DEFINITION OF 'TIME VALUE OF MONEY - TVM'

The idea that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the

future due to its potential earning capacity. This core principle of finance holds that, provided

money can earn interest, any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received.

A RUPEE on hand today is worth more than a RUPEE to be received in the future because the

RUPEE on hand today can be invested to earn interest to yield more than a RUPEE in the future.

The Time Value of Money mathematics quantify the value of a RUPEE through time. This, of

course, depends upon the rate of return or interest rate which can be earned on the investment.

The Time Value of Money has applications in many areas of Corporate Finance including

Capital Budgeting, Bond Valuation, and Stock Valuation. For example, a bond typically pays

interest periodically until maturity at which time the face value of the bond is also repaid. The

value of the bond today, thus, depends upon what these future cash flows are worth in today's

dollars.

The Time Value of Money concepts will be grouped into two areas: Future Value and Present

Value. Future Value describes the process of finding what an investment today will grow to in

the future. Present Value describes the process of determining what a cash flow to be received in

the future is worth in today's dollars.

SIMPIL INTERST

1. Principal:

The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or the sum.

2. Interest:

Extra money paid for using other's money is called interest.

3. Simple Interest (S.I.):

If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is

called simple interest.

Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then

(i). Simple Intereest =

P x R x T

100

(ii).

P =

100

x

S.I.

;

R

=

100

x

S.I.

and

T =

100

x

S.I.

.

R x

T

P x

T

P x

R

1. A sum of money at simple interest amounts to Rs. 815 in 3 years and to Rs. 854 in 4 years.

The sum is:

A. Rs. 650 B.

Rs. 690

C. Rs. 698 D.

Rs. 700

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

S.I. for 1 year = Rs. (854 - 815) = Rs. 39.

S.I. for 3 years = Rs.(39 x 3) = Rs. 117.

Principal = Rs. (815 - 117) = Rs. 698.

2. Mr. Thomas invested an amount of Rs. 13,900 divided in two different schemes A and B at

the simple interest rate of 14% p.a. and 11% p.a. respectively. If the total amount of simple

interest earned in 2 years be Rs. 3508, what was the amount invested in Scheme B?

A. Rs. 6400 B.

Rs. 6500

C. Rs. 7200 D.

Rs. 7500

E. None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Let the sum invested in Scheme A be Rs. x and that in Scheme B be Rs. (13900 - x).

Then,

x x 14 x 2

+

(13900 - x) x 11 x 2

= 3508 100 100

28x - 22x = 350800 - (13900 x 22)

6x = 45000

x = 7500.

So, sum invested in Scheme B = Rs. (13900 - 7500) = Rs. 6400.

4. A sum fetched a total simple interest of Rs. 4016.25 at the rate of 9 p.c.p.a. in 5

years. What is the sum?

A. Rs. 4462.50 B.

Rs. 8032.50

C. Rs. 8900 D.

Rs. 8925

E. None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Principal

= Rs.

100 x 4016.25

9 x 5

= Rs.

401625

45

= Rs. 8925.

5. Reena took a loan of Rs. 1200 with simple interest for as many years as the rate of interest. If

she paid Rs. 432 as interest at the end of the loan period, what was the rate of interest?

A. 3.6 B.

6

C. 18 D.

Cannot be determined

E. None of these

Answer & Explanation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Let rate = R% and time = R years.

Then,

1200 x R x R

= 432 100

12R2 = 432

R2 = 36

R = 6.

5. On July 10, 2005, Wendy Chapman borrowed $12,000 from her Aunt Nelda. If Wendy

agreed to pay a 9% annual rate of interest, calculate the dollar amount of interest she

must pay if the loan is for (a) 1 year, (b) 5 months, and (c) 15 months.

a. 1 year: I = PRT = $12,000 × 9% × 1 = $1,080

b. 5 months: I = PRT = $12,000 × 9% × 5/12 = $450

c. 15 months: I = PRT = $12,000 × 9% × 15/12 = $1,350

COMPUND INTERST

Compound interest is a great thing when you are earning it! Compound interest is when a bank

pays interest on both the principal (the original amount of money) and the interest an account has

already earned.

To calculate compound interest use the formula below. In the formula, A represents the final

amount in the account after t years compounded 'n' times at interest rate 'r' with starting amount

'p'.

Interest

Interest is the cost of borrowing money. An interest rate is the cost stated as a percent of the

amount borrowed per period of time, usually one year. The prevailing market rate is composed

of:

1. The Real Rate of Interest that compensates lenders for postponing their own spending

during the term of the loan.

2. An Inflation Premium to offset the possibility that inflation may erode the value of the

money during the term of the loan. A unit of money (dollar, peso, etc) will purchase

progressively fewer goods and services during a period of inflation, so the lender must

increase the interest rate to compensate for that loss..

3. Various Risk Premiums to compensate the lender for risky loans such as those that are

unsecured, made to borrowers with questionable credit ratings, or illiquid loans that the

lender may not be able to readily resell.

The first two components of the interest rate listed above, the real rate of interest and an inflation

premium, collectively are referred to as the nominal risk-free rate. In the USA, the nominal

risk-free rate can be approximated by the rate of US Treasury bills since they are generally

considered to have a very small risk.

Simple Interest

Simple interest is calculated on the original principal only. Accumulated interest from prior

periods is not used in calculations for the following periods. Simple interest is normally used for

a single period of less than a year, such as 30 or 60 days.

Simple Interest = p * i * n

where:

p = principal (original amount borrowed or loaned)

i = interest rate for one period

n = number of periods

Example: You borrow $10,000 for 3 years at 5% simple annual interest.

interest = p * i * n = 10,000 * .05 * 3 = 1,500

Example 2: You borrow $10,000 for 60 days at 5% simple interest per year (assume a 365 day

year).

interest = p * i * n = 10,000 * .05 * (60/365) = 82.1917

Compound Interest

Compound interest is calculated each period on the original principal and all

interest accumulated during past periods. Although the interest may be stated as a yearly rate,

the compounding periods can be yearly, semiannually, quarterly, or even continuously.

You can think of compound interest as a series of back-to-back simple interest contracts. The

interest earned in each period is added to the principal of the previous period to become the

principal for the next period. For example, you borrow $10,000 for three years at 5% annual

interest compounded annually:

interest year 1 = p * i * n = 10,000 * .05 * 1 = 500

interest year 2 = (p2 = p1 + i1) * i * n = (10,000 + 500) * .05 * 1 = 525

interest year 3 = (p3 = p2 + i2) * i * n = (10,500 + 525) *.05 * 1 = 551.25

Total interest earned over the three years = 500 + 525 + 551.25 = 1,576.25. Compare this to

1,500 earned over the same number of years using simple interest.

The power of compounding can have an astonishing effect on the accumulation of wealth. This

table shows the results of making a one-time investment of $10,000 for 30 years using 12%

simple interest, and 12% interest compounded yearly and quarterly.

Type of Interest Principal Plus Interest Earned

Simple 46,000.00

Compounded Yearly 299,599.22

Compounded Quarterly 347,109.87

Effective Rate (Effective Yield)

The effective rate is the actual rate that you earn on an investment or pay on a loan after the

effects of compounding frequency are considered. To make a fair comparison between two

interest rates when different compounding periods are used, you should first convert both

nominal (or stated) rates to their equivalent effective rates so the effects of compounding can be

clearly seen.

The effective rate of an investment will always be higher than the nominal or stated interest rate

when interest is compounded more than once per year. As the number of compounding periods

increases, the difference between the nominal and effective rates will also increase.

To convert a nominal rate to an equivalent effective rate:

Effective Rate = (1 + (i / n))n

- 1

Where:

i = Nominal or stated interest rate

n = Number of compounding periods per year

Example: What effective rate will a stated annual rate of 6% yield when compounded

semiannually?

Effective Rate = ( 1 + .06 / 2 )2

- 1 = .0609