•Since the founding of Jamestown in 1607, the American colonists had been subjects of Great Britain.•This meant that they were entitled to all the rights of Englishmen.

•Religious beliefs, the Glorious Revolution and Enlightenment ideals all influenced the American Revolution. How?

•Churches were places where colonists gathered. The ideas spread.

•The Glorious Revolution had demonstrated the English subjects could be justified in overthrowing a ruler.

•The Enlightenment discussed natural rights: “taxation without representation.”

•To prevent unrest, the British government sent more troops to the American colonies.

•The colonists were forced to pay a duty (tax) on tea.•The Boston Tea Party

•British troops vs. the colonists

•Thomas Paine, published Common Sense, which applied Enlightenment ideas to the colonists’ cause of independence.•In 1776, the colonists declared their independence.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain Unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the People to after or abolish it, and to institute new Government…”

WHICH ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS DID JEFFERSON USE IN THIS OPENING PARAGRAPH?

In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson put forth many of the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers:

•After winning their independence in 1783, the Americans sent representatives to a Constitutional Convention.

•U.S. Constitution was created.•Power was shared between the national government and state government.

•Legislative, executive, and judicial branches divided the governmental power.

•Constitution gave each of these branches several ways to “check” each other (“Checks and Balances”)

•A Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution to include protections of individual rights.

A Revolution in France

Causes of the French Revolution

1) French Social Divisions:• “Old Regime Society” was divided into 3 classes or

estates:• First Estate: the clergy• Second Estate: nobility• Third Estate: common people and bourgeoisie

(merchants, professionals, and shopkeepers)

2) The Impact of Enlightenment Ideals:• The Third Estate resented the special privileges of

the nobles

3) Financial Crisis:• Wars with Britain

• Assisting the Americans during the American Revolution

What does this political What does this political cartoon say about the cartoon say about the

Three Estates?Three Estates?

Main events of the Revolution•Estates General:•A national assembly in which each of the three estates was represented.•Third Estate elected twice as many delegates to the Estates General.

•Abbe Sieyes, an Enlightenment thinker, wrote that the Third Estate represented the “productive and useful citizens” of France.

•The Third Estate declared themselves as the National Assembly.

•The King sought to break up the National Assembly.•So, the people seized the prison of Bastille, to look for weapons.•The king recognized the new National Assembly.

•A document issued by the National Assembly.•The government rested on the consent of the people (Popular Sovereignty) and not the king.

•France became a constitutional monarchy:•King shares power with the people.

• A poor harvest in France caused the A poor harvest in France caused the people to overthrow the monarchy.people to overthrow the monarchy.

• France became a republic.France became a republic.• Committee of Public Safety took over.Committee of Public Safety took over.• This began a “Reign of Terror”This began a “Reign of Terror”• Directed by RobespierreDirected by Robespierre• Over 40,00 people were murdered Over 40,00 people were murdered during the Reign of Terrorduring the Reign of Terror

•Complete the “Compare the American and French Revolutions” chart provided for you.

• Born 1769 in the island of Corsica• Died 1821• Napoleon proved to be one of the most gifted generals of all times.•He developed new tactics for mass armies in the Age of Revolution.

• After the fall of Robespierre, After the fall of Robespierre, Napoleon seized control over France.Napoleon seized control over France.

• He introduced reforms in France:He introduced reforms in France:• New legal codeNew legal code• Settlement with the Catholic Settlement with the Catholic

ChurchChurch• Five years later, he crowned himself Five years later, he crowned himself

emperor of the French Empire.emperor of the French Empire.

• Causes of the Fall of NapoleonCauses of the Fall of Napoleon::• Napoleon’s policy of boycotting Napoleon’s policy of boycotting

British goods backfired on France. British goods backfired on France. • The economy crashed as a result.The economy crashed as a result.

• The inability to invade England.The inability to invade England.

• The unpopularity of French rule The unpopularity of French rule throughout Europe.throughout Europe.

• Napoleon invaded Russia with 600,000 Napoleon invaded Russia with 600,000 French troops.French troops.

• Russia refused to surrender.Russia refused to surrender.• The Russians burned Moscow to the The Russians burned Moscow to the

ground.ground.• The French were forced to surrender.The French were forced to surrender.• 10,000 returned to Paris.10,000 returned to Paris.

• After the Russian defeat, After the Russian defeat, Napoleon was sent into Napoleon was sent into exile (banished).exile (banished).

• He escaped and returned He escaped and returned to France.to France.

• Fought in the Battle of Fought in the Battle of Waterloo and lost.Waterloo and lost.

• Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic Code::• Law code that established social Law code that established social

equalityequality• Introduced ideas of the French Introduced ideas of the French

Revolution to EuropeRevolution to Europe..• Growth of NationalismGrowth of Nationalism::• Belief that each nationality should Belief that each nationality should

have its own government.have its own government.

• Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna• Purpose: To redraw Europe’s Purpose: To redraw Europe’s boundariesboundaries• Balance of Power was established.Balance of Power was established.• No one country could become No one country could become powerful.powerful.• Create lasting peaceCreate lasting peace

• William Wilberforce:William Wilberforce:•Responsible for Responsible for leading the abolition leading the abolition of slavery in England of slavery in England in 1800s.in 1800s.

• Abuses of the Colonial Abuses of the Colonial SystemSystem::• Colonists resented Colonists resented Peninsulares’Peninsulares’ political political power.power.• Also, they resented Spanish Also, they resented Spanish economic restrictions.economic restrictions.

• Revolutionary Ideas Revolutionary Ideas Spread to Latin Spread to Latin AmericaAmerica::•Colonists thought they Colonists thought they were entitled to rule were entitled to rule their own government.their own government.

• Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar• Known as the “Liberator”Known as the “Liberator”• Fought for independence of Venezuela.Fought for independence of Venezuela.• Decree of War to the DeathDecree of War to the Death• Threatened those who opposed Threatened those who opposed Bolivar’s cause.Bolivar’s cause.

• Liberated Venezuela, Ecuador, Liberated Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru.Colombia, and Peru.