Sierra Leone Proposed Transport Rehabilitation Project ...Proposed Transport Rehabilitation Project Environmental Analysis n ... Sierra Leone Proposed Transport Rehabilitation Project

The World Bank

Sierra LeoneProposed TransportRehabilitation ProjectEnvironmental Analysis nand Mitigation Plan

June 1995

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The World Bank

Sierra LeoneProposed TransportRehabilitation ProjectEnvironmental Analysisand Mitigation Plan

Final Report

June 1995

Report No. 26321-01Issue No. 02Datc of ssue : 6 Juuc 1995

Prepared : Margot Mallcr NickeuChecked : Paul Iavior. Stecn 0. DahlApproved * Paul Taylor

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TRP: Environmental Analysis and Mitigation Plan Pagc I

Table of Contents

0. Summary 4

1. Introduction 13

2. Scope of Work 15

3. Project Components 16

4. Legal and Institutional Framework 18

S. Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Roads 20Potential Environmental Impacts 20Need for Training and Institutional Strengthening 31

6. Road Transport 34

7. Maritime Transport 38Rehabilitation of Freetown Port 38Coastal and River Transport 39Maritime Services Agency 41

8. Improvement of Freetown Airport (Lungi) 42

9. Draft Mitigation Plan 44

10. References 48

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List or Annexes:

Annex l: Terms of ReferenecAnnex 2: List of People MetAnnex 3: Draft Mitigation Plan: Implemcntation SchedulcAnnex 4: Draft Mitigation Plan: Cost EstimateAnnex 5: Draft Terms of Rcfercncc for an environmental specialist at DOTC.Annex 6: Manual for Public Consultations

List or Flgures:

Fig. 5.1 - The road network proposed to be rehabilitated under the TRP.Fig. 5.2 - National game reserves, forest reserves, and protectcd forests in Sicrra

Leone and the approximatc location of roads covered by the TRP.Fig. 5.3 - Prevention against erosion of cut slopes of the recently rehabilitated

between Freetown and Masiaka. Each step has drain ditches. Possiblesoil erosion will be rcstricted to a limited number of steps.

Fig. 5.4 - Sand extraction at Hamilton Beach.Fig. 5.5 - Lagoon at Sussex about seven kilometres south of Hamilton Beach. Con-

siderable siltation have taken place in the lagoon and mangrove hasdisappeared since sand extraction activities started at Hamilton Beachabout 10 years ago.

Fig. 5.6 - A typical gravel fecder road through a village.Fig. 5.7 - A labour gang rehabilitating a gravel road near Mamaka. The work,

which is the final part of a training course. is supervised by expens fromthe Mile 91 Training Centre.

Fig. 8.1 - The access road at Frcetown Airport. Due to improper fencing the roadis used by the local people and the airport area is used for grazing.

List of Tables:

Table 6.1 - Enission factors for sclected vehicle types (g/km).Table 6.2 - Emission limits adopted by the EU for gasolinc and diesel powered

vehicles (g/km).Table 6.3 - Ernission limits adopted by the United States for light-duty automobiles

(g/km).

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List .r Abbreviations

CO: Carbon Monoxide

DLHE: Dcpartment o1 Lands. Housing and the EnvironmentDOTC: Department of Transport and CommunicationsDOW: Department of Works

EA: Environmcntal AssessmcntEPS: Environmental Protection SccrctariatEU: The Europcan Union

HC: HydrocarbonsHED: Housing and Environment Division

LWDD: Land & Water Dcvelopment Department

MSA: Maritime Services Agency

NEAP: National Environmental Action PlanNEC: National Environmental CouncilNEP: National Environmental PolicyNGO: Non-Governmcntal OrganisationNO2: Oxides of Nitrogen

OD 4.01: The World Bank's Operational Directive 4.01: Environmental Assess-ment

OMC: One-man contractor

RRMP: The Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance ProjeccRTA: Road Transport AuthorityRTB: Road Transport BoardRTC: Road Transport Corporation

SL: Sierra LeoneSLA: Sierra Leone AirwaysSLAA: Sierra Leonc Airport AuthoritySLNSC: Sierra Leone National Shipping CompanySLPA: Sierra Leone Port AuthoritySLRA: Sierra Leone Roads AuthoritySO,: Sulphur DioxideSPM: Suspended Particulatc Matter

TRP: Transport Rehabilitation ProLjcct. Sicrra Leonc

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0. Summary

0.1. An environmental assessment is prepared for the proposed Transport RehabilitationProject (CRP) for Sicrra Lcone to mcet the nceds for a category B assessment in accord-ance with the World Bank's Operational Directive No. 4.01 on Environmental Assess-ment. The possible environmental impacts are assessed in gencral terms in preparationfor incorporation of remedial actions in the further planning and design of projectactivities. Main emphasis is laid on road rehabilitation and maintenance as this is themajor component of the TRP. Special attention is drawn to the institutional strengtheningaspects as these constitute the fundainental potential to improve upon environmentalawareness and concerns within the transport sector in Sierra Leone.

Scope of Work

0.2. Given the wide range of project activities and studies under the TRP of which a numberare not yet defined to a level which allows detailed environmental analysis, the followingapproach was considered operational for this mission:

D The possible environmental impacts are described and assessed in general terms inpreparation for incorporation of remedial actions in the further planning and design ofproject activities;

* special cmphasis is laid on road rehabilitation and maintenance as this is the majorcomponcnt of the TRP;

* significant impacts are compared with the impacts of not implementing the proposedproject activities, that is the "do-nothing" alternative:

* special attention is drawn to the institutional str-. -tlhening aspects as these constitutethe fundamental potential to improve upon environmenial awareness and concernswithin the transport sector in Sierra Leone; and

* based on the findings. a draft mitigation plan is prepared.

0.3. The assessment is based on the assumptions that an adequate and efficient nationalenvironmental regulation and administration will be implcmcnted concurrently with theimplementation of the TRP and that the general security situation in Sierra Leone willimprove substantially bcforc the projcct starts.

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EnvIroinmental Strengthening of DOTC

0.4. The TRP includes strengthening of transport sector institutions of which the Departmentof Transpon and Communications (DOTC) is the main rcsponsible authority for devel-opmcnt and implemcntation of a proper transpon policy for Sierra Lcone.

0.5. To co-ordinate the environmcntal activities under the TRP i is recommcnded to build upan environmental unit anl appoint an environmental co-ordinator at the DOTC. Thetasks of the co-ordinator will include among other things:* Co-ordination of environmental activitics under the TRP. including regular joint

mectings;* co-ordination of activitics with other authorities and institutions such as the Environ-

mental Protection Secretariat (EPS) and the Land and Water Developmcnt Depart-ment (LWDD):

* arrange workshops and seminars for management and staff at the transport sectorauthorities and institutions (DOTC. SLRA. SLPA. SLAA, RTC. RTA and MSA):

* prepare environmcntal project progress reports regularly: and* possibly propose and implement corrective measures depending on project progress;* a foreign advisor will be attached to the cnvironmental unit intermittently for a total

of 12 manmonths.

Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Roads

0.6. The TRP enmmpasses a three year programme for implementation of labour based peri-odic and routine maintenance for some 2,500 km of roads, including paved and graveltrunk roads, gravel feeder roads and urban roads in provincial centres. Considerablerehabilitation works are also needed. because cssential parts of the road network areseriously affected by the lack of proper maintenance during the past two decades. Thus.a number of roads are heavily deteriorated and are no longer useable by motorisedtraffic. except for motor bikes.

0.7. The key environmental issues related to the road rehabilitation and maintenance areidentified as:

* Protection against soil erosion. The mean annual rainfall ranges from about 2 metresin the north to more than 5 metres in the coastal areas with rather over 3 metres inmajor parts of the country. The bulk of precipitation falls from May to Novemberwith the heaviest rainfall in July. The uppermost soil laycrs consist mainly of alluvialdeposits and mctamorphosed volcanic rocks which both are susceptible to erosion.Due to the heavy rainfalls all kinds of disruption of the vegetation cover will increasethe risk of soil erosion. particularly on slopcs and in hilly arcas. Soil erosion fromroad construction works and roads can be rcduced by several mcans:

- Land clearance during construction works can he minimised by: minimising thewidth of the working 7one: utilising the ditched-up material from side drains as

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road construction material instead of using horrow pits (dcpcnding on the prop-crtics of the soil material): and establishing borrow pits close to thc roads to avoidthe construction of signiricant sections of temporary roads.

- The roads can bc designed not only to protcct the road against erosion, but also toproicct the surroundings against crosion. Possibic protection measures are sevcraldcpending on the sitc condiions. They includc among othcr things: reinforcementof cut slopes by introducing steps each of which having drain ditches; rcinforcc-mcut of fillcd slopes and embankments by adding cxcess fill and subsequentcompaction: strengthening of slope surfaces by planting grass; implementation ofproper road drain systems. including sidc drains, culverts and possibly outicts atappropriatc intcrvals: and preventing dmins against collapsing by strengthening thedrain surface (e.g. by planting grass and in some cases by surfacing the drains withconcrete).

- Temporarily cleared or otherwise disturbed land can be restored after completionof the construction works by: restoring of the working zone along the road con-struction by planting of trees or grass; rejuvenation of borrow pits by coveringwith stockpiled top-soil and planting of trees and grass: and restoring of possiblecamps.

P Potential disturbance of protected areas. The roads under the TRP do no seem to con-flict with game or forest reserve interests, but some of the road sections interfere withprotected forests. During the design phase for the distinct road sections the exactextent of interference with protected areas has to be clarified, and a specific mitiga-tion plan must be prepared to remediatc the potential conflicts between road worksand protected nature. Specific conditions must be made for the contractors. SLRAmust inspect the road work to ensure that the work comply with the prescribed miti-gative procedures. Realignment of the road may be considered.

* Sand resources. Sand for all concrete construction works in Sierra Lcone is extractedfrom the sandy beaches. such as the sandy beaches at the Peninsula. Sand extractionresults in increased coastal erosion and conflicts with both tourism interests andcoastal settlements. The coastal erosion can be reduced by implementing proper coastprotection, such as groynes. at intervals.

O.S. Other considerable impacts relate to human health and safety:

* Labour based road work constitutes a considerable occupational health risk duc tosevcral factors. including physically hard working conditions. cxposure to dust andbituminous vapours. and exposure to vibrations and noisc fiom machines. Measuresto reduce occupational health and safety risks include accomplishment of adcquatetraining and cducation of pcrsonncl. use of appropriatc personal protectivc equipmcnt.dust suppression during drv scasons. maintenance of lacilitics and equipment ofdesigned or regulated lcvcl of pcrformance. and the work being consistent with properoperational proccdures and occupational health standards.

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* Othcr thing,s being cqual. the road improvements will introduce an increascd risk ofaccidents duc to a gcncrally higher specd of the motorised traffic and due to anexpected increase in traffic amounts. Measures to mitigate adverse effects includeseparation of non-motorised traffic from the motorised by establishment of footpaths.establishment of laybys for buses and taxis to prevcnt against traffic congestion.introduction of speed rcduction mcasures in town and village streets, and propcr roadmarking. In addition surfacing of town and villagc roads will allow a more uniformspeed and partly prevent dust generation. Traffic safety measures should bc particu-larly addressed for town and village roads and heavily trafficked trunk roads.

0.9. Under the on-going Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Project (RRMP) financed bythe 'World Bank. an environmental unit is being built up at the SLRA and an cnviron-mental engineer has becn dcsignated. The following additional institutional strengtheningactions are recommended to mect the demand for environmental protection capability inroad planning and managcmcnt:* Training of the cnvironmental cngineer on-site and abroad to achieve adequate qualifi-

cations:* performance of workshops and/or seminars for management and staff at the SLRA to

increase the environmcntal awareness;a training of SLRA supervisors as discussed above.a training of management and supervisors of contractors as discussed above;- technical assistance to implement and monitor the proposed actions.

0.10. The tasks of the envirornmntal unit at the SLRA will include among other things:- Preparation of environmental guidelines concerning road planning and management to

be approved by the EPS;* performance of workshops, seminars and training in accordance with the proposed

institutional strengthening actions;* preparation and implementation of mitigation plans for specific road projects;* inspection of road works to supervise and control the implementation of mitigation

measures: and* preparation of terms of reference for specific studies. such as a study for coast protec-

tion due to coastal sand extraction.

Road Transport

0.11. A Road Transport Authority (RTA) is being established under the TRP to co-ordinateroad transport planning and management and to undertake inspection and testing ofvehicles and drivers and to undertake surveys and studies to plan and monitor the devcl-opment within this area: including designation and up-grading of private workshops tovehicle cxamination centrcs to undertake regularly vehicle standard examinations.

0.12. The key environncntal issue related to the road transport is the extremely poor standardof the currcnt Sierra Leonean vehicle fllcet resulting in cxtensivc emissions of air pollu-tants.

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TRP- Environmental Analysis and Mitigation Plan Page 8

0.13. It is recommcnded to build up an cnvironmental unit under the RTA to mect the mosturgent demands for environmental prolection capability in road transport planning andmanagement. The following actions are recommended:* Appointmcnt of an cnvironmcntal specialist to address the following issues:

- road transport planning and management;- gencral quality standards for imported second hand vehicles, including emission

standards;- fuel quality standards.- traffic safety measures.

* training of the environmental specialist on-site and abroad to achievc adequatc quali'i-cations:

* workshops and/or seminars for management and staff at RTA to increase the envi-ronmcntal awareness:

* training of management and mechanics at the proposed vehicle cxamination centres:* technical assistance to implement and monitor the proposed actions.

0.14. The tasks of the environmental unit at the RTA will include among other things:* Preparation of enviromnental standards for vehicle emissions, fuel quality etc. to be

approved by EPS:* performance of workshops. seminars and training in accordance with the proposed

institutional strengthening actions;* preparation of cnvironmental terms for the proposed vehicle examination centres and

subsequent supervision and control hereof;* proposal of incentives to encourage vehicle operators to adopt standards; and* preparation of terms of reference for specific studies, including a transport planning

and managenent study for Freetown.

Maritime Transport

0.15 A Port Rebabililation Study for Freetown Port is being executed as a preparation forthe TRP, including among other things evaluation of port trade, examination of portroads. storage areas. sheds and equiprnent. investigation of the quay wall and coping.slipway repair and paving of the container stacking area.

0.16. A detailed environmcntal impact assessment will be an integrated part of the port reha-bilitation study. However. a number of possible environmental impacts can be expectedfrom various activities encompassed in the rchabilitation study. This mission has ident-ified the following major environmental issues to be addressed in the port rehabilitationstudy:

* Establishment of oil wastc rcception and treatment facilities at the port is considrcrdmandatory as is the implementation of an oil spill contingency plan for Sierra Lconc:

* implementation of proper operational proccdurcs. occupational health and safetyprocedures and hazard managemcnt proccdures:

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* the necessity of clcan-up of port arcas - on-shou as wcll as off-shorc: includingrcmoval of scrap ond wrccks and cicun-up of contaminated soil and sediments. and

* potential impacts on spawning. and fishing areas. Aberdccn west of Frectown is amain snapper rishing area and the centire mouth of Sierra Leone River is an importanibonga and sardine fishing srea.

0.17. A Coastal and River Transport Study is being cxecuted as a preparation or the TRP toreview the cxisting coastal and rivcr transport system and determinc its adcquacy inmceting thc existing and expected futurc demands as a part of an integrated multi-modaltransport system which is suggested in the Draft National Transpon Policy for SierraLeone. The study cxamincs among other things the possibilities for improving inland andcoastal waterways to facilitatc appropriate sizcd vessels to gain access to the inner partsof the country and for improving existing port and landing facilities.

0.18. The output or the study shall cncompass thc formulation of a short-term investmentpackage to rehabilitatc the existing inland water and coastal transport system. includingamong other things an environmcntal impact assessment and a plan to mitigate adversecnvironmental cffects. A number of potentially severe adverse environmental impactscan be expected from various activitics under this investment package which it is cssen-tial to address:

* Possible deepening, widening and changc of a river courses will increase the drinageof the catchment area, hereby changing the water-balance of the catchment area withpotentially severc permanent effects on wetland as well as agricultural, grassland andforest ecology. This could be the case for the Sewa and Moa rivers in the castem partof Sierra Leone. The catchmcnt area of Moa River contains a national wild lifesanctuary which could be adversely affected by an altered water balance. The catch-ment area of Sewa river includes protected forests and large areas of inland swamps.which are vulnerable to changes in the waler balance.

* These effects are considered particularly serious for protected forest and other typesof protected naturc areas in Sicrra Leone. Rivcrs and estuaries to be prepared orimproved for inland navigation arc not yct dctermined in detail. Therefore. it is notclariried whether protected forests or other nature reserves in ccrtain catchment areascould be affected.

* The change of hydrological characteristics of rivers may also increase the risk of rivcrbank erosion and subscquent flooding of nearby areas.

* Rivcr and estuarine flora and fauna may be affected due to several factors. includingpermanent changes of hydrological nature. siltation from dredging activities, possiblechange in salinitv of cstuaries due to increased suppiv of fresh water to cstuarics anddue to cmissions of pollution. noise and vibrations from the maritimc traffic.

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* Disposal (up-land disposal or otf-shore dumping) of dredged sedimentis may ciausevarying efecets on ccological hahitats.

* Improvement of river and coastal transport will, other things being equal. increase therisk of oil spills and accidents in rivers and cstuaries. Adequatc reception and treal- ment facilities for oily wastC arc, therefore, required as an indispensable part of themarine infrastructure development as well as are the dcvclopment of a set of cmerg-ency responsc actions to unintentional oil spills and accidents. Special attention shouldbe paid to the ecologically sensitive wetland areas, such as the extensive mangroveswamps in the Brontc arca and the swamp areas along the Sewa River.

* Locally, the improvemcnt of pons and jetties may imply adverse environmentalcffects to bc mitigatcd. Particularly, the requirement of oily waste reception andtreatmcnt facilities should be addressed as should the potential operation and man-agement of hazardous goods.

Improvement or Freetown Airport

0.19. The airport component of the TRP incluJes runway edge light repair, runway pavemcntevaluation, procurement of fire fighting and rescue equipment, perimeter fencing, andmini watcr supply project. No significant environmental impacts are likely to occur inrelation to the proposed activities. However, the study for the watcr supply projectshould include a survey on potential impacts on nearby water sources and proposeremedial actions. if rcevant.

Draft Mitgation Plan

0.20. A draft plan to mitigate adverse cffects of the TRP is prepared. The plan proposes legal,institutional strengthening. training, and technical measures to bc incorporated in theTRP.

0.21. Legal measures. The following legal mcasures arc recommended:

* Preparation of environmental guidelincs regarding road rehabilitation and maintcnanceworks:

* preparation of proper standards for emission factors and noise from vehicles:* preparation of fucl quality critcria;* preparation of a programme for vehicle emission control and fuel quality control:* preparation of proper operational procedures and occupational health and safety

procedurcs in connection with road works. vehicle examination centres, port andairport operation:

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* preparttion of adcquatc guidelines and cmergency rcsponsc action plans regardingrehabilitation of Frectown Port which is in accordancc with the rccommcndationsmadc in the port rchabilitation study; and

* preparation of adcquatc guidelines and emergency rcsponse action plans rcgarding theimprovement of inland navigation facilities in Sierra Leone which is in accordanccwith the rccommendations madc in the coastal and river transport study.

0.22. Institulional strentthening measures. The following institutional strengtheningmcasures to be financed under the TRP arc recommended as a minimum to improveupon the environmental protection capability within the transport sector in Sierra Leone:

* An environmcntal co-ordination unit should be built up under the DOTC to co-ordi-natc cnvironmental activities under the TRP, including appointment of an environ-mental co-ordinator (draft Tcrms of Refcrencc for the environmental co-ordinator arcpresented in Annex 5 of this report); and

- the existing cnvironmental unit under SLRA should be strengthened by training ofstaff in environmcntal subjects related to road planning, design and constructionworks.

0.23. Training measures. The following environmental training and education measuresshould be included in the TRP:

* Training of the environmental engineer at the SLRA and possibly also the environ-mental co-ordinator at DOTC on-site and abroad to achieve adequate qualifications;

- workshops and seminars for management and staff at the transport sector authoritiesand institutions to increase the general environmental awareness within the transportsector in Sierra Leone;

- training of SLRA road construction supervisors; and- training of management and supervisors of private contractors to undertake road

rehabilitation and maintenance (at the Mile 91 Training Centre).

0.24. Technical measures. Regarding the road rehabilitation and maintenance, the mitigationmeasures and remedial actions discussed in Chapter 5 should be implemented in thedetailcd design of the respective trunk and feeder roads in concem. The environmcntalengineer at SLRA should be responsibic for preparation of specific mitigation plans foreach road or road section under the TRP. The mitigation plan for a certain road or roadsection should be based on ficld inspections and available information from e.g. theLWDD. The plan should includc:

* Short description of the proposed road project:

* identification and description of the potential environmcntal impacts of the proposedproject. including potcntial impacts on landscapc. nature. flora. fauna. protected arcasand species. soil crosion potential. rivers and ground-water. resources demand and

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availability, air pollution and noise. land use nnd socio-economic environment. occu-pational health and safety, and traffic safety:

* proposals of project modifications or changes to reduce or eliminate negative envi-ronmental impacts: and

* a supervision plan for the construction works, including an action plan for the con-structors in case of unforseen impacts during the construction phase.

0.25. Proposals of mitigation plans for project components apart from the road constructioncomponent are considered beyond the scope of this project as planned. subsequentstudies. including detailed environmental impact assessments. are supposed to reveal theneeds hereof.

0.26. An implementation schedule for the above proposed measures appears from Annex 3.

0.27. The estimated costs to implement the suggested mitigation measures amounts to804,600 USS expressed in fixed 1994 prices. Cust estimates appear from Annex 4.

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1. Introduction

1.1. On rcquest from the World Bank. COWIconsult has undertaken an environmentalassessment for the proposed Transport RehabiliLation Projcct (TRP) for Sierra Leone.This report prcscnts an analysis of potential environmcntal impacts and a draft mitigationplan for the TRP. The assessmcnt follows the concept for a "catcgory B assessment"outlined in the World bank's Operational Directive No. 4.01 on Environmental Assess-ment.

1.2. An environmental specialist (consultant for the World Bank) Ms. Margot Moller Nielscnvisited Sierra Leone from 14 November to 5 December 1994 and met with Mr. A.Bishop-Gooding. Hon. Secretary of State. DOTC; and held discussions with manage-ment and staff of the DOTC, SLRA. SLPA, SLAA, RTC and other governmentagencies in connection with an environmental analysis of the proposed TRP. The con-sultant also performed field reconnaissance of Freetown Airport (Lungi). Freetown Port.a limited but representative number of roads under the TRP, a quarry outside Freetownand sand extraction sites at Lakka and Hamilton beaches, respectively. and visited theMile 91 Training Centre for road sector operators.

Objectives

1.3. The immediate objective of the environmental analysis is to identify, describe and assessthe significant adverse and beneficial environmental impacts of the proposed projectactivities and to outline a mitigation plan to reduce or eliminate adverse environmentalimpacts.

1.4. The long-term objective of the study is to enable local staff to perform environmentallysound transport planning and management and, thereby, contribute to the overall im-provement of the environmental protection capabilities within the transport sector inSierra Leone.

Acknowledgements

1.5. The consultant would like to express hcr thanks to all officials and individuals met forthe kind support anid valuahic intfrmation which she rcceived during her stay in SierraLeone and which highly facilitated the work. Particularly. tne consultant owes a dept ofgratitude to Dr. Samshu Mustapha and Mr. 0. Taylor-Pearche who kindly brought about

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contacts and appuintmcnts with relevant institutions and persons and contributcd withsignificant inputs to this report.

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2. Scope of Work

2.1. An environmcntal assessment of the TRP activitics has been prepared to mcct thc necdsof a category B environmental analysis and mitigation plan according to the WorldBank's Operational Directive on Environmental Assessment. OD 4.01. which corre-sponds with thc Tcrms of Referencc for this mission (sce Annex 1). Given the widerange of project activities and studics under the TRP of which a number is not yetdefined to a level which allows detailed cnvironmcntal analysis. the following approachwas considered operational for this mission:

* The possible cnvironmcntal impacts are described and assessed in general terms inpreparation for incorporation of remedial actions in the furthcr planning and design ofproject activities;

* special emphasis is laid on road rchabilitation and maintenance as this is the majorcomponcnt of the TRP;

* significant impacts are compared with the impacts of not implemcnting the proposedproject activities. that is the "do-nothing" alternative;

* special attention is drawn to the institutional strengthening aspects as these constitutethe fundamental potential to improve upon environmental awareness and concernswithin the transport sector in Sierra Leonc;

* based on the findings a draft mitigation plan is prepared, including:- Recommendation of measurcs to mitigate adverse cnvironmental impacts;- implementation schedule and cost estimation; and- suggestion of a monitoring and report procedure.

2.2. The assessment is based on the assumptions that an adequate and efflcient nationalenvironmental regulation and administration will be implemented concurrently with theimplementation of the TRP and that the on-going rebel war will come to an end bcforethe project starts.

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3. Project Components

3.1. The proposed Transport Rehabilitation Project includes the following project compo-nents and project activities to be implcmented during a 3-year programme from 1996 to1998:

a. Road component:- Periodic maintenance of 190 km of paved trunk roads;- periodic maintenance of 1590 km of gravcl trunk roads;- pcriodic maintenance of 630 km of feeder roads;- periodic maintenance of 20 km of city streels in provincial centres; and- development of small and medium sized. labour based contractors to undertake

periodic maintenance activitics.

b. Road transport component:- Assistance to the proposed Road Transport Authority;- establishment of urban traffic system management measures; and- establishment of vehicle examination centres in private sector garages.

c. Port and maritime transport component:- Rehabilitation study for Freetown Port;- slipway repair. paving of container stacking area and quay repair at Freetown Port:

and- study on improvement of coastal and river transport.

d. Airport component:- Runway edge light repair,- runway pavemcnt evaluation;- procurement of fire fighting and rescue equipmentl and- perimeter fencing.

e. Strengthening of transport sector institutions:. Capacity building:- manpower training; and- tcchnical assistance.

3.2. A National Transport Policy has bccn prcparced by the Govcrnment. which aims atfurthcr restructuring of the transport secor by reducing the Ministry's role tocoordinating and monitoring. and delegating all exCeCutive functions to semi-autonomous

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authoritics and. wherc feisibic. to the privatc sector. The main emphasis of the TRP isto assist this institutional changc and to maintain and rchabilitatc some of the kcy nation-al infrastructurc.

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4. Legal and Institutional Framework

4.1. Environmental lelislation and administration. Sierra Leone is currently in the proccssof strcngthening its environmcntal protection capacity and capability. Thus. an Environ-mental Protection Sccrctariat (EPS) has recently becn established under the Departmcntof Lands, Housing and the Environment (DLHE). Housing and Environment Division(HED). to undcrtake the dcvelopmcnt and implemcntation of environmental protectionpolicies and strategies in Sierra Lcone. Furthermore. a National Environmental Council(NEC) has been cstablished to ensurc inter-ministerial cu-ordination regarding environ-mental issues. EPS and NEC have initiatcd the formulation of a National EnvironmentalPolicy (NEP). including a Draft National Environental Regulation and a NationalEnvironmental Action Plan (NEAP). Both policy. regulation and action plan will bepresented and evaluated on a workshop to be held in late December 1994, followed byformulation of sectorial environmental regulations and formulation of cnvironmentalassessment procedures.

4.2. Sector policies. Environmental concerns within the transport sector are not addressedparticularly in the NEP, although a number of the sector policies consider issues directlyor indirectly relevant to the transport sector. These include:

* Land tenure, land use and soil conservation;* water resources management;* forestry and wildlife:* bio-diversity and cultural heritage;* coastal and marine resources;* air quality and noise:* working environment (occupational health and safety),* energy production and use: and* scttlements. recreational space and green-bclts.

4.3. Proposals ror the transport sector. With the purpose of improving environmentalawarcness and considerations within the transport sector it is recommended to formulatean environmental policy for this sector. including all transport categories and transporta-tion modes. This sector policy should add on to the existing NEP. and a transport sectorstrategy should consequently bc applied to the NEAP. EPS should be the rcsponsiblebody. but thc policy formulation should bc preparcd in closc collaboration with DOTC.SLRA. and other transport authorities and institutions. This is in agreement with theinlcntions of the EPS. DOTC and SLRA. Thus. at a joint mecting with participants fromEPS. DOTC. SLRA and thc environmcntal specialist of this mission it was discussed to

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address the transport sector specifically in the NEAP. It was agrecd that reprcsentativesof SLRA and DOTC should participate in thc abovc mcntioned workshop with thcpurposc of tfirmulating an operational cnvironmcntal transport sector policy and strit-egy.

4.4. With EPS being the principal responsiblc body regarding environmental concerns. it isstill considered requisitc lo build up an environmental proleclion capabilily within thetransport scetor authorities and institutions in order to ensurc an integrated environ-mental approach in transport planning and managemcnt. This recommendation is furthersupported by the fact that the EPS has a manpower capacity too limitcd to support thesector institutions for the timc being. In a longer view, the transport sector should ofcourse draw on the expertise which will be built up within the EPS framework. how-cver. In the context of the proposed activitics under the TRP, thc following ficids shouldbe given high priority with respect to environmental strcngthening:

* road planning and management, including environmental assessments and mitigationplans for road construction. rehabilitation and maintenance;

* transportation planning and managemcnt, including formulation of emission stan-dards, control of cmissions air pollutants and noisc from vehicles. fucl quality controland traffic safety mcasures; and

* maritime transport planning and management. including environmental assessmentsand mkiigation plans for improvement of inland and coastal waterways, rehabilitationof port and landing facilities, emergency responses to oil spills etc.

To complete the range of environmental capabilities within the transport sector, it is alsorelevant to strengthen the air transport sector environmentally. However, as no signifi-cant environmental effects are identiried in relation to the proposed airport rehabilitationactivities under the TRP. the TRP may not be the appropriate framework for thisstrengthening. Detailed discussions of the needs for capacity building, manpower train-ing and technical assistance within each of the transport sectors are given in the sectionsbelow.

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5. Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Roads

5.1. The TRP encompasscs implementation of periodic maintenance for some 2.500 km ofroads. including paved and gravel trunk roads. gravel fecdcr roads and urban roads inprovincial centrcs. Considerablc rchabilitation works arc also nceded. because csscntialparts of the road nctwork are seriously affccted by the lack of proper maintenance duringthc past two decades. Thus. a number of roads arc tremendously dcterioratcd and arc nolongcr uscabic by motorised trafTic. cxcept for motor bikes.

Figure 5.1 shows the roads proposed to be covered by the TRP.

5.2. Pcriodic maintenancc of paved trunk roads normally includes pothole patching withasphaltic concrcte and in some instances also overlaying of sections of the road.

5.3. Periodic maintenance of gravel trunk and fceder roads normally include levelling ofdepressed areas, patching with laterite. compaction and light and heavy grading. Therehabilitation and maintenance work on gravel trunk roads is predominantly capitalbased while on gravel feeder roads it is more labour based.

5.4. The TRP includes rehabilitation and periodic maintenance of some 20 km of urban roadsin provincial centres. For these road sections traffic safeLy measures and measures toreduce dust generation are key issues to be addressed in project mitigation plans.

5.5. The rehabilitation of some roads will imply considerabic concrete construction work. forinstancc repair or reconstruction of bridges. ferry landing facilities. drains and culverts.and change of palm tog bridges to box culvcrts or concrcte bridges.

Potential Environmental Impacts

5.6. The overall environmental advantages of the road rehabilitation and maintcnance pro-gramme arc:

* Incrcased fucl cfficiency and reduced cmission factors of the vehicics due to a gen-crally reduced vehiclc movemcnt time and a more uniform speed (this cffect is.howcvcr. expected to bc quitc limitcd until adequatc quality critcria for both ruclquality aInd importation ofr sCtcond hand vehicles arc introiduced and an efficient con-trol hercof is cstablished): and

a reduced vehicic maintenance cost due to thc improved road conditions.

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SIERRA LEONE

CLASSIFIED NATIONAL......... ..... i ROAD SVSTEM

> fir , t "^ j"@1 / lit#iZ *Atbl! tIli'~~~~~~~ ~ fM Stg b(.flW \ ig

J~~~~~i ~ rnfornsOMTWR

.~~~~~N -t ___.

,* . oh$e- t-~ . . ' - z's'

(<s.. _ .,', K , .. ,4

'flUNK fiROAD NEI ?W.2- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ECO&fl+ ' '"6 Nf?W)U" o rg

"4- 4 .'} /- ,.. '1 P 1EEo RCAD NETWORN

Su't"4 ~* rmct'.RC fl

Legend:

Implementation

Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

Fig. 5.1 - Te road nerivork proposed to be rehabilitatde un&er the TRP.

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5.7. A numbcr of udvcrsc cnvironmental impacts are expeceted to varying degrecs dependingon the type and the cxtcnt of rchabilitation or mnaintenance work to hc undcrtaken aid onthe site conditions rclating to gcomorphological mnd ecological characteristics. Thcproposcd roadt rchahilitation and maintcnance project may direcily or indirectly result insignificant adversc effccts within the following spheres:

* landscape;* naturc, flora and fauna:* protccetcd naturc arcas and monuments.* geology and hydrogeology. including the risk soil crosion* surfacc and ground-waler;* resources:* air quality (vehicle cxhaust gascs and road dust gcneration);* acoustic cnvironment (traffic noise and noise from construction works);* cultural heritage:* land use and sociocconomic cnvironmcnt:* occupational health and safety; and* traffic safety.

5.8. Landscape. The proposed work will in general not include re-alignments or consider-able level adjustments of the roads, and the potential impacts on landscape features areconsidered of minor significance. However, opening of borrow pits will disturb thelandscape as will the possible road camps. Even though these disturbances (land clea-rance, damage to vegetation and possibly incrcased risk of soil erosion) may be oftemporary character the damagcd areas should be restored by covering of cleared areaswith top-soil and re-planting of the areas both for aesthetic reasons and to preventagainst soil erosion.

5.9. Nature, flora and huna. The road rehabilitation and maintenancc works may affectnature, flora and fauna directly or indirectly in sceveral ways:

* Clearing of land and extraction for laterite and other construction materials during theconstruction works remove vegetation cover along roadsidc and at borrow pits. Therecovery of vegetation will in most cascs bc fairly fast (few years) because of theplentiful rainfall and the fertile nature of most surface soils in Sierra Leone. Never-theless, by using the narrowest possible working zone, part of the vegetation covercan be preserved and the effects on the vegetation reduced. A 30-60 m wide workingzone is norrnally used in Sierra Leone depending on the class of road. It is possible toreduce this zone considerably depending or) the site conditions. It is possible to reducethe damages from laterite extraction too by stockpiling top-soil from the borrow pitsand using it for restoring cxploited areas.

* Indirectly. road improvements may also result in loss of vegetation and forest covcr.As a result of improved road infrastructure and casicr access to products. the marketsfor agricultural products and fucl-wood may increase. thereby increasing the demandfor cultivation of new areas and increasing the forcst degradation. This should be

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carcfully followed nnd controllcd by the Lald and Wnter Dcvclopmcnt Division(LWDD). which is the responsibie lanid usc authority. to minimise the dtvcriortItion ofnature arcas.

* If exploited borrow pits arc le't uncovered as deep holcs pools of stagnant watcr mayarisc being breeding areas for mosquito larvae and other unwanted insects. This canbe avoided easily by simply not digging deep holes or by rcstoring the exploitedareas.

* Dust gencration from the roads may disturb or damagc fauna and flom along theroadsidc during the dry scason. This will particularly bc the case for gravel and carthroads. Road dust cannot bc prevented cfficiently. Dust gencrntion is in gencralexpected to bc reduced by the improved maintcnance duc to increased road stabilityand decrcased surfacc roughness. Howevcr, it may be further be reduced by consoli-dation of road shoulders and ditches with grass or with a concrete surface and byproper compaction of the carriageway. In addition. newly constructed gravel andearth roads may be sprinkled in the dry season to consolidate the construction worksand prevent against road dust.

* Flora and fauna may be affected by air pollutants from the vehicles. During the dryseason, atmospheric particulate mattcr, including lead and hydrocarbon containingparticles, will deposit on leaf or soil surfaces close to the roads and accumulate in soiland vegetation while gaseous substances (NO., C02, CO etc.) will be dispersed far-ther away or absorbed by the vegetation. During rainfalls. most of the particulatecontaminants will be washed down by the rain close to the roads. The measurableeffects of air pollutants will typically be restricted to a narrow zone along the road(less than 50 m to each side of the road). Agricultural land and sensitive ecosystemscan be partly protected against contamination by planting a green belt along theroadside to absorb the contaminants.

5.10. Protected nature areas and monuments. including game reserves, forest reserves. pro-tected forests etc. should be paid special attention as they may contain a unique flora orfauna, endangered, vulnerable or endemic species or make up a irretrievablc bio-diver-sity potential. The road rehabilitation projects covered by the TRP do no seem to con-flict with game or forest reserve interests, but some of the projects interferc with pro-tected forests, such as the Kamakwic-Yana-Mcdina Doula road south west of Kuru Hills.the Magdosi-Yonnibana-Magburaka road near Milc 91. and the Sumbuya-Bumpeh-Tikonko-Bendu road in the southern country (see Fig. S.2). A number of other minorareas of protected forest may also be intcrfered with by some of the roads in concern.During the design phase for the distinct road sections the exact extent of interferencewith protccted areas has to bc clarified. and a specific mitigation plan must be preparedto remcdy the potcntial conflicts bctwcen road works and protcctcd nature. Specificconditions must bc madc for the contractors. SLRA must inspect the road work to ensurethat the work comply with the prescribed mitigativc procedurcs. Realignmcnt of the roadmay be considered.

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THE FORST STATE - , F 5

41~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

011W ~ ~ ~ =,V WO b ISIMS

A iu.au "Ulm U1n )

Roads covered by the TRPI

Fig. 5.2 - National gamie reserves, forest reserves, and protected forests in Sierra Leone(After Clarke 1969) and the approximnate location of roads covered by the TRP.

5. 11. Soil erosion. Potcntial soil crusion is a key environmental issuc in thc proposed roadrehabilitation and maintenance programmc. Thc tmcan annual rainfall range from about 2metres in the north to morc than 5 mctrcs in the coastal areas with rather over 3 metrcs

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in major parts of the country. The hulk uf precipitation falls from May to Novemberwith the heaviest riinltll in July. The uppermost soil layers consist mainly of alluvialdeposits and metamorphused volcanic rocks which both are susceptible to erosion. Ducto the heavy rainfall disruption of thc vcgetation covcr will increase the risk of soil cro-sion. particularly on slopcs iind in hilly arcas, such as the mountain areas in the northernand castern parts of Sicrra Leonc. Soil crosion from road construction works and roadscan be reduced by several mcans:

* Land clearance during construction works can bc minimised by:- Minimising the width of the working zone as discussed above,- utilising the ditched-up material from side drains as road construction material

instead of using borrow pits depcnding on the propcrtics of the soil material; and- establishing borrow pits close to the roads to avoid the construction of significant

scctions of temporary roads.

* The roads can bc designed not only to protect the road against erosion, but also toprotect the surroundings against erosion. Possible protection measures arc sevcraldepending on the site conditions. They includc among other things:- reinforcement of cut slopes by introducing steps each of which having drain ditchcs

(see Fig. 5.3);- reinforcement of filled slopes and embankmcnts by adding excess fill and subsc-

quent compaction;- strengthening of slope surfaces by planting grass;- implementation of proper road drain systems, including side drains, culverts and

possibly outlets at appropriate intcrvals; and- preventing the drains against collapsing by strengthening the drain surface (e.g. by

planting grass and in somc cases by surfacing the drains with concrete).Further information on protective measures will be found in 'Road Maintenance andthe Environment' prepared by the World Bank. Africa Region in August 1994.

* Temporarily cleared or otherwisc disturbed land can be restored after completion ofthe construction works by:- Restoring of the working zone along the road construction by planting of trecs or

grass;- rejuvenation of borrow pits by covering with stockpilcd top-soil and planting of

trees and grass: and- rcstoring of possible camps.

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Fig. S.3 - Prevention against erosion of cut slopes of the recently rehabilitated trunkroad between Freetown and Masiaka. Each step has a drain ditch. Possible soil erosionwill be restricted to a Limited nwumber of steps.

5.12. Surfice and ground-water. Road rehabilitation and maintenance, including accessoryactivities such as borrow pits and temporary roads, may affect waler sources in severalways:

* Run-off from the road surface will contain a number of contaminants which, poten-tially, may contaminate the receiving surface and ground-water;

* run-off during the construction phase may cause siltation and contamination of surfacewaters;

* surface run-off may contribute significantly to the through-flow of streams and,thereby, influencing the water balance in certain receiving waters;

* drainage and lowering of ground-water levels in connection with construction worksmay affect adjacent water sources; and

* excavation works may interrupt adjacent water-bearing layers.

Special precautions must be taken if the receiving water is sensitive to pollution ordisturbance.

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5.13. Resources. The predominant rmsource l'or roatd coinstruction ond rehabilitation is lateritcwhich is nolt limited rcsourec in Sicrra Lcone. Lakerite deposits arc nbundant in anorth-south going helt covering most olf the western nnd central Sierra Leone anld occurspot-wise in other parts of thc country. In most caNses it will bc possiblc to l'ind lalteritesources close to the roads to be rchabilitated.

5.14. Stone quarries providc the grtvol uscd for asphallic concrcie constructions. Theincrcased demand for gravel during the construction works will incrcasc the loss or vcg-ctation and soil covcr at quarry sites and increasc the dust gcncration at crusher sites.hercby constituting a hcalth risk for the crusher sitc workers. The hcalth risk can bereduced by using personal filter masks.

5.15. Sand for all conctete construction works in Sicrra Lconc is extracted from the sandycoasts, such as the beaches at the Peninsula. The mnajor consumer of sand for concreteconstructions is the building sector, but also the road sector will take considerable sandamounts, for example, bridge and dam construction, The sand extraction results inincrcased coastal erosion and conflicts with both tourism interests and coastal settle-mcnts. Thus, exploitation of the sand extraction site at Lakka Beach at the Pcninsulacoast ceased about ten years ago because some villas wcre washed to the sea and becauseof risk of erosion of the nearby tourist hotel and disturbance of the bathing beaches.Today. sand cxtraction takes place south of Lakka at Hamilton Beach. As a rcsult ofthcse extraction activities sand particles are suspended in the sea and transported by thecurrent causing sedimentation in calm bays and lagoons. Figure 5.4 shows the sandextraction site at Hamilton Beach, and Figure 5.5 shows the lagoon at Sussex which isaffectced by siltation duc to the sand extraction activities at Hamilton Beach.

The coastal erosion can be reduced by implcmcnting proper coast protection, such asgroynes at intervals.

5.16. Bituminous substances may cause contamination of soils due to spills and accidentsduring construction works and due to Icakage frorn paved surfaces. The risk of spills andaccidents can be reduced by following proper operational proccdures. The leakage ofbituminous substances cannot be avoided efficiently.

5.17. Vehicle emissions. Air pollution from the traffic has not been calculated. Other thingsbeing equal, the road improvements will facilitatc the trafric flow. hereby. reducing theemission of air pollutants such as particles, NO,. CO and lcad. On the contrary. theimproved road conditions are expected to increase the traffic amount, thereby increasingtotal vehicular cmissions. Compared with the do-nothing alternative, the ovcrall impactsof vehicular emissions on the air quality are considered of minor significance. In townsand villages. howevcr. traffic incrcascs may rcsult in air quality deterioration locally,This cffcct can bc reduced to somc degree by designing the town and village roads withsmooth surfaces (such as asphaltic concrete) and with layhys to prevent against trafficcongcstion.

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5.18. Rtiad dust. Dust generation durinlg the dry scason will he must prominent foir gravcl andiearth roaids. The potentiatl impacts un nature anld possibic ways of mitigation tare dis-cussed alhoyc. In addition to the impacts on nature, dust tonstitutes a health risk for roiadworkers and roa;d-users, The health risk for roald workers c:an he rcduccd by sprinklinigthe cleared arcas or by using personal filtcr masks during the dry season. In towns andvillagcs paving of roads should bc considered to prevent against dust generntion.

5.19. Noise. Traffic noisc has not becn calculated, The facilitation of thc traffic flow willcausc two opposite effects. Firstly, thc decline in number of accclcrations anddeceierations will decrease the noisc cmission from the traffic. Sccondly, the increasedmean speed and the expected incrcase in traffic amounts will, other things being equal.rcsult in increased noise emissions. Comparcd with the do-nothing alternative. impactson the acoustic environmcn are considered of minor environmcntal significance. Duringthe construction phase. noise emissions will temporarily incrcasc due to constructionworks, hindering of the traffic flow, cec.

5.20. Cultural heriage. It is anticipatcd that the road rchabilitation will not cunflict with anycultural heritagc as no major rcalignmcnts of the roads are cxpectced.

5.21. Land use and socioeconomic environment. Rehabilitation of the road network in SierraLeone may have several impacts on the socioeconomic environment most of which areindirect effects of the improved road infrastructure. These include:

* An expected change in the occupational pattern due to some local people leavingagriculture for road works,

* overworking of land and withdrawal of virginal land due to and increased demand foragricultural products and fuel-woods;

* impacts of enhanced economic activities in provincial centres; and* enhanced migration and incrcased ethnic diversity.

No need for resettlemcnt due to land acquisition is foreseen as no signiricant realign-ments of the roads arc cxpccted.

5.22. Occupational health and safety. Labour bascd road work is usually physically hardwork and constitutes a considcrable health risk duc to scvcral factors. including:

* Exposurc to dust and bituminous vapours:* exposure to noise from machines:* exposure to vibrations from compactors and other machincs: and* risk of accidents.

Actual figurcs of accidents arc not known to the consultant. but they are probably quitclow duc to the l:act that virtuallv nt road work has taken placc during the past 20 yearsexcept lur the on-going RRMP. Mcasures to reduce occupaitionial health and safkty risksinclude:

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* use of appropriate personal protective equipment;e accomplishment of adequate training and education of personnel;* rehabilitation and maintenance work be consistent with proper operational procedures

and occupational health standards;* dust suppression during dry seasons; and* maintenance of all facilities and equipment of designed or regulated level of per.

formance.

5.23. Traff0c safety. The road improvements will Introduce an increased risk of accidents dueto a generally higher speed of the motorised traffc and due to an expected increase intrafflc amounts. Statistics on traffic accidents are not known to the consultant. Measuresto mitigate the adverse effects on traffic sarety include:

* Separation of the non-motorised traffic from the motorised by incorporating distinctfootpaths along the roadside in the projec. design, e.g. on the road shoulder;

* design of lay-bays for buses and taxis to prevent against congestion, particularly incity streets;

* surfacing the city roads with asphaltic concrete to reduce the dust generation;* introduction of speed reduction measures in city streets (e.g. bumps); and* proper road marking of paved roads.

Traffic safety measures should be particularly addressed for city streets and heavily traf-ficked trunk roads.

Flg. 5.6 - A typ;cal gravel road through a village.

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Need rfir Triining and Institutional Sirengtheninit

5.24. Devel.opment ar small and medium sized contractors to undertake periodic mtaintnil--nce oft runk ald lfecder rOuds is proposed as a part of the TRP. At the Mile 91 TrainingCentre lor rotid operators training courses are performed lor managemcnt. supervisorsand mcchanics of the contractors (sec Fig. S.7). It is recommended to include environ-mental issues in the courses for managcmcnt and supervisors, rcspectively, with thepurpose of increasing thc environmcntnl awareness and enabic supervisors to considerenvironmcnial conecrns during their work. The lccturcs can bc provided by the environ-mental enginecr at SLRA at a very littlic cost.

5.25. Develhpment *r one-man crntractors (OMCs) to undertake routine maintenance oftrunk and fecdcr roads was initially implemcnted under the RRMP and is going to hefurther strcngthened under the TRP. SLRA has proposed that by the year 2000 the vtastmajority of the road network in Sicrra Leonc will be under OMC routine maintenance.I ne routine maintcnance work includes cicaring of vegetation (brushing. grass cutting).drain clearing and cxcavation. culvert clearing and for earth roads also pothole patchingand road shaping. The OMCs will work under dircction by SLRA supcrvisors and eachof the contractors will be rcsponsibic for maintenance of a certain road section. It is notenvisaged by the TRP to give specific training courses to the OMCs. With the purposeof enabling the SLRA supervisors to convey environmental awareness to the OMCs it is.therefore, proposed that the SLRA supervisors should receive training in environmentalissues similar to the training course for supervisors from small and medium sized con-tractors.

5.26. In the design of speciric roads under the TRP, specific environmental analyses should beperformed and mitigption plans should be prepared by SLRA to be incorporated asconditions for the contractors. The required public participation to achieve local accep-tance of the road work and to hirc road workers locally should be addressed particularlyin the mitigation plan. The need for environmental inspcction of the construction work ata certain road or road section depends on the extent of expected adverse impacts andshould be evaluated by SLRA. The cnvironmcntal inspection should be carried out eitherby the environmental enginecr or by SLRA supervisors depcnding on the complexity ofthe proposed correctivc mcasures to bc implemented.

5.27. Environmental guidelines should bc prepared by SLRA for road construction. rchabili-tation and maintenancc to introduce the concept of 'good cnvironmental practisce as anintegrated part of road planning and managemcnt.

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A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

S4

P.._ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ .:.

Flg. 5.7 -A tabour gang rehabilitating a gravel road near Mamaka. The work, which isthe final part of a training course for small sized contractors) is supervised by expertsfrom the Mile 91 Training Centre.

5.28. lnstItutional strengthening. Under the on-going P.R.M an environraental unit is beingbuilt up at SL.RA and an environmental engineer has been designated. The followingadditional institutional strengthening actions are recommended to meet the demand forenvironmental protection capability in road planning and management:* Training of the environmental engineer on-site and abroad to achieve adequate qualifi-

cations;* workshops and/or seminars for management and staff at SLRA to increase the envi-

ronmental awareness;* training of SLRA supervisors as discussed above;* training of management and supervisors of contractors as discussed above;* technical assistance to implement and monitor the proposed actions.

5.29. The tasks of the environmental unit at SLRA will include among other things:* Preparation of environmental guidelines concerning road planning and management to

be approved by EPS;* performance. of workshops, seminars and training in accordance with the proposed

institutional strengthening actions;

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' prepa ration and implementiatiolt * lrmitig atiton plans tir spc:ific road projects;* inspection or road works to supervise and control the implementition tif miligation

measures; and* preparation oIf terms ol rferernec for spceific studics.

5.30. At minimum. the following equipment is needed to execute the tasks:* A 4 wheel drivc vehicle:* training cquipment, including a.o. portable ovcrhend projcctor and photo camera:* test equipmcnt;* computcr cquipmcn. including computer. software and printer.

5.31. It is propused that the abovc actions and cquipment should be financed by the TRP.

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6. Road Transport

6.1. A Road Transport Authority (RTA) is being established under the TRP to co-ordinalteroad transport planning and management and to undertake inscpection and testing ofvehicics and drivcrs and to undertakc surveys and studies to plan and monitor develop-ment within this area. including designation and upgrading of workshops to vehiclccxamination ccntres.

6.2. The cstimated vehicic leet in Sierra Leonc amounts to 57,000 (1993 figurcs) most ofwhich are imported second hand vehicics from Europe. The actual agc distribution is notknown to the consultant, but based on obscrvations from other countries it is estimatedthat 50% or more of the vehicic lleet is more than 15 years old and less than 25% is lessthan S years old. The current vehicle standards arm extremely poor and the fuel quality isgenerally of low quality resulting in unacceptably high emission factors for the vehicles.

6.3. There is an urgent need to improve upon the regulation and control of standards rorimported vehicles, including standards for emission of air pollutants. At present, SierraLeone has no regulation on vehicle quality standards and emission limits. It is stronglyrecommended that vehicle emission standards are introduced to control and reducc theair pollution from the trafric. In addition, fuel quality criteria should also be set. How-ever, standards should be set with suitable regard to the actual economic capabilities inSierra Leone.

Typical emission factors for various vehicle typcs arc shown in Table 6.1. and Tabics6.2 and 6.3 shows emission limits adopted by the European Union and the United States.respectivcly. It is suggested that the Sierra Leonean regulations should be based on e.g.the age-dependent emission limits adupted by the United States (see Table 6.3) - maybcwith two sets of standards: One sct of quite gentle standards valid and attainable for thecxisting vehicic feet and another set of morc strict standards valid for import ofvehicies.

6.4. A precondition for efficicncy of emission limits is that emissions can be controlledproperly. Concurrcntly with the introduction of emission limits and fucl quality. avehicle examination programme should be introduced. including emission control atrcgular intcrvals. It is suggested that the proposed vehicic examination centrcs under theRTA should he trained and equippedJ to attend to this control.

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6.5. It is recommenwded to huild up an environmcnial ullit under the RTA to mect the mosturgent demainids lor civiriimimenial protection capability in road transport planniiing inidmanagement:* Appointnient of an environtmenial specialist to aiddress the following issues:

* road transport planning and management:* gencral quality standards for imported second hand vehiclcs. including emission

standards:fucl quality standards:

* traffic sarcty measures.* training of the cnvironmental specialist on-site and abroad to achievc adequale

qualirications;* workshops and/or seminirs lor managemcnt and staff at RTA to increasc cnviron-

mcntal awareness:* training of managemcnt and mcchanics at the proposed vehicle examination centrcs:* technical assistancc to implement and monitor the proposed actions.

6.6. The tasks of the environmental uniL at RTA will includc among other things:- Preparation of environmental standards for vehicic cmissions. fucl quality ctc. to bc

approvcd by EPS;- performance of workshops. seminars and training in accordance with the proposed

institutional strcngthening actions;- preparation of cnvironmcntal terms for the proposed vehicle examination centres and

subsequent supervision and control hereof;- proposal of incentives to encourage vehicle operators to adopt standards; ande preparation of terms of reference for speciric studies, including a transport planning

and management study for Freetown.

6.7. A minimum. the following equipment is needed to execute the tasks:* training equipment, including a.o. portablc overhead projector and photo camera;* computer equipment. including computer. software and printer.

6.8. The abovc actions arc in gcncral proposed to be financed by the RTA while the equip-ment and the technical assistance arc proposed to bc financed under the TRP.

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TRP: EnvirOnmCnItl ArnIlysiS isn!d Milig0lti;0n Plati PiigC 36

TalMe 6.1 * J'missifr,I flcirsW Jfir xelecteed vehJicle types fg/ktl).

Sl'M So No, iIC ('0 l.ead

Autonshilues iuuIn

Nepal', 18.33 0.08 2.0) 4.0 24 n.l

u UrbaJI tramC 0.06.0.1 n.i. 1.6-2.6 2.2-4.5 12.29 III.local IFamC 0.04-0,08 n.i. 1.9.2.9 1.0.1.5 4.2-8.3 n..

*highway traMcle 0.04U0.08 n.I 3.0-4.8 0.9.1.4 4.5-9.0 ni.Mauriius" (0,054C.5 ni. 2-2.5 n.. 35-60 001

Autnmrbil.s. (diesel)NepIl" 1.5 0.4 t0 0.3 1.1Europe" 0.5-1.0 n.i. I.1i1.3 0.3-1.1 I.a-3.5

Light duly vehicles,lasoiIne)

Nepal" 0.45 0.10 3.0 6.0 40 n.;.

Europe"a 0,05.0.11 n.i. 2.6-5.2 1.2-4.0 7.2.35 n.i I

Light duty vehicles(diesel)

L europe 2 0.5-1.2 n.j. 1.3-1.4 0.5.1.3 0.9-3.0

lleavy duty vehicles(diesel)Europe" 1.0-3.5 n.i. 6-25 0.8-12 1.16

Mauritus" 1-3 n.;. IS n.;. 8-12

Autobuss (dieel)Nepal" 1.0 1.5 20 2.1 12.5Europe" 1.5-5 n.i. 15-17 2-10 2.14

MotorcyclesNepal" 0.2 0.02 0.05 5 8Europea 0 03-0.25 nA. 0.1-0.5 0.6-10 6-20Mauritius" 0.02 n.i. 0.2 n.i. 10

Mopeds

Nepal" 0.1 0.01 0.02 3 5 -

Europea 0.02-0.06 n.i. 0.05-0.l 2-4 5-10 -

n.i.: No information available.1) Argaval (1992).2) Veldt and Bakkum (1988).3) Government of Mauritius (1993).

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Table 6.2 - Einission limits addopted by the EU for gasoline und diesel powered vehicles.(g/kmr).

.Sroke valunie NO, IIC + NO, Co

> 2 lhires 0.35 I.1 2.0 7.4

1.4-2 litres 0.35 2.5 8.9

c 1.4 litres 0U35 2.5 8.9

1) Dicsel powcred vehicles only.

Tuble 6.3 - Emission limits adopted by the United States for gasoline and diesel poweredlight-duty vehicles (g/lkm).

Vehicle (model SPM"I NO. HC COyear applicable)

1972 2.1 24

1973-74 1.86 2.1 24

1975-76 1.93 0.93 9.3

1977-79 1.24 0.93 9.3

1980 1.24 0.25 4.4

1981-92 0.62 0.25 2.1

1993-95 0.124 0.25 0.16 2.1

1) Diesel powered vehicles only.

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7. Maritime Transport

Rehabilitation or Freetown Porl

7.1. A Port Rehabilitation Study l'or Frectown Port is being executed is a part or the TRP,Terms of Rcfercnce for the study wias propared by SLPA in October 1994 and SLPA ntrepresenily waiting for proposals from scitcted consultants.

7.2. Thc study will cover the following issues:* Evaluate existing trade through the port and propare forcansis of future dry cargu

throughput;* investigate the relationship bctween port and ferry opcrations and determine lcvels of

cross subsidisation;* examine and evaluate the port roads, storage areas, sheds and equipment;- undertake detailed invcstigations and physical inspection of the quay wall and quay

coping from berth 3 to berth 6, Inclusive;* produce a phased rehabilitation plan for Freetown Port, including emergency preser-

vation work, short and long term rchabilitation for the years 1998 and 2005;* review present customs practice procedures within the port and prepare customs

action plan;* review ferry operations and prepare ferry operation plan;* undertake environmental assessment of the present situation in Freetown Port; and* preparc detailcd enginecring design and contract documentation for the trhabilitation

of the cofferdam quay wall, stabilisation and paving of the container yard and purtroads.

7.3. A detailcd environmcntal impact asscssment will bc an integrated part of the port reha-bilitation study. Howevcr. a number of possible environmental impacts can bc expectcdfrom various activitics cncompassed in the rehabilitation study. This mission has ident-ified the following major cnvironmcntal issues to bc addressed in the j. inr rehabilitation%tudy:

* Establishment of oil wastc reccption and treatment facilities at the port is consideredmandatory as wcll as arc the implemcntation of an oil spill contingency plan forSicrra Lcone:

* implemcntation utf proper operational procedurcs. occupational he,i:b and safetyprocedurcs and hazard managcment proccedures:

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* the necCssity ofl clan-up of port areas * on-shore as well as off-shore; includingremoval of scraps nnid wrecks and clean -up of cn:ntaninitctd soil and sediments: anid

* potential impacts tin spawning and fishing arcas, Aberdeen west of Freetown is amain snapper fishing arcn annd thc cntire mouth of Sierra Leonc River is an imporlantbongta and sardine fishing arca.

7.4. Slipway repair at Freetown Ptirt. The slipway repair itself is considered of minor cnvi-ronmental significance. Howevcr. al the slipway site a largc quantity of scraps andwrecks arc accumulated and somc parts of thc facility is visibly contaminated with oil.Clean-up on the arca anid removal of scrap in conncction with the slipway rcpair willimprovc the cnvironmental conditions at the site significantly.

7.5. Paving of the container stacking area at Freetown Port is considered of minor envi-ronmentnl significance.

Coastal and River Transport

7.6. A Coastal and River Transport Study is being executed as a part of the TRP to reviewthe cxisting coastal and river transport system and determine its adequacy in meeting theexisting and expected future demands as a part of an integrated multi-modal transportsystem which is suggested in the Draft National Transport Policy for Sierra Lcone.Terms of Rcference for this study was prepared by SLRA in April 1994 and prcsentlycontract ncgotiations are going on with a selcited consultancy firm.

7.7, The study will aim at:D improving the level of service of the facilities now available to the offshore islands

along the Sierra Leonean coast;* improving the ferry services between Freetown and Tagrin;* improving inland and coastal waterways to facilitate appropriate sixed vessels to gain

acccss to the inner parts of the rivers:* improving services of the rivcr ports through the installation of navigation aids,

radio communications and other safety devices associated with river and coastaltransport:

* providing advisory services to the local boat building industry;* examining the cxisting ports and landing facilities and making recommendations for

their improvements and construction of new facilities wherc necessary; and* introducing safcty rules and regulations to safeguard the operation of thc vessels and

landing facilities.

7.8. The output of the study shall encompass the fl;rmulation of a short-term investmentpackage to rchabilitatc the existing inland water and coastal transpurt sysctm. includingamong other things an cnvironmcntal impact asscssmcnt and a plan to mitigatc adverseenvironmcntal effects. As for the port rehabilitation study. wc do not attempt to prejudgethe outcome of that assessment in this prcliminary study. However. a number or poteni-

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iilly severe atdverse cnvironmenital impacits can he expected trom various activitiesunder this invcstnirne paickage. This mission hns identified the following major environ.mental issues which indispensably has to he addressed in Lhc coastal and river transportstudy:

* Possible deepening. widcning and changc of a rivcr courses will incrmasc the drain-agc of thc catchmcnt arc. hereby changing the watcr-balance of the catchmcnt arciwith potentially sevcrc permanent effects un wetland as well as ngricultural, griss-land and fiurcst ccology. This could be thc case for the Scwu and Moa rivcrs In thceastern part of Sicrra Lconc. The catchmcnt aren of Moa River contains a nationalwild lirc sanctuary which could bc audvcrsely affected by an altered wnacr balance.The catchmcnt area ol' Sewn river includes proticcted forcsts and large arcas of inilandswamps. which are vulncrable to chaknges in the water balance.

* These effects are considered particularly serious for protected forest and other typcsof proiccted nature areas in Sierra Leone. Rivers and estuaries to be prepared orimproved for inland navigation arc not yct detcrmined in detail. Thercfore, it is notclarified whether protccted forcsts or other nature rcserves in certain catchment arcascould be affected.

* The changc of hydrological characteristics of rivers may also increase the risk ofrivcr bank erosion and subscqucnt flooding of ncarby areas.

* River and estuarine flora and fauna may be affectcd due to several factors, includingpermanent changes hydrological nature, siltation from dredging activities. possiblcchange in salinity of cstuaries due to increased supply of fresh water to estuaries anddue to emissions of pollution, noise and vibrations from the maritime traffic.

* Disposal (up-land disposal or off-shore dumping) of dredged sediments may causedifferent effects on ecological habitats.

* Improvemcnt of river and coastal transport will other things being cqual increase therisk of oil spills and accidents in rivers and cstuarics. Adequate reception and treat-ment facilities for oily waste are, thercfore, demanded as an indispensable part of themaritime infrastructurc development as well as are the development of a set ofemergency responus actions to unintentional oil spills and accidents. Spccial attentionshould bc paid to the ccological sensitive wetland arcas. such as the cxtensive man-grove swamps in the Bronte area and the swamp areas along the Scwa River.

* Locally. the improvement of ports and jetties may imply adverse environmentalcffcts to bc mitigatcd. Particularly, the requiremcnt of oily waste reception andtreatment facilities should bc addressed as should the potential operation and man-agcment of hazardous goods.

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Ma4ril0me Servickx Agency

7.9. Ptrallcl to thc proposed Roatd Transport Authority. a Muritime Services Agcncy (MSA)to he financed by the freight lcvy. MSA activilies are not covered by the TRP, though itwas previously discussed to include the csiaiblishment of MSA in the TRP, MSA shouldhavc the responsibility for implementation of environmenial action plans and mitigationplans rclatcd lo harbour managemcnt and maritimc transport. including an oil spillcontingency plan for Sicrra Leonc. port rchabilitation and the cxpected reinfortc orinland navigation in Sicrrn Leone. At present, the existing port and maritimc transportauthoritics havc no capaibility to asscss environmental aspects or conduct cnvironmentalsurveys. It Is. therefore, proposed that an environmental specialist should be nttnched tothe MSA. possibly with assistinec from consultants until the adequatc capability isachieved.

7.10. It is recommended to build up an cnvironmcntal unit under the MSA meet the demandfor environmental protection capahility within the maritimc transport sector:* Appointment of an environmental specialist to address the following issues:

- Oils spill contingency;* reception and treatment facilities for oily waste;- operational procedures for port operation;- hazards managemcnt;- occupational health and safety; and- environmental impacts of inland navigation;

* training of the environmental specialist on-site and abroad to achieve adequatequalifications;

* workshops and/or seminars for management and staff at MSA and SLPA to increasethe environmental awareness;

* other training needs depending on the recommendations of the port rehabilitationstudy and the coastal and river transport study:

- technical assistance to implement and monitor the proposed actions.

7.11. The tasks and the necd for cquipment of the environmental unit under the MSA shouldbc defined on the basis of the findings in the port rehabilitation study and the coastal andriver transport study.

7.12. It is proposed that environmental activities under the MSA should be rinanced by thefreight levy.

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8. Improvement of Freetown Airport (Lungi)

8.1. It is anticipated that runway rehabilitation (edge light repair and pavement evaluation),replenishment and supplementation of fire-fighting and rescue equipment, and perimeterfencing are of minor environmental significance. All the above actions will contribute tothe improvement of safety and security of the airport.

~~~~~~~~~- -,q,, ........

-- ,..

Fig. 8.1- The access road at Freetown Aiiport. Due to inappropriate fencing thc road isused by the local people and the airport area is used for grazing.

8.2. A water supply project for Freetown Airport is also included in the TRP. Terms ofReference for the project is in preparation by the SLAA.

8.3. The airport has currently approximately 8 hours of water supply per day from the publicwaterworks at Lungi. 24 hours supply is required for sanitation and fire fighting pur-

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poses it the airport. The advcrse environmental impiacts or the proposcd water supplyprtjcct is prohabhly insigniricanit. However, on the basis of the existing inlormation Lnthe project negative environmenitl implications ciannot bc excluded, The poicntialimpacts includc:* possible pollutioni of the water source from septic tanks upstrcam the proposed well

site: antd* possibic changc of hydrological conditions at n nearby swamp.

The possible impacts have to bc itssessed under the proposed water supply study.

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9. Draft Mitigation Plan

9.1. This section outlincs a draIft plan to mitigate adverse errects or the TRP. The plan ishascd on the following assumptions regarding cxternal factors influcncing the projectactivitics:

* an adequatc and efficient national environmental regulation and administration willbc implemented concurrently with the implementation of the TRP;

* adcquatc training and cducation of personncl will be accomplished;

* the rehabilitalion and maintenancc work will be consistent with proper and approvedoperational procedures and occupational health standards; and

- all facilities and equipment will be maintained at designed or regulated level ofperformance.

9.2. Legal measures. The following legal measures are recommended:

* preparation of environmental guidelines regarding road rc-habilitation and mainten-ance works; the guidelines should be prepared by SLRA to be approved by DOTCand EPS;

* preparation of proper standards for emission factors and noise from vehicles. thestandards should be prepared by RTA to be approved by DOTC and EPS;

* preparation of fuel quality critcria; the critcria should be prepared by RTA to beapproved by DOTC and EPS;

* preparation of a programmc for vehicle emission control and fuel quality control: theprogrammc should be prepared by RTA to be approved by DOTC; the programmeshould be executed by the proposed vehicle examination ccntrcs;

* preparation of proper operational procedures and occupational health and safetyprocedurcs in connection with road workls. vehicle examination ccntrcs, port andairport opcration: the proccdurcs should hc prepared by thc rcspcctive authorities(SLRA. RTA. SLPA and SLAA) to tic approved by DOTC:

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a preparation t,r adequate guidelines antd emergency resptniise actlioin plans reglardingrehahilitution of Freetown Ptir which is in accordance with the recummendaitionsmandc in the purt rehahilittio n study, these shoiuld he prepared by SLPA to healiproved by DOTC: anid

* prepiration o,f adcquatc guidelines and cmergency responsc action plans regardingthe improvemcnt ol initind navigation facilities in Sierra Lconc which is in accord-annc with the rccommcndations madc in the coastal and river trinsport study. theseshould bc prepared by the proposcd MSA to bc approved by DOTC.

9.3. The proposed legal mcasurcs should be co-ordinated by the environmental co-ordinatorat DOTC in order lo ensurc consistency of the activities.

9.4. Institutional strengthening meaures. The following institutional strengtheningmenasurcs are recommended as a minimum:

* An cnvironmental co-ordination unit should bc built up under the DOTC to co-ordinate environmental activitics under the TRP;

* the environmental unit under SLRA should bc strcngthencd by training of staff inenvironmcntal subjects relatcd to road planning, dcsign and construction works;

* an environmental unit should be built up under the RTA to be responsible for theintroduction and control of emission standards. vehicle cmissions and fuel quality.and

* an environmental unit should be built up under the MSA to meet the demand forenvironmental protection capability within the maritime transport sector.

In addition, it is also relevant to build up an environmental unit under SLAA to mect thedemand for environmental ptotection capability within the air transport sector. However.as no signiricant environmncntal impacts arc identified in relation to the proposed airportrehabilitation activities under the TRP. the TRP may not bc the appropriate frameworkfor this strengthening. Speciric environmental subjects related to air transport should as astart bc covcred by the cnvironmcntal co-ordination unit at DOTC.

9.5. It is proposed Lhat the environmental co-ordination unit at DOTC and the strengtheningof the environmental unit at SLRA should bc financed under the TRP while the cnviron-mcntal units under the RTA and the MSA. rcspectively. should bc financed by roadtaxes and frcight levy.

9.6. To co-ordinate the cnvironmcntal activitics undcr the TRP it is rccommendcd to appoiitan environmental co-ordinator at DOTC. Thc tasks of the co-ordinator will includeamong other things:

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* co-ordination tit cnvitnniviintl activilics uider the TRP. inxcluding regularly j inltmeLtii1gs nimtiing the cnivironmntciiil tispeciatlists:

* co-ordination ol' activilies with other authoritics and Institutio ns such as EPS andLWDD:

* perlormance Of workshops and seminars for management anld starf at DOTC. SLRA.SLPA. SLAA. RTC. RTA and MSA:

* prcparc projects progrcss reports regularly. e.g every six months: and* possibly propose and implement corrcctivc measures depending on the project

progrcss.

9.7. A forcign advisur will he attached to the DOTC with the purpose ur trainsferring his/herskills to the local cnvironmental co-ordinator. Thc forcign ndvisor will bc attached for nnextended period with intcrmittent visits (12 manmonths).

9 8. At minimum. thc following cquipmcnt is needcd to cxecutc the tasks:* computer equipmcnt. including computcr, softwarc and printer; and* training equipmcnt. including u o. portabic ovcrhead projector and photo camer.

It is anticipaLcd that the nced for a vchicle can be provided for by the TRP projcat co-ordination office which. however, not had acquired a vchicle when the consultant leftSierra Leone in December 1994.

9.9. Draft Terms of Reference for the proposed environmcntal co-ordinator at DOTC arcpresented in Annex S.

9.10. Under the on-going RRMP an environmental unit is bein. built up at SLRA and anenvironmental engineer has been dcsignated. The following additional institutional stren-gthening actions are recommended to meet the demand for cnvironmental protectioncapability in road planning and management:* training of the environmcntal cnginecr on-site and abroad to achievc adequate quali-

fications:* workshops and/or scminars for managemcnt and staff at SLRA to increase the envi-

ronmcntal awareness:* training of SLRA supervisors;* training of management and supervisurs of contractors: and* technical assistance to implement and monitor the proposed actions.

9.11. The tasks of the environmental unit at SLRA will include among other things:* prcparation of cnvironmcntal guidelincs concerning road planning and management

to be approved by EPS:* performancec of workshops. seminars and training in accordancc with the proposed

institutional strengthening actions:* prcparation and implementation of mitigation plans f'or speciric road projects.* inspection 0t road works to supervise and conitol the implementation of mitigation

measurcs: and* preparation Of terms ol rcfcrencc ftor specific studies.

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9.12. Ai minimum. the IollowinIg equipment s lIeeded to execute the tanks:* A 4 whecl drive vehiclc:* trining cquipment. including ao, ptortahle overhead projector and pht*l cameria:* test cquipment;* computer equipment. including computer. softwiare aid printcr.

9. 13 Technical measures. Regarding the road rehbhilltittion and maintcnnnce. the mitigationmcasurcs and remedial actions discussed In Chapter S should be implementcd in thedetailed design of the respective trunk and fceder roads in conccrn. The environmelitillengineer at SLRA should bc rcsponsilic for preparattion of specific mitigation plans flircach road or roaxd section under the TRP. The mitigatiot plin ior a certain road or roaldsection should be hased un field inspections and avatilable inlformation from. forexiample. the LWDD. The plan should includec:

* short decscription of the proposed road project:

* identification and description of the potential environmcntal impacts of the proposedproject; including putential impacts on landscapc. nature, flora, fauna. protectedareas and species, soil crosion potcntial. rivers and ground-watcr. rcsources dcmandland availability, air pollution and noisc, land use and socioeconomic environment,occupational health and safety, and traffic safcty;

* proposals of project modifications or changes to reduce or eliminatc negative envi-ronmental impacts; and

* a supervision plan for the construction works. including an action plan for the con-structors in case of unforscen impacts during the construction phase.

9.14. Proposals of mitigation plans for project components apart from the road constructioncomponent are considered beyond the scope of this pruject as planned. subsequentstudics, including detailed environmental impact assessments, are supposed to reveal thenceds hereof.

9.15. An Implementation sehedule for the abovc proposed measures appears from Annex 3.

9.16. The estimated costs to implement the suggested mitigation mcasurcs amounts to480.600 US$ expressed in fixed 1994 prices. Cost estimations appear from Annex 4.

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10. Rererences

Agarval, G.D.: Lecture notes. Short cuurse in air quality moniltoring and management.Katmandu. Nepal. Novenmber 1992.

Boubel. R.W. et al.: Fundamentals of Air Pollution. Third Edition. Acaidcmic Press.1994.

Department of Lands Housing and the Environmcnt, Sierra Leone: National Environ-mental Action Plan. Volume 1. October 1994.

Departmcnt of LUnds Housing and the Environmcnt. Sierra Leone: National Environ-mental Policy. Revised Edition. October 1994.

Department of Lands Housing and the Environment, Sierra Leone: Draft National Envi-ronmcntal Regulation. October 1994.

Department of Transport and Communications, Republic of Sierra Leone: Draft NationalTransport Policy. October 1994.

Government of Mauritius. Ministry of Health: Environmental Investment Programme.Project No. 7A. Final Report. Prepared by Norwegian Institute for Air REsearch andCOWiconsult. June 1993.

National Danish Environmental Agency: Emission Litnits for Vehicles. Information No.3/1989. (In Danish).

Richard Meakin Consultancy: The Transport Rehabilitation Project - Sierra Leone. TheOrganisation and Regulation of Urban Public Transport. Report of a Mission to SierraLeone June 19 - 30 1994. 25 July 1994.

SLAA: Tcrms ol Refercnce for Construction of a Perimeter Fence at the FreetownInternational Airport. Lungi: Consultant Services for Enginecring and Design Studies.1994.

SLPA: Terms of Refercncc l'or Mastcr Plan Study to Rehabilitate Freetown Porl.Rcstorc Customs Scrvices & Prcparc t' r Rcstructuring thc Ports Authoritv. October1994,

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SLRA and DOTC: Tcrms of Reerciticc l;r thc Coastil and River Transport Study. April

SLRA: Transport Rehabilitation Project. Drafl Paiper on the Road Maintenance Compo-nent. 1994.Veldt. C. and A. Bakkum: Emission Factors. Commission of the European Commun-itiCs. DC Xi Corinair. 88-355. November 1988.

Waliter. H and S.-W. Breckic: Ecological Systems or the Geohiosphere. Vol. 2: Tropicaltand Subtropical Zonobiomcs. Springer-Verlag. 1984.

The World Bank: Sierra Lconc Proposed Transport Rehabilitation Project. Aide-Mcmoire (June 30. 1994). Signed: Anil S. Bhundairi. Task Manngecr (World Bank) andMr. Shcka Mansaray. Permancnt Secrctinry (DOTC).

The World Bank: Sierra Leonc Proposed Transport Rehabilitation Project. Pre-AppraisalMission. Aide-Memoirc (November 10. 1994). Signed: Dieter Schelling. Task Mnnager(World Bank) and Mr Sheka Mansaray. Permanent Sccretary (DOTC).

The World Bank: Opcrational Directive 4.01: Environmental Assessment.

The World Bank: Sierra Leone Proposed Transport Rehabilitation Project. Aide-Memoirc (April 14, 1994). Signed: Anil S. Bhandari. Task Manager (World Bank).

The World Bank. Africa Region: Road Maintcnance Initiativc. Road Maintenance andthe Environment (Contracting out Road Maintenance Activities: volume V). GuidanceTakin Care of Environment hen Preparing and Carrying out Road Maintenance Activ-itics. Prepared by J.M. Lantran. J. Baillon and J.-M. Pages.

World Bank Technical Paper Number 139: Environmental Assessment Sourcebook.Volume I: Policics. Proccdurcs. and Cross-Sectorial Issucs. Environmental Department.1991.

World Bank Tcchnical Paper Number 140: Envirorunental Asscssment Sourcebook.Volume 11: Sectorial Guidelines. Environmental Department. 1991.

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Annex 1: Terms of Reference

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TRP' E;wiriinrncntii Anolysis i,nd MItIgoi n PIrn Annox 1. PIge 2

SIERRA LEONE.

TRANSPORT REBABlLTATION PROJECT

TIeMI or Rference tor the Prgenratign of in EnvIronmental a,.Ivsis and?Iitiartlon Plsn

1. Ba.ckund. Sierra Leone is a snmll country (populadon 4.4 nillion in 1992)with a relatively simple transport system which primarly consists ofthe road network. Itsrailway was closed in 1973, there is little inland ir or water transport, It has anintenmtional airport at Lungi and its major port st Freetown. The country hu about12,000 kmn of roads, of which 1,260 km arc paved and 5820 km gravoled trunk roads, andabout 4,250 km arc feeder and village access roads. Public cxpenditure in the transportsector in FY93 amounted to 8% of total expenditure.

2. The Department of Transport and Communications (DOTC) has the responsibilityfor general transport poticy, civil aviation, and maritime and inland water trsport. It alsosupervises the Sierra Leone Port Authority (SLPA), the Sierra Leone Airport Authority(SLAA), Sierra Leone Airways (SLA), Sierra Leone Road Transport Corporation(SLRTC) and the Sierra Leone National Shippinig Company (SLNSC). The newlyestablished Sierra Leone Roads Authority (SLRA) under the Department of Works(DOW), has the responsibility for development and management of all roads in thecountry (except village ac=ess roads). DOTC is supposed to initiate polcies, replations.by-laws and transport sector development projects. Due to lack of capacity, it has notbeen able to perform these functions in the past.

3. The government recently initiated the process offormulating a trnsport sectorpoicy at a workshop with all the transport seor stLkeholders. FoUowi.o are some of tbekey policy actions as recommended at the workshop: (a) road user charges to be adjustedannually to fWly cover costs of routine and periodic maintenance; (b) establishment of aRoad Transport Authority, charged wvith managing the subsector and collection oflicensing fees; and (c) establishment of a Maritime Transport Authority to coordinate andregulate maitime and related traffic.

4. Government has made good progress in the roads sector. Under the on-goingRoad Rehabilitation and Mainteance Project (RWMP, Credit 2451-SL, US S45.0 million)supponed by IDA, UNDP, EC and AfDB, the road unit of DOW has been transferred tothe newly established SLRA. About 8000 excess staf have been retrenched, a four-yeartime slice of the seven-year program for road network rehabilitation and maintenance isbeing implemented, small scale domestic contractors are being trained and equipped andthe bulk of road maintenance is gradually being assigned to private contractors, includinga large number of one-man-contractors perfonning routine maintenance. The roadnetwork condition has already visibly improved and the public is appreciative of that fact.

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TRP: Envirm nmcninl AniilyNit iind Mitigaltiorn Pliin Annex 1. Pogp 3

S. A Road Fund financed from a levy on ul oonsumption -hu bew net up tocover the cot of road maintenance, However, the eurrent levy of 4 US ceUts per Uteraccrues an equivalent of S 2.7 million only which Is about IS% of the estimated longetermmaintenance requirement. The fanding crisis Is compounded by the fact thl SLRA mustfinance its tff and overhead cost from the road flnd allocation (currently SOY) nd tshtcurrent fuel consumption is about 50% of the 1989 level due to the rebel Incursion. Inshort, Sierra Leone hu a highly efficient road agency vith an increuing executvecapacity, bowever, there is a serious shortfall of road maintenance funding.

6, Proiect OWectives. The goal of the proposed project Is to build on the succass%lcapacity building process in the road subsector initiated through RPW and to usist todevelop the other transport subsectors including transport sector coordination to aSustainable level, in order to facilitate the economic deveopment ofthe country.Specifically the objectIves arc to (a) further strengthen and consolidate SLRA and to asstit to economically maintain the entire road network under its responsibility, to clear themAintenance backlog, and to increase private sector capacity; (b) enhance road trwportmanagemem capacity and to decrease urban congeston; (c) preserve exdsting portcapacity, reduce operating costs and promote coastl and river transport; (d) enhance aireaffic safety; (e) continue to promote village level transport initiated under the ongoingproject; and (f) enhance sector coordination capacity.

S. PZoil. usdgt!og. Due to the amportacce of the road sector and due to the-istidng rehabilitation backlog major empbasis of the prqject will continue to be onMehabiliton and maintenance of trunk and tfeders and further strengthening the SLRA(70'h of proposed fincing). The project will consist of (a) contrat executed periodicmaintenace of 2000 km of tunk Toads Cincluding 1500 km of heavy grading), spotimprovement of 600 ion of feeder roads, repair and overlaying of 20 km of city street,and routine maintenance by contract of 500048000 km of tmnk aAd feeder roads, furtherdevelopment of medium sized and labor based contrctors, as well u fUrther strengtheningof the management capacity of SLRA (b) financing of urban traffic system management(TSM) measures and assistance to the proposed Road Transport Authority, (c) financingof slipway repair, paving of container stacdng area, procurement of a ferry for SLPA,priority investments in coastal and river transport (based on results of proposed study) andsupport to te proposed Maritime Transport Authority; (d) airport fencing, procurer mntof priority navigation uads and fire tender, as well as runway repair, (e) improvement ofvillage level transport infrastructure, promotion of non-motorized means of transport andassistance to river transporters; and (t) technical assistance to DOTC.

6. Priect Benef. The main benefit from the road component of the project willbe a more efident and cost-effective highway subsector that will permit a higher level ofeconomic activity, especially in the agiculture sector. Eco: nmic retuums for roadrehabilitation and mantenance are expected to range between 15-100°/e. The beneitsfrom the ports and airporu components will be the preservation of e)dsting infrastructurewhich is expected to provide high returns, The benefits from the village level componentwill accrue mainly to the rual poor.

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TRP: Envirtinmcnial Analysis ittid Mitigntlno Pliwn Annex 1. Pna c 4

7, Scope ojfWork This TOR is prepared to meet the noeds of an environmentalcategory B environmental analysis and miigation plan. The mitigation plin will: (a)ideny a set of repons to potendially adverse environmental impacts; (b) determinerequirements fbr ensuring that those responses are made effectively and in a timelymanner, and (c) describe the means for meeting those requirements.

8. The environmental coultant will vislt and valuate on-sito all the actors andareas that may contain environmental issues relating to the project, The consultant'sevaluation will include, but not be limited to, the foUowlng:

(a) Possible adverse and beneficial environmental consequences from any ofthe project acivities or rehilitation works to be undertaken.

(b) Wthin the context of the above, pay spedal attention to drainageproblems, and propose the necessary safguards. Consider both theimmediate construction/rehabMtation works as well as the long termmaitenance of the roads, streets and other traffic improvement meaures

(c) Environmental safeguards needed in roads design andreabiltltion/reconstruction plans.

(d) Traic sfey measures needed with paticular attention to pedestriantreffic.

(e) Pay special attention to ny need for resetlement or relocation ofinhabitats and businesses caused by the project

(t) Dtailed review and asalysis of the envionmental impacts to be expectedfrom the project including any potential social impacts.

(g) Environmental safeguards relating to the operations and works to beundetaken including workers safety.

(h) Evaluation of the institutional capacity at the state level to undertakeadequate future environmental supervision and monitoring of the projectworks.

i) Necessity for consultation with affected groups, including city iustitutions,NGOs and other organizations.

0j) Identify negative and positive impacts of the airport and port rehabilitaoncomponents, and the non-motorized transport component.

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9. MEntlo- lzn Bued on the findings of the above evaluaton and in SiermLeone, the consuant wuil prepua the drat mitigion plan following the guidelines in theBanks Operational D1rhive 4.01, Annex C.

10. As a minimum the mitigation plan should describe in detil th miiation actionsneeded, esimate their costs, aang neets, and dming for corretive measures and aecon.

11. The plan wil specifically include:

(a) Description and technical details of the buis for each suggested mitigadonmeare.

Cb) A review of the insti>tionl capaciy for Implementing the mitigaton plan.Assign responibillties, Including the responsIbIies for mitigative actions,operations, supervision, financing, monitoring, repording and tainingneeds.

(c) Suggest an Implenentation schedule that must be carried out us part oftheproject, showing phuing and coordination with projec activities.

(d) Suggest a monitoring and report procedure that will follow the normalsupervision of project activities,

(e) Estiate the detaBed costs involved so as to enable the inclusion of themitigaon plan expenses in the overall project costs. the mitipaon costsesimated shall include detailed esmates of costs for technical assistance,stff development, procurement of supplies, and publicparticipation/consultion.

12 Summan: Prepare a "stand alone" summary ofthe mitigation plan, Including avefy short project description with baseline data, and all significant environzmemal andsocial impacts, and the measures to be undertakcen. If no impacts are found, a detailedexplanation should be given of how this conclusion was reached. Mention any public andNGO consultations undertLken.

13. Tme n _r the Ass ent and US_a u Time allocated to theassignment is as fouows:

Traveing between Deimari and Sierra Leone 2 daysPreparation time in Denmacrk 2 daysWorking days in Sierra Leone 16 daysReport production 10 days

Total time allocated 30 davs

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TRP: Environmentitl Anlysiis iind Mhi,ig iulin Plitn Annex 1. Nige 6

14. The consultant will be supported the Technical Coordinators of SLRA and ThP(with DOTC), both Sierra Leone national consultants responsible for preparatory actititiesin rspect of TRP.

15. RenlrtinL, A drat report shall be prepared and discussed ith DOTC, SLRAand other relevant institutions prior to departre from Sierra Leone,

16. The draft final report shall be subritted to the Task Manager within 30 days afterthe end of the mission. The format of the report shall be suitable for inclusion as uuax tothe Staff Appraisal Report (SAR) for TAP.

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TRP: Environmcnial Anilysis and Miligntitin Plitil Annex 1. Poge 7

Tax WORtBD BN OPRATIONA.L MANu^L October 1991OD 4.01-A .nC

Operational Directive .am.1 t2

Ernvroeta Mitlption or Envimmental Masament Plan

1. A poje's miupdon of avironMuM l (d) Imprmenudoa ebsdae for mtamwmg Lplan cusiao of th at of meuui tt must be cstrined out u prt of thto be akea dufig implemmdon ud oprdon project, showing phulang and woordin.t ellnia, oftu; or "iduct advese Ceii* adon with overnl project lmppezen-menal lmpacs to accepuble levels. Alo udon plas;Ircluded in fth plan re the aedons nadd toiroplemmit tm. MdIpgon plain are esndal (e) moninring and repordag procedurs uelcens of auury A pmrjcu (me Anncx E). (1) sure urly detdon of condidas4d3padon pan alow suffice for many ciepg tat ace5s51We pardicar mitpdon9 prjec. Dudn du pmamtion of a ruuupon musur, aid (U) prkvid Infortionplan, project poc u d tk EA desIg emm on ft prors and mIt of mbit-(a) 'dfy to at of oUP" tO PotentU pialy Aadvse lmaci. (b) 4emrm leqnizma forewzrn tat toe raps art mud effedvely ( Intgatlon too the toa poetp catand In a tmely mnur, ad (c) desrbe te ubles of a cam udmat and N unmeans for meeti txe rquerWnnm. of Azds for bod Inital bwusmm

and t retmrniz; epemss for imple-2. A mitipdoon or mnunem plan sbald mea ft mitdpton plan.Include te foUowing h=us:

3. To smzgtn e onmmial manapemcepoblity In te agencies rsporulie Sr

(a) ideacadon and mmamasy of al te IpmlMentdn, momt ndtiption pin vmr onesiulfcu adveaza eavironmeal or me of the adional topics identted below:i=pacu st am anticipand;

(a) icbncal aisnce programs.(b) deescpioip and cniacl deils for (b) suff development.

each mitipiion emm, incuding th (c) procuremee of equipment ad supplits,ypC of impact to which It relas and and

fe coc&dons unde which it is required (d) orpnizamol chans.(e.z., contuoudy or in the event ofcomngenies), tpgther with designs, 4. The boowers decision to promeed with aeu3pmeat descripions, and oeat ptoje and tbe Dariks decision to support it, wvlpcrcedrs, as appropriate; be In pn predicated on the expecwmon dat th

mid;x6on plan will be exewuted effctively.(c) InstivAonal amngulneau-the asi- Comquenty, it is impormzt to intem aic t pln

mnet of ft vazious spoabiUdes for io the project's overU pllarning, desi, budget,Canying out the Mitidg y Measures and implementdon. Such integedon shud be(e.g., responsibilities which Involve achieved by esblishing the midpdon plan as aoperato, sperviuion, enorczent, co=powat of the project. This peautionmo&zoring of i=plenem=tioo,remdial esues tat dt plan will rceive funding :dac:ion, ccing. reportig, and supmvWoo along with the other Invest-s=ff training); =Mt omponnt.

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TRP: Environmentul Analysis mnd Mitigniion Plan Annex 1. Pngc 8U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

ToJ Womb 8A OwnoKwA MN'HUM. Ckabr IMOD 4.0t- C

Operational Directive OD40

S. Speafflo abf dId uidm fr (a) fuah, dve n.dllpw am ia, TX W& kI(b) ma_inms ak vahln (emg ng local rmmio pmvkde a caidin psih fot bqWaa-pebildo, &ad (c) monioudg. Tc piu of sdosan d Xmbleb X wS m o 9anv m

dX am I b la u I== dX *.cd evlika the ncn of ldpda u a pn ofau adeqaly fiumd 71a help projec inmluiozauM as a man fr Iqwlg

bald I dW oveA MgeMA plN dv loe pci. mU mbe petaof dob3il, mad aeisms, sufring. an adwr coMdomik In Law Aptesn or im dXImiloui smgdvg XMcdadl iupu Mim of Neodsdom

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TRP: Envirolnmental Analysis jind Mltiatlitoin Plan Annex 2. Page I

Annex 2: List of People Met

Department or Transport and Communicatlons (DOTC):

Mr. Arnold J. Bishop-Gooding * Scretary ol StateMr. Shcka Munsaray * Permanent SecrcaryMrs. E. Nelson-Harding * Deputy SceretaryDr. Shnmsu Mustophn * Technical Co-orditintor. TRPMr. Suimucl K. Dugbn * Secrctary of the Road Transport BoardMr. Francis Bockari * Principal Planning OfficerMr. Sudiq M. Kapuwa - Assistant SecretaryMr. Musa Randy Kabin * Statistician, TRP

Sierra Leone Roads Authority (SLRA):

Mr. Aki Beckley * Director GcncralMr. A.D.E. Jackson . Director of DevelopmentMr. Dzul G. Iscandary - Technical Co-ordinatorMr. A.D.E. Jackson Director of DevelopmentMr. Charles Powers - Road Planning and Development ExpertMr. 0. Taylor-Pearche Environmental Engineer

Road Transport Corporation (RTC):

Mr. D.R.W. Faux - General ManagerMrs. C.H. Johnson - Personnel ManagerMr. F.M. Kamara - Training ManagerMr. H.L. Sesay - Corporation SecretaryMr. F.A. Bangura - Works Manager

Sierra Leone Ports Authority (SLPA):

Capt. Helmut M. Friedrichs * Gencral ManagerCapt. Benjamin 0. Davies - Counterpart General ManagerMs. Pauline Floode - Counterpart DirectorMr. Michael J.S. Momoh - Managcr. Planning and Development

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TRP: Environmential Analysis ald Mitigatlion Plan Annex 2. Pa:g 2

Sierra Leone Airport Authority (SLAA):

Mr. H.N.M. Swnrny -Gcncral ManngerMr. Sheikh A. Swarriay-Deen Engineering and Mnintenance ManagerDr. Gunz M. Juanna Chief Planning EnginecrMr. Gcorgc Jones Workshop Officcr

Environmental Protection Secretariate (EPS):

Mr. Joscph Muania Head of SccrctarintcMrs. Jcmimah Colc Environmcntal Officer

International Lahour Organisation (ILO):

Mr. M.C. Gupta Chief Tcchnical AdvisorMr. Narong Swangpol - Training Advisor. Labour Intcnstivc Rural

Works Programme

Land & Water Development Division (LWDD):

Mr. Osmond L.A. Gordon - DirectorMrs. Isatu A. Deen - Agronomist/Land Use

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TRP: Environmcntal Annlysis alnd Mitigiition Plan Annex 3. Page I

Annex 3: Draft Mitigation Plan:Implementation Schedule

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' Draft Mitigation Plan: Implementation Schedule

F~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fpmuu ._ .Activity:

m/pttnt elT f Traup ansd Commukarns (DC) . Y . K sE fstablishmcnt ofrcnvimnmcnlal unit - - - - - - - - - - -- -- ______ .:

4 4 p~~~~o envinnmenwak oordinator.: .. Gi On~-si training of cnvitonnental co-odinatorl)>. [

z " Training abroad of the environmental co-ordinaltor I) i - .Wotkshops and seminars within transport sector _Co-ordination with Envirnmental Proection Secretaiat activities . _ L a a _

%A lFoctnuattion of cnvironmental policy for the tanspoft SeCtIO a . t IPreparation of legal measuresAppointment of fg4i% LexpenPreparation or status evaluation epons 0t -terra Lronw Rands Asthor;ri (SLRA)

Strengthening of he existing environmental unit a a a _ * a _a ao a a a _ a aTraining on-site of the environrnental engineer _ _Training abroad of the environmental engineer |Workshops and seminars within SLRA JiPreparation of draft environmental guikelines for the road sectorTraining of SLRA supervismrs by the environmental engineer - -_Training of private contractors by the environmental engineer -Prcparalim of mitigation plans ._ .Supervision of construction works La_ . IjtPreparatitm or input to envirmmcnial statusrep" 11

Road TranspotAthwity (RTA)2 I !1 J( Establishment of an cnvimnrnental unit.________ _ _ ____.___ ____

< 4VuM_ m of an emission contrm! expent .Workshops and seminars within the road transport sector _ _ a.t

Prupation of draft vehicke emission standands _ :Preparation of fuel quality criteria _ a a a -

Formulation of a vehicle examination programrme (incL impklmentation)Preparation of inpul to environmental status reposi * *

Stfaja.nw Seres Age.ncy (M.4SA)Establishmcnt of environmental unit a a C _ _ _ a a a _ .mAppoiniment of envirmnmental specialist I &Workshops and seminafs within die maritime trAnspon setor a _ - _ |Preparation of environmental guidelines and Ktion plans >.Preparation of input to environmental status trports

2 EIA expert. technical assistance to DOTC an SLRA a a . __ , _ Emission contml cApen. technical asssisane to RTA 4) 1 __.___.__T________

jC .8 i ii i. 1-_ *. *

TRP: El,1vittilnmciqliil Aniuilysis IIiid MitiHtuilili Pl;iti Anillx 4, Puge I

Annex 4: Draft Mitigation Plan: Cost Estimate

Draft Mitigation Plan: Cost EstimateActivity Estimated cost US$

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 TOTALTrainingLocal tralning (seminars, workshops etc,) 20,000 20,000 20,000Training abroad for the DOTC, SLRA and RTA environmentalists B0,000 60,000

SUB-TOTAL 20,000 80,000 80,000 180,000

Technical AssistanceProject mobilisation, on-site training, studles, monitoring and evaluation 60,000 40,000 60,000Foreign expert (12 manmonth, 5 travels, accomodution) 150,000 50,000 100,000

SUB-TOTAL 210,000 9Q0j000 160,000 460,000

EquipmentTraining equipment to SLRA, DOTC, and RTA 15,000 13,000 13,000Test equipment to SLRA 5,000 500 500Computer, software and printer to SLRA, DOTC and RTA 28,0004 WD vehicle to SLRA 30,000

SUB-TOTAL 78,000 13,500 13,500 105,000

SUB-TOTAL 308,000 183,500 253,600 745,0008% price condingency 24,640 14,680 20,280 59,600

TOTAL 332,640 198,180 273,780 804,600

NOTE: All figures are in fixed 1994 prices,

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TRP Environmentiail Analysis and Mitiigatiton Platn Annex S. Pa,ge I

Annex 5: Sierra Leone, Transport RehabilitationProject

Drult Terms or Refrrence for an Environmental Co-ordinsitor at DOTC

1. Background. Sierria Leune is a small country (population 4.4 million in 1992) with itrclatively simple transport system which primarily consists of the road network. Itsrailwaty was closcd in 1973. therc is litle inland air and watcr transport. it has an inter-national airport at Lungi, and its major port at Freetown. The country has about 12.00lkm of roaids ol' which 1.260 km are palved and 5.820 km gravellcd trunk roads. andabout 4.250 km arc fcccr tind village access roads. Public cxpcnditure in the transportsector in FY93 amounted to 8%, of the total expenditure.

2. The Department of Transport and Communications (DOTC) has the responsibility forgcneral transport policy, civil aviation, and maritime and inland water transport. It alsosupervises the Sicrra Leone Port Authority (SLPA), the Sicrra Leone Airport Authoritics(SLAA), Sierra Leonc Airways (SLA). Sierra Leone Road Transport Corporation (RTC)and the Sierra Leone National Shipping Company (SLNSC). The newly establishedSierra Leonc Roads Authority (SLRA) under the Departmcnt of Works (DOW) has theresponsibility for development and management of all roads in the country (exceptvillage access roads). DOTC is supposed to initiate policies, regulations, by-laws andtransport sector development projects. Due to lack of capacity, it has not been able toperform these functions in the past.

3. The government recently initiated the process of formulation a transport sector policy ata workshop with all the transport sector stakeholders. Following are some of the keypolicy actions as recommended at the workshop:

(a) road uscr charges to bc adjusted annually to fully cover costs of routine and periodicmaintenance:

(b) cstablishmcnt of a Road Transport Authority. charged with managing the sub-sectorad collection of licensing feces and

(c) establishmcnt of a Maritimc Transport Authority to co-ordinatc and regulate mari-timc and rclated traffic.

4. Govcrnment has madc good progress in the roads sector. Under the on-going RoadRehabilitation and Maintenance Project (RRMP) supported by IDA. UNDP. EC andAfDB. the road unit of DOW has heen transferred tto the newly established SLRA.About 8.000 excess staff have been rctrenched. a four year time slice of the seven yearprogramme for road netwoirk rehahilitation and mainhenance is heing implemented. smallsCale dtinicstic contractors arC beinig trained and cquipped and the hulk olf road maintein-ance is gradually being assigied ItO private contractors. including a largc nuniber ot one-

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ninn-contractors perlirining rouLilic iniitiiinieace. The roaid network conditiionis hnsalready visibly improved nnd the publi is apprecilttive of that alct.

5. Ohjevtives. Thc objective of the itetivities of the Envirountienil Co-ordinator Is to assistthe development of a framework lor environmental mainagement within the transportsector.

6. Scope of Work. The activities or the Environmcntal Co-ordinator under DOTC shouldcomprise, among others:

* facilitanc thc establishmcntl o environmcntil units in RTA and MSA and strcngthenthe existing unit in SLRA;

* establish working procedurcs for cooperittion between the environmental units atndEnvironmental Protection Sccrettrint:

- carry out consultation with NGOs and affected groups living along recently rehabili-taled highway in ordcr to take note of public concerns relatcd to environmentalaspects of road rehabilitation (rcfer to Annex 6):

- raise environmental consciousncss and awareness at all levels of SLRA staff;

- expedite the formulation of an environmentat policy and support strategy for thetransport sector;

- expedite the preparation of lcgal measures including regulations curbing adverscenvironmental impacts of roads and road construction;

- prepare procedures for enforcement of regulations;

- organize training courscs in Environmental Impact Assessment;

- prepare guidelincs for mitigation in the Sicrra Leonc transpurt sectoT contcxt;

- follow and assist the environmental management activities under TRP:

- proposc and facilitatc implementation of corrective measures under TRP:

- preparc semiannual status reports on cnvironmcntal management activitics andquanerly progrcss reports.

7. Profile of the Candidate. The cxpcrt's qualifications shall includc:- a Mastcrs degrce in environmental cnginecring. biology. gcology or other relevant

natural scicnces:- extensive experience of environmental asscssmcnts of transl.on infraistructure pro-

jects:

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TRP: Environmental AnIlysih and Mitigation Plan Annex S. Pnao 3

* hrond expurience ol niiminisitrniionl. irglnlsititih, manygomenit and inMlitutIt,naldevelopment:

* hiuerpcrstonil eommuniciit ion skills-* experincve tl hurniin rcsources dIvelopment alnd training;* goud knowledge of cOmputerized inlormatlon systems;* famillarity with io phioss ol' trilnsport infrmgrueture pinining and Implementiutiun.

including policy mriking;* experience from cnvironnmential aiiessrnnts lin developing counitriesa nnd* proficiency in English,

tl Time Allocation fWr the ArNiglnment. The co-nrdlinnior IN propoxsed employed l'or aninilmtl period ol' threc years.

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TRP Finvironmenuil Analysis ind Miligation Plan Annex 6. Piip I

Annex 6: Manual for Public Consultations

1. Introductlirn

Poople living ailtng roadsN 1t he rehahllitatoed may have concerns and knowledge thlit maynot hc aipplarent to engineers or environmentaligst Public panricipation maty titereloireprtve to he beneficial ltr the quailly *ol an onvironmnieitl mitigiilon pinn and sihould hewelcomed.

ThiN shirt minual propoNes key public consultation telivities tlihnt hould he carried outIn connection with the ipreparation ol environmental mitigatlon plians for specric rehil.hilitation project.

The manual addresses ruod rehabilitaition prrojects in particular, but the prlnciplc ippliesto otler projects at well.

2. Ohjeetive

Public consultations are to be carried out for all projects undor the PTR in ordor tosecure that the public is Informed about the project and its consequences, and to enablesuggestions and opinions from affected groups and N1Os to be included in the environ.mental mitigation plans for the projects.

3. Activities

3.1 General

Communication between the responsible authority and the public is the key to publicparticipation. The communication should be initiated as early as possible, comprise asmany people as possible. and carried out through as many different mcans as possible.

312 Cionsultations with Affected Grioups

Consultation with affected groups should be initiated by contacting people living alongth rehabilitttion projcct. typicailly through chies. ol villages. It is important to involvcas many as the villagers as possibic in the consultations. The involvement of the vil-lagcrs could prck' rahly takc pitice t a villagc mecting where the project is prcsented hythe rcsponsible person from SLRA. including the f illowing initormationi:

* alignment:* cosstrueli1t1 iiictlollds:

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c* onlstruction peritl)d* dcrnand or wtorking Iircii nnd it cess rtadiis during construction:* pssibhle dcnianiid ft'r locial wtorkcrs:* pernmncnti impacts;* trn1mirary lmpirats relited to ctnstruction;* mitigatting mcisures, including maintenianec platns,

At the villayg meecting thc villa gers should he encouraged to contributc with-

* eoncerns rclated to environmental ii nd social eflects;* infLrmation on local environmeit ntnd ecology which could bhe afleted;* prtoposalss tor mitiilgiting nmetsurc4.

Each proposal made by the affecled groups should he earefully examined ntnd the lotielcommunity informed to which extent thc proposals havc bccn incorporated in the pro-ject.

3.3 Meetings with Environmental NGOs

Specific sections of road rehabilitation project under the TRP may interfere with forestrescrves and other protccted or valuabic naturc arcas. In such case, rclevant Environ-mental Non-Governmental Organisations (NOOs) should be identified and eonsultcd bythe SLRA as carly as possibic.

The NGO shall be given a presentation of the project including the following informa-tion:

* alignmcnt and construction method;- construction period;* expected environmental impacts,* mitigating measures.

The NGO could contributc to thc project by

* providing additional data and information;* suggesting relevant environmental specialist to be consulted,* suggesting additional mitigating measures;* suggesting alternative alignment.

Each suggestion made by the NGO should be examined and the NGO informcd to whichextent their proposals have hcen incorporated in the mitigation plan for the project.

Cn\TrKsi\6321 \TrP\BNNO I9 29 P . COWlcolisult

TRP: Envirunmuntil Anitlysis iind Miligiititin Plin Annex 6. Pni 3

4. Oulplut

A summary of the et nsulhtlunK shiklI hc prepnrcd nnd included in thc miligatiun plin lt'rthc specific pruject. The Aummary should describe ail concerns iand suggcstions mrlde atthe consultiations nind to which extent itey have heen taken into account In the finalmitlgiation plni.

C \.TEKST26321v\TRP\BNN129S. RAP COWlconsult

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