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Simulating relativistic physics in
superconducting circuits !
Advanced many-body and statistical methods
in mesoscopic systems Brasov, 1-5th of September 2014
Göran Johansson Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg, Sweden
Applied Quantum Physics Laboratory:!Theoretical Physics - Solid State Physics, Graphene,
Mesoscopic Physics, Quantum Information, Superconductivity
Close collaboration with experimentalists in e.g.!Quantum Device Physics Laboratory:
Per Delsing
Quantum Mechanics and Electrical Circuits
An LC-oscillator in the microwave regime
A QM harmonic oscillator:!- Quantized Amplitudes!- Vacuum Fluctuations
f=5 GHz --> hf / kB = 240 mKLow temperatures needed!
(300 K --> 6.3 THz)
Quantum Mechanics and Electrical Circuits
Low temperatures – also with microwave equipment installed
Resistance/dissipation gives level broadening ->!
Minimize dissipation!An LC-oscillator in the microwave regime
A QM harmonic oscillator:!- Quantized Amplitudes!- Vacuum Fluctuations
Quantum Mechanics and Electrical Circuits
Nonlinearity needed for quantum effects in average quantities.
Low temperatures – also with microwave equipment installed
Resistance/dissipation gives level broadening ->!
Minimize dissipation!An LC-oscillator in the microwave regime
A QM harmonic oscillator:!- Quantized Amplitudes!- Vacuum Fluctuations
The Josephson Junction
S I S
'1 '2
- Tunnel junction between superconductors!
- Current determined by phase difference of wave function on each side
Josephson Junction:I = I0 sin ('2 � '1) = I0 sin
✓2⇡
�
�0
◆
The Josephson Junction
- A nonlinear (almost) dissipationless inductor
V = L I
�0 =h
2e
Inductor:
S I S
'1 '2
I =1L
ZV dt0 =
�L
- Tunnel junction between superconductors!
- Current determined by phase difference of wave function on each side
Josephson Junction:I = I0 sin ('2 � '1) = I0 sin
✓2⇡
�
�0
◆
I0
The Josephson Junction
- A nonlinear (almost) dissipationless inductor
V = L I
�0 =h
2e
Inductor:
S I S
'1 '2
I =1L
ZV dt0 =
�L
- Tunnel junction between superconductors!
- Current determined by phase difference of wave function on each side
Josephson Junction:I = I0 sin ('2 � '1) = I0 sin
✓2⇡
�
�0
◆
Josephson Inductance:
I ⇡ I02⇡�
�0) LJ =
�0
I02⇡
� ⌧ �0
I0
The SQUID - a Tunable InductanceThe Superconducting Quantum Interference Device: a tunable Josephson junction
The external flux forces a circulating current. Effectively reducing the critical current through the SQUID.
'ext
=2⇡�
ext
�0
SQUID inductance:
A tunable dissipationless inductance
LJ =
�0
2⇡
1
2I0��cos
'ext
2
��
Microwave Transmission line1D open space: Coplanar waveguide (a squashed coaxial cable)
Transmission line - 1 D massless Klein-gordon
equation
H =X
n
q2n2�xC0
+(�n � �n�1)
2
2�xL0
@
2�(x, t)
@t
2� 1
L0C0
@
2�(x, t)
@x
2= 0
�x ! 0
Quantum Network Analysis:!Wallquist et al, PRB 2006 Yurke and Denker PRA 1984 Devoret, Les Houches 1997
Specify in-field and calculate the out-field.
A Transmission Line with tunable boundary (SQUID)
SQUID Boundary ConditionC
@
2�(0, t)
@t
2+
�(0, t)
LJ(t)+
1
L0
@�(0, t)
@x
= 0
Fixed EJ - The effective length of the SQUID
Effective velocity:
k!Le↵ < 1
Mapping to length works for:
ve↵ = �Le↵!d
�Le↵ < Le↵
k!dLe↵ < 1 , ve↵ < c
Fixed EJ - The effective length of the SQUID
Effective velocity:
k!Le↵ < 1
Mapping to length works for:
ve↵ = �Le↵!d
�Le↵ < Le↵
k!dLe↵ < 1 , ve↵ < c
Harmonic Drive
Small Amplitude Drive:
Harmonic DriveHarmonic Drive
Large Amplitude Drive: solve for cn numerically
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Volta
ge
Length
Changing Position
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Volta
ge
Length
Changing Inductance
Changing position and changing impedance are equivalent for the EM mode. Effective velocity: 1mm x 10 GHz = 3% c0 -> Relativistic Effects
Tunable electrical length
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
Volta
ge
Length
Changing Position
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Volta
ge
Length
Changing Inductance
Changing position and changing impedance are equivalent for the EM mode. Effective velocity: 1mm x 10 GHz = 3% c0 -> Relativistic Effects
Tunable electrical length
The first report on experimental observation of the dynamical Casimir effect
C.M. Wilson, G. Johansson, A. Pourkabirian, M. Simoen, J.R. Johansson, T. Duty, F. Nori & P. Delsing, Nature 479, 376-379 (2011)
The (static) Casimir effect
The (static) Casimir effect
Quantum field theory (QED): Different density of states outside/between the mirrors
The (static) Casimir effect
Quantum field theory (QED): Different density of states outside/between the mirrors
The (static) Casimir effect
Theory by Casimir (1948), later experimentally verified
Quantum field theory (QED): Different density of states outside/between the mirrors
Single Oscillating MirrorMoore (1970), Fulling-Davies (1975)
Recent review: Dodonov (2010)
The dynamical Casimir effect
Single Oscillating MirrorMoore (1970), Fulling-Davies (1975)
Recent review: Dodonov (2010)
The dynamical Casimir effect
Related to Hawking radiation and the Unruh effect.
No experimental confirmation - for 40 years
Lambrecht, Jaekel, Reynaud, PRL (1996)
�/⌦
Out
put p
ower
Broadband photon spectrum
21
Overview of the dynamical Casimir effect
Examples of DCE photon production rates for some naïve systems
Lambrecht et al., PRL 1996.
Photon production rate:
Case Frequency (Hz)
Amplitude (m)
Maximum velocity (m/s)
Photon production rate (# photons / s)
moving a mirror by hand
“handwaving”
1 1 2 ~2e-18
nanomechanical oscillator
1e+9 1e-9 2 ~2e-9
21
Overview of the dynamical Casimir effect
Examples of DCE photon production rates for some naïve systems
Lambrecht et al., PRL 1996.
Photon production rate:
Case Frequency (Hz)
Amplitude (m)
Maximum velocity (m/s)
Photon production rate (# photons / s)
moving a mirror by hand
“handwaving”
1 1 2 ~2e-18
nanomechanical oscillator
1e+9 1e-9 2 ~2e-9
The very low photon-production rate makes the DCE very difficult to detect experimentally in systems with mechanical modulation of the boundary condition.
What do we mean by a mirror?
It is almost impossible to move a massive mirror close to speed of light.
C. Braggio et al., Europhys Lett. 70, 754 (2005).
By "ideal mirrors" we mean mirrors which are perfectly conducting and whose effects may, therefore, be described by means of appropriate
boundary conditions on the electromagnetic field at the ends of the cavity.
The dynamical Casimir effect in a coplanar waveguide
Lambrecht et al., PRL 1996.
Photon production rate:
Case Frequency
(Hz)
Amplitude
(m)
Maximum velocity (m/s)
Photon production rate (# photons / s)
moving a mirror by hand
1 1 2 ~2e-18
nanomechanical oscillator
1e+9 1e-9 2 ~2e-9
SQUID in coplanar waveguide
18e+9 ~1e-4 ~4e6 ~2e5
THE DILUTION FRIDGE
The variable length line
The variable length line
The variable length line
• Drive boundary condition at ~10 GHz!• Starting from vacuum, see broad band photon flux
increasing with effective velocity
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Data Theory
THE DCE
MIRROR
E-E
Vacuum fluctuations = Virtual photon bubbles
More properties of DCE photons
DCE = Broken bubbles
MIRROR
More properties of DCE photons
photon Symmetry
photon Symmetry
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MIRROR
photon Symmetry
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quantitative Symmetry
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E-mail from Moore 2011:
Dear Dr. Wilson, I would like to congratulate you and your co-‐workers for your experimental observa>on of the dynamical Casimir effect. This was a great surprise so many years aCer my 1969 Ph.D. disserta>on. Regards, Gerald T. Moore Air Force Research Laboratory
Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a
Superconducting CircuitC.M. Wilson, G. Johansson, A. Pourkabirian, M. Simoen, J.R. Johansson, T. Duty, F. Nori & P. Delsing, Nature 479, 376-379 (2011)
Chris Wilson Tim DutyMichaël SimoenArsalan
Pourkabirian Robert Johansson
Franco Nori
Per DelsingGöran Johansson
Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a
Superconducting CircuitC.M. Wilson, G. Johansson, A. Pourkabirian, M. Simoen, J.R. Johansson, T. Duty, F. Nori & P. Delsing, Nature 479, 376-379 (2011)
Chris Wilson Tim DutyMichaël SimoenArsalan
Pourkabirian Robert Johansson
Franco Nori
Per DelsingGöran Johansson
More relativistic physics in superconducting circuits (by workshop participants)
• ”Analogue Hawking Radiation in a dc-SQUID Array Transmission Line”, P. D. Nation, M. P. Blencowe, A. J. Rimberg, E. Buks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 087004 (2009) !
• ”Dynamics of entanglement via propagating microwave photons”, C. Sabin, J. J. Garcia-Ripoll, E. Solano, J. Leon, Phys. Rev. B 81, 184501 (2010)!
• ”Photon production from the vacuum close to the super-radiant transition: When Casimir meets Kibble-Zurek”, G. Vacanti, S. Pugnetti, N. Didier, M. Paternostro, G. Massimo Palma, R. Fazio, V. Vedral, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 093603 (2012)!
• ”Colloquium: Stimulating uncertainty: Amplifying the quantum vacuum with superconducting circuits”, P. D. Nation, J. R. Johansson, M. P. Blencowe, F. Nori, Rev. Mod. Phys. 84 (2012)!
• ”Dynamical Casimir effect in a Josephson metamaterial”, P. Lähteenmäkia, G. S. Paraoanu, J. Hassel, P. J. Hakonen, PNAS 110, 4234 (2013) varying refractive index in a cavity!
• "Dynamical Casimir effect entangles artificial atoms", S. Felicetti, M. Sanz, L. Lamata, G. Romero, G. Johansson, P. Delsing, E. Solano, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 093602 (2014)
Incomplete!
The twin paradox
x
t
P. Langevin, Scientia 10 31 (1911)
The traveling clock will measure a smaller elapsed time between events A and B
A. Einstein, Annalen der Physik, 17 (1905)
A
B
The twin paradox
P. Langevin, Scientia 10 31 (1911)
The accelerated clock will measure a smaller elapsed time between events A and B
A. Einstein, Annalen der Physik, 17 (1905)
x
t
some experimental verifications of time dilationMeasuring cosmic radiation at different altitudes. Slow particles decay faster. B. Rossi, D. B. Hall, Phys. Rev. 59, 223 (1941)
Measuring decay times of relativistic muons in a CERN storage ring. Increase from 2.2 to 64 microseconds. J. Bailey et al., Nature 268, 301 (1977)
Flying atomic clocks eastward and westward around the world. Eastward lost 59 ns, while westward gained 273 ns compared to a static clock. J.C. Hafele and R.E. Keating, Science 177, 166-170 (1972)
Measuring gravitational time dilation with 1m height difference and time dilation due to 10 m/s velocity difference. C. W. Chou, D. B. Hume, T. Rosenband, D. J. Wineland, Science 329, 1630 (2010)
Simulating a relativistically moving cavity
See also: ”Teleportation in motion with superconducting microwave circuits”, N. Friis, A. Lee, K. Truong, C. Sabín, E. Solano, G. Johansson, I. Fuentes, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 113602 (2013).
Rob’s cavity in the lab frame
x
t
Alice’s cavity
Rob’s cavity
Joel Lindkvist, C. Sabín, Ida-Maria Svensson, A. Dragan, P. Delsing, I. Fuentes, G. JohanssonarXiv:1401.0129
Rob’s cavity in the lab frame
x
t
Alice’s cavity
Rob’s cavity
Joel Lindkvist, C. Sabín, Ida-Maria Svensson, A. Dragan, P. Delsing, I. Fuentes, G. JohanssonarXiv:1401.0129
The twin paradox on chip
L
⌘ = const.
x
tAlice and Rob are given identical rigid cavities of rest length L Moving cavities
�✓ = !�⌧
A coherent state as a clock
✓
Experimentally realizable!
Joel Lindkvist, C. Sabín, Ida-Maria Svensson, A. Dragan, P. Delsing, I. Fuentes, G. Johansson
arXiv:1401.0129
Alice’s cavity
Rob’s cavity
Theoretical framework
bm =X
n
�↵⇤mnan � �⇤
mna†n
�
Determining the phase shift in Rob’s cavity
The modes in the cavity before and after the trip are related by the Bogoliubov transformation
h ⌘ aL/c2↵mn �mnand are computed to second order in
✓ tan ✓ =�Im(↵11 � �11)
Re(↵11 � �11)The phase shift is given by
⌧ = ✓/!Elapsed proper time:
D. E. Bruschi, I. Fuentes, J. Louko, Phys. Rev. D (2012)
Includes effects of mode-mixing and particle creation.
Large phase shift due to time dilation
⌘ = const.
Joel Lindkvist, C. Sabín, Ida-Maria Svensson, A. Dragan, P. Delsing, I. Fuentes, G. JohanssonarXiv:1401.0129
1.1 cm cavity, 4 ns roundtrip, 500 repetitions, maximal velocity 1.4 % of c
Tidal effects - Large clocks tick slower
Joel Lindkvist, C. Sabín, Ida-Maria Svensson, A. Dragan, P. Delsing, I. Fuentes, G. JohanssonarXiv:1401.0129
Measurable difference between point like and extended clock. a=1.7 x 1015 m/s2
Collaborators on Twin Paradox
Chalmers Theory J. Lindkvist G. Johansson !Chalmers Experiment I.-M. Svensson, P. Delsing !Nottingham University C. Sabín, I. Fuentes, !Warsaw University A. Dragan
Summary
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Thank you for your attention!
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