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SILAS’S HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS
ANALYSIS IN EQUALS FILM
An Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Strata One (S1)
By
Ranie Savitri
NIM. 1113026000079
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH
JAKARTA
2018
ABSTRACT
Ranie Savitri, Silas’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Analysis in Equals Film. A
thesis: English Letters Department, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State
Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2018.
The aim of this research is to identify the characteristics of the main male
character, Silas, and how he manage to get his need fulfilled using Abraham
Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs theory. It uses all the data that collected from
dialogues and pictures from the film to support the analysis.
In this film, he portrayed as a cold hearted and observant person. However,
after diagnosed with a disease, he slowly changes. He becomes emotional. He also
turns into a person who cares for others, especially his lover, Nia. In hierarchy of
human needs part, he described has fulfill the physiological need and safety need.
However, after meet Nia, the urge to fulfill his love and belongingness need starts
to grow and that makes him in danger, because the place where he lives, love is as
considered as a crime. However, he decide to fight for his true feeling, then he
plans to escape with Nia, to fulfill his third need.
Keywords: Film analysis, Maslow, Equals, Hierarchy Of Human Needs.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
In the name of Allah, The Most Gracious, The Most merciful. All praise and
thanks be to Allah. Without Allah SWT blessings, it would be impossible to have
the opportunity to finish the paper. May the peace and blessing of Allah SWT be
upon our beloved Prophet Muhammad SAW, his families, companions, and all of
his followers
This thesis presented as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for Strata
One Degree in English Letters Department of Adab and Humanities Faculty at
State Islamic University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, this thesis also
specially presented for the writer’s late father, Mr. Royani, who passed away
when the writer starts working on this thesis. Next, writer would like to say her
gratitude to her family, especially her beloved mom, Mrs. Joefiani who support
her mentally and financially to do the study in campus and finish her thesis, and
stand by the writer through hardship.
The writer would like to gives appreciation and huge gratitude to her
advisor, Ms. Pita Merdeka, M.Hum. for her great patient and time in guiding the
writer to finish this thesis. Without her contributions, advices and suggestions the
thesis could not be completed.
The writer also would like to present her trustworthy gratitude to these
following people:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag., the Dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty.
2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department.
3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum., the Secretary of English Letters
Department.
4. Miss Inayatul Chusna M.Hum and Miss Nina Farlina M.Hum as the
examiners of this thesis.
5. All the lecturers of English Letters Department who have shared their
valuable knowledge and taught the writer during her study in UIN
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
6. Bagus Mashurul for endless time, patience and support.
7. The writer’s friends in English Letters Department, Hap-Hap and
Grup Suci who gives her support and prayer to finish the thesis.
8. All the people who help the writer to finish this thesis that cannot be
mentioned one by one.
May Allah SWT blesses and gives the greatest award for them all.
Jakarta, My 16th
2018
Ranie Savitri
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................i
APPROVEMENT.............................................................................................................ii
LEGALIZATION...........................................................................................................iii
DECLARATION...............................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study .................................................................................. 1
B. Focus of the Study............................................................................................. 6
C. Research Question............................................................................................. 6
D. The Significance of the Research........................................................... 6
E. The Research Methodology.................................................................... 6
1. The Method of Study.................................................................. 6
2. Technique of Data Analysis........................................................ 6
3. Research Instrument ................................................................... 7
4. The Unit Analysis....................................................................... 7
5. Time and Place ........................................................................... 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................. 8
A. Previous Research ........................................................................... 8
B. Character and Characterization........................................................ 9
C. The Hierarchy Of Human Needs Theory....................................... 13
D. The Hierarchy Of Human Needs Theory....................................... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS.......................................................... 22
A. Character Analysis ........................................................................ 22
B. The Hierarchy of Needs in The main Character............................. 30
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ............................... 41
A. Conclusions.................................................................................... 41
B. Suggestions..................................................................................... 42
WORK CITED ................................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Research
Film is one of literary works that nowadays becomes an essential need since a
lot of people nowadays love to spend their leisure time watching Film.
Furthermore, film has been used to express people feelings or creativity through
times and already have a promising prospect for people that work in film field.
Film creates many opportunity in the world of film for people to be creative and
brings out new ideas. Therefore, now we could find various genres to satisfy our
needs for entertainment such as horror, comedy, drama, romance, science fiction,
etc.
Besides many variation of genre, there are also many approach variation to
analyze a film and one of them is psychological approach to solve the problem in
the films. Moreover, somehow film is having similiarity, like some kind of
relation with reality. From that relation, we can consider that film can mediate
reality as Andrew stated his opinion that no one would deny that cinema mediates
reality for us(Andrew 33). Therefore, we can find many films with psychological
theme. As stated by Tony and Roberts in Villarejo’s book that film theorists,
critics, and commentators, have been drawn to psychoanalytic ideas to explain
cinema, because cinema seems to display a fundamental kinship with the
irrational that psychoanalysis seeks to explain.‖ (Villarejo 124). One of the
theories that have been used is Maslow’s Theory, Hierarchy of human needs.
Maslow was interested in human potential and how to fulfill that potential.
While other psychologists learn about what is wrong with human’s mental,
Maslow developed a more positive account of human behavior focused on what
goes right. He uttered that people are motivated to achieve particular needs and
that some needs take priority over others and our actions are motivated in order to
achieve certain needs. Our most basic need is for physical survival, and this will
be the first thing that motivates our behavior. Once a level of need is fulfilled the
next level up is what motivates us, and so on, just like what he said on his book:
It cannot be denied that humans are creatures that always have needs and rarely
satisfied because their needs always grow from one to another. The human being
is a wanting animal and rarely reaches a state of complete satisfaction except for a
short time. As one desire satisfied, another pops up to take its place. When this is
satisfied, another comes into foreground, and so on (Maslow 7).
The hierarchy of human needs are include: Biological and physiological needs,
Safety needs, Love and belongingness needs, Esteem needs and Self-actualization
needs. The longer the duration a motivation is denied to fulfill, the urge of such
needs will become stronger. For example, the longer a person goes without food,
the more hungry they will become. When a need has been 'more or less' satisfied,
it no longer a priority, and our activities become eventually directed towards the
next set of needs that we have yet to satisfy (Mcleod)
Equals is a film about science fiction Dystopia, settled in a post-apocalyptic
society, where the display of open romantic love is a crime and emotion is
forbidden. There is an incipient human breed called Equals, lives in a more
developed, future society called the Collective. The title Equals might be taken
from the name of that new human breed of the new world that become the focus
of the film, where they are appears to be all equals, wearing exactly same uniform,
no matter man or woman, black or white. Equals are peaceful, calm, fair, and
polite and they are supposed to be emotionless, specifically, the love emotion
where the Collective find it threatening and make the Equals become
unproductive.
The central characters from this film are Silas and Nia. Silas is no different
with other citizen in the Collective. He works in Atmos as an Illustrator that
commend the virtues of space exploration. In this film, the character Silas is
portrayed as someone who has achieved the stability of his life. He almost has
everything he needs to survive as a human being. He lacks of nothing and his life
seems to be perfect. One day, Silas discover Nia, his coworker who works as a
writer, when there was a suicide outside their building. From that moment, Silas
realizes that there is something missing in his life, despites everything he has in
his life. He wants to love and to be loved. However, since the Collective is forbid
emotion, it is almost impossible for him to fulfill his desire.
Things get worse when his interest towards Nia starts to grow, he starts to
experiencing things that he never have before like nightmare, easily getting tired,
and getting more emotional. And later he diagnosed with S.O.S that makes his
condition even worse. Starting from the beginning of the film, a disease called the
S.O.S (Switched On Syndrome) keep showing and the citizen is always warned
about it because it is considered very dangerous due to affects people’s natural
feeling that will destroy the social order of the Collective where Equals should not
have feelings. It has four stages, and when it reaches the 4th
stage, they will be
sent away to The Den, and never seen again. The Collective work it best to fight
the disease by putting the advertisement at Atmos outer wall or bulletin on the
computer at works.
After figuring out that Nia has the same condition with him, she admitted that
she might have S.O.S, they start to get closer. They share each other burden,
feeling each other and they filling the hollowness in their heart with each other’s
presence. He is captivated by her, and she by him. They are no longer feeling
alone in this cold-cruel world.
But living in a place like this where love is forbidden, they must be very
careful because their life is at stake for fighting their love. From that problem, In
this opportunity, writer would like to analyze Silas’s characters and his struggle to
fulfill certain need seen from Maslow’s hierarchy of human need theory as the
writer found psychological problem arouse within the film and considered the
theory is proper to analyze the corpus.
B. The Focus of the Study
To make this research to be more focused, the writer will limit the problem in
this study by focusing on the main character, which is Silas and understand the
needs that he wants to fulfill, which is the third need and how does he fulfill it by
using the hirearchy of human needs theory by Abraham Maslow
C. Reseach Questions
1. How is Silas described in the Film?
2. How does Silas fulfill his need seen from Maslow’s hierarchy of human
needs theory?
D. The Significance of the Research
The writer hopes after reading this research, readers will be inspired and use
this research as reference to study about hierarchy of human needs. And the writer
also hope the analysis would motivate readers interest in literature to do further
analysis.
E. The Methodology of the Research
a. The Method
The writer uses qualitative method in doing this research by
analyzing words as the evidences or the data that are collected from the
film. Through this method, the writer analyzes and identifies the main
character’s characteristic and his unfulfilled need in the film.
b. The Technique of Data Analysis
The data obtained in this study will be analyzed qualitatively based
on Hierarchy of human needs theory, which means the data that has
been collected is in the form of words and pictures not numbers
(Sugiyono 9). The technique of data analysis of the research tries to
find out the characteristic of Silas in the film, and then the writer uses
the Hierarchy of Human needs theory. The writer study the film
deeply, understands it comprehensively and gives some marks in each
line of the episodes, quoting lines from the film and then analyze them
and write them in a paper.
c. The Instrument
The instrument of this research is the writer herself by watching
Equals film very carefully and deeply. So that the writer can
understand the story, identifying the character from the film, and
making notes in order to help the writer in analyzing the data.
d. The Unit of Analysis
The unit analysis of the research is Equals Film, directed by Drake
Doremus and reach 6.1 score on IMDB that the writer downloaded and
watched on her personal computer.
e. Place and Time
This research is conducted in the faculty of Adab and Humanities,
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, home, and
libraries
CHAPTER II
THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Previous Research
The writer finds some articles regarding the Equals film. The first is ―Sci-Fi
Romance Equals Is a Nothing Movie About a Nothing World‖ by
Miaminewtimes. They explained equals film as a cool, rational, lifeless world,
blanketed in whites and grays and blues, and peopled with unfeeling faces — a
world whose citizens will express brief concern at the sight of a man jumping off
a building to his death before calmly adding, ―I hope they’ll find someone to
cover his work.‖. In other words, the mood may be mild, bland, and emotionless,
but the symbolism is blunt, obvious, ripe. Another one from rollingstone,
―Kristen Stewart and Nicolas Hoult fight for the right to love in this future-shock
sci-fi indie‖ the explain how other audience call this film is boring just like any
other sci-fy film with sterile, sexless people where everyone looks the same and
wears the same clothes. But actually, Equals is very sexy, mostly because there
isn’t much of it and yet we can feel two people so longing to have it.
The writer also find some thesis that use the same theory to analyze the
character of corpus. There are Main Character’s Hierarchy of Needs in Begin
Again Film by Evi Nur Latifah (2017) and A Main Character Analysis of “Ralph”
in Wreck It Ralph Film Using Hierarchy of Human Needs by Abraham H. Maslow
(2014).
The first thesis is Main Character’s Hierarchy of Needs in Begin Again Film
whose the main character and also the subject of the analysis, Dan Mulligan was
played by Mark Rufallo. The film was made in 2013. Evi uses qualitative
descriptive method. The writer of this thesis finds the problem which reflecting
the hierarchy of human needs by Maslow. Dan Mulligan is described as idealist
and hardworking person. He, moreover, depicted has fulfilled his needs until the
fourth need, but in the middle, he lost his love and belonging as well as his esteem
needs. Yet he managed to get it back fulfilled in the end.
The second thesis is A Main Character Analysis of “Ralph” in Wreck It Ralph
Film Using Hierarchy of Human Needs by Abraham H. Maslow. Wreck it Ralph is
an animation film produced by Disney in 2012. The researcher explained about a
game character named Ralph that he was already gratified his needs until the
highest one, the self-actualization as a wrecker in a game. In his fourth need, he is
not comfortable with what he acknowledged for, as the bad guy of the game and
he never get any medal like the good guy in the game, so he went around to find
his own medal. In the end, he find his actual self as a wrecker and he had to do it
professionally, because everyone get their own role in every situation.
B. Characterization
Characters hold important role as a character is a representation of human in a
film that is helping to build the flow. In other words, their thought, feeling, and
behavior can be equally considered as human character representation. As Barsam
stated in his book, character is another essential element of film narrative, play
functional roles within the plot, either acting or being acted on. Stories cannot be
existed if either plot or characters are missing (72).
Characterization is an interpretation of a character in a film by an actor.
According to Literarydevices, characterization is a literary device that is used step
by step in literature to highlight and explain the details about a character in a
story. Characterization differs according to the actor, the character, the screenplay,
and the director (Barsam 137). And thus, that is aspects that can bring a huge
impact of impression about something. For example, it is either, the actor’s face
features, physical built, directing style and different taste of liking that may drive
audience’s idea of one character. While Boggs revealed that there are eight
different way of characterization. And here they are according to him:
a. Characterization Through Appearance
Casting holds a great deal in a film because most actors show certain qualities
of character the minute they appear on the screen. We make certain assumptions
about them because of their facial features, dress, physical build, and mannerisms
and the way they move. Even though some actors are maybe versatile enough to
show completely different qualities in different roles, most actors are not. (Boggs
and Petri 60). Furthermore, a right cast help the audience determine either the
character is described kind, playful, athletic, weak, smart and else (60).
b. Characterization Through Dialogue
Characters in a film usually reveal a lot about themselves by what they say
and also by how they say it. Their true thoughts, attitudes, and emotions can be
seen in subtle ways through word choice and through the stress, pitch, and pause
patterns of their speech. One character can use of grammar, sentence structure,
vocabulary, and maybe particular dialects will show quite much about they are
and their characters' social and economic level, mental health, and educational
background (61).
c. Characterization Through External Action
Perhaps the best reflections of a character are the person's actions as
appearance is important to read a character yet, are often misleading. It must be
assumed, a real characters are more than mere instruments of the plot, that they do
what they do for a purpose, out of motives that are consistent with their overall
personality. Thus, there should be a clear relationship between a character and his
or her actions; the actions should grow naturally out of the character's personality.
(62). The character’s personality can be seen Through the actions. Every action
that a character takes in the plot reveals the quality of personality.
d. Characterization Through Internal Action
Inner action occurs within characters' minds and emotions that consist of
secret, unspoken thoughts, daydreams, aspirations, memories, fears, and fantasies,
which cannot be seen or heard, yet is often essential to a real understanding of a
character. The filmmaker reveals inner reality by the most obvious way by taking
us visually or aurally deep into the character's mind so that we are able to see or
hear the things that the character remembers, imagines or thinks about. That can
be achieved through a sustained interior view or through flashy glimpses shown
by metaphors means. Shooting technique can also help the audience
characterizing the main character. Tight close-up shoot help providing glimpses
into the inner action by revealing the sounds and sights the character imagines he
sees and hears (62).
e. Characterization Through Reactions of Other Characters
The way other characters view a person often shows as an excellent means of
characterization. Sometimes, a great deal of information about a character is
already provided through such means before the character first appears on the
screen. It is possible even though the main character has not appear nor say any
dialogue yet. For example, film can be opened by scene of a neighborhood, where
the neighbor is talking about their particular neighbor, the main character. That
little detail can already give the audience information about how the main
character is depicted (64).
f. Characterization Through Contrast: Dramatic Foils
The use of foils is one of the most effective techniques of characterization by
contrasting characters whose behavior, attitudes, opinions, lifestyle, physical
appearance, and so on are the opposite of those of the main character to show the
similar effect that achieved by putting black and white together — the black
appears blacker and the white appears whiter (64).
g. Characterization Through Caricature and Leitmotif
Caricature terms is taken from the technique used in cartooning, In order to
understand a character quickly and deeply, actors often exaggerate or distort one
or more dominant features or personality traits also voice qualities and accents.
While leitmotif, is the repetition of a single action, phrase, or idea by a character
until it becomes almost a trademark or theme song for that character. Caricature
and leitmotif helps the audience to distinguish certain character as they have
special trait to be not easily forgotten. For example is Hercule Poirot with his
accents and his mustache in The murderer on the orient express (65).
h. Characterization Through Choice of Name
The use of names is one important method of characterization that possessing
appropriate qualities of sound, meaning, or connotation. This technique is known
as name typing. Because a great deal of thought goes into the choice of names, a
character names usually thinks out very carefully. A name should be carefully
examined for the connotations they communicate.
As narrative movies developed through their history, filmmakers increasingly
left things out of their movies’ characterization, or left them implicit, or left them
to viewers to determine (Barsam 137). And that is why the writer wants to analyze
the character more deeply to understand the character himself doing his action
(66).
C. CINEMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE
According to Richard Barsam in his book, Cinematography is a process of
capturing moving images on film or digital storage device. The word comes from
three Greek roots—kinesis, meaning ―movement‖; photo, meaning ―light‖; and
graphia, meaning ―writing‖. Cinematography is an intricate language that can
contribute to a movie’s overall meaning as much as the story, mise-en-scène, and
acting do. Just like the painter uses the brush or the writer uses the pen, a
cinematographer uses the camera as a maker of meaning,: the angles, heights, and
movements of the camera function both as a set of techniques and as expressive
material.
A cinematographer’s responsibilities for each shot and setup with the other
filmmakers on the project divided into several aspects that need to be taken into
account and note, how to organize the motivation and set of shots as well as the
continuity of the story to successfully harnesses the powers of this visual language
to help tell the story and convey the meaning(s) of the movie. They are fall into
four broad categories:
1. Cinematographic properties of the shot (film stock, lighting, lenses)
2. Framing of the shot (proximity to the camera, depth, camera angle and
height, scale, camera movement)
3. Speed and length of the shot
4. Special effects
1. PROXYMITY TO THE CAMERA
Extreme long shot, long shot, medium long shot, medium shot, medium
close-up, close-up, and extreme close-up—refer to the implied distance between
the subject being photographed and the camera lens. Implied proximity to the
camera has been used to develop the narrative’s outcome and meaning. The
Audiences interpretations of these onscreen spatial relationships happen as
unconsciously and automatically as they do in everyday life. Similarly, the
implied proximity of the camera to the subjects being shot influences audience’s
emotional involvement with those subjects. Think of nearness is not the only
degree of proximity that engages our emotions. Each of the possible arrangements
of subjects in proximity to each other and to the camera has the potential to
convey something meaningful about the subjects onscreen, and most of those
meanings come to audiences naturally. Since the best way to remember and
recognize the different types of shots is to think in terms of the scale of the human
body within the frame, it will describe them in terms of that scale
a. EXTREME LONG SHOT
In the extreme long shot (XLS or ELS), usually photographed at a great
distance from the subject, that subject may often too small to be recognized,
except through the context we see, which usually includes a wide view of a
location, as well as general background information. When used to provide such
informative context, the ELS is also an establishing shot (232).
b. LONG SHOT
In a long shot (LS), we see the character’s full body. Almost filling the frame
but with some area above and below also visible, and some of the surroundings.
Also known as the full-body shot, the LS is used frequently in musicals and
comedies (233).
c. MEDIUM LONG SHOT
The medium long shot (MLS, also known as the two-shot, the plan
américain, or the American shot) is neither a long shot nor a medium shot, but one
in between. It is used to photograph one or more characters, usually from the
knees up, as well as some of the background. This very essential shot permits the
director to have two characters in a conversation and to shoot them from a variety
of angles. When the shot includes two characters, it is called a two-shot (233).
d. MEDIUM SHOT
A medium shot (MS), somewhere between the long shot and the close-up.
Usually shows a character from the waist up or her full figure if she is seated. The
MS is the most frequently used type of shot because it replicates our human
experience of proximity without intimacy; it provides more detail of the body than
the LS does. Unlike the close-up, the MS can include several characters, but it
reveals more nuance in the characters’ faces than can be captured in the MLS
(234).
e. MEDIUM CLOSE UP
The medium close-up (MCU) shows a character from the middle of the chest
to the top of the head. It provides a view of the face that catches minor changes in
expression and provides some detail about the character’s posture (234)
f. CLOSE UP
The close-up (CU) is produced when the camera is shooting from very near to
the subject. Although it traditionally shows the full head and sometimes including
the shoulders, it can also be used to show a hand, eye, or mouth. When focused on
a character’s face, the close-up provides an exclusive view of a character’s
emotions or state of mind (234).
g. EXTREME CLOSE UP
A variation on the close-up is the extreme close-up (XCU or ECU), which is a
very close shot of some detail. Extreme close up is widely used on video clip
creation, on this shoot strength and sharpness only focus on one object for
example extreme close up can be done on nose, eyes, or eyebrows only (236).
D. The Hierarchy Of Human Need Theory
Abraham Harold Maslow was the oldest of Samuel Maslow and Rose
Schilosky, who was born in April 1, 1908, in Manhattan, New York. His father is
a Russian-Jewish Immigrant who made barrel for living. In 1954, Maslow
released his book Motivation and Personality, where at that time, there were two
theories that influenced most of the psychologists, who derived their sources of
thought from Sigmund Freud and John B. Watson (Goble 17). Maslow was
admiring those two and later he developed his thought. Maslow’s work is not a
rejection of the two previous theories, but rather on the more good side because
both Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism have a very little view of humanity (Feist
and Feist 493).
(picture 1.1)
Maslow is best known for his hierarchy of human needs theory. There are five
stage of needs that human motivated to fulfill and often represented as a pyramid.
The first four levels are Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are
known as deficiency needs Or D-needs, which arise due to deprivation. Maslow
termed the highest level or the fifth of the pyramid as growth need (G-needs)
(Kendra Cherry).
1. Physiological Needs
The human most basic, the strongest, and the most that motivates Human
behavior is Physical survival. The needs are including foods, drinks, place to stay,
sex, sleep and oxygen (Goble 71). Maslow stated that a person who is lacking
food, safety, love, and esteem would most probably hunger for food more strongly
than for anything else. If all the needs are unsatisfied, and the organism is then
dominated by the physiological needs, all other needs may become simply
nonexistent or be pushed into the background (Maslow 37). From the statement,
we can conclude that physiological needs is the most powerful than any other
needs and it is unavoidable because, we still can live without love or esteem, but
not with foods, drinks, sleep, etc.
2. Safety Needs
If the first needs are relatively well fulfilled, then a new set of needs emerges,
which is the next step of the human needs known as the safety needs. You will
become increasingly interested in finding safe circumstances after you succeeded
fulfilled previous need. They are including security, stability, dependency,
protection, freedom from fear, from anxiety and chaos, need for structure, order,
law, limits, strength in the protector, and so on (Maslow 39)
According to Feist, Safety needs is differ from physiological needs, that they
cannot be highly satiated, because people can never have safety too much.
Humans might be possible to be overly satisfied by foods, drinks, sleep, but they
can never be completely protected from meteorites, fires, floods, or the dangerous
act of others (499). Most healthy adults covered their needs for safety most of the
time, thus making it relatively unnecessary. So, according to Maslow, ―we can
approach an understanding of his safety needs perhaps more efficiently by
observation of infants and children, in whom these needs are much more simple
and obvious. One reason for the clearer appearance of the threat or danger
reaction in infants is that they do not inhibit this reaction at all, whereas adults in
our society have been taught to inhibit it at all costs. Thus, even when adults do
feel their safety to be threatened, we may not be able to see this on the
surface‖(39).
3. Love And Belongingness Needs
If both the physiological and the safety needs are largely taken care of, there
the love and affection and belongingness needs will emerge. The need for love
includes the need to give and receive the attention of others, Maslow holds a
certain view that man in his life always tries to overcome feelings of loneliness
and alienation. Humans are social being who live with others and has always
needed others since he was born (Setiawan 41)
Also, Maslow stressed that love and sex is not exactly same because sex may
be studied as a physical needs, and sexual behavior is determined by many needs,
not only by sexual needs but also by various other needs, the main important is the
need for love(Goble74).
4. Esteem Needs
The next level of hierarchy of human needs is esteem needs. According to
Boeree, Maslow divided esteem into two version, they are the lower one and the
higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for
status, fame, glory, recognition, attention, reputation, appreciation, dignity, even
dominance. The higher form including the need for self-respect, including such
feelings as confidence, competence, achievement, mastery, independence, and
freedom(Boeree 4).
The satisfaction of this need will bring the psychological impact of self-value,
worth, strength, becoming capable, of being useful and necessary to the world. On
the contrary, the unfulfillment of this need may results in a person feeling inferior,
weak and unconfident (Setiawan 42).
5. Self-Actualization
The fifth level or the highest level of hierarchy of human needs is self-
actualization. This need arises after the four previous underlying needs are well
gratified. Maslow describes this need as a person's need to do what is the purpose
of his birth or the creator, Maslow describes this need as a person's need to do
what is the goal of his birth and becomes his nature and ultimate goal that
requires great effort (Setiawan42-43). Self-actualization is including fulfillment,
the Need for growth to develop one’s common and unique potential or talent. And
to find one’s mission, purpose, or vocation in life(Harper & Guibault 635). In a
simple way, self-actualization is a needs where you genuinely doing your ardency
and pur pose in life. In brief, you want to be a doctor deep inside your heart and
you work it until determinately become a doctor. That signifies that you have
fulfilled your self-actualization need.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDING
1. Character Analysis
In this analysis, the writer would like to explain and describe about the
characteristics of Silas that the writer has been identified as the main characters in
Equals film. The story tells us about Silas, a citizen who works as an illustrator
for Atmos. The film sets in a futuristic dystopian utopia, in which the citizens,
known as "Equals" who live under the Collective, the legislative body who
monitors the peoples actions.
Citizens are mentally stabilized due to emotions are suppressed since birth
and the productivity of the citizen is at its highest peak with the discovery of cures
for cancer and even for the common cold. Since emotions and love are forbidden
in the Collective, thus sex is prohibited. So, the conception is through an artificial
insemination via a conception summons.
In this film, Silas is depicted as a resident figure of the Collective. Every day
he works like other collective citizens and lives as normal as other citizens. He
lives with discipline, high productivity and minimal social interaction. No friends,
no hangout after work, just straight home, and always with the same daily routine
every day. He has no family, or even had a chance to know who his parents are.
Like other Collective citizens, live with discipline and high productivity, Silas
does not feel emotions and empathy especially love towards the surrounding
environment and this is a normal thing for Collective citizens.
Returning home one night, Silas sees a couple of citizen detained by officials.
In the Equals universe, people who experience emotion whether it is happiness,
affection or empathy to others will be treated as them having a contagious disease
and will be isolated from the environment. People in the Collective are always
reminded of a purported epidemic of Switched-On Syndrome (S.O.S), a multi-
stage "disease" that restores human emotions. Sufferers are usually commits
suicide before they progress to last stage and detained in the dreaded Defective
Emotional Neuropathy Facility (the DEN), the Collective's institution, which no
one ever leaves. The picture 2.1 below is showing how the Collective trying hard
to fight the disease by putting the advertisement and bulletin everywhere about the
disease every single day on every single person’s computer to remind the how
dangerous is this disease.
The following is an update on last night's disturbance in living block 5-J.
Health and safety officials subdued two individuals engaged in coupling
activities. And both have been transported to the defective, emotional,
neuropathy facility, the den, for containment and emotional suppression
treatment. The incident is an outbreak of defective behavior. Remember,
couplers are a danger to themselves and to all of us. Physical contact,
touching, or displays of emotions are signs of an individual infected with
S.O.S. If you see the signs, report the couplers to health and safety
immediately. Let's do our part to help contain this dangerous epidemic.
(07.32-07.55)
(picture2.1 - 07:33)
Thus, since everyone in the collective is not capable of showing emotion,
therefore, the writer cannot tell much about Silas personality. But Silas behavior is
gradually changing after he diagnosed with S.O.S because he starts to retrieve his
emotions back and able to feel love again as a ―normal‖ human, which the
Collective considered as very dangerous to the environment. Therefore, next it
will be explained his character before and after of the disease.
Silas personality before S.O.S is depicted as cold-hearted, like any other
citizen in the Collective like it was stated previously, they have their feeling
suppressed since birth to achieve high productivity. Every day he works and
living with discipline with minimal social interaction and the same daily routine.
So he does not have any emotion toward his surrounding.
Mark : Iris is back from conception duty.
Kate : She got back `yesterday. She had a defect.
Mark : How do you know?
Kate : She told me.
Rachel : Did she had the bug? (red:S.O.S)
Kate : No, she says she’s clean.
Silas : Where is everyone watching the landing tomorrow night?
Rachel : I’m watching it in Bishop park. I’m going to leave work early to
get a good seat. If I leave early enough I can get a seat close to the
screen. (04:49-05:15)
The conversation above is when Silas and his coworkers at Atmos on lunch
break when they are casually talking about their friend who come back from
conception duty and had a defect baby. All babies born there with the process of
external insemination and made without love from both parents, even the baby
does not know who their parents are and they talk about it like it was nothing. So
is the way Silas and his friends talk about someone’s baby who has a defect then
Silas change the topic without feeling guilty, represents the behavior of Silas as an
equals who is a cold-hearted.
The writer also found that Silas is curious and observant, more than any other
people around him in his environment, specifically when he first acknowledged
Nia’s weird behavior. When there was a suicide outside the building where they
are working, Silas keep looking at Nia wherever he gets a chance, observing her
in every move.
(picture 2.2 - 08:45)
(picture 2.3 – 08:58)
The close up pictures above shows the scene when their coworker in Atmos,
commit suicide by jumping from the top of the building and his head hit the
concrete. Silas sees Nia is different from the other colleagues, while the others are
remain cold as if it is nothing with the shocking event that just happens. Silas is
the only group member to notice fellow worker Nia having an emotional reaction.
Based from the shots above, as stated before that close up image purpose is to
show emotion and state of mind. In picture 2.2 and 2.3, the close up of Silas’s
eyes seems telling the audience how big the interest that he put on a single,
barely-noticed emotion in Nia, because he never sees something like that before.
Silas keep looking at Nia for few seconds still in close up shots until Nia is finally
gone from the scene to back to work. It can tell Silas is very attracted with what
he just saw, and he cannot get it out from his head. Furthermore, he starts to pay
attention to his body, his everyday routine, pay attention to others and
environment, and it happens after he finds the existence of Nia. Another example,
is one day on a lunch break, Nia caught a Bumblebee in her glass. Another equals
beside her accidentally see it and ask her what is that. Nia explains that it is a
bumblebee and they should not fly according to aerodynamic law, but they do not
realize that so they just fly away. While the other Equals turn her head of
disinterest, Silas keep watching her silently.
During the course after he finds out about Nia, Silas becomes more distracted
during a conference at Atmos, falls asleep more often, and experiences a
nightmare for the first time. Later he goes for a check-up and befriended by an
official named Jonas with stage 2 S.O.S and later he introduced to Bess, Max,
Peter, Thomas and other members of a secret support community for S.O.S
sufferer to talk and share their burden.
Silas is diagnosed with Stage 1 S.O.S and is given a prescription to inhibit his
symptoms. Nevertheless, Silas progressively worsen (see picture 1,3 below), as he
and his drawings become emotional. We can see that from the picture 1.3, at the
moment, he is drawing a man that being controlled with cable attached to his
head, lost in a dark tunnel while listening to the announcement from the collective
about S.O.S patient stage four that considered not functional as a human being
and will be executed. It quite sure that the drawing is a methaphore of himself
being controlled by the collective, and he is losing his way in his own life.
Moreover, his interest in Nia grows. The condition he had makes his daily
activities disturbed. He starts feeling different and isolated from others,
difficulties in concentrating, pain, overwhelmed feelings, his co-workers start
asking questions about his misbehavior, his painting shows that he is depressed of
his condition and makes his daily activities harder. Silas is afraid that he will
progress to stage four of S.O.S and sent to the DEN, for finally sentence to death
by electrocution.
(Picture 2.4)
In stage four, acute behavioral chaos, you will no longer function as a
productive member of the Collective. And your doctor will prescribe
containment at the DEN, Where you will be provided with electro
restraint, emotional suppression, and a pain-free death scenario. If you
have question about your conditions, notify tour doctor, or Health and
Safety official for immediate attention. And remember, the cure is around
the corner. (19:14- 19:35)
Seeing Nia has different tendencies toward others, Silas begins to suspect that
maybe she is indeed different and experiencing S.O.S too. Silas requested to be
transfers from his department where he is usually in speculative non-fiction
painter, and works under Nia as the supervisor. Now he can approach Nia, without
others to notify his true intentions, he carefully analyzes her. Watching her face
closely, her emotion signs, even followed her after works. Finally, on Atmos
meeting, everyone discovers that he is having S.O.S syndrome, and everyone in
his work area treated him like he is having a contagious disease, rather than a
normal person. So is Nia is showing defensive behavior to cover herself and as a
warning for Silas to not to get too close to her in public. One day, Silas follows
Nia into the bathroom and comforts her. She admits that she might had S.O.S for
over a year and hiding it to avoid discovery and ostracization. Silas kisses her and
after that their relationship grows. Having the same condition with each other’s,
both Silas and Nia felt the needy of attentions, for the first time in his or her life,
they are not alone, and facing their disease together not as a single individual, they
shared their burden with each other’s.
But one night, when they are in office restroom, Leonard, the company
manager, caught Silas and questioning him in front of the bathroom. From the
dialogue above, it seems like Leonard spots Nia's interface is turned on and
reveals that he has been monitoring Silas since one month ago. Silas is threatened
if his behavior does not change and endanger other in his work place, by
disturbing his co-workers in this case Nia, then Leonard will report him to the
authorities. Fearing his condition will put Nia in danger, Silas decides to get a
separated job with Nia by resigning from Atmos because Silas cannot see
anything bad happen to Nia as we can see from conversation below. Then he
decides to move to a gardening section that totally different from his former
workplace. From that point, it pointed that Silas is care for others, especially Nia.
Placement Officer : Are you sure this is what you want?
Silas : I am sure.
Placement Officer : Position at Atmos are highly coveted. Once we
placed you…
Silas : I understand. Because of my diagnosis, I think a
work environment where I interact less with the
others would be better.. for everyone benefit.
Placement Officer : That is very responsible attitude.
.
Based on the explanation above, Silas is depicted as a cold-hearted person
because he is not able to feel emotions especially love and empathy. He is also a
curious person, he likes to observe his surrounding and that is how he found Nia’s
existence that changes his life. After the disease, Silas behavior is slowly
changing. He becomes emotional seen from his drawing and because he afraid
that he will be sent to the DEN. Moreover, he is caring for others because after
successfully try to get closer with Nia and his feeling start to grow, Silas decides
to resign from Atmos to protect Nia because he is considered threatening for his
disease.
2. The Hierarchy of Needs in The main Character
Equals tells us about how in a futuristic dystopian utopia, where people may
someday suppressed basic needs in order to work and functionally more efficient
and productive life. With an advancement of technology, they found a way to
suppress unnecessary emotion that will bring down human productivity such as
sadness, happiness, empathy and others. They create a world, where discipline and
work ethic is number one foundation for being a productive person. In other
words, they created a society where the individual who only comply on orders.
Even the children who breed at this time came from external insemination with
conception duty, not from emotional bond and love. For them, emotion and love,
are the dead of duty.
Silas at the beginning of the story is just an ordinary citizen of the Collective.
Like many others, he did not feel emotion. His daily activity come from discipline
repetitive task, without a single thought about why he was doing it, without
question. A hundred percent complies with every rule that lies in the Collective.
Nevertheless, seen from the Abraham Maslow’s theory it finds that Silas has
fulfilled first few needs. Therefore, Silas has succeeded to fulfill his first
physiological needs.
(picture 3.1 - 00:57)
(picture 3.2 - 01:32)
(picture 3.3 - 06:31)
From the picture above, we can conclude that he has full control of his hunger
and thirst. He has food and drinks everyday provided by the Collective. He has an
apartment of his own to sleep, and living as a physically healthy person without
any obstacle to fulfill those needs. Therefore, it pointed out that he has fulfilled
his physiological needs.
(picture 3.4 - 05:53)
(picture 3.5 - 03:23)
Second, he is currently in safe circumstances. There is no danger or disease
that threatens his being as a Collective citizen. At the moment of picture 2.4, it
shows a couple of S.O.S Sufferer being caught red handed by the officials as they
are considered dangerous for having the disease and disobey the golden rule of the
Collective when he was about to returning to his apartment. It argued that he is
―protected‖ by a good security, as there are guards that had been provided to
protect the environment by the Collective. Furthermore, in picture 2.5, it can be
seen obviously that he has a steady job as a painter in a fairly considered elite
place whose position is highly coveted by others in Atmos. Also he has an
apartment, where he comes back after work and to protect him as a shelter. It
shows that he can fulfill his safety need in order to survive.
When his physiological and safety needs are fairly well gratified, then it will
emerge the love and belongingness needs. These needs involve a craving for
affectionate relationship, to feel as a part of a group, or a feeling that one belong
(Petri 290). This third need can be express through friend, lover, or mate, or
through social relationship within a group (Schultz and Schultz 304). The love
and belonging needs are not equivalent to sexual needs just like Maslow stated
before, that sex may be classified as physiological, while sexual behavior is
determined by many needs, especially love and belonging need. Although he is
part of the Collective citizen on the first place, the Collective citizen are
emotionless people, and they do not find the urge to satisfy this needs, so that
Silas is unable to fulfill this need at first. But Silas can fulfill some parts of this
need by the friendship of him and Jonas, an officer who also S.O.S sufferer whom
he meet in the hospital earlier.
(Picture 3.6 - 49:32)
From picture above, silas is enjoying having a conversation with Jonas and he
feels at ease telling all inside his mind to Jonas because he trust him. Jonas also
give him support about his disease and his relationship with Nia, He helps Silas
with the escape plan, and later he introduces Silas to a secret support community
consist of people who is suffer from S.O.S. He also helps Bes to get Nia out of
DEN and save her from death row.
Silas begins to change when he saw S.O.S patient suicide right before his
eyes, that is when he finds Nia, a co-worker of him, that shows a sign of
emotional form, who shows emotion when she saw the suicide victim, who pay
attention on little things like bumble bee. Silas starts to wonder and feel the
urgency of his needs to interact towards other sex. He starts to pay attention to
every little thing, from his body and other physical stature and wondering, why
the S.O.S patients have the disease on the first place on his mind. Silas begins to
attract to her and wanted to fill the loneliness that starts to gap in his heart. That is
when he is diagnosed with S.O.S stage one. He feels troubled to hold himself,
begin having nightmare, cannot concentrated and loss of appetite that shows his
anxiety.
After his urge of love and belongingness needs begins to grow, he
physiologically tries to find solution of his needs, Nia. He starts to understand that
Nia suffers from S.O.S too, and towards attraction they later find to be love each
other and to fulfill their needs as a couple, they have secret meetings in the
restroom every night. See picture 3.7 below.
(Picture 3.7 31:50)
At first they were not certain because all an Equals life, they have never
feel affection from other human being, so this thing is very new to them. Tey look
at each other. Then they proceeds by holding hands, feeling each other skin and
they hug. From that moment, Silas finally find the missing piece of his life, and he
considered himself start to fulfilled his third needs, to loving other and to be
loved. Beside the society find him and Nia as an anomaly, to stay survive, they
secretly hide their emotion when placed in their environment. Silas later throw all
the prescribed drugs to inhibit his natural urge, as he find Nia is more than enough
to complete him as a person.
But with that, there is problems emerge. Silas is diagnosed with S.O.S and
now he is trying to fulfill his third need, while in the Collective, love is considered
crime. By trying to fulfill his third need and as a S.O.S sufferer, that makes him
risking his safety needs, because now, he is considered dangerous for having the
disease and when he reach the last stage, he will be executed and while he was
trying fulfilling his love needs by secretly meeting Nia in the restroom, at times he
can be arrested by the security just like the couple earlier and ended up in the
DEN. Moreover, his manager at Atmos who caught him snooping Nia’s interface
is threatened to report him to the official make his safety become riskier in his
own environment to meet Nia and fulfill his third need. In short, seen from
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, he risk his safety needs because he is trying to fulfill
his third need that causing him to have a ―disease‖ that put his life in danger.
Later, when the Ashby ENI cure for S.O.S is announced and successfully
made, Silas and Nia feels even more threatened. They afraid that the government
will find that they have S.O.S, especially Nia since she never been to the doctor
and have a check up on her condition, and then force them taking the cure and
makes them forget the feeling they had and the being separated from each other is
terrifies them, because at first, Silas and Nia wanted to stay hidden and live
normally as the Collective citizen. Terrified imagining their life is in danger and
will not be able to remember the feelings they had toward each other again, they
begin their plan to escape collective and run away together. The two decide to go
to the Peninsula, a secluded, primitive section of land, to the bewildered support
of the group where the ―defect‖ is living in there. They ask for Jonas help and he
gives Silas instructions to ask for Oliver, a pilot, to fly him to the Peninsula. Silas
and Nia make plans to go to Wellington, the closest location towards the border,
on Saturday peninsula, the wild primitive area.
However, Nia gets a conception summons and forced to go to the clinic, right
before they succeed escape of the Collective, where she discover that she is
pregnant and so is taken to the DEN and about to be executed. In an almost panic
Silas visits Jonas about the situation, who tells him to stay calm and go back
home. Depressed, Silas goes home and becomes sadden. Bess, upon hearing from
Jonas and seeing that Nia was Stage 4, takes her to a room with Jonas and Max
and brief Nia on a deceased Stage 3 S.O.S patient, Eva. They then help her to fake
her death by switching identities implants with Eva, so that Eva is considered
alive while Nia is considered dead. She is manage to get it done and leaves the
DEN but she does not find Silas at his apartment. Meanwhile, Silas finds out that
Bess, Jonas and Gilead are betrayed by Max, and about to given the cure.
Silas goes to the DEN to find Nia but they tell him she is dead.
Overwhelming by sadness and unable to think clearly, he contemplates suicide on
a roof top to end the suffering. From here, Silas has lost his reason to fulfill his
third need, because Nia is no longer alive according to him. Then, he choose to
get the cure instead to erase all feeling about him and Nia. He decides to remove
the feeling of sadness of losing Nia and unable to fulfill his third need, by taking
the cure. So that he become a normal citizen just like from the first place and go
back to his second need, the safety needs, where he has nothing that threaten him
like before.
He returns to his apartment and finds Nia, who has changed her identity into
Eva, alive and waiting for him to come back. Silas is shock, and so do her when
she finds the little wound on Silas neck. He still remembers her and loves her
because the cure needs about 6 hours to finally working. They hug each other, try
to take the time they have before finally Silas feeling is finally gone.
Nia : ―Silas?‖
Silas : ―Good morning.‖
Nia : ―Do you still love me?‖
Silas : ―I remember I loved you.
But... I don't feel it anymore.‖
(01:30:10 - 01:30:41)
The conversation above is occurred in the next morning after the cure finally
working on Silas. Nia ask Silas, if he still love her. He said that he cannot feel
anything for her anymore, since the cure has erased all of his feeling. But still, he
can remember that feeling and their escape plan. Broken-hearted, Nia (Eva) takes
the train to Wellington with Silas. In the train, with some emotion left that he has
for Nia, and through the physical contact of holding her hand, it reveals the cure
might not erased his entire feeling.
That might be the reason why Silas is agreeing to continue their plan to
escape from the Collective. He still wants to fulfill his third need with Eva, and
continue their life in the Peninsula, where people at the Collective call it a place
where the defect lives, but the truth is actually they are just humans with freedom
to have a feeling and shows it. Therefore in short, Silas is still trying to fulfill his
love and belonging need with Nia, with new identity, by continuing their plan to
go to the Peninsula and even though Silas has been cured, it seems that his feeling
is not entirely change, because he is still showing caring act upon Eva by
voluntarily escape with her and holding her hands in the train to comforts her.
From the analysis above, Silas is described that he has almost perfect life he
has fulfilled the first two needs, the physiological need and safety need. He never
knew love because love is considered a crime in the place where he is currently
living. Thus it makes him to have no reason to fulfill the third need, the love and
belonging need. When he met Nia, he starts to experience emotion and there is
some urge that need to be filled, to love and being loved. He wants to fulfill his
third need. While trying to fulfill his needs with Nia, Silas also become friend
with Jonas, a S.O.S sufferer. That makes him fulfilled some parts of this needs
through friendship. And by trying to get to close to Nia, he is risking his life and
finally he is planning to escape. But he failed in the middle and ended up losing
his partner and that makes him losing his reason to fulfill his third need. But in the
end, Nia is actually still alive and change her identity to Eva. But Silas already
takes the cure that supposely erase all of his feeling, yet it does not seem to be
working because Silas is still showing his affection to Nia. And then once again
he tries to fulfill his third needs and escapes the Collective with Eva to live
outside in the Peninsula
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclussion
Equals is directed by Drake Doremus and released in 2015. Equals tells a
story about a couple, Silas and Nia, who life in a world with no emotion to
achieve highest work ethic. Thus it analyzes about Silas characteristic and his
needs and how he fulfill those needs. It uses characterization method by Boggs
and Petri, and Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs theory to analyze the film
because it considered the theory is proper to analyze the problem that Silas has in
his life.
Through characterization’s finding shows that he is depicted as a cold-
hearted, and also a curious and observant person, but eventually his behavior is
slowly changed. He becomes emotional and becomes a person who care for
others, especially Nia, where he decides to resign from his current work to the
gardening section that less elite than Atmos to protect Nia because he afraid that
he might endanger her and drag her into bigger problem, since everyone knows
that he is a S.O.S sufferer.
Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs consist of five element and usually
shown in pyramid shape. There are physiological needs, safety needs, love and
belonging needs, esteem needs and the last is self-actualization needs. In this
analysis seen Maslow theory, Silas has fulfilled his physiological needs because
he has food to eat, water to drink and place to sleep provided by his environment.
Grow to another stages, he also has fulfilled his safety need because there are
guards around the neighborhood to keep them safe. Also he has a job in elite place
and apartment for him to take shelter. Then there are the third needs, the love and
belonging need that he cannot fulfill because his environment that forbid emotion.
But after meeting Nia, his urge to fulfill the need starts to grow and after
acknowledge that Nia has the same condition as him, he tries to fulfill that need
by secretly meeting her in the restroom. He also make friend with Jonas who help
and support him. But with that he is also risking his safety needs because he may
get arrested at times. With so many things happens, they decides to run away but
Nia get caught and it ruins their plan. Later when they tell Silas that Nia is dead,
Silas almost jumped out of the building. Losing Nia also makes him lose reason to
satisfy his third needs. So, he decides to take cure and go back to his previous
state where he still has his physiological and safety needs unbothered. But, when
he finds out Nia, or now, Eva, is still alive, he once again tries to fulfill the third
need and escape to the peninsula with her, though he has taking cure, it seems he
still has a little feeling for her.
From the explanation above, we can see that Silas’s feeling is much stronger
than the drug effect because he still want to accompany Nia to work on their
escape plan by taking a train to the nearest station from Peninsula.in the train, he
also shows some caring act, because he sees Nia, a girl he used to love before
taking the cure, is upset and broken hearted. Silas react to Nia’s emotion by
comforting her by holding her hand.
B. Suggestion
It suggested the reader who wants to use a film as a corpus to analyze the film
deeply, find the main issue and then choose the proper method and theory to solve
the problem in the corpus. Hierarchy of human needs by Maslow is one of options
if the readers are interested to analyze films with psychological theme.
Finally, by reading this thesis, it hopes that this thesis give benefits an can
be useful to the reader and give the contribution to who wants to analyze the same
topic and motivates other to use hierarchy of human needs theory as wel
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