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Singapore’s Security Priorities in the Malacca Straits
Joshua Ho
Senior Fellow23 June 09
Introduction Maritime Security ConclusionMaritime Safety
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies
Marine Environmental Protection
Singapore’s Maritime Interests
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Malacca Straits is the main corridor between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea
• 70,000 vessel ply through the Straits annually– Energy and raw material flows from west to east– Finished goods flows from east to west
• Singapore is a central node– World’s top container port– World’s top bunkering port– World’s third largest oil refining centre
• Singapore adopts a comprehensive approach and develops an integrated response to maritime security
Maritime Safety1
Marine Environmental Protection
Singapore’s Maritime Interest
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
The minimisation of disruption to shipping and port activities and ensuring secure access to sea lanes through aggressive policy
prescription in the areas of maritime safety, security environmental protection and international law
Maritime Safety2
Marine Environmental Protection
Maritime Safety
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Providing adequate aids to navigation– Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS)– Mandatory Ship Reporting System (STRAITREP)– Vessel Traffic Information System(VTIS)– Electronic Navigation Charts (ENC)– Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)– Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS)– Automatic Identification System (AIS)
Maritime Safety3
Marine Environmental Protection
Maritime Safety
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Providing Search and Rescue (SAR) services– Singapore Pan for Search and Rescue (SAR) Services– Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC) coordinates SAR
effort by utilising SAF and PCG assets– Bilateral SAR Agreement with Indonesia– SAREX Indopura with Indonesia– Ratified the 1979 SAR Convention
Maritime Safety4
Marine Environmental Protection
Maritime Security
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Protection of Critical Maritime Infrastructure– Provided by the PCG and RSN to address both state and non-state threats– Continuous and extensive daily patrols– Army conducts patrols on Jurong Island– Accompanying Sea Security Teams (ASSeT) board selected ships– Selective escorts of merchant vessels– Designated ferry routes– Harbour Craft Transponder System (HARTS) for small harbour and
pleasure craft– Scanning machines to detect illicit material in containers– Comply with the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS)– Participate in the Container Security Initiative (CSI)
Maritime Safety5
Marine Environmental Protection
Maritime Security
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Defending Secure Access to Sea Lanes– Extensive seabed surveillance for quick detection of mine-like
objects– Bilateral mine clearance exercises and coordinated patrols with
both the Royal Malaysian Navy and Indonesian Navy– The RSN and RSAF can protect and ensure access to sea lanes up
to a far distance from Singapore– Defends the transit passage regime under UNCLOS– Opposes any coastal state action to impose regimes which hamper
the right of transit passage– Opposes Australia’s pilotage system in the Torres Strait
Maritime Safety6
Marine Environmental Protection
Maritime Security
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Delimiting Maritime Boundaries– Need for clear legal jurisdiction in maritime areas to prevent
exploitation of legal grey zones by malevolent individuals and groups
– Singapore has sought to delimit its maritime boundaries with its neighbours through bilateral and trilateral negotiation
– When negotiation fails, third party dispute settlement is adopted– Example of referral of ownership of Pedra Branca to International
Court of Justice (ICJ)
Maritime Safety7
Marine Environmental Protection
Marine Environmental Protection
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Port of Singapore and its surrounding waters are extremely vulnerable to oil pollution
• Singapore adopts a comprehensive approach– Prevention– Implementation of strict regulations– Enacting emergency plans for quick and effective clean-up
operations
• Mechanism to ensure adequate compensation for pollution clean-up costs are recoverable
• Measures classified into legislative and contingency plans
Maritime Safety8
Marine Environmental Protection
Marine Environmental Protection
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Implementation of legislative measures– Prevention of Pollution of Sea Act, 1971 provides for stiff
penalties for a person found guilty of polluting Singapore’s waters– Singapore has acceded to major anti-pollution conventions
• MARPOL 73/78• OPRC 1990• OPRC-HNS 2000• CLC 92• Fund 92• 1976 LLMC
Maritime Safety9
Marine Environmental Protection
Marine Environmental Protection
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Developing Contingency Plans– Establishment of East Asia Response Private Limited (EARL)
• Global alliance with Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL)• Maintains and stores a wide range of oil spill response equipment
– Oil spill response programme undertaken by the Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ) in 1993
• Stockpiling and lending oil spill response equipment free of charge to government agencies or parties upon their request
– Setting up of Singapore Oil Spill Response Centre (SOSRC) by SembCorp Logistics Limited in 1994
• Able to deal with almost any type of marine accident or emergency• Many companies have signed contracts with SOSRC to ensure a rapid response• Maintains it own stockpile of oil pollution response equipment and maintains
equipment for PAJ• Singapore is well prepared to tackle pollution in and around its waters
Maritime Safety10
Marine Environmental Protection
Towards a Stable Maritime Regime
Introduction Maritime Security Conclusion
• Asia-Pacific Century poised to begin• Trade and energy flows into and within the region will increase• Increasing reliance on the sea as a mode of transport as a result• Surge in the use of the sea means that safeguarding sea lanes will be
an increasingly important task• Creation of a stable maritime regime amongst regional countries
through cooperative efforts needs to be high on the regional political agenda
• Three broad principles of cooperation endorsed by regional leaders– Littoral states have the primary role– Other stakeholders have important roles to play– Consultation should be pursued and the rule of international law
observed
Maritime Safety11
Marine Environmental Protection
Thank You
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