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Spring 2014
信號與系統Signals and Systems
Chapter SS-4The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
Feng-Li LianNTU-EE
Feb14 – Jun14
Figures and images used in these lecture notes are adopted from“Signals & Systems” by Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky, 1997
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-2Outline
Representation of Aperiodic Signals: the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Convolution Property
The Multiplication Property
Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-3Fourier Series Representation of CT Periodic Signals
Example 3.5:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-4Fourier Series Representation of CT Periodic Signals
Example 3.5:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-5Fourier Series Representation of CT Periodic Signals
Example 3.5:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-6Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
CT Fourier Transform of an Aperiodic Signal: Page 193, Ex 3.5
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-7Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-8Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-9Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-10Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-11Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-12Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Sufficient conditions for the convergence of FT
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-13Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Sufficient conditions for the convergence of FT
• Dirichlet conditions:
1.x(t) be absolutely integrable; that is,
2.x(t) have a finite number of maxima and minimawithin any finite interval
3.x(t) have a finite number of discontinuitieswithin any finite intervalFurthermore, each of these discontinuities must be finite
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-14Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.1:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-15Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.1:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-16Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.2:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-17Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.3:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-18Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.4:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-19Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.5:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-20Representation of Aperiodic Signals: CT Fourier Transform
sinc functions:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-21Outline
Representation of Aperiodic Signals: the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Convolution Property
The Multiplication Property
Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-22Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Fourier Transform from Fourier Series:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-23Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Example 4.6:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-24Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Example 4.7:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-25Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Example 4.8:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-26Outline
Representation of Aperiodic Signals: the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Convolution Property
The Multiplication Property
Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-27Outline
Section Property4.3.1 Linearity4.3.2 Time Shifting4.3.6 Frequency Shifting4.3.3 Conjugation4.3.5 Time Reversal4.3.5 Time and Frequency Scaling4.4 Convolution4.5 Multiplication
4.3.4 Differentiation in Time4.3.4 Integration4.3.6 Differentiation in Frequency4.3.3 Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals4.3.3 Symmetry for Real and Even Signals4.3.3 Symmetry for Real and Odd Signals4.3.3 Even-Odd Decomposition for Real Signals4.3.7 Parseval’s Relation for Aperiodic Signals
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-28Outline
Property CTFS DTFS CTFT DTFT LT zTLinearity 3.5.1 4.3.1 5.3.2 9.5.1 10.5.1
Time Shifting 3.5.2 4.3.2 5.3.3 9.5.2 10.5.2Frequency Shifting (in s, z) 4.3.6 5.3.3 9.5.3 10.5.3
Conjugation 3.5.6 4.3.3 5.3.4 9.5.5 10.5.6Time Reversal 3.5.3 4.3.5 5.3.6 10.5.4
Time & Frequency Scaling 3.5.4 4.3.5 5.3.7 9.5.4 10.5.5(Periodic) Convolution 4.4 5.4 9.5.6 10.5.7
Multiplication 3.5.5 3.7.2 4.5 5.5Differentiation/First Difference 3.7.2 4.3.4,
4.3.65.3.5, 5.3.8
9.5.7, 9.5.8
10.5.7, 10.5.8
Integration/Running Sum (Accumulation) 4.3.4 5.3.5 9.5.9 10.5.7Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals 3.5.6 4.3.3 5.3.4Symmetry for Real and Even Signals 3.5.6 4.3.3 5.3.4Symmetry for Real and Odd Signals 3.5.6 4.3.3 5.3.4
Even-Odd Decomposition for Real Signals 4.3.3 5.3.4Parseval’s Relation for (A)Periodic Signals 3.5.7 3.7.3 4.3.7 5.3.9
Initial- and Final-Value Theorems 9.5.10 10.5.9
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-29Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform Pair:
• Synthesis equation:
• Analysis equation:
• Notations:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-30Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Linearity:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-31Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Time Shifting:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-32Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Time Shift => Phase Shift:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-33Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.9: Ex 4.4
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-34Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-35Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-36Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-37Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Conjugation & Conjugate Symmetry:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-38Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.10:
Ex 4.1
Ex 4.2
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-39Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.10:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-40Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Differentiation & Integration:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-41Properties of CT Fourier Transform
FT of u(t) and 1(t):
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-42Properties of CT Fourier Transform
= +
Ex 4.3
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-43Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.11:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-44Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Example 4.12: Ex 4.4
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-45Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Time & Frequency Scaling:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-46Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Time & Frequency Scaling:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-47Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Duality:
Example 4.4
Example 4.5
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-48Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Duality:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-49Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Duality:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-50Properties of CT Fourier Transform
Parseval’s relation:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-51Outline
Representation of Aperiodic Signals: the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Convolution Property
The Multiplication Property
Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-52Convolution Property & Multiplication Property
Convolution Property:
Multiplication Property:
X
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-53Convolution Property
From Superposition (or Linearity):
LinearSystem
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-54Convolution Property
From Superposition (or Linearity):
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-55Convolution Property
From Convolution Integral:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-56Convolution Property
Equivalent LTI Systems:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-57Convolution Property
Example 4.15: Time Shift
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-58Convolution Property
Examples 4.16 & 17: Differentiator & Integrator
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-59Convolution Property
Example 4.18: Ideal Lowpass Filter
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-60Convolution Property
Filter Design:
FilterLTI System
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014Signals & Systems: CT & DT Systems
Interconnections of Systems:• Audio System:
NTUEE-SS1-SS-61
Bass Treble EqualizerMicrophone
or Tape Speaker
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-62Convolution Property
Filter Design:
FilterLTI System
RC circuit
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-63Convolution Property
Example 4.19:
FilterLTI System
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-64Convolution Property
Example 4.19:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-65Convolution Property
Example 4.20:
FilterLTI System
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-66Outline
Representation of Aperiodic Signals: the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Convolution Property
The Multiplication Property
Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-67Multiplication Property
Convolution & Multiplication:
Multiplication of One Signal by Another:• Scale or modulate the amplitude of the other signal• Modulation
X
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-68Multiplication Property
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-69Multiplication Property
Example 4.21:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-70Multiplication Property
Example 4.22:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-71Multiplication Property
Example 4.23:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-72Multiplication Property
Bandpass Filter Using Amplitude Modulation:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-73Multiplication Property
Bandpass Filter Using Amplitude Modulation:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-74Multiplication Property
Bandpass Filter Using Amplitude Modulation:
• On Page 349-350, Problem 4.46
X
X
X
X
+
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-75
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-76
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-77
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-78Outline
Representation of Aperiodic Signals: the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
The Convolution Property
The Multiplication Property
Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-79Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
A useful class of CT LTI systems:
LTI System
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-80Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-81Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Examples 4.24 & 4.25:
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-82Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Example 4.26:LTI System
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-83X(jw) of Aperiodic Signals and a_k of Periodic Signals
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-84X(jw) of Aperiodic Signals and a_k of Periodic Signals
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-85X(jw) of Aperiodic Signals and a_k of Periodic Signals
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-86Chapter 4: The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
Representation of Aperiodic Signals: the CT FT The FT for Periodic SignalsProperties of the CT FT
• Linearity Time Shifting Frequency Shifting• Conjugation Time Reversal Time and Frequency Scaling• Convolution Multiplication• Differentiation in Time Integration Differentiation in Frequency• Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals• Symmetry for Real and Even Signals & for Real and Odd Signals• Even-Odd Decomposition for Real Signals• Parseval’s Relation for Aperiodic Signals
The Convolution Property The Multiplication Property
Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-87Questions for Chapter 4
Why to study FT• In order to analyze or represent aperiodic signals
How to develop FT• From FS and let T -> infinity
Do periodic signals have FT• Yes, their FT is function of isolated impulses
Why to know the properties of FT• Avoid using the fundamental formulas of FT to compute the FT
What the duality of FT and why• FT and IFT have almost identical integration formulas
Why to know the convolution property• To analyze system response and/or design proper circuits
• To simplify computation
Why to know the multiplication property• For signal modulation with different-frequency carriers• To simplify computation
Feng-Li Lian © 2014Feng-Li Lian © 2014NTUEE-SS4-CTFT-88
Periodic Aperiodic
FS CTDT
(Chap 3)FT
DT
CT (Chap 4)
(Chap 5)
Bounded/Convergent
LTzT DT
Time-Frequency
(Chap 9)
(Chap 10)
Unbounded/Non-convergent
CT
CT-DT
Communication
Control
(Chap 6)
(Chap 7)
(Chap 8)
(Chap 11)
Signals & Systems LTI & Convolution(Chap 1) (Chap 2)
Flowchart