Simple Working Models of Historic Machines

8/8/2019 Simple Working Models of Historic Machines

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Contents

I I I LIFTIXG D E V I C E SLerer and slip knotThe simp le p ul ley

Simple p ul ley w ith ratchet a nd p an-l

imtipk Puck; sThe Chinese w indla ss

The Arab ian grapp l ing device

Shadouf

The Chinese spo on- t i l t ham me r

The Co rnish ma n eng ine

I V M E C H A N I S M S

Coin-in-the-slot machine

The Greek pup pet theatte me cha nism

The C hinese south-po inting c hariot

Foliot and verge escapementThe wrapp ing escape ment

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V I

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M A C H I N E S F O R PUMPIXG A ZD \ V.lTER R A I S I N G j8Archimedean snailTympa numCtesibian pump

The rag and cha in pump

The suction p ump

The c ow p ump

The diap hragm pump

The hy draulic ram

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70B LO W I N G M A C H I N E S F12

The va lvele ss be llows 7=The Chirlse double-act ing bloeer i-1

HZ&T E N G I N E S 76Tem p le doors. j6Heros whir l ing Aeolipile 78


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Chapter I Materials and Tools for making \\orltingModelsofMachines

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I - - -7 .I,

Fig. I/I Drtails ofprqmrtional dividers9':


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but their purchase can hardly be justified for this sort of work whenbolts, nuts and screws can be obtained so easily and cheaplywithout having to make them for oneself. lhere are other toolswhich though not essential would be a great convenience and would

speed up the making of many of the mode!s. Chief among these isthe portable electric drill with its various attachments for sawing,grinding, and so on.

It will be noticrd that in many cases household utensi ls andarticleso i commerce that can be purchased from the ironmongershave been used instead of making parts specially for the models.

Thus p la st ic bilckcts and transparent p las t i c boxes have beenfreely usedPsometimcs modified by drilling or cementing the lidson to make them airt ight. Likewise, broom-shanks and cof fee-table legs with scrcwed ends have been found to have uses otherthan those originally intended.

The rea de r wi l l find tha t to use his inge nui ty in this way -b y

adapting finished or partly f inished parts to his particula; uses, isin itself a rewarding challenge which often saves a great deal of

time--and sometimes money as ~vvel l .

Fig. I/ Z Use of proportionaldividers


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SCALE IN INCHES

Fig. Z/I Bow drill

Egyptian cabinet-makers. iXIastaba of Tiye,Saqqara, zj4.x B.C .


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Fix.z/z Pump dri l l


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SCALE IN INCHES

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, Arab using bow lathe. Khan elKhalili Bazaar, Cairo, 1961


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Lronardus treadle iathc


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:EL FLYWHEELS,

0S C A L E I N INCHES


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\ d -0 1 2

iX A N G L E

WORKPIECE/ .OR N U T

TOOL WE D GE

SCALE IN INCHES

CUTTING TOO L


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PLAN


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T h e Ol iv e r

One of the ancient machine tools that is little known is 3trcadlc-operated t i l t hammer known as the O lixr. Csed by b lacksmi thsin the Middle Ages it enabled a single blacksmith to operate a heavy

sledge hammer with his foot, the hammer being l i f ted by 3grewsapling similar to that used in the pole and tread lathe. If madeto the full scale it would occupy too much space but the principlecan be illustrated just as well in a small model made mainly of xoodto the scale shww on the diagram, Fig .z/ 9. The m etal p arts c on-sist of the anvil itself, the hammer head, awircyokc, tw line chains,and the metal strap at the right-hand end Gf the green sap ling . Theapparatus needs to he adjusted so that the hammer will just strikethe anvi! when the hammer shaft is slightly below the horizontal.

Sormally, when used for forging, the thickness of the meta l -such as a horseshoe or other article being forged wil l cause theblow to be dclivcrcd while th e ha mm er shaft is horizonta l. Themovable prop al lows for tensioning of the green twig or sapling

which needs to be replaced when it has lost its spring.

lhc Oliver

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Fig. 7.19 The Oliver--treadle hammer


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ChapterIII Lifting Devices


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S CA L E I N I N C H ES

, PULLEY AXLE

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S im p le P u l le y w i t h R a t c h e t a . n d P a w 1


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Mul t ip le Pu l leys

F i g . 3 /4 Compound pul ley

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T h e Ch in e s e Win d la s s


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T h e Ar a b i a n G r a p p l in g D e v i ce


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T h e Ch in e s e S p o o n - t i l t Ha mme r


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Fig. 3/8 Spoon-tilt hammer


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Chapter IV Meclianisnx


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SCALE IN INiHESI

Fig. 412 Greekpuppef theatrr mechanism5


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Chapter V Machines for Pumping and L\ater Raising

Ar ch i medean S na i l


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T y m p a n u m

Th is apparatus \ \ a s used only for smaller lifts and the net heightt h r o u g h \ \ - hic h the iviltci $>a iiited couid only be rather less thanthe radius of the drum.

I t wi!l b e f o u n d i n oocrating t h i s modr l t h a t t h e r e i s a nuptimum speed of rotat ion which depends on the size of the inletsand outlets tr the compartments. If the drum is rotated too fast,the compartments do not have t ime to t i l l and empty so that themaximum del ivery is obtained x\ ;:h a comparatkely slow rotation..% further intc restlng feature of the type i l lustrated is that it oper-ates only n-hen rotation is in the direction shown.lhe model is constructed of & in hardboard as shown in Fig. s/ za.

Before the outer boards are fixed during assembly the radial \ -anesand framing must be glued and lacquered to,& quite waterproof.Finally, the two sides and the boards on the per iphery must besimilarly treated . The outlet p ipe should b e of b rass or co pp er.


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Fig. s/zo Derails of exploded view-Tympanunz61


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C t es i b i an P ump

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Fig. 5/30 Ctesibian force pump-deta i ls

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Fig. s/4 Rag and chain pump


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I I II/ WRTERLEVELFig. slsa Explod ed view of non- return valve


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CLEAR PLASTlCx~ ,OUTLET PIPEX..\ ,/\ =/~~. IOPERATING KNOB,./. ,NUT& TIE-BOLT

41,~ ,BASE BOAGDCLAMPING BOARD II/F

DIAPHRAGM

INLET PIPE

-I n/1 CLEAR PLASTIC

\I// SCALE IN INCHESFig. 517 Diaphragm pump

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Fig. j/8a Half-section of ram assembly


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T he C h i nes e Doub l e -ac t i n g B lower


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2-WAY VALVE BACK

COVER

SCALE IN INCHES

Fig. O/z Chinese double-acting blower

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Documents

Simple Working Models of Historic Machines