ u~J. . I", , 001J _tda',t,a for fla'tisfac'to:rily determining th e exact period whenthe Sicilian Gr~el[s began coining money , T,h,ere Is in theW es.t no trustworthy tradition >corresp,ondjn ,g to those inthe Ea:rst, 'Which assoeiate the names of Pheidon theArglv 'ls , o f Crmsus; of Darius, and of' Solon with th e early'

il In the ~,~Berliner B~';;'r,i-,~,~!"jl~ vol vi Dr' S - : i i I ' ! J h ' u b , ' t : I I " ' : > " ' I ' g - 1f-'i!il~ ':~~el.::l!- - - . . . , '_ ' J i . - u . I l l ! ~!Ui,ll;, , " ' ! . ! ' .~!If _ i l l ' , - !,. i l l ' _ .' 1IJ_, __ 4- ,u. . lI iJliPIir.:; li w :. J I i . _ IL L, t o _ a r t ' , r ! J J l g l e t h , e e o i n s o f I G H l a i n ( l} : U 'O ; l 1 o ] o g i e e aJ ~order f r o m a studyiO ' 'th.eir l l p i g r a . : p h Y ' i ' The , result is ~llytbiDi but s a ,t . is a c ' t t ) , r y ; o . .


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, i f ! ' I C I ' I ' L ' I ' A N '~~r,' D . l E ' i : i i ! ! ' _~l _ \&., I "1;1, , ' . ~I.,-., _, '_ ~ ..,~1Ii~:,.f -- ....., ... f " . ' . ' " Iflill,ll,,";~~,~ .....- ?Jt!' ' ; ' . l ' ' I I i j i I~; - - ~ l ' i '. o ' W o ' r ' ! i . n ' l I ! : ! i oi g h trssues 0~mo,neY'i .I."altlng an a . 1 : ' " "V 1 ( 1 ' Vv. j ~-_.!QI ' ,.".,.,~".. '.' ' .. ,.'Ii._.. ..... t ' - - h ' . " , ' t - " l S - ~ .' i l t . , . be ". " ,~- full.... ,.d ' " " ' , " ' , , , i J j " " . J c ! ;, -~ '. ' 1 ' - 1 ' th'.', lm a .g rn 1e ''- .J a: ,le " 1 , , ,lelll,g 8,0 1_ , Y a :VRJlCetl In ,all",', J~

'i' : f ' , , " , !1',!'~ ~ 'ld t b J J . b -h~' d - : - D ..pursui ts 0.' e i vi1JLaaion, W O U " : no'. ,:1 2 1 iL a r ' ' .. , 9 , Jill, .'_ , . . i : r l J , g l J n a-"-d Sen .. ,~'. e , ' i - " - ~ - 0 ' - " " " th t, t " h - " " ' ' ' f ; t ' h " ' . - . . ' . . . . - . ,anu camos ill 18SU1Dg' ;()OIllS,to' > se rut I, Q",~ 18 Yle\V~h ow ever d0" , u - T I l b - t , ' i i : ' I ' w , i l l ' " ' 1 , 1 I ! ) ; ' t , on if1!;ij, ~ U ' g ' g . , e ~ t the'w.seI,tes o n - 01v. I " ~ ~ __ J ," ," ~IIL._. I_ ~ , ,,-" I~ U. - ,~v I~" ' 1 . Q. _ __". ".:_: . .f .. [_ - _.. U . 1UJ.1

, .

mare careful inqulir ,Y~ It Is a~lmost certain t 'hat Italy'.....3 d - l S " ! I i il 'i d l!O ~ T 'h~ ~ dpreeeaeo , . . 1 0 , : _ y m '._",ve .opmg a coinage. '~,.18, ,1 8 prove',

both b y' the more archaic Ietters found on the Italianeoinaae, and its more primitive fabric, T h 'U iS . . '~ for t~Ol~';' .. .#"Ifand 1 \ 1 , for .~,~are 'by' no means unusual on South Italian.. 'h ;;; f' " ,. i l ' - l . ' - h ,J) d - "COlDS;,. o n t' e o coins 0 I,' olC' , . y '1&" e ~ e ' rorms uo not, app,euI ~

.p Iil ' C " t C . . 1 " , & . , ii' S "~ ~ " " ro l,or 0 18 common at ,,-.ro'on~...:au onlIt','J)'i'; m eicny,,it is only met with on the v,ery' earliest pieces ' O f ' Leontini,iThe peculiar fabric, again, which is, eharaeteristie , o f those

c :".. ,~' L~ .... - '~- . C ' - a l ' ' b - ' " ~ " , ' - " ' . ' d:B ruttii .'h ,"", ' , " ' , ' ; , " " , , " " , ' " ' .COln~Ol,uoanla~, : one o! the [CO In s of Italy"then, and " ' , f i o . r t i ' o r i none of those of' B,ioilyj can be attributedto ft, mu ch ea;rlier period than this,If we ''turn . to the e'w scrspe of historic tradition w , h ' i , c h, . 1 ' " ' h h -... f L. '~ii r - S . " " l l ' . .glv'e .~g - t on t~"e question 0, tld~~ntl'qu~tty 0 , _ ' : '" l iCa. ian com-


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ftg',e~we sh all com e: to much , t , b " e s ame result, T ,h e ! city of'Cftm,aI~iD1a W'tLS destroyed 'b y the Byraettsans about , 5 , 5 . 3 B .c,and not refounded until t 'he time ,o f Hippoc'rates.. ,Now,the DIOs,t ancient coins, of Camerine, which we pO,SlSM~i,SShave a 'vary ea;rl:y appearance [Pl, IV ..12" 18), and, 'mustb e llearly as old as any Sic;ili,an mon'ey, save that of thisOb,a,lcidian, colonies, But these coins must nndoub tedlybe given to the perioa, mter about 4'~J5H~c~F;or it is, out ofthe questionto place them In the nrs,t half of the sixthcentury, even i f , t b " e : r ' , e W'S:fi9 , a ; n y ' ,p'Fobftbilit:y,thl\,t Camarina,bein"0"' a t ' ' h a l . timh~m~~e'a : : - J . P "enden ' o y ' . . . . .f ; - 8 , : y ~ ~'! !5I l i i ! ' I I ;U ' ~'i!\ w ' ould...:.0 - e. ~ 1 6 - ~.I ~- ~l!1 ._ .~ __ J-o I~ .:.___ __ !Q .~1.._ ' .~ ~~,: .: I~I ._.' _ .~. - -:- '.': . v ._}.I .~:.w.~~'I.~ ~O, ":':... I '_'" .' "then Issue coins", Again" if we comp,are th e coinages, ofth e sis,ter eities of! 'Rhe,gium, an d ] \I,ess! en 'e"we sh all ' f ind,- b h ...i' h ' ~ . h '",,~ ddat ,'ot - eities, among tl ieir most a'I';(3..:.:..8rlCoins, 1\ sua ell,apP,s ;a ;r .anoe, of ' the! types of a lion's and a ealf's head,These are the w,ell . .-known 't,ypes of 8 ' a , m o B " and ,th,eiroccurrence in, I S , i c i l y is thus explained ::-It b, said t h , { , \ , tI i E l i l f : t ' ' l :!J; '1J~ , t ' - h " : i2i ; t" ' ~ k ' l!nrr of 'Iif'l~l1!Qti''111~ b ' : y " ' " t : 1 1 , II, P CI~'~l'"'Q'TilIC ' l i in,- " : " 94, 0,W. I I ~ ~ ' . .: . . . ,v. _ . C I. t. .' ' . .. ! .. CI I. . _ ., ' JJ'l...i~.: uo __,_", . !lull IVJI!., 1 1 3 ~~I " _. 1 .'" ~ J I!I:A!Jband of Samians, sailed westwards to S,ioily', being-invitedby the Greek colonists there to s"e,t,tlea't Kale Alrte,Lan C l i'n g"however , at, Loon Epizephyrii, th 'ey were per~suaded by .A n : 3 1 x i l a u . s 0 " 'Rhegiu.m to seiae the city' ofZ a n . o l e ; : " in the absence o f i t s warriors, T l h i a , WEtS sueeess-fu11y' aeoomplished, and the Samiaus, h eld Z anela, for someyears 'u ntil th ,e i:r former ,ally,~Ana,xilauB,j . turning aga~nst,them, dispossessed them and gav~: Zancls to a mixedcolony, when the ci,ty took 'tb'e name of' l['essG:ne:~ This'v'n'tmust h ave oeeu rred about 4'90.-4,80 s.c, It musth ow ever, b e eonfessed ,t,h ,at,'th is, ~:tor.y'excites s ome serious,doubts, It does, not seem to account ,at all for the appear-anee of Samian ' tY,pes at Ilhegium ,; the Sami ans 'werenever mas'tc~r~t',her,e. N'or does it satisfactorily' accountfhr those, t y p e M s , 3 ; ' t )Iessene,! Forthe name, 'Messena. W,;;1S


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SICIllLI 'A'N STUDIES ~ "i'il

not ! O ' i v e n to the , c i t y _ ~ until, es we are t o l d , the . S m m i a n s ,[0' I.W'eX8' diapossessed , w h ereas th e 'insorip tion on the pie ees ofBammn. type is , !M,E ' ! :E iE IN ION~ Bethat as it, may'); evenif' some eFTO.fa b e assumed in , the, historians WH havegrounda for supposing t , h . a t i" t was just a.t this periodtb.at Sa.mian Influence waa gliie;at ,a t ,Rh,egiu,m and Messene"and tha:t~,h e Sam ian coins date from this period, Bu , tthese coins (see Pl, II' 3) are nearly the earliest ,extsrntspecim ens from R,h.,eg:ium and M es\sen~:,. r .Za;ncle.. Befo rethem theTle are only known at :R h eg:ium - th e ex.trlemeI:yrare piece w.iih an Incuse bul l on.the reverse~, and .a;tZan,clea , E U = ~ t of p i e c e s struck nearly about the same ' t ' m m , e , andbearing 've~y archaic letters, (Pl~ I~2,~) It is then im-prob ab le th a t :Rh.'egium 01 1 Z ,ano le min ted co in s 'm o re th a n,:11 . f e : w ; f U ~ y : t w e n t y _ ~ y~ . .ears, " Q e f b l ! ' e , 4 9 0 ]1;,,0.

1_ I I -

If' 'Weturn, to S ,y ra 'cu se " w'e shall find 'no-thing' t o . di s . .eountenanee this v i ' e i w t ]I'r. H'ead 2 at't'rib'utes Q ; few'coins to the times of th e Geomori, but places none ofthose on w'hich Nike ia Introduced (Head, Pl, I~ 8 , , ~ 4)earli!el: than 48.8" wh en G alan. is recorded. to . : h a v ' i 9 eon-quered In the chariot-race at O'lympia~, That this Is theo cca sio n. o f fhe mpP,ealiance o J ' Nit,e had been beforesurmised 'b y .M'r" Poole,,3, and I am able to brmg an14lm p -:i"'li-"li1lu t - . . argu ..ment t - 0 ' t , ' ha. O l U p ' 'Pln'i itJ. ' 0 : ; ' 1 - t h _ : a c e . -to - h - a _ i F l i ' l ' l i Y , .. -. ~:.vl."'iEA.!1 . I .. ' ,~_ .,:,.,:, . 1._1 . .:., '... ' . - 110' 1..';t!1: , V,L i I I ; I '! :., , ' 11..... .. ,1Ig'U....., ,IiLeon,ti .n :i. 'wasl as well as ~yr31cuse and fiala, under th erule of Gelon. and Hieron :lin sueeession, and it is remark-' b I th t .. - i b h h !i"i' d - h thr iII't'a l . _Ie.:. , a , i l ' at ~: e s e t. r e e cit ies .., an., a : t t ;ese~- .. - ' 1 1 3 1 9 'Olt]9'Sonly', the Vl~ry e',arly coins :all bear a chariot, th e : h o rs es ofwhich a r e ' crowned. b y :Nik,e,., Tndeed , the reverses , o f allthe e i E t r l : Y ' coins of these cities are so much alike , th,at :itwould be usually im:po.ssible~! 'w.ith-out turning t he coin


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round, 'to judge to w h , i c , h o f this three it be ionged, I S J 8 , eno way of accounting for this very' remarkable fact unlesswe assume: th,a;t, at the t im,e these pieces were Issued t " h l Bciti 1e . ' 9 wer,e all in the same hands, And this 'was onlytb,s case after 485~1 Thus it W'OIUld, ,ap'p'ear exceedinglyprobable that Leontini and Gela ' b e , g S k D , ,the, issue of coinsafte:l ,488" the , date of Glelon~\ ;victory and th at S,yraou:s.:eissn,ed none bu,t the rare pieces with inouse reverse until4,85,.. And if, in spite, of' this evidence, '~t'''B' still main-tained that some . o f the, coins a;ttri 'buted 'b y ~[ri Head, t o OGelon may perhaps belong rather t o . the rule [of theGeomori, 'yet ,they must, not' 'e thrown back many y'earil,or' a conflict would arise with the testimony of the well ...known Helmet , d,edica'ted,b,y; H'ieron, ,at: Olympia fromT h i ll' . 1 1 1 1 - 1 0 ' t -hi 1 1 1 ~ 1 - J .. th Dyrr :.eman B , pO l_8~ !_ n .r ItS valuab e . monument tns rorm sof the Ietters are nearly the same as, those on the : earliest18y.raclusan, eoins, wIth the single exception that i f ? is USf8,d.:in the coins w'h:sr' we find. K in the helmet r the changefrom '9' to It, taking place apparently al~ollt , 4 1 8 " , 4 : It is l . . . . . 1 " h ~ d f ' 'I " t' 'h 'quite reasonable to suppose t , . : ,sp,ello, 0' tlme whie ~"elapsed between 'th,a issue of the Demeretion and theall '-P'aranee of" those ornat f.'tj. ,,'" . - hieh wallOi. in use ,t_ , : 1 , .e~; '_:=~:, ,'I,. [,',g,. ~_I' .a Jg CUlns w' 1 I L ~ _ : _ _ " . _ ' : ~ . . . . . u,:. a:the time of the. Carth,aginian jnvasion of 4.09 was 'vastlygf,e'ster than th e period which, elapsed between th e ' :ie su eof' the oldest SiQ~ian pieces aad that . o f the Demaretion.All thess fQcts point to t h , B eonclusion , that, it was the

] 4. f' th .l!~' h . hi h wi d thvery as'~years , 0 " '. ":~l,e illt,~century 'W,1110: ; witneesec j, - eintroduction of the . art of' coinage from th e East,

We have thus reached fhree dates" li1.0-,5[OO' D,. ,O~,for t - ,8ear.li,eat,Sioilisn coins, of " , v " h i e h a , specimen i s , , g i ' v , e n in , P l . I ~,2,; ,488 {o,rthe " , / e r y earliest pieces of Gele (Pl, I. 1); and


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n'i T490~ 48 0 for the )I,9ssen:ian coin, PI,. r . : 1 . ,, i s furnished ' b , y history for coins of Cata;na and Himera.Catana,~ as one , o f. th e gl~eatChalcidie cities of Sicily~w asusually on bad 'ter,ms with her Dorian neighbour S,yrB.lcuse~,,Abou , t 476, Hieron 0 ' Syraouse com,ple'tel.y' depo pnlat edthe c i t , Y " removing" the inhabitaats to Leontini, and va . .fil~'jn,g the walls 'with a Iarge body ' of colonists fromISyr.acuse: snd Peloponnesus, T,llile' name of the- ci.t:y hechanged to A"atn.a, and, Pin dar informs us' how Hieronin his IO~ympian viet'O~y was proolsimed an Aie t n , a e 9 l ' 1 1 . , . , 5 c, B ' I l l , t 'in ,461 the old, inhabitants of' Catane returned, andHieron's coloniste 'w'e:r'eobliged ,to retire to Inessa, to

h ii 'h th '1,. . . f' A - - ' I - ' 1 L .W ']1C_'i, ' : - ' e y ga'v',e, t , h , e name 0., .etna, ,t f 'B more thanprobab le 'that dIDmg these flfteen y'ears 'were struok. thecoins, which s,udd.enly 'mterTl1lpt the C:atanl;ean series,beari 'ng' on th,e obverse a Seilen-head, and on t h , e l reversea thund,erbolt" 'with, the 'name of Aetna~ :Fol' these samE"'t~es eeeur 'bnth ea1t~]ier sad lat'er 'i n ilL,@,ooinag-e,o,

l"~ s: '._1O ' f L 'm ' n 8 l ' I ! It eannot, ind,eed, 'b e rigo~olL81:y' :p:rovif~c1thatth- ..-.I II - - . . -. -- - 4 .- struck 1iIl, ', i. Tnesss Immedi at . o . l y N o l b' _ . ! ,ese, COl lUS we r,e 'n .o !!I I '.'.: '_~~,K ~I~ ._ ,- ,.c.;ib~a".lu ... ' 011 . .4c 'Q -~: ." RI1!erits, nam e 'h~d been changed to Aetna" by the colonistsexp,~lled from C,ata,n;a~ ' : E h ' i s , : hO \VtYV6 l r , is fa'l~less , P 1 1 : ) , b a ' , b l e : , I- f o ' f it is 'unlikely,t.h.a't Hieron's co lo nists wo uld use 'types, sodistinc.tly 'b~longlng to the Q,:halcidio people of' C'a'tana"'9XC:p,t within the walls ofthat city" where t hey :m~y' havebeen desirous of keeping np' the chain o - f historic tradi-tian., and maki'n,g' the change of masters whi'eh the. , c i t , Yhad undergone Iess glaring' 'to the world, At Inessa, thesame 'men would, feel nothing' but :hostility fb I ' ,e,ver:ythul,gC'QfJ~'i"""''9I~~n- r.~lIJi~ljLaA~D.! ~Q ,D ;S of these coins I 'ha've represented [Pl, ,I . 16 ), and it illi n : t e : r e a , t , i n , g a , s 'probably ' :fix .in"g to the , 'perlod 41'6 =4 6 1. th ,e

t;, Pind, Pyth I' i.


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10use of tb,e form A-.,At Himera, R ' t : n , e m r l y th e, sam e time,:fp'r'ei,gn rule p,r e , v a . l 1 e d " 'r'he,ron of' Agrige:o,tu'w, made'himself master' of the ,plaoe: ab !out 481". and lit remainedunder his govemment and "ihll:t, ' O f ' his ' S O ' D , Thras,y'-,(1,aeu9 until. sb:ortly" after' ,472" An, e,vid ,en t tra 'ce of this

'Agr~gentin,e B.up'f1~m,acy is found in t : h e ' ad.op,tion of theAgri,gen,tin,'B crab for re,v!e:ra,e type of ,th e, coinage :BltHimera, A specimen of ,this, eoinage, ,4;81~47:2,: is g~,ve:n(Pl. I ~ 4,)~ Leon' t iKi ' s , : t i l l earlier th:o.n Ca ; tmna h r u t , 1 1l,e0,under the s,way of i ' t s , Dorian ' D , e i g h b o t l f , 8 1 , It had beenconquered by Hippnc.rates O 'f Gela before , 4 '92",and seem-ia1.gly'did not r e C i Q , V t o : 'its i..d e p e n d e n e e until the expulsionof T'lhFasy'bulIu~; in, ,456 I! On ex am ining' ,th,e coinage ofLeontini W'B flndj as h as already been remark,ad,. tha ' t itbears e:viden't signs of! this e;u~jec't,ion" T'hl ls , there i : sfound ,at Leontini, in e~xactcorrespondence with ,the coinsf -h D - Ii " 1 t s - , 1_ ' - b 1 1 ."o t, - e , . : ! e m a , r e , t l , o - n C fU;S li,ri "yraol18Je\~ a remanrame piece,'bear.in,g the s,ymbol, o . f ' t h , l e Iion, just Iike the: D emareti on,i r t s , e l f ; , b ut lSub!sti.'tu,ting o n th,e obv,e;rse th ,e 'h e"a il 0: ,Apollosurrounded 'b y -auml~Ieav'ea, for 'th~eh,ead of Artemis or'N-ik d' a b' di 1 1 h'li ' T h l d = - j f -h ' ! I ']1 e suzrounue ' _ ' 1 ' [ : O,q?, ; i .ms, -c___ _6 ~"ate 0" t ..,9 piececan th er1efQ re' b e f loourrate 'ly 'fixed , to 480 -478~; It ] S Irepresented (Pl~ I,., 1 0 , ) and form,s, a Isadmark In th eseries 0 : 1 L " e i o n t i n i , being es,peoially noticeable: M , the: n r ' , s : t ;coin on wh -"ioh t l h e : form '~ ,is found,It ]8 an unfortunate circumstance ' that we know se vel:y'

littJ.,e: ,o f S ic il ian , h : m s t o r : y betw',een, ,460 and 4 1 5 1 ' .and there-fore that 't'em:poral :ind.iea'tions here m , Q s t l : y ' f I L i I US~ IThenext e!~~;.reill,t,of' real importance , lOT the: determination oft h e date of S i . e i ] j [ o l ' n , coins ]8, th,e ,great, Cartha:ginian,Invasion of 409. ,Early' in ,tha't yeRr t ' : h e ~ ,s torm, w h i ' e , h ,'ltv as i de8 :ti: llle d 'to des tl~Oy th e :fa;iro oi cities 0 " Sicily broke,&li,nus w a s , t b ,e f i r s t 'to yield t o . t : _ h e 'arms of Hannibal, and


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ell nit' 1j Ic.Ai~' ' S ' - T I nm "GiS--~I.. IV.~ .J j~ . .. [.~~, _ '.;.~ I~J' .. I .~. ,-. '" 11H'im.era , soon follewed. ,A ,second expedition was fa'tal in,406 to Agr,ige,n,tum.,;and in 405 to G ala, and Oalm 8\l 1iinalE 'n Ii -0 ' h i ! ! h d e - J..'1.. d f - h 0 " ' : - 1 t h - i,i:'van t e cities wmen eseapea nne swore 0' , ' - t " , 9 : ' : a r i_ ' I , a . .,ginians had 'not lunch, to congratulate themselvee upon,No . so on er was Dionys ius . o f S , y , r a C - D s e free { ro 'm th .e - f e a , r 'of Ca ;rth ,ag ,e th a n 'h e turned, h is arms sga:ms:t the 8w~v , i vw ,g 'Ch,alci-dman ,cities of Sicil:y" Naxue, Catana, and Leontini ;ill of 'Whieh cities, fell under h is llow,er In 4:0a , ~ )[.essa:J1,a ..the only remaining larg,e c'i,ty of. ,Sioily besides Byrseuse,t '1~ d d- t d b H',", il ~ " 0 9 6 0 - " 1 1w as _ a K , e n an.l l ' ,esrny'e- . - : y _ _tmn con, In lj.I,tn(y'S , y " . l - ' - - ~ ( : I I . ,cuse e ecap ed - m h o us an exaot a - ' . ate 1 " ' 0 JJ .U - rn ish .e d U C 2,.:_.wv c i~~ '!i;i'~ "_. ' . '... __" , . ! I I . . , - . . ~ . ,~,I I~. IR/Q ... a; .lI(j'iQ J. .....L,~ iO. -,~. . .. i;I!~ O " l ! " l i' t ' ho !fjU,':'1 1.Ji,,'riI n;t;i!Ei'~'''-lii t - - l ~ ' O ' : - 'n ' . ,0 ' . , coin , 1 I J i ~e--W - . ' h i~h W'~ k n o W - f.}.o - 'ii'rII,, J - I I . . . L . l - IIi:i Dl 1l,U"GI,lLJ. !ILl!IkJ~~Ho.l~ I I, ,_ _ .. ,~ ! I L l : . . J:A,Ci -. ., ~ _ _ __ g , .__.... _": _ ,Ji,U.the coins exta-nt tt?,ha;v~ ta]'ten place : i n , all the Sic:i.lia;o,cities exeept S,yr,atouae about this time. 'I

Of all the: eventsrecorded b ,Y th e historiana of Greeoe!,those w'hic'h I :h~v'e just ment ioned . are perhaps to t ' , h epresent , p n r , p o s , e the most importml,t~ In the midst 0 ' "the tin,est period o . f ' Sicilian, ,artisti,c productivenees 'W lelget b'y,th.is means an exact 'record of th'9 perfection th en ,Hi.t'tained'ii , N : a y " , more " , we c an acourately g,au.ge the plro~gress made 'both in Idea and In realis a . t i on. durin,g thethirteen Y',ears,which elapsed. 'b,etw,ee'D the fall o . f Bel inusand t . h a ' t of :Me'8sa:nR~, Wb.'e.n I come: to the IsubJect Q fthe ,dfi\'rlslopm:e'nt of type:!, Ishall make fuller use of th eexact information t h t L S furnished 'U,s~ At present m .yconcern is to show tha't, no other date for the fine 'tet,ra,draohms of' Ge.b, Leontini, Belinus, &C"i'~ excep'~ tb,at hereassigned to them", Is a , t all possible, ,I f the,Y were notissued :in ,40~S96, it ] S ! clear that , t h ' e , Y must b 8 1 0 ] 1 ' , 8 'elth.er ,to an earlier or' a ]a'tel~pe,liod" : B u . t ' t i l i , e y ' cannothave 'been issued at an earlier p ." eriod, : f o r if these coins

'" C 11) '

u:rD,rO n o - (t the ]0 f j 't l - ~ ,~ s u i i t l d ' : ' b - . .y . . . t h ! i i , v - ' i I ; I i r iou '~ 'ni,.~~!I:il b e f o j r ' , ,t:iI i t - : h ' i i , ! ~1 1 ' 1 1' f o r r w ,~ In, (;.1 . - , ,~ iUQ. ,~~l~, '_~\J.._ ~ _ . ",' ~- .. ~I~'.- ..I'-AJ~ Vt~IfJI--.l~a .:~,lh.; ",v, .,' . ~. ,ril,aJ~,~w here are, th e last P Th,ey mus t have been buried i'n


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12 , ''I'd'''Ii''II'1t,'r'lI i tl '' ! Ii f" A T - , { -' '0 : C R' u,n"! io!TIoFiiT ' ' 1 ! 1 1 ' i! U J _ t J 1 : 1 ,~JQ.DJIL~ . . ' - ! : . . . " . ) --Aui, .1 "'4 . \ }. '~ .~l:arge quantities for e : a . r - o f this Oarth,a,ginians; wh,y'havenone b een found P Nor caIn th,e,Yhave been struck in the' t , i r n L e 0 , 1 D ionysiue, He w a s ] 'nd,e1ed ,mas,ter o f G elal~Agrigent:um; and other eities, and mlght, 'have 't~h.er6iSlsued coins similar to the be91:u:tiulpieces w~bich 'mark,his reign f i J t Syracuse:" But Belinu)s and Himera 'were:never rebuilt ; therefore i , t ] s 'totally Impossible to a scrib e :any! ' C O l ' D S of t h " e S 9 ! t...o cities to the t i m e o f Dionyeius .

' '

,Anld:if th e , :p i.eces of Himera and Selillusl were 'i:lsued intb:e Iast years of th.'e fifth century, so were th e, coins of'Gels, Agr.~gentum and the rest, Coins 0 " this, period ofLeontini (P :~L,I~7)~ Ca;t:ana, (PL I. 10 ) , Himera (Pl~I~ ~)~,Selinus (Pl, I~ 8,~)and l\(essa.na (Pl. L 11), will be foundin my' plates,

It, "isremarkable ,that at Selinue w'hieh first r e n " n does'Dot occur on th,e coins, and : i t t is , ex'trem,el:y rare: ;at :Hjmeta~At A,grigentum and Oamarine, again" .fl, had SioarceIyestahlished itiS,~]f at, th ,e ,tim ,e of their destmction ] 'b'ut'it:is frequ,ently found on eoina of' , the fine period at C'atanaand '1[ '9aSanIJ. 'W ',e,_,may su.fwy hence infer 'th at 0,'wa s h r tro duced into th;e S i , e f E , i a n , alp,habe,t in , the y 1 e a r a :,410 405~ The only o~jection to this is; th e- faot 'thatndoes not seem to appear at Leontini, at all events on' tetradr,oohms" whereas Leontini 'w as not destroyed until,403~ But it must be observed tbJa't, 11 5 early' as 4 2 , 2 "Leontini was merely a 8u,bject cit:y to Sy~r,~c.use'1nd seems,to have been quite d epopulated until this arrival th,e:r,e'o,f'th e , Ag ,rig e'n 'iin ,e s in ,40ft It is therefore by 'no m eansImprobable ,t'hat th,e latest tetradraehms of Leontini whiehhave eeme down to us were 'Jiasued before 4,22, indeed thesomeJw'h;st archaic ch aracter of: th e 'h ,ead , 0 , ' Ap,ollo on,,th em , tends to confirm this supposi t ion. It will be re-membered ,that , n , W,as :int!'odut}ed B ' t A t h , e h E 3 1 in th,e


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A.rc'honBh ip' o f E l l C l i d . E H ~ B~C~ ,40S:! and t h l l t , :in thia mov'e-meat ,A th ,ena w ag somewhat behind the l '16S't of Hellas,Th,s next date: is afforded b y ' t r , a d ' i . l t i I n s , handed down to11;8 of the' foundation of certain new citae.a in the place of'those, destro,yed'i Thermae Himeraeas ]9 , B ~ ' , i . d , to havebeen founded in407-5, and T'ynd&risl in, 89,0. Ofeourse: [ , t , would not be safe to assume , th;at , these cities began to:i~s,ue coin.s at, once ,after their f o u n d a t i o n , ,o r t'lha't t h : . ; .coins which have come , down, to ' U _ S were issued so earlY',tbut it, is quite :fair to ,assum~ethat, th, . I~yeannot be earlier,If~ ,therefore~ we' have coins of' which the s,tyle seems toflx the limit 'i.na downward , d i r 1 e c , t , i o D " the I d a t e of founda-tion of the eities will ,give us a limit In the upwarddirection. N'ow we have piece's o r ' 'both ! Th . e rmae and;Tyn.dftris., which 'belong ,to a 'period earlier than that ofT i 'mo 'Ieo:n , wh ich . 'was, marked, as we shall soon see, b , Ye,t;rong peculiaritiea .o f a't,yle~ As Therm,f t l9 'WRg fo r some,time after its foundation subj1ect to Ca'r thage. and i T y n ; : - -i d 3 1 r 1 S t o Dionysius, 'we, can scarce~y '~be:wrong in , a 1 3 J ~ l g ' n . .i .ng t ' , h . 'ab ove-m enticned coins of these c.ities to 'th "e p e r i o d375-.345~, See Pli IIi 1 " , 2.

A.'nothe:r coin, 'which ]S ' a ssig n'i} d ,to the same period,.is tha't of Entells, struck ' b , y ' 'th'0Oampanian mercenaries,'who after. ' ~gh,tin,g for' IC a rth a ge ,(lu rin g the: nrst war wi,th,Dionysins set.tled in that c.ity' In 404i They retain.ed,po.ssession, until 36 ,8 , when Dionysius conquered th e,city~ ana :ap'pal~ientIy later still, ,A'bout 345" th,eoi~y W3IS 'in the h'f1D,dI8 of ! T imo J.,eo n,~ ,S ome, ye~aJ.~satEu~40'4, another 'body' of C\ampan'ia~ns seized upon Aetna;and maintained themselves , there 'tln'til 3319" 'w'hen,'I'imoleon conquered them also, N ow ' we possess coinsof both th,ese cities with the inscription ,K,AMfl IAiN'QiN',w.b i,c'h can only haV'8 been ,llusued at, this period, 'Tha '~


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1 4they were issu ed 'towa'v ds th e ' l e n d , 0 ' , t h . l e period Is proved'b oth b J ('th eir strong resem b lance to the, coins of 'TirmoleoD;,and,by the interesting fact that, the piece I ( ) f Ae'tnR~ as Dr,Friedlander G has remarked, seems to be r,at',hel" later 'thanth a;t of Entella, and ma:y have been issued ,after th ,e faIlof the latter citY"i : T : h e , eoin of En te 'U a , re pre se nte d(P]~II,. 3) m a y ' therefore b e, s a f e , l , Y assigned to the, twenty'

b ,e : ' 8 '4 ' 1;'years _e J L o r e , - " , : iJ~T rh e next epoch In S:icdlift'u h'ils,tory]s m,al~l"ed 'by' tb,earrival of the Cor'in,th'ian T im'o ]eo 'D , in S,4ti. At that period

th,[eeitiea 0 1 ' S , i e ; i l y were ag,a;in sunk in th[e ext~em,es:t :miSrffryInco nseq u ence o f the anarch y 'w 'h ich fo llow ed th ,e death ofDionysins the EIfler,. The!story' of the embassy to Corinth,of Tim.oleon'[s[ arri'v,a),; 'h is t3p len,d ia l vietories, th e benef i ts ,hOi h h e d B - ' " 'iiI d t ' - h t " " t ' d ~'th,lte. =s I e {,onlerr.9: 'upon, :10,1 y ' , , n n , : _ T _ J 0 gratrtu [13'W ,l _I.

'which he was repaid need not be ,tolld again in , t . h i s place,T he- on' l - y ~ ' t h - , - ' : ' , ']~n"g':',-', rhieh now eoneerns U I : ! i [ ~G, '~'h, t- ' , -r-;gr , ;n, ;D;C[ 'W' - - . - " h l l " ~ : h - II. ! fU! ' I '. . .. . _ ,_ . _ _ ' .. . . y-, -V'. ~u .. I IW I IQ , .. i . ; ; J I 1 : : I I . J l , P i J ! by .' ~!I;.;I,",,!OiII ' . 'U ' ., _ _ ' 1he 1eft[ on th e: B ieii] ian coinage, As he refounded. or

conquered nearly all the cities of the S ; i , o e l i o [ t e ,it ]S ' D,atural,that we should f l n , Q in h i a [ t i m , E ! B marked, renovation oftheir' mOD,ey 8lB[ 'well as their :iIl,:s,tit,ntions~ Th,e Due [ c l eL,uynes," ana. [a 'fte J .~h im 'M r [i ,Hewi,,! have th'ttdllre [ s ; t , t . r i -buted to the t ime of ' I ' imoleon R set 0" coins of [a ,peculiarfabric, v e F . Y , thick and h e R ' v y ' , and [de::riving their typesmos,tl,y' either from the coinage of' C olin th or the w O F s ' h j , p1 0 . f - Z ~ Q . U C iEleusberius, such~,t -vnes ,g.~ , t h :e h e a d of_'h , - - e Cn'ri-i.n,-- -_1Qi I ._ I I J I ~ _ _ ~J! U! - ! \J . . iJ ,l~-I~g v.II~ ~ ., ~~U . I V __thian Pallas, the free horse, and Pegasus, Closely,conneotedwi,th these pieces is, another class bearing typle~sfrom the


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1 . 5w,orsbIp ' of Demeter and P erseph one, such as the eaTS ofcorn and ' t o r c h . " or from th.e wOIlshl'P o f A.pollo A'll 'Che,gete9.~at, WhOi'9 'altars Tnnoleon saeriflced immoclia: tely on h is

;! I T h " " ~.11 iil l t h . - , ' h - - t _. - ' h i l i - h 'arrlva. > nere are arso ICO'~n8W1I' on ar '.ypsa" WIC.are by style and fab,ric closely connected with these' . W 'eth t '1 f eoi 'h'lih 1 l' bIt's ge~' a .lLar:g,egenus ,0:;' COlDS 'W' lie l, cleal~.,y!~eon:g '110

. . ' . . . . . . . : 1 d th - - ' d f'' d = - t ..:.l.'one penoa, an'''I''-lat a penod 0'-: ]n_,_tlS~ry and improve-ment, T he coins of Syrl9.lcuse 0 " t'he period will be :foun.ld'Ii.. 1\.6 '10 H " .", d " ' - - 1 t ' V , I V - 1 - 1 - - ' '-1 d - : t. ." . I T " ' " . t h .ID JJ1.).,. I ,ea s p~aes .. -,


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'~IClilt 'II' ] 'AN ' ~ c ' ' 1 ' 1 i IU - n ' ' ' - I ' l ! i i J ~ '~ " , !! !. , ;i , J l ~.,;!, I, ' _ _ ~"_ " .ii!iJ',~ 11my plates, referring to M rli HeQ ,d,',s pape:I~for sll partioulers.He g ives , fo r these princes the following date's :,-A,garthoclee~,3,l7'~289 ,;,Hieetas, ,287-218; Hieron, , 2 7 ' , 5 ,-2,16; Hie-, :ro.n:.ymus,2116--215", In addition to th ese IJieces, we mustq uote one which though o f'S ,io illli:l'nfabric, 'was minted b :yPyrrhus, who Wlll9 In Sioily' :278~,2:7,5. (PI~ II'i ll~)Ag'ngentllm 'will furnish 'us with one more date. Th,a;t

oity W'3IS" about the :y',ea,r~ ,281'-279" under the dominionof ,King Phintias, who 1S truck coins wlth his own 'name:on, them, {Pl~ II;; 9~) Wh,eth'er these 'piecies 'w! : : re Issued:at AgTig~entum) or, as Colonf~lLeake t'hirilm'j at ,t'he:newtown of Phintias which he founded, does 'not arffeet ' t h ' 9 ,p 'l :ecum. t quest ion, In either case thelr date Is certain.L ..Ll( 'h ~- . , 1ltr .. d " b 2 ' - ' - b h81BWl,Y t e city o, '~ .LR 'BSBRn!E t w as lSiem ze~!,about ' ' , _ : _ r : ; . : : : y thellK i I I Im - ' , e - r - l . m ' " ' . ]' il' -T " ' - h - n ' e i l i l ' 1 P l I 1 ~ ' e i ; l t ilfl,fi t h e "i'-y!i,'~~ , : , t ' -UI . l1 , ! ', ._ . . . - o - - - 'u - ; ; : : ; , A'O''I l~n'C I whi n ; - h -.u :J. .u , ; ' : - ~ ~ - l J ! ' 'II' ,--,:_ I~ ' - ;u ,; '! ! ! ' . - J . " ~ ~ 'vI, ~__ . .LU.i lLLlua r, _Ull..!ll.::.:.~ \ . , . 0 . _ 1 I~'>I , ' v . 1'bea:r their name (PII II~ 1.0) ma:y be safely ' 8 l S S . i g I l o o tothe , f e , w yeats succeeding that, of their ,entry in,to ,poss'es,'sian, of the city'; aI:), t',bey' are extr.emely Iike the ,last piecesissued b ,y the , liessaniaIns belo1re the conquest, . I , add aeoin of A ' - ' g . - r i & A l l : ' t - ' i I I J 'm ' ' - ' under A ' - - u g ' ' - ' l l " l ~ ' l - U S ( ' - ' P " - ' I - 1 1 - ' 'I I . ,; 'I ,} -: " - t ' ' - 0 - l i l l : h , o " ' ' f t T.. I .ti. " ~~.~_. I _ , _ , ~ ~,1 g- " WW'Iid., .,.


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1 8As to the ' me re lab ,ric, 0 1 1 1 worl{m an sh ip th ere Is not, much

to b el said. As 'we mi,gh,t, have lexpected from the: com,...para, ti 'v 'e ly ' Iate erigin of the Sicilian coinage, th e rudeineuse ,square, of the reverse, does not ,applear~except atSI~limlusonly I' .An, ineuse sq uare of ,f t modi f ed character: a p ' P , e a r , s ,atHimera, Z a n c ' l e [Pl, ,I~), and S,y,racuse (Head,Pl, I ~ , I, , 2 ) " but it passee .aw~yve~y soon, a n , d in i . t s placewe get the: fabric w hich dis,tinguish es S ieilian , coins01 all p,eriods,. If an'y Sicilian coin be taken up,there: will 'be notieed ,f t small projecting pieee on the

d t- h l i d - T -h - ! i ' - - - - -8 t h - t : ' t h - km - - - f :g l ! i i itlIi" e i'lIl.f!i. c:lIi~l !j ., -I - !II,g p . r o - v e ' ( ' Q-- -- : I i W ' 0 - ' 1 " ' _ , . - i,TIII 0g~i 0, ~I! -,'~\j '. I~.I!. f~'iIi , , ! ! ! ,~, _ ,_ ' ,< _. 1 " ; ~ , _ - ' ~ l , - ' l _ _ _ _ _ :_ _ ~ ~ ' - -the mints east , 1 F j ; t , once in a serislS of small round chambersconn,eoted by narrffWI"channels a number . o f lumps, of metal0- '- the sam1.0. O'II~i'7:'iC!I; and ~I'_";c: anl iDJJ~ '~ ' T 'hese ] - ' l I I ' 1TnP'O were :=-'~~iI!;:t'-l.'-,~ _ _ : : _ I . " . ' !~~., g i r . ' l i c J L . i i [ ~ m . lJJ~J.}~l~~~!i! l' ~g ..; ,~~ '..:D ._._~. D 1i;L1~~'. iL I 1 1 I I Iwards , when t,h ,e metal w , a , s nearly or' quite cold" impressedwith stamps on the obverse and reverse, and th,~inarrowband d h ii' 'h ted 11 o I l ' t h I Th ' "snds severee W':'IC-, eonneesen ,'omp Wl~,I_ mmp, ,_',liS

, f i ' t- t - ' " a t h ' t " " J " ' , t t" th- p r ' o f l ; , o L f l i C I I O - I l i l . : ; ,n((]j![j - m l g D ' n - . . . rCi; in- i : i l !r ''f~1" " ~ I n g ' ' ' T . I 7 ' l l l n o n Ii'); , .' lE I !,~, .U,,"",iCi~ ,..! .-.~,. 'Ua.,1;;11 .._ A I. ,'10\. , , IQ.L JIUbJl!~:> -",10 '_ -. 1 ' . Q' I," '\;,li'S,lcilia,n mints until iquitB a Iate period, In the tetra-drachmai which came aft~E th , ; S ,y racu sa.n , e oin s withincuse squ;are ' on .rev'erse, the chariot, which is 'really theobverse ~ype~s, ~t.ru,ck on a f l.a t sur face but the Iiead of Rdivinity,~1 which is , really' the, reverse, thou,g',h w r i ' . t e : r s ,nsua]ly call i . t the, o ' b v , e r s e ; is struck In " a eireular d'epI~es.sion or' ineuse circle (Pl, I~ 1),,, This soon Ioses Itsdistinctness and ~ ) n 1 : y 'survives in the, concave, shape o : f the!:~eve rs e,o f co in s (Pl. III'" 18);, This ooneavity Iasts alm o stuntil the period of finest nnmismat ic art, J ns,t at, tlll\t,period, i. B., about 412" ,a , com plete ch ange takes, place,:Th ,echa r io t :no'w becomes 'h,e'true reverse: of' th e C10in andth e si(le 'On which it, appefas is now ' concave rather thanthe side on which the head of' the dIvinity appears(P l. I;, 1 .0). 'In the ' G ' n e : period ,a t som e c i t . i e s , as, Syracuse."(Head, Pl. III. 9 , ~ ,11) we find , R resumption of' theinonse


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19c. o q " n a r e im l ' .o '" : t ' h e ' " n e x t p O ' - r ~ I ; I i " ' ! ; . . J 1. ; , . h , o , t o f T I ' i ' - m - , , , o ' , l l ~ ~ n le l o n g ' ! ' : f I i l l l l1::;1'; ' ! l .iLUI_. 0.. .L'... < I.:, ~41_ ,_Q. -.u'll, b , _ ~ . ' '! iJ". -~ _ . I... l'!.;lv :t < 'Dc -'~.,.. ,;. ~"'.:the thick an,d heavy' O O P I , P I9r pieeea struck b : y Siciliancities" a,t Ieast, all th ose of rounded fab',rio (H 'e ad , P I: VII~,VII~ A) '"' ,After this the only th'ing observable , as 'regardsfab.i~ieJis 'tllst it beco:m,es thinner and less, bold , There .is,however, OD,e s,triking IJeculiarity' notieeable inthe co ins o f'Hi,e~ron,II..na his, contemporaries and sueeessor, I referto the dots in, which the letters of' his ' inscriptions tsrmi-nate" and, w hich f r \ e 1 q , l H ? i n t l y mark, 'horses" hoofs, andotherterminal points in the tY ,pes\t T 'h ..se dots 'we:re eviden,tly'drilled by t h e point ot a r e : ' v o l v . i . n " g instrument lin,the die"

d - o f th - .' - t ' ii' d - t ,II - -- _. of d a t ' - e wh ieh e~'n -b "ef. i i 'D" .01 ~ a '0 ' n ' e o ' . ' " . e ' ~n'l'e't) In '- . . 111D Q 10 ' ll'-:f ., ', . . r .: .' 'I' I .. , ' . " ,1,i;)l!' . ~iiL'''''' ,.,1,,) '.. '.'. ",:.: I~ .... I ! .; : : I , . ', '.~'UUl._'- .. .: : ! o , ; ! ! ' . . , ' ~ _ . _ ' . ; . . . ' , '~ : ' _ _ , , . . . . _ . . _ , . . . ~ . 'e. --;,]1rounn,

T o return to 'tm,e'more Important if:nlbjent of art. ' I :havet,ried to illustrate the: his,to:ry of' S:icilian art ~y sets ofrepresentations of the same or similar o~jeots at, 'various'periods;; I ha ve' talcen ' f l r l s ' t , ehariot-typee, which are , ftsort 01 key ' and index o'f all others next the bearded malehead, a n a . then the youthful , ' F O l l l r t h l : y . " I 'h a:ve taken "th ehuman figure and traeed the historyof its, representationthen the t y p , B S of Herakles then those o f :N ik ' li' .La~tl,y,I have represented th "e ,eag le and , t h , e , thunderbol t ofvarious periods,

I am aware 0 ; the boldness of' th,is attemp;t~ Cr i t ie&sm d 1 ,"' /)' n ' ~ O J , , ~ h . d~m I0. manner aDO! st,ye i is 0.1 au crltlelS'1n the most c nncu ,t,and taxes the powers. not 0 ' a mere student only, b7ut of themost experienced prefessors. ,An,d especially the ehrono-Iogioal E trran ,gem ent of ob jects of a;r't presents ,pecwittr 'difficulties. For in almost all eases the p : r o g r ~ e 1 3 i s of' thedevelopment .of an art is, not, constant or sW 'adY "1 A.ccord . ..ing 00 ex,ternal events, or 'th e wh ims of fashion; ],t now'pl:ogress r 9 J f l " , 'is now' stationary, and now recedes, M 'o . r e o v e , r ,it is 'D,!'Xt to ' im p 'Q asible: to distinguieh diflerences 0 . 1 tJ\ea;t-men t which arise from the influences o f Io ea l sch o ols { tum


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20 ' ' ' ! ' i . T U - . - M ' J ' C " r i \ / f A ' ' ' I f ' ! ' I . l i f ' I i J"' j '~RO-'; ' :TIC'LE-; 1 i1 ~ - . _ . . .~1iLu,.A.L __1jJ ~~ --- ,~1!, _ "iii'those , which ,ui,se I ~ , o m , lapse of time, ,A'rcha'is\m maysh,el ter itself am id th e ' mountaine, O o r - ' In a remo te isl:an,d",after' , i t t has , belen, driv'e:n fromthe great, cen tres, of industry ~Onee more) :ii' ,it is very hard ,to distinguish true archaicfrom undeveloped ,art, it is still, harder to , separate fromarch,aio work the arohaLBtia work, which i!~ conscious lyand of s a , t : p 'u 'm 1 J O S 6 1 imitated from it~ No canon will everb e discovered fo r the defin ite s~p ,ara ,tio 'n , ' 0 ' 1 anciento rig inals fro ,m an cient copies or of works which 'r '8.preSElntthe , fhl lg,rowth, of ar't ,a ; t the t ime w b:en th ,ey w , efl8 p ro , ,dueed from works which are oft'refully contrived to'b od h ~ a bel ~ 'It !jem ~0 _ - y f J 1 1~ase or ,al\u- _-e on gm g p,i~op!e~ey to i:1 p'reVIOt1.S

'l)--"t- d u r i n ~ - , t " - h - " , ~ , 2 . t ' h . . . . .nt .'. ',-.I t h - , : _ _ - ' - ' - : :- h ~ ' - '' - . . . . _ , ' - ' f ~ artout ,~_lllmg , _ , _ ' 1 9 , J I l U , een .ury 1 8 ,, . .' ( ;. 1 0 , '. e p , - , J . l S O O 0 ' I artsucceeded each other with ,R )_i'ap.'idi,tvO ' f wh ich perh aps,-.-.. .. ...-... .' .. . _-, ' '-' - ~ _- '. ~'. 'J ' , . '-' --',' ... .Jt" ,~no oth .er instance, can b e found inhistory',~ a'nd 'h e !re w eca'''t'IIi , J : t d , , ' I ! . . . , . ' 1 '" . ' , - ' d - I " 1 , " " , , , . . , T ~ ; ' h , ~ I , h ' - : - , _ - ; - " " " \ ' " intrc ..dueed - m , a ' y . . ._ \JJL u n ' no I1JIl8.rCKw a r , , is , m il L S , . , , I e c "a n,g ee ml ,- lo ,_u,ce: _ _ - ", - . . , . l . , n 'h ", _ . " , - b . . . . . . ,J) ... th ' - " . b -- " . . , t - ~ ; A . " b ' , t , th.'--c ,-ta !.....l. -. ' .,-.: -., no~ , f t , _ ~ - !ave _ ,a e ' n , ,H)f !_ , ' Ie ;e- I l l !er,~ . U .I . . ~ .' _ , e y c ar ,a lu llY we re :....HI .. di.t-~ '1.. ~.4- f' f '- d a = - . .uu m o ne l--,_ -f\eO lb io n" tHalli! 0' treeaom an : expressto n.Eve'D, those who have not an e'ye eapahle of' tr$cm,~ thet, '_' ielg ra-clual. tr iump-h in ij'l~ of new Ideas can a't '1 -ast follow'_,'.:..' ' .. ,IIJ l_ .I~I ' 'U i'J L l U ' , ' _ v . _ , _ ' ,I.I .. ..::_....:._.} ,.: , ",-_ l'!.r.l",~!':.; _,:' ,those mere: 'material t~,~"u'm,ph8over ' stone: and metal, th egroot.o'il m'astO'1'ly o f " ' " 'h ," ' I - -,0; t f ij ,- - tion ' w ' h " ~ ' h - - e emi. ~ U ; - ~ \ . L , , aas ~I.!., ' . .. ', meor amea executao -,:' . ' -110,,- pr""li' _,n e n t l y m 'i!J1i"1i.~1_~. t h e ' Iatter e s n d f i f - ' tl' - - b :~i 2 ! ! eem t-u'wv' ~lifll compared. '. , . : . ~I KI3. ..' . ',_. . ~ ..... 4 I J . , . ' . , " ' u 1,.1.3 v: ,"...:...:.._:_.:,.~J g.i~1 blU . '._,'~ ~"-'.ith th b ~ ' " _ . D : 'h ," , 1 , . . .L f : ' h 'wrtr me ,_,egtnnlllg~, ..I~iv'en, ie tenth p;arl~or ,t ne :progre'ss

~ . . . 1 1 - duri th fif;~h t ' h t' h J ! i t -,~e .' unnO '- ' 'e -' . ! . t . . cen ,ur'v, as muo - 'c, - e.reH lre as 'en- '._-' ~, ._.' . - '.- \ - .J :" ' .. . ',. ..... -' .. ,- .. . 'y 'ears m ig 'h t exh ib it" is quite appreciable. Th,ese i rem,arks' 1 t- ;I,. f' ""~ t ;e ' t l i i " " f ' ~ 'a:pp' , Y ' I 0 moss 0 me monumen t s 0 1, antiquity, vases, 0 ",n.nn~iIi!Ie . exeepte d - I . B ut in thii, fi'Oi,~,jQ. of ~o- 'ns in ' p o - . .articularv~~." ~ -_ :_ _ _ :_ v . ' . . . 11 .. Ii I." II ;~ ~}~ "- , ' I lY I ! _ . . l;I' '_ ,(.U._):;I'_Jb'l~~.tW~.,we ale vlery lit,tle dependent OD , an:y' argnment from pro-'b - b~'li'~t" -b t -I h ' 1 L . : b l t. -h ',-m'.l rnes ' I , Q ' W E r v 'e r s ~ron,gll .I nave oeen a l ; . 1 e t o BnOW t l _ , E t ' t ,' b l ii, 8 - ~ . .~ . Ii h i i. h - b n - - d - ithwe: " a v e m : '- l,C,ll i ,y. ... : m a n y . eoms W', -]ie Jean b e ,;xe~ Wl.-, a,,. ,reasonable de[gi~\eeof certainty to short periods, By the


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;E tl.do:f ,t',h eee flx,ed points w e, eb,nJl'v'[sry' ,easily see 'how tofill t"h b t' th T'h nl t h i ! i hi hI , ' u : p .~ .e gap's :.fa,'W'OOll : nem. .rne 0- ,:,y,lD,g wmenmust, b e; assumed, and th,[t,t loan scarcely be denied, ] S ' , t h 9 1 , [ tal!~tdid pF.ogr~ss,rapidly in ,8i~ily during the fift:h c,en,tl1l1'[~H om it progressed O'Ul d a t e d eoins w i l l sh ow 'w ith [ a o c u r t l - C - y ' , j i '

T'h ,eoldest io f Sieilian represents,tions of t ' [ h , e quadriga is,to be fou'n,d : i n , t_he metope o - f Selinus[ of' wh-ich there ,i~,,r t east in the Eri-tie,h, ,M llseum'i In it w 'e see four- horsesem[ergi-ng[ diree tl:y from the wall with the eharioteer'behind them, just, as tb, iey do on seve:raI 'v[sry' [early' 'vaSieS!i'E ,v [e tt th e earliest chariot whioh ap l) e~ rl s on , co ins of ,ByT I \~iI'\ u s e eh 0 -1 ~ ,t:Jj e o n C ' ! , j d'-rab le ..,...1 v a n c e " , U ' p~ 'n - , t -,1.;.! O t - r ; O ' I i: iI [ tm ' " l i : k n t l ,~ _1!ai l tJ i 10 .' O f ' ' ' ~I i~ ~v ~~


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22',. :.:- . - _ - . : _ : _ "_. k b '-l .. llil t t - . . .. . . ..l' ' i ! i , , , ,chariot on, these most remarka .-,e COlDS U,'rea;w 1.DaujJLOSI~

,th,e SW}9 m:ethod~ ;altho'llgh; of eourse, with. infinitely l e J 3 J Bskill, as th ose, w h ich a p p e , ; ; L T ' in. the f r i e z e , of the Parthenon,A'ft)er , t : h i s , 'we:should naturally expect ,t 'hat i s , t , i f f arehaism'would. g~-radtutl ly,during the next 'half-century,. gi.v':wayto a , o o n s , t a : n , t l y increasing f reedom, T : h i s " however, is notthe ease, T:he Demaretion, however ' " \ 'V I e look on it, " ' W 1 1 S ,a 'verry ' exceptional coin" and :its BX'eeuti on, probab lyentrusted to b latter' artist s ' t h a n , ' 1 \ " , e , r 8 ttsnaIly employed 'W ,he mi ;"fLr hi b ".- i t 't. t h e - J. d' ~ t'h,t ,I ~.e mints, .dow'ev1er t , I ' J I ! s , " 9 1 , It,,]8 eertam tnes ,-uFlng .' eperiod 4'7B.-44,0 th e re n.d ,e rm ,g of' the chariot did no,t :atall progress, III flx~d conventiona] type~ W , Q . J J adopted andadhered to, ThIs, cenventional ' type is represented (HeadPl, II~ 6,~11),~ In, i . t " " t,WO heads and four Iegs of horses are:~o~b-. 1 1 0 , w rh enee ' l ' " ' t - has often b een to kem '~O-'~ , I J I I biga But, ..L QJ IJ .. : ... . -0,1 '_ ._!~,U~ _: , ._ l - Wlia '.. ~ ~ _. Ii;r~_. _LI.I~ . I ~II. ~ u'_.-.':!tiI.!. . , .closer 0bservation reveals th'e fact that the .front Iines of'th " s ho r se s' heads an.d legs aria ,djatinc.,tly double ana, there:can, b e no doub t that a quadriga is meant, That this is ,so w'ill lesp~ciaJ]:y ;appe8l1'icertain if we o : } ) \ S 1 9 r V ' e the repre-sentations of the ap~n.eor biga of 'mules o : l i e , r e d . by the coinso f M e ss ,a n~ ,"1 In the oldest of these (Pl, III~, 3 " ) , t a coin whose,roughness, of outline and 'hlsig'h' t of. leelief indicate a greatantiq uity~N :ike , h as not, ye;t; 'made her !ap'p'aranoe~ Th ,echarioteer, here [alsoan ,elderly' man, ( 5 , i ts, or rath'8r squats,on , E t l i,gh.,t seat which rises from the axle-tress, Th,s'twomules are: here represented clea;rI,y b 1 y one flgure, of whichthe: f T 1 o n : t outlines t l l r - e a'll doubled. In c o i n s of M essana o f 'It ha lf- ce 'n tu l"y'la ,te [' ( PL , I I I , , , .4) th e fo rm of i t - h i e nearermuleis more rounded and 'more f:r~ro-nglydrawn, 'but hereth,e I S 6 ; c - Q , n dm u l e i s , still represented In the s a m e primitiveand conventional manner. N.ike ie trea'iecl in the samealt~ch.9)lliBtioanner, and walks ,l 'ath,er than flies, as she,, ; n ' ' ' - '' I O ' ' W , j nQ' ';"l",D, ' W ' " 1 1 1 1 'liEii'~~Jt. :L". "., . , . 1 ~ ~ ' l~l~1 I ' 1 . .,I"l,~~,~,


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A .]1 t ined ,I!; a - I 'hillh t 'h Iit some unnetermmee perion, W'.']:(~I- muss l.owever Jebetween 440 and 415'" a I s p i r . i t of innovation ,agam make.sits aplpear.ance at all cit,iles. In th e type of quadriga,now Introduced, still o:nly , two horses are represented, theother tw o appearing j'n m.!ereoutline, But the pair vlsib'lle,are more ~tron"gI:y' contrasted. one with another in. 8l,~t i- ,tude, and ,their execution is far morel f r e e . . . .An. instan.cewill be:found a:t Belinl ls [Pl, III~ 5)~ It is most i'nstru()~ t i v e to compare 'with this :repll.ll1Sen.ta;tion that, o f thesame two deities drivin,g a biga of sta,gs I n . the f r . i l e z e ofthe Phigalian temple "in the .B:citish ,Mufj'l91.1.Dlw. T : h , e date

1 ,of the two work~ is evid,ently' much. the same, IT o thesame period must, I. ' t h ' : i t n k , ~ 'bit): given the com. ro r Syraeusis,attrib,utecl 'b,y ~[r~ Head (P]~ ,II~ 12) to the period ofHi ero, By this tim,e .Ni'ke haa b e gu n .. :re8 1~yto :Host inth e : a ir', and the ch,ari.ot1ei8r is s o m e : t i m e , s l e .m J a J .e in.stead, ' O f 'male , Wlt'h these quadrigss must, be ranked Ian apeneof Messana (Pl, ..III~ 6).A..few :y,eaFs Iater, at about the period 0; the A : t l : H 3 n i a u .

invasion of' :Sicily, a fresh ehange took place" .I t Is by nomeans impossible: that the Athenian amries imparted toth.e island a littl,e a , i the glowin.g love of art 'whi.ch pre ....eminently d i , s - t m ; g l l i s ' h . e d . 'their c i ~ y at that period, .Indeed.1 have a eurious pieee of evidence t'hat the impulse in.'t h i s, case c.am.e fTom Athens,,, In th e: Elgin. room at theB:ritis,h Museum, is a blaa~r,elief~rought from the: Parthe-non, r:spvese:nting a quadriga (r,r~r''wh io:b.N ik,e f l o a t s " whiohmightl,easily b e taken for the 'p'rotot~yp'e of the reversesof the ,Syracnsem, coins of ' ' l l i i ! s period. The well..known.ehar iot~igFOllP of th e reverse of the Syracusan decadr aehm 1 3 ,of the Dionysian period Is a reproduction of it on. a smallseale, .Budilenl:.y the four :hO:r.S!BS of the quadriga appeQ;r:~atn"iflb-l ! r P . : I I : . , ' l o d P l ~ I ' i f 1 I : ~ ~-nl step b "." t l. soon b r ~a king 0 ' ' U ' t i n t o E1~.l.-:r-'-netU:...~~ boW: c, .~.' U',o , . 1 1 . 1 . ~l!O,. .,U. ~ 'Vi" lle. e~&l _;_'." " L J ' _ : Q~ ~V .,e'


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2 4. ' . " " " " U '~,'I' 1 ' 8 ' ' ~1 1 1 ' " i! 'I~'II'nC " D ' ' O n~t'1fill'j" ' l E 'J L ;" . . r J L l l L l l ' .~i\,~j;';L-J.:.~tu '1:uL,j.",V & ; : " dtlU~ . iand diversified aetion (Head" Pl. III'i 12~14)," We eanalmost trace the change from ' y e 8 \ ' , f to : y e a r ' . 1 At Selinus(Pl~, I~,8)", d,estroyed b y the Oarthaginiaus in 409, theh t i l l " . ' , I . . . dil d berl A"' R 'o ; ; . . . . [Pl II orses ,8 , , . = - 1 _ , 1p-OV' ste~-:y an" so "er y" .'_J~ zumera 1 _ 1 I ' , . ~ .91)j whieh ..fell f~Ul'lyears Iater, th,ey' are more restive, andtheir head s are turned "in .v ario us d ire etio ns, 'b u tt their feet:still.. keep t ime~, At C ~ata na (.P l~ I~, ]0), which struckcoins lor but two 'Y'ears Ionger, they ' are still more in.disorder, th,e rein of one is fly'ing Ieose, and there appearsclose to them 3 1 , meta wh ich th ,ey seem loa;rc likely toround ins~ietyt ,At S'Yl~,M3use,which alone sur vived, wefin.d broken ehariot wh.eeIs, overthrown metas, and otherpicturesque aeoessozies. Atl MetSsa'na we nn,d a paralleldev'elopm,ent of t'h e apene, Pl. .III,,, 7 is , contemporary'with th,e earli!er g .nad rig .a o f th is, pos t ...A,th.enian period.Pl. L 1 1 1 - ' on the other hand , is of decidedly ] a:te r d ata lhavingthe name o:f '3m, artist (if it could only' b ie l \ead)on the ]j'uleof e:xe~gu,eii Here the art:titude of' the mules]S more picturesque, and fih,eir heads more :h i~ghly 'developed, whi le the attitud'e of the charioteer and its,adapts t ion. t o . the spaee a't the d 1 e - s i n k , e r ' , f J dispo~lbespeak a , p e riod . 'w'hien th 'e ' th.eory o f art was m ore eom -p l e . t e I ; y ' understood, and. th e L~j'tyle of execution softer,This. last production reminds us of' tne l'emarkabledecadraehm ,of .A .grigen .tum , of w h ich the softness andalmost e:memina~y of' 'work almost seem to ' indicate a

II d f t ' t-h J .. '1L'" f' A 'j, 'b h C hp e n o o ,Q I ' . J 3 : r ' une '!~f'U\]ng 0 , ~,'g~rl.,gentu:m, : e ' Y t_i_.e.::art'ft-.gimianlil .It may ' have b een struJJ:k 'b y Dionysiua ,at th ,e'time of his greerte~t . p O ' w e r . ~ whe1n ,31mO$~ all the ,gr,e~tcities - o f : S , i : o i l : . y . ~ Agrigentlll ;m included, were: :in his power.Oh'ariots of a , f a . r later' date meet us' at S!yr,aculsei~

'These, indeed, aI~'~ :most]:y more or less. Iifeless repro-duetions of those of: Dionysian time, On the coins


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OJof ,P'hi lis t is, 'hO\l~eve:r' (H,~ail~1L X I!, 6 ,.........9 , ) , w,e D .11d S1lOm,8:attempt at orig]Ina]ity'~, ' T , h e heads of' th,e horses hereare parallel, and ,theil: hind-legs sometimea til~'esomeI,y ~O,'th e num b er ,o f the la:tte~r being now' c;are,flllly' counted,Th,e horses have become of' hug~e size, and the driver,although th,e goddess Nille herself~ has :fallen Into com-para ,ti v e i n s ' I D , g n m , c a n c e . , ' w " h i l e in the earlier representa-tions th e eharioteer is , ,a lways made of a somewhat Iargeslz'e in, proportion, according to the well~ltnow,n habi't of' G 1 t " e e k , OIli it i ,sts,to give: greate:r prom inenoa to th e h um an,-,~ - -than ,'th,e Rllim,al element, 'I'he details Q f the hamessare more calieftl]ly dis,pla:y,sd, and the extremities of the:horses ' ' l e g ' s ! m,a'r lu~:d~ust as :are , t h , e extrem ities of thelet~te:rsin the inserip tiona of this period" b ,y small roundh - 1~ d "1-] ...;1' -'h dil,'.ill i as I , " r : m _ e tl m t L ---te~'Th,e D0J.[t, 811~jec't for consideration is the pro gressi ve

'tlieatment of the, human form, This stlbjee:t does l l o ' t ,be long so eX6I tls ive'ly ' ,to th e coinage of S ; i e i l : y as, do-as th,equadl~i gm , bU tt" 011 t h , 0 ' other hand, we: are better aware ofthe t reatment aeeorded to the 'hlJ.wan frame at various,:periods than the t l ' e a ; t . : m ' e n ' t - o f quadrigas, and , B , O hav'emo re solid , analog ies to go upon,'I'he male head, bearded, occurs ,oten in representa ...

tions of Zeus, Dionysus, and the much-venerated river111; I 1 iii 1J ' th "'ll'l b ~, .,;1;t P - I- ] - I'll ,0, 8 -\,l'\B; as, 4,sartas 0 : 1 ; , 1 _ : eS9,WI I. , ' 9 , rouna In ' " ,I I . j 6-1,~Probably th e ' IDOS,t aneien t of all is, the human, head onbrill's,shouldera of PL III~ 8, and 1.1" In this the eye,-tha,t surest 'test of a'n'tiquit,y~is. represented ,full",not inp , : r o f i l e " the, p'op,il n o t being i n tllny way , d i : a , t i n , g um s , h : e i d ; oThe 'hair' of the, scalp i s :i lld.i ca ted b ,y dots that 0 ' ' thebeard b j r n e ar ly ~ t'ra d ,g 'h~~paralle l liu ,e s.,a ',ncl 'the mouth isrepresented 'b y the peculiar downward cut which ' p a S I a J e s ,aw:ay from Greek art early ' I D n , the fifth eentury,; In the

TI'.L.iI


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26 '- '. '."..C ' I t , I " , I f ; Pl. I I I 9 h t ' 1 - ,j., I i! ' . ' iI !i diionysue u J Il , _ I ~ , ~ , l l so 'mew' ,~ ,a '__ :a,,~ero r.m gln llS mdi-

. b h "', hi h i l " . t 'Il d dated by t e eyes, m w , ._lO,~ a pllp' I, appears, ' DO l maeeY ' l e , t , In profile, but e.vi.de'ntly' made with a at,riving toI I i iI I . ~ ~ ~ -~ i ~represent the truth, and by' the hair which 18 , represented

on the scalp 'b,Y lines instead of dots, and underthe ehin'b y wavy ' Iines Instead of 8t r ; a i , g h , t t i Th , e mouth too,, th 'Qu,gh still hard cut" is m ore :nea,rly horisontal, The,krobylus in which the h air of , D i o n 3 1 S t 1 l S ! :is, confined at,the ' back, and the tress fallin g a l o D , g 'his cheek, indicatewith certain,'ty' the first, quarter of the , fifth century, W eeee in the next t'wo e xample s, from, coins of ,Ab,a'C:flellUm"how these 'peculiarities in the treatment o . f ha i r soon.fadedtp" 'l 'II:I 1 0 - " " u).R 'w ,a y , ! ' ; \ , " - '~ ,~I,.. _j , .. , ,"" ...

T h e period of' ' trmn,sition : i : s , represented on Pl. III~ 'b yN O , E h 1.2 and 18~'both lSltriking tY~J ;u~~sf the man ...headedbul l , 'W'e know from the reverses at ' tached to , t h , e s e : ; as'w ,e11as f rom the :probabi ] it i.'e ,$ , o f the ease, ,th~the formerof these preceded the other in order of tim,e b i ' y ' ~ ~ ;sleveral, .year,s, prob ab ly d:ating from a, time not l a ' t e l " than them ' m d , d l e of th e, n . r t h , eenturj', A, ,good d,e:ai of aroh aismr;;,till hangs, abou t th e mouth and hai r" archaism :illu:s...t : r 3 1 t e d b,Y'the, dotted line. w h ..eh ercssea the body ' ,a t its,section. No, 13 exchanges m,ajesty fOil ' mere materialforce, 3 1 , ," , 'ery I~ugges,tiv,e f~et, , a s indicating how rapidly,t.h'eriver . o f ' G ala was passin,g' from th e :p ositio n of' a d E ( i f ; , Yto tn.at of R me,rely powerful and useful , a g , e : n , t I i It is[strikingly' like,~h e t"ype, which long afterwar,ds came intoUSIB for statues o l r Heraldes, In ,No. l4: Dionysus re....appe'Q l'",Bon a coin dating ab ou t 4 ,2 0............10~ A s , t i' fH , y 'ou:r le ,d r ing-Ie,t, a 'till IDELl1'ks the ,pla,ce of th e! curl in front,of the , eal'~ and, the eye, h as sear,celY ',~e,~ learned + ' 0 , lookstrai gllt forward. Eat the un,a CQiS: t of this features ~,tonce :re ~in ,d si u s th,a;t, b ,y this t ime, the ' i n f i u , e n c ! ' of' Phidias


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'lfl'l i " I l J '1fI - " A - ' '~"'f ' ~ ! 1 I v r ' D : ' I E - ' C j '.1 .~l,I~ .. :.. l..~ ~IA. UL... :: -D.~I

and his contemporaries, which ' h a d , so :m a rk ed a ' " n effect on,the contemporary coins o f .E l is,,,has reached 8icily:~V


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~ T ' U ' '1 \ 'f "! I ! ' iC1! ' ' I \ !rA r l '' '!i i ;'1 ;f1H"D n 'N ' . ']l"nT iiJj,JL~I .~ ~!ili.\jL:Q.lJ;n _', .,Il.~ V I A~-V . .!l.V-~lj

hair', however, is ,still more earefully arranged, (]utqnita sh.ort over the foreh ead it is plaited and turned in ,behind, ,v'hile four formal tresses fall on the cheek, andone long I~JUJdbehind the ear, It is surprising to . find the'hair of so early an. Apo11o treated in so womanly R fa slition ,;but In f a c , t the ancients : a p ~ p ! e a . r ,a,t the beginning of the:fifth century to have f t I ' f L , Y . s worn the h a i r Iong, and Y'etnot to have allowed it , to fall loose over the shouldere , hutalwaJfs to have plaited or rolled it~ III :e~c't,Iong 100.8;eba, i r would b e th,e, cause of' ID.ilO.y Inccnveniences, The'second of my Apo~lo,s (No" 20) Iias ,ele'arly ver,Y long hair .whioh falls i l l . ; ~ 1 0 0 0 . s e bag, i B [ turned 'llp under the s t l [ ~ i n , g '[of the wreath, and fallB again ... 'I'he hard s:b:,ai.ght lips,and full e~r'[endicate a, very early stage 0 : 1 art, It is very 'interesting to see in these first fi,V0 Apollns the hairg r D . . [ d l l u J l , Y become shorter, a fe,v Inches [ e V 1 9 ] : ' " Y ' tw,enty'years, and the: curls over the eheek gradually die a,~1'3ly'in to . a mere reminiscence. a

:No" .21. is a V,e ry c,uriolls head, from LeQ.n,tini~ Its Iargee:yes" pointed oh. .n and projecting nese, seem to indi.cate ~local SChrCH) I of' :El:lrt; iSitS w ho com b ined [aFeC't~tio'n w ith anattem,p~ to restore in, a, ref ined form the peculiarities ofmore ancient art, ~Thedownward cut o the mouth, andthe~ careful archaism of' the cut Is, Indicate a decidedpurpose of imitatipg the ~ll'tiqtl;e,., ' T . b . i s . piece m.ay b e ,attributed to the middle of the fifth century, .No. ,22 'is,much simpler and m ore pleasin g : m it s forms" only ~tO;much areh aiam remains in tb ,.,eIIpw . ar d . curl of t h e backh air an_.d t b l e-:'t ' !1:1_ig. - . . .h t ~ curve of the nose Ii!) iE i i l '~ d, thorou " ' ~ h l : - I -'.'If''""""Ij" ~ .. _' _. . ... , ~ JL _ , . . . ' . y,..)I.. ~ Iy "". '.' ..V;QlI""".1 "jiG! .' 0. .,I, - ,~ ,-.. l,t;.,..Jcharming, 'N'Uit 23 takes, 'us at once to the bold outlinesa n a simply arranged Ioclss of the f i n . e s l t , period of art.It has been commonly supposed t'h,at full ...aced, representa-~ .tions of .divinities w e re y,e ::rf'J 'unusual in Greece, excep t


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i f : . I " J ' ' [ '~A''I'io.1'' ~"'r, p rD 'T E ' -~I~ V",...IIIL ,,L~ Q .I . . ly lIL '!~fII;


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'M ' ' i I i ' - R " c- .:1'-, ' p 'I-... I d 1 '1 - -t.t.... ad .-' n,lt __-, -,t,:'~: . ~ - f ' th '-,_ I .. I, eaU, ,S - J1 _eS I , ~ a n _ , ' '.'11 b . U e grlllua w~er8 \ I :LLoQ.n , 0 1 ! J . ! i , 'e '' - - ' - , - , . - - ' - " , " d ~ . . , ' p " ] 1 = - 1 the , - ' ' 1 ' b - - - . . t - - ~ . - t : tior i , - f ' ' 1 1 ' 1 . , p " - d - ' t: ' i,eye. an, In , , " '~ '." e , S tlS 'lc_ll_lon 0, ,,~ ne s, J .o r ....os ,m ,the re pre se n ta t ion, of hair, .In Pl. II,~h e 'bag ' of th eback 'hair' giv'tS,s w a . y to the eorymbus, 9lud this is in turn' . - - - ' : - - d - d ' .!' P l I I I and I V - : - 'h r .-- t ' h - ' ~ - - p ; h - ' ~ - n ' d " o " n - a Laterupe irs 'e _ __ c In . , -J l~ . ',lI!l ,an,~_ ,'.~.il 'y . ' I . I S : ~ : , "0. ,',,' ~'!i , _ : t I J .e r' - , - " ~ - - - " ' " 'P - - ] I " X - ' - ' 1 1 _ " . ' - ' "'-,l . '.' d ' ' . ' - - . . . . , . : ' . ' f ! = - _ _" . ' . ' . : " ' . : - - -c;, ',-.'. -.c '. ' . '-- .-'.-' t 'on; a8 ill'__,~-,--"','. J . 'oo~e:.t ,ftn, _: mo.re .1. oWJllng RrrangemeD,_ ,, ~ ) i , f the: ' b , a i ' l : ' i s , adopted, TheBe and m;an'y tlt,her ehangeswill be 0 - , - b . c o " P " J ' T 6 d'b y ~ . - ; whosoever takes the pains to 1001," _ , , ! IG I I ' _ " ' _ _ '!a~~J.,: .. 1 _ '[_ : . . . _ , . . . . - . . . ' . . . , " . , \ . . : . . _ . . . : W_ ._...- .~ tiY " , '.- ,"_cRr,efully over the coins of ,S ,y raouse ..I T h , e ' " tre:~tm ent of the human :fl~2 :'U r-es one of the m o s t.:.. 1.".,- _ ._~_ .. I. ,", ." .. _ ..:... _, .... _ "01" '; .. ,.1 ',_ _ -.- , ~ '. . ". _"- "-'ta ~,-.- ~-.-. d - ' ~ ' , ,4 ,/' . ' of ,---_ '.- :-",i! o d ' . b - - i I l - . . , ~ . . 1-, - b - ' 1.. T h , ! . ' . - . ' . I~lll' c . " , '" -. 'eel. am m ..lC3iblODB or ,pe.I]lO__ O ..n am a . . ., 1 .e ~ , - 8 amM nessf' :-1'!i i' '~' d th~ t b th~... . ... " '--, '-._- "1 - .. :-./-:.1.1 .... : -: -, ! . . :.',.! ~".'. '.~ -", 1 - - " , " _ . [ : I" ',;,.- .", .... I _o sea e m our corns .._ o e s some I ,lng 0 0 ..seure I 19,valuable ' telBtimony, but ,is f R ' r from rendering li t worthless.In P] IV- 1- we have a v e r y . , archaic f i g ~llre- of Dionysus'_ -- .~ .. J' -. _l_ - '-'- .. - -, _. . -- - . - - -. , . . -- . - . . --f - G '~ _1 ,"'- t - ~ 1 ._ c . .. . . d O . . ' . . - . ' c - , - - ' . ' d " . . . . . ' . - 1 ' - I f. - . . 1 1 . ' eedrom ...~.'war1-~; ' JJ ,e woo.....'n , p o s e ' a,n - eVeI l . Y - 1 ; j 1 a J . a n c e l - ,t~' f ' - -h ~ -h h - v - .Y slioh t ...va " i " r i ,Aa I I i " i IT I , thD prim _!9.iC ion - 0 1 r 'W ( 1.0 , '- S O 'W a ver ~_.6 n _'~. , u . i J J t . V D u . ii:Q .', -ili -,:1-,,tt '.- '.::00"--.,. ----: , - , - d - i n d i c a t e '---:l "- _ ' i i ' d " ot - f _ - - - - , , , , , , - - l . e . '.lve xoans, an - mrnca , r B : a perlO'.-, not rar removec rrom

t - h , a - t , of Canaohus, Nearest to it comes the figure of theN l " o . p ' h . Himera, N o . 1 , 3 . . 'Th. 'e ~t,t,itl1dehere is v'ery siwilal'"only" 'that the hands are' raised 'b ' ia 'her and 'th'0feet repre ....-'" '_.: -_ '. _. ""_'.'_. ----I.'. - .-' " ---'. '- '-"--' ", "0 -,.'." '.---,- "0'-, - , '.-- ~- .~ .

..J'. - ~~ii ~ t- d f'b '.. ;0; N ' - 1sen tea. intl~er p ersp ee ta v e, ms e a c 0' t u n . g " as '1n ,.-o. ,I , ' it ..],~,~l t t'h 1 f : b T -h d I ~mmec rigtc ,I y' to ~ - ' _ ! 9 re I~.. I :,~.Ie'rapery a so, : L 8 moret3!S-te,fully' , d i s p o ; s , e c t . ,No~2 o , r the , ] d V ' , e l " " " g o d Selinus hastb . ' - h s !Ji ' l ' ~ . . :. - '. ' - ' ~ -d 'i ' . ,t , , - !, .. . . J ' I - - .. ' - ' I J . M the 1 l J ' ! ! - ~ '. . ; "l, ...---'e,alll m e s anc ,- E L r a l n ' 9 : 1 1 m U SC _ 8: 011 ' , _ ~ e , .L IC)g~e: ,~ansculptures,", It, will be observed 'tb,at although, from the

: - t - t - ' " , , c,';'ll.~ th . ,,~..h '~ 11' t h , " . b e d - . ' ' . ' - , ' , . t b e .--.-1 . 1 , . , - . ; . - t '~ ' - ' . - ' , - - : - - . - - - 'a zrmne, tne w e I D . . , g _ i U j -0 -.,9 ,oy m n s :_8' , rea- I ,Y re,$.lD,g onthe light, foot, the ,&~r't]sthas not 'made the least attempt to

' i lL . '" - T " " h '= h fi i'h d f~''mK' ' - " h dxp~ess t'll][St I~,','e ieroes or 't~e , ,-aye 0,- J L " J . f t r . a t 1 o : n an,_Himera seem never ,to ' have Iounged. ,Even in. N o . I I , 5 "

h '" b b 'I . th ~;]I f~ h i! ! ' . J d ~ l ' ~ .W/!lC! Ii: :may ' _ } I E L o , n g t o '1 _ a e p , e . r . m o u ,ft.: tel" t:'8 : n . t lU, I q~ '0.1 the, . l ! : f ~ ~ ' - h . 1 _ ' - i' '~I -.--:-.--:- ths .-~ .....i' ." .! i : , t ' - - , -.c- d ' : ' ' . - , - - - . - - ' . ' - -- ', 1, - b - '" - - : I - I t - ~nll r c ,oenlJury, :. ,6 rIve:I " 'g o u , s . - a . : u _ 8 , vlery n,earlY'O, iupri,g,h,t; though tb,e l i ' n e e , of - t h ' e 'ii,gnlls h , a v , e b 1 e c o m . e far,softer. Thifig.--ure i~ Idra '1J,ed- a ' "\ H 3 1 1 " " t r 'un usual th'iin a in ~," . . II .,., '-' - . . . . .. . ',J :' . ~ _ . . - o J - , . - . . _ . '0" '.


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d eit,y o r 'w ater,~ But j 'n N o, , 4 , which may b e dated ab out420~'th ,e re is , 8 In evident decrease of seve:ri,ty In the attitude,Himera is, Ieaning on one :le:g';and a Iine drawn a,own , t h e !m;id.dle , o f h er ' b o O d y would b e, no longer ' su'ai,gh,t b u tpresent a series of OUFveS4, T 'h is rem inds us' of the remark~ h Ii Ii Ii n h P ] I - ~,- d ' d h h b" ' -of t J e ancient critic, t : ,at ; , , _ , _ O , y ~ l etns intra ueee tl~e 'ai lLtof tb row i nlg'the w ei,gh t of t h " e , 'body onto one foot. Th,eSeilen behind Himera is also in , :R Iounging attit'llde" whiche xp re ase a 'w ith almost eomicalteuth the pleasureof feelingei, O " u ' C ! - h 'of w a r m WGitai l i t o n ' t,t-a b o d y - ' T '- ' h '0 'S : e i l e n o f N 1 o "I ~I:.~._: } _ '..:_. ~ _: ~ ", ~.'. i~._IId,.IJ., ..._ . ." . . W;'~ _ I _ . . !li...,.....~ 1-, . '~: _ . '. : ' . : _ . ; ! . l l _ _ ~ . . . . , _ .. 1_ . '1._.I~,3, en joys h is bath also , b ut, it 'was, Dot possib le at the,eal'rli,er'period to 'put so much expression into th e po ,se~ TI lefi.gure10, S e l m u s on N : o , t .6 i t S ,stu'r~y and well knit, withlarg,e head. ,It,reminds us as mueh of the Greeks in the~fJ rie~ e o f Ietinns' temple at PhigalIa" now preserved Inthe B'riti~h ,M' l lsEiu.m" as o f ,a'nJrthin,g in ancient art,

' V ' e : r y few : y ' , e a r f J can have elapsed between the :issne}, h " ~.J~" 'H;II, d B " - I i d hJ [, t, ie Iast-named coins at I:~nnera an- .e ~mus an t te

fall, of those cities, Yet we find a distin.ctly later' s:tyle ofart :p'~ev'ailing s't both. in the :m , telival, ' The, ngureai inPl, 1+ (Nos . 8 and 9') ie:xe'w,p]ify this;~ We here see figuresmneh tallel~,l ln ,d more , ,sl,e:nde.r~!,2 and. .with , outlines muchsoftened, Abou, t contemporaneous with these ]ast is N'Oli' '1o , f Pl. IV~;where we have, t 'he n"gul~e' Q , , a young ' hunterIn 'GI positi ""'n n f ~ ' : l C . P 'O - S ), A - soeeim ' e n " , , ' 0 " - f ' ~ ' ' ~ t - I l I i i- n r T ] - ater QTll. l'~l:lIl t h i If!iiifAjI I ." ._ ..1~..L U' _'1 'U!, :~_ J , . ' _ : ~ !! !I .- . :'. l ; I : l r " } ' _ ' ' !W - .! & . " I. '. ~ I, ~ _ I_ ~ l~ ,-~J;&.'._ I~ ' IL I~ I jg . ':~H,er,fi]kles, 0 1 ' P l, III1'1, He:r l8 the most manly of all heroes' p O S 1 S e S S J e s a slender, a J ' m o s : t e,ffeminfilte,~ : p , h . y e i . ' q u , e ~ and seemssClucely ' able to support himself in an , 'upr.igh,t p o s i t , i o : , n , on

n ~"Pronrium eius e~;tnt uno emre m.~,i~teren.tiena Bxc,o;f! i . . .. , J t - ' . ---,!;tI! ---- - - - - - -- - -- 'Ii,) '- ~tass e~,~........ LlE ],nr~ .l'~T ' h is ~ l~ e'r a'tio n o f' P l ~ i O , p o l : t ] O n S w a ' 9 , : 1 1 t , t , l : , i . b u t e d. b ,y i ,he a I J , c e n , ' t s ;to E p,hlanl~l ' l~ '; 1 b l l ' t , these coma are e erta in ly b efora -his d.ate',~


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82h i,s rock without t h ' A sustaining' left arm. A , f t e . ; t ' this aem,igh,t 'be expected, there are no human figu.res, inSicily'worthy of' OUl~notiee,Thehistorioal eoneeption of' Herakles ' n t i j , a y be :furth,e'f

Illustrated 'b y a series, of' h eads of the hero, which nlay b ,ereasonably assigned to about th '9 Jrl~tlrB410;, 4 0 . 5 " 34,0 . and2010 (Pl . , IVi 8-11)~ In. No, B 'w e see a bronzed andhardened: warrior, 0 . ' hig'h museular development andstern temper, In a few years;", for the reverses ' O f ' thesecoins are almost contsmporanaous, this type: give's way'to an e :femi'na'te you 'th . w i.th rounded ehm and full I ips,(No~ 91t) ,Inid,e.ed, so round i s , the chin and so gentle theexpression that W8l!;',8 it not for connecting Iinks betweenthe t y p l e . r ~ ' J 'and the ' , s l i . , g h t wh,iskel~visible among the Iion's' teerth; we migh,t suppose this head to 'belong; to the LydianOmphale rather than, Herakles. I'n, N,o" 10 the head is,perhaps still 'more, 3routhftlI., but the ,thick neck "and the,shor t orisp h aim : do indicate ;athletio force" T , ] iH 9 Iion'sskin has fallen, back and for-ms a ,sor't of! hood" 8). curious;at tem.pt to giv,e noY 'elty an d, ,gr.ace'to a convent ional type 'I'In No~ 1.1 we ,g,at s.om,et.hing' fa'r more Iike the RomanH'eroule:s", a man in middle l i f e " 'with bushy beard and,th.le 1 ? h y s m q ' u 9 : o f n prizlec-,fi,ghter~ It, would he hard toimage b e t t e r the , periods o f ' ' B i O ' r u l i a n art than t : ' h , e , Y arei m a g : : . Q,.;]I in~ J.,~.. e s e f o u r ' h ' , ,B ,a I~'C'~' ~ " n . - I , : h ' ~ e ~Q ' r l y flne I " , O ' r I ! ! I ~ oJ -___ vu. ~ li ll'! ; , , ; l, ; ;1 1! . . _ _ !; "J i i! l.iU iW I, , I ! , ! , . ~i!;,N , , , ~o."U"1stten gth, not, without sle:vm~ity; in the late fine period,softness and g.r'acewit,h,marvellous delicacy' of' execution ;in, t , h , e e'ar~y' : p ! e r i o d o f decline, a . ID(J.re picturesque s,tyle'with a lstr.ivi'ng :aftel~novel effec't,; in , t ' h e , l a ' : t a period ofdecline, , t h . ' e empire of matarialism~T , l u 3 representa.tiorLSl o f ,N :ilr'e. illu J~;tr,ate th e earliercentury of :Sic il ian , [art as well as th ose of Herakles thelater cen tu ries, W h : C.Gn N-:l i " k - , ~ : c " e : ' f j ' ~ ' r - ~ I ~ t .I ! l p : p.r-in"l,'lieil s o o n Q -f ' ! l . e l ' ": - 9 , : 1 : 5 i_..__ _.~ I __ '}~~!II _ " ... _.~ -. ,. ,-_ ,~_ __!l.JI~ ~,,'_" _.~I~~ g,1 lkl..._ru, Ui li_:- ,.'" ._:-


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33(N ' In) ' h ] 1 d!l' - d 'H-k d 'C - ' - h_ : ~ " O ~ ,~I, ' o , e r ' d r a p e r y ano la'ttltU. e are tt .",Ie woonen, I erw'ings are S,P'l'l18l1d on eithe,r e,i.de,of' her, R _ S are th s wingsof 'birds on i e , a r l y ' vases, (t'he, a r ' t , m @ , t not seeing h ow else torepresens t m { ) i 'Win"gs_)and hell: arms are in balanced a tt i ...., tude Iilce those of a runner on the Panathenaie vases,Tb,ese peculiarities are softened down in ,No~, 18~ N O t 14"iearly as ,it is~ shows far 'more art~,stio feelin,g. Bothw'i-ngs iappea:r behind, and the lower part of 'tb , e f igure"where the drapery covers withou t obli ' tel1ating' 'th e Iim b s,:is more skilfully' treated, :Th,e artist i s . ; . , however , fH1R'[Ceftble to represent the: !ohest of Nik!e in perspective, T 'b ieis, accom plish ed In NO~, 1 ,5 ,.. T b : e robustnees of the form'bel'e" and the siz e of. th e head, remind 11$, of the n,gnre ofSelinns (No, 6). A development also appears in th,aconception of' Nike, who now 'beaEs a ,g,aIle;Y'.in her hand,B " Y this time s h e , has Iearned to regard but,tIes l;athe~r ',thanmere games as 'h,er provinoe, ,Lastly,. 'in N'o,~ 1 , 6 " , sheR l _ 1 ' p e a , r a seated; a graceful 'fl,gure,~ and, most delioatelyexecuted, It :is possible to trace these ehanges in theconception of ,Nfk,e through the chariot tY l}~S where sheeo co .ns ta ,n t.ly oeeurs ~',hal1ging':from a doll in P I t , I . , 1" toa Iightly-hovering ,deity in I" 9..........l. , o:r even en'terin"g thech ario t as, in I~ 8;. and herself gra~pin,g th,e reins.

As ,t);n instance of the 'treatment of an im al ] if:e I 'havetaken th e eagle of A,.gT. i ,gentlum,~ I t, - is ackn.owledg,ed tha't ''" I G - k ;.. , th h i! ] } ' "., t f ~ ~'! .Pm vrree .. arl~ i::e!,' ' I D . ! l ! l,es'lI,_y~::p,'esl 0 1, ammaa torms were

I~ I~ Jdeveloped earli,er than, those of human b e , i n " g i s " the ]at'te:rbeing m o r e ,subject to hieratic an,d superatitious i n f t , u e n c 8 S ' iAs e:arly as th'e time o . f C'al.anris" the horse a n d otheranim als h ad reached ,th 'a ir .''h igh . 'e s t ,po in t in ,r~'prlesen:tat,ionl'We eannot, however , I say , t h , a ; t S ' l e i l i a ; n , numismasies i n , d i c 3 1 ; t e :th ,e sam e course of' deve lopmen t in , that islandli There th eh - . . ' , ~ - . - , ' ' jj! i .e;,--' -' , I I " I I . - h iIei.,fji ~.if ! i ' nerfeetio ', D at a h ' . , 'Q " ' ' i I i , t , t a , If! ! n m ' . ~ " j"j; 'p " ID-r- ~Iod, i I ! l I i ; IJI , t : ~ h - ' , o ,orsa 1L !lYR'!!J'. !giG! 1[,:1;110rI,; J i i . , J.1bu LL, ,LL ! 0;;,1 '. I I


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' 4 - :D-''h,utman form" i. e., after 4:20~ T ndeed there are: few b e tte rOF' more spirited representations 0 1 ' horses than , t h ! e Pegasuso n th e c o i n s of' O O l " . t m , t h ' i J a n , type~" assigned to t h e , p,eriodof 'T,Unoleon, (Head,~:Pl~,V'.I)~ Th ' e eagle O ' f Pl~ IV:., 17-is of la very ' early type~, rurl,ely drawn, and, what is farrarer on ea l ' l l y . ' , : coins, wa;ntin~~'n, , S p : , l I i i t and meaning . This[ b ~'next" Net, 18, s hows improvement in the beak, wing', andclaws, bllt 'D !Qt , mueh in th e general ap pe aran ce , w h :ic:h i s ,

h W't 'h N . - h -h 1 f i c . ,il dv'ery' eaVY" t_ i l : ti L ,, ' o , 19 w e reaen the ear y nne period,and, find a vigorous g l ' O U : P of' bold eon t r t ~ u 3 t J i a touch o farehaie s;t,i:fiu'essremaining in the case of the hare, thehead of' wh'ieh, Is turned baelrwards, , N o " 20 belongs toth e period j U 1 S , t before the d,estr'tlc't.ion of Agrigelltllm in405,~ Tn'a relief here ie re'm a'rka'.b ly low' for the epooh~a n d seems specially '~J d


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85poss ib le , the l~:gb.tni.ng,.o'n],r a I J Q J l l r of w ' i n g s being added'b y w'ay o:f s:ymbolism. In..No", .24, whieh also w '.as m adein . the time of Hieron I~~th e re 9 .:p 'p ea ,r two small scrolls inthe middle of the fulmen, If' these had :ori.ginal~JrW]Y" I k b ' t ~ '" h "'d ' iI imean '~ 'ng, . m ow not, but It, IS CUI'lOllS to see now :ra:pl' I~y't h e . , y are Idev'e]ope;d and magni,fi,erl b ,Y copyists, w h o com eafter, till in N , o ' . 26 they ate oonspiouo U8 additions ~ Ifthis latter thunderbolt b e stripped of' these appendagesend th e l wi,'llgs, and .ifi the middle p~J:t of it b e shortened,'I."!H',C!> sh 'al-l ob taiu som et -m I ' I ~ ' i if i i. O ~ 'QImiost A ' ' ' ! I l ' " Q , n t ' l y ' ' ' Iiks t t . . , , ~ e on ve n .... o r !! ; :: .; l " ", _ I ' '. ,~~_ !\J!.--, I!.;!II j],__U .C ' I I ; ; ~ J L "


36/51

'iPo.""U'~)lr1ll'~."l\..r Jo.I1~I~, eH RONTOLE,~. iL l' _ ;_J'JIl.lI.CtillIL.i.~.l.l ~ .. . ., ,1 .-

a l:a p'id ary in sc rip tio n ,is ge'u,erall:y hard to flx and, mustbe determined from a eonsideration of its, ep,igl"aphy, sot ' h . 8 ! ' G 'w e cannot ,fur ' ,gueback again from the date of th e:: itnscription to the forms . o f Ietters 'w i,tb .ont h rvol ving our-selves, in a vicious circle. But, it I ' h : & : l ' v l 1 3been at allIS'L l(~ae ssfu .ln th,)previous part of th is p a p , e r : , ' I , have proved,that the d a : , t e . 8 of coins in general, and those of' , B i o i I yin,especial, m a'Y b e p r . ' , e t : t , Yaeourately d e t e r m i n e d from ot'h erconsideratione, such as historical 'reference and characterof types, In this case, th erefore, 'w e: :may ' f a i - r I , Y al~,gueo nfrom the known dste: of' our monuments t o . , t . h . , e usage of'p1articu]ar forms of letters, ,And having ascertained thadates of 8:l?pe'ar,a:noe and disappearance of these forms, we' m , a , y " . secure means of ,da;tin:(r all inscrip l.,t,iona :~whe the r o ;n ,. 'iCI, ~stone or in metal,

T h e one :im',portan:t thin,g in a quest of t',his Icind is tosecure :suflioi,ent grounds, for 3 1 , foundation, ITh i s ean onlybe aeeom plish-ed by 'I mo:~tIahorious stud'Y:.. ' - " ' 1 - ' masses 0 : g "'\../.'b!!U. . _~~~ ~ .. _. '- ~ _. I t; ! _ I _ _ . ~ ~ .. ~~ ~ -.,. ~~ __ ~ __~ 0S'i.eilian eoins. ,I have gone! ov'ecr'with , care all those of:the British :M ttS f~u:m .J I 'h a v' : s tudie d the sulphur casts of':M'ion,n,et and the :p,]a\t9a which have appeared of' Salinas.'v,ajuable work, which 'prog,resslss, alas, too slowI,y~ I havealso made cautious use of Boeckh's I C O r p U S Inscrip,tionum,Grsecarum. An,d, Iha:ve made especial use 01 the ins(ni:p' 'tion discovered five years ago ,a t Selinus, and pub lish ed b ,YHolm 1 4 . and others, 'I'he latter would have been ofinestimable 'value to my' purpose h a d ' i ' t I s , d a , t e i beendeterm ined b ,Y any external evidence", T h i s , , . however ' ,l i l ' i l 2 I not 't'L ease D " ' I l ; Holm ~,~obl i " ~ g ; O ; d C - 1 to t ' " , " y ' - nd fi'v ~4.,""a ,~.::_:I - _ : i l l ~ ' ~.~.'.:liI! :. 'Iil " I ~ > . I .- ~ 1 J l; ;D ~ : . . : , " ,. . : :': '0 ,:.:1. '. u I':I.~


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3-~'~h im , but . u n f i o F ' t u D , Q " t e l y , a s it i,~ only on, e , p ' i g T a p ' h ' i , c levi ,den,cethat we can give it a d:a,te, it, Is not legitima'te: to ftr'gu,ebank again to the forms of letters used at a certain period,I h h ......e b '1 \ . . . 1 'h I < , . !I' t ' I ' t, ' - , a . 'v , e " , t o 'lel~8J.;OFe,".een, UUfLu - ,9 to u : s e : t, - 'U~ llnscr ] )'p" Ion Q ,-all in my ga'n'el'al table, 'The: form of the 4, in the:i.nsl)!~p.'~ionis the same as is used at Z'ankle", which ~ftddisappeared in the time of ,Hie.l'on I~,T h , e e and twhichfI) 'ppa:rhere are, likewi se ,uEt;[Iy forms} bu,t unfortuna telythese leitte:rs, do 'not occur on ,early coins of Sicily~sothath 1 1 1 ' . ' T -h - th t- ' hwe can ere maze no eompanson, _ , - , 9 : : , .0:0, tae otnerh and is tha,t which only came 'into 'M e ,at N aX-OlB; :afte:r'420",Al], the other 1~;,tt~r8are such 8lS, were 'used through Sloily'during the ftr~;t,half of' the :fifth, eentttry'~ On the wholait is safest to eonsider this form 1 0 , ' = : as exceptienal, andthe date of the inscription ,as about 480~........50i'It w in be seenthat the evidence I have been able to

p,roQ:1llre :is [Safe!; for affirm,ativ;e than ' n : e g . a t i v l e purposes,It is eM,y to make su re t',h a 't a form, occurs at. a particular:period., 'b'u,t it .i s 'vel~y ,dif6,;(}ult to b e quite sure, th :a;t 3 , formdoes not appeer j n . e , w evidence might ,ettslly 'b e forth-

~. i ! ! iI'. h bi '1~k~'OOmlD"g to p:ro've m a new mstanee the prover '~Jlar IS "1!n8S9,1 0 negative assertions, At best, therefore, the results herereached m:lll~,t ' be:considered fE S ,only approximately true:"I 'p ub lish , them inthe hopei that they may:notwiths,tan,d'ingbe, useful, and gi'ii future inquirers BOWie hints for theassignment . o f date to in sc rip ,'t,ions in , S:icily' an,d Greece,

I ap,plend, (Pl. V~) :t l general t r a l , b l e . , embodying, , a s . f a r a spossi ble, the eonelnsions arrived at;, but i,t wi'll b e readlil,y'understood that I 'have had to choose am,ong' the manyform s of Ietters only those 'w'hi


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~n,verte,d forms ; in :foo,t,~I have 'tried to everlook aU ,peouliarities which seemed to arise m,ereI,Y from earelessness,

In the ' f i r ~ s f tquarter of the 'nfth, century the direction of'th e w'riting would ap:pear to :b s;ve d,spended U.1 1on, notb , ] , [ lgbut Individual taste, 'WId tin g' .from, le,ft to :rig 'h t is just"about lequally common with, writing from ri,ght to l e f t , , !boustrophedon wrIting somewhat less common th an eith fu:_mN -nr''~1,0 i C ' e iem ,t'!! ,t' '0 " ' - h "av,~ b : -;e}j.o.,T'Iii obs O"ili!iv e d A ' , '; I ! . . t h e i t : : ! a m ' " . t . ' . ' I i , e i * - 'Y ' , _ -'_ 'v'" IWu 1iJi:,,,,",,_ ~, "', ~!!, -,IIQP'.u. V~\C,IU


39/51

89". - ~ . ,I . : !>,. 1 . . 'a a,hort,period, about 480-460~ A is not used until t,he~

OJ dd ' l ' : e h hII . . 1 1 t t t'~'l '~'_,'~'_ 01 t,e t I - ,lru, cell,~llr,y' an apparen '., ' ,excMB"pon~occurring' on a . coin, of A,gyrium.of the fourth centu]~y'~l1ewell as in eertein monograms,

,8So at (t'11ti'mes;t ~ occurs , on l e a r T y coins of Segesta u,p:

to ,the middle of the ,fifth century, R ' n d recurs , B t the enidf' h ' b O i d t ' , - ~ tO i H - " b l, t . " e t ']J;Y , century ,at some emes, as 1 y l , ,181

rC: i s , used It A,gri,gen'tu'm, & 0 " " " from the , e a ' r l i e s l t time,

and until about 4,40 at Ge la, S fag esta" and Agrigentum"i't is found on veT'y early' co ins of' Be ': ge f I ta~ .( , OCCU]"iS a't,'G ' ,alaand Sege~tJ t as the- tr'an~ition;al form between C'-;and.Ir, and so is, most usual about ,4160~430t , r ' :nrstm ,O J k ',GC! its ap pear an n.el, 'ot' ' G ' - : : - - C i ; ' ~: - . a b ",ou,', , - , ~ i~)'\ ~ , t , 'L - o n O"l'\nlIi, abo - ' l l ' 1 t, .,~ ~ IIJI!Q ! .~ I ~_ " , ,~~ , " .Iv~,~..: ," ._.Lii I~._:." ' .. ~UV,'I IrJ .\ I.- . _ '". ," 'IO'V' ~ I U- ! _ _ ," .. ', '_ - .'.14~O; ,at Segesta apparently as, learl:y ,ft9 ,470~ , After ,4~Oit: i e used ex elu si v eIy I!

,4T h "e fo rm . 1 > : W ! lJ S in use , F 1 t Z ; t D l k l e ' H ,P t o ,490" and

apparently som..what later' r : t , t I S e l i n u s " , Rh,e,in~MUS~ ,XXVIII- , . . . ' 1 - B kh C '-:-I ,iI '16- - h i P' l\._ "' id t b 2 d308~ _.n Boeckh U, ,t,; L' - t e rorm is: is. sate :0 , _ , 8 rounco n the ' h , e l m , E r t dsdieated b , : y 'Hieron, T h is, at atement, w h i c hFrans and o t b , I i 3 1 : ' L 8 C o O p y , :is quite erroneous. The letter 'isth,'us made A~, Boeekh also '~ln,gravles th,e form D j ! 'C . . I ~ ; ! i ' i i . , D , 4 5 , . s ~ . .

I E ,Th i s form is almost universal until about 2,20, and used

Itt B y r ~ ' c l l - , s l e :in 21,5~ ' k is found on ,th,e ver,Y ea.rly coins of'Entella and Leontini, ,E on, those of , Z ' a n o l ! e as early as.


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40b h b ill' ~ f ' o , t h e - f i " : . r - . , , ' h - - tt__e_ ,e,glDD lI l; ,g 0 : _ , th e .~ IIJ ' . icen:u:ry ii'ab ,- , - t' - ,2 : " ' 2 : 1 1 '"U. '-" l U I -__ -

HI (aspirate)'Th.is form is found on the early co ins of' :Enna, and

Himera, A,t Himera and Selinus it ' i s , used as late; as themiddle . o f the ilft',h century, and at Segestm apparently I [ U SIate as 420", '8 ~t:ppellr~on the above-mentioned 'hel~tof Hieron, dedicated in 474,~as, 'well as on ft coin 0 .1 Himers,in the middle ofthe Ii.fth 6entury,~ This ' l:at ' ter ' oeeurrencaseem s, to 'b e an archaism, A peculiar 'variety' of the form,last mentioned i 9 engraved b y' Boeekh, ( I C ~ ,I"I~ii, o40 ,8 i )

H (v,,)wel):T h i s le tte r seems Ir'om 'th ie coins nf Rh egium , w "h io 'h'w,as

fb:r'practical ~PL~'rposesa Sicilian city', to have been adoptedseve,f!al,y,eara, before 0" lappa~entl:y ab out ,42!5IJo

IT h is letter does not, seem to occur ,in Sicilian coins ofearly date, ,8 is ,th,e usual form in the fourth and untilthe middle O I the, third eentury, appearing B o : m , e , t i m , 0 ' 9 ' j asf L ' t 'Th,erm:ae, l i S late ,as 2\20~ But eis more usual I I f t , e rabout 240.. e ,isfound In -t'he.Hieronisn period, (Boeekh ,C LII~ii. 0;,368~) T h e form llJ' occurs repea.tedly In theSelinun,iin 'i in,soription,i.

It .Th i s form -i.ecommon , R t silt periods, but \t' snperaedes ji,t

at Leontini from about 480", the Demaretion period oWe'rin,gthe D . F s t example; t o 4,2'O~ "iB, also. 'used ; a ; t - Za.nlde, before'910~ L eeeurs in run, isola'ted, way at L eontini :in t h . ' em iddle of ,th e, ,fifth een t l lF ,Y , . , . '


41/51

' i t ' I " " I - ' i l i " I ' ~ ,'~T' o I ' f i f ' i i T ' ! 'D ' I "'E! : " 0 1 '1 1 0" , (. ,', .i,"i lL,';' ;.,: s'rY"',,ri~,. , - J l ' -~.M

U'~ltilthe ' m ' i d , d . l e : o f ' t h ! e 'b.ir,d eentnry thi's, le,tter : i s almostalways written 1 1 \ " , t U B it, is R ' t some cities) such as, Panormusun til nn' - , ' - T -~h~I ' f : ' .ac" t ~ '"" l m iost ov e r l o o k e d - ' b V F ~ 'ran , ; J ! ' 'lOU' , t ; c- _ ,1, __" ~u -II! llLLajlQ!',: . I Jl.fQl m" _.V~": I f '. " ~ _ ' . r..v, __l I . . . . " , _ : . O J ~ _ ' _

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Sicilian studies / [Percy Gardner]