SIPANEWSJ A N U A R Y 2 0 1 0

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

This issue of SIPA News highlights what may be the most important challenge facing public policy schools

and policy professionals wherever they work. Serving the public interest now requires knowledge of the

latest scientific research on a wide range of problems and an understanding of the available and developing

technologies that address or could potentially address them. In the field of environmental policy, for exam-

ple, policymakers cannot make good decisions without studying the science that models climate change and

the technological breakthroughs that are making the exploitation of renewable energy sources less costly.

The same is true for decision makers in fields as diverse as economic development, international security, and

public health. Moreover, the rapid changes occurring in the technology of communications are having a pro-

found impact on these policy fields and many others, such as human rights.

Over the past decade, SIPA has worked with scientists at The Earth Institute at Columbia, the Department

of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, and The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied

Science to create three new SIPA degree programs: the PhD in Sustainable Development, the MPA program

in Environmental Science and Policy, and the newly created MPA in Development Practice. In addition, SIPA’s

new MIA and MPA curriculum, introduced this fall, provides students with an opportunity to opt for a “special-

ization” in Applied Science to complement the training they receive in one of the School’s six concentrations.

The Applied Science Specialization allows students to choose a set of three courses in climate science, ecology,

environmental science, or health science. Finally, the new Specialization in International Media, Advocacy, and

Communications provides students with the information and skills they will need to make maximum use of the

new communications technologies that are transforming this field.

Ever since SIPA joined Columbia University’s distinguished community of independent professional

schools last July, the School’s faculty and staff have worked to take maximum advantage of our new

status. While still affiliated to the University’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences through joint faculty

appointments and easy cross-registration for courses, SIPA now makes its own financial and academic

decisions subject to University-wide statutes and policies. To make full use of this autonomy, the School

has restructured its governance and initiated a strategic planning process. Throughout the 2009–2010

academic year, many of SIPA’s faculty, staff, students, and alumni will participate in developing a

flexible road map to guide the School in meeting its three key goals: providing the best possible

student-centered professional education, producing policy-relevant research of the highest quality, and

serving the public interest through dialogue and outreach to the policy communities and the public.

The new SIPA that emerges in the next few years will be ready for the inspiring new building that we all

hope will rise at the gateway to Columbia’s new Manhattanville campus—as funds are raised to make it happen.

Sincerely,

John H. Coatsworth

Dean, Professor of History and International and Public Affairs

From the Dean

SIPANEWS VOLUME XXIII No. 1 JANUARY 2010

Published semiannually by Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs

contents

FEATURES INSIDE SIPA

p. 2Video Advocacy for Human Rights: Old Tools, New ChallengesBy Marie O’Reilly

p. 6How the 21st Century Became GreenBy Ion Bogdan Vasi

p. 10The New Data-Driven U.S. GovernmentBy Dan Perez

p. 12“This Domain Has Been Disabled”:U.S. Online Service Providers and Their Role in Intermediary CensorshipBy Lauren D. Klein

p. 15Blogging in Burma: Cyber-Dissidents Fight for Freedom against the OddsBy Stephen Gray

p.18The Original Medical Tourism Destination: Keeping Patients Coming as Health Care Goes GlobalBy Caroline Stauffer

p.22Government 2.0: The Challenges and Possibilities of TransparencyBy Tom Glaisyer

p.24Drone Attacks in Pakistan: The Unseen Impacts on the GroundBy Rob Grabow

p.26Video Sharing from the Grave: A Tale of Murder, Intrigue—and Microblogging in GuatemalaBy Rebekah Heacock

p.29Science at SIPA: The Course Work of the Future By Steven Cohen and Nathalie Chalmers

p.30Columbia Senate Approves New SIPA Dual Degree in BrazilBy Alex Burnett

p.31“Technology for Development”: A Challenge forWorkshop Teams By Eugenia McGill

p.32SIPA and The Earth Institute Launch New MPA in Development Practice By Urania Mylonas

p.33SIPA Welcomes Mayors from New York, London, and Karachi By Alex Burnett and John Uhl

p.34SIPA Students to Benefit from $400 Million Gift from John KlugeBy Alex Burnett

p.34SIPA Discount to World Policy Journal

p.35Alumni NewsBy Daniela Coleman

p.36Class NotesCompiled by Mohini Datt

p.39Donor List

2 S I P A N E W S2 S I P A N E W S

By Marie O’Reilly

Video Advocacy for Human Rights: Old Tools, New Challenges

Last June, the graphic footage of a young Iranian woman’s dying moments gave the outside world a shocking insight into the tumultuous situation in the city of Tehran. Neda Agha-Soltan was shot in the chest—apparently by a progovernment militiaman—while participating in a protest over the disputed presidential election results. The video shows the 26-year-old collapse to the ground in a growing pool of blood. Her eyes briefly fix on the mobile phone camera that captures her dying moments. Watching the video on a computer, it feels like she is looking right at you.

Neda became a potent symbol of the country’s protest movement, when the onlooker’s video was posted on the Internet and circulated via sites like YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter. The mainstream media soon followed, with broadcasts by major news networks including CNN. President Barack Obama referred to the “searing image” in a press conference a few days later, describing her death as “heartbreaking.”

Yet the video of Neda’s death was not posted on The Hub—a participatory media Web site that shares human rights videos from around the world. Explaining this decision in her blog, Hub content coordinator Priscila Néri posed a question that had largely been absent from the global discussion: “How do we balance the need to ‘spread the word’ of what’s unfolding in Iran with the need to respect Neda’s dignity as she dies, as well as the grief of her family, faced with such tragedy?”

S I P A N E W S 3 S I P A N E W S 3

A supporter of Mir Hossein Mousavi hides her face using a poster of the reformist can-didate to avoid being photographed during an election rally at the Heidarnia stadium in Tehran, June 9, 2009.

4 S I P A N E W S

The Hub may confront similar decisions

outside Iran. Now that easy-to-use technology

enables people around the world to record and

share events, video has become an increasingly

powerful advocacy tool. But along with this

power come difficult questions of ethics, privacy,

and safety.

Images flashed around the world have long

spoken volumes on behalf of the oppressed.

Footage of a lone man stopping an advancing

column of tanks in Tiananmen Square focused

the world’s attention on China in 1989. Two years

later, a bystander’s videotape of Rodney King

being brutally beaten by Los Angeles police vis-

cerally communicated human rights abuses within

the United States and sparked a global discussion

on police brutality and racial discrimination.

Human rights advocates are recognizing the

power of video to communicate issues in a way

that is direct and easy to understand. In fact,

the Rodney King episode inspired the creation

of Witness, an organization dedicated to getting

video equipment into the hands of human rights

activists and training advocacy organizations

in the effective use of video to enhance their

campaigns.

I first came across Witness in my hunt for a

human rights internship in New York three years

ago. Based in Brooklyn, the nonprofit’s mission is

to help people transform personal stories of abuse

into tools for justice, public engagement, and

policy change. Founded by musician and activist

Peter Gabriel in 1992—before the YouTube age—

Witness uses video advocacy to tailor an organiza-

tion’s campaign to a specific audience, make its

message more persuasive, and give that audience

a means to act.

When I began transcribing the text of video-

tapes in the Witness archive—ordinarily a mun-

dane intern’s chore—a whole new dimension of

human rights advocacy unfolded before my eyes.

In “A Duty to Protect,” a video on the use of child

soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo

(DRC), I found a young girl called Mafille, recruit-

ed at the age of 13, talking about her experi-

ences. “They taught me to salute, to crawl on the

ground,” she recounts. “They taught me to load

and fire a weapon.” The video then reveals that

her duties were not limited to combat. “Before

that, I did not know men,” she says quietly, her

eyes cast downward. “My first experience was

being taken by force. Either the commanders or

the bodyguards took us by force...and raped us.”

“A Duty to Protect” aimed to end impunity in

the DRC. With this goal in mind, it was shown to

members of the International Criminal Court in The

Kenji Nagai, a Japanese video journalist, tries to take photo-graphs as he lies injured after police and military offi cials fi red upon and then charged at protesters in Yangon, Myanmar, September 27, 2007. Nagai later died.

S I P A N E W S 5

Hague and ultimately contributed to the arrest and

trial of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo. The alleged leader

of the Union of Congolese Patriots was recently

charged with enlisting and conscripting children

under the age of 15 between 2002 and 2003.

So for Violeta Krasnic (MIA ’04), a program

coordinator at Witness, the key question is: “how

do you make sure that what you have on tape

really makes a difference?” She explains that

although a video posted on the Internet may result

in immediate global reaction, this is very rare.

Online distribution may not always be the most

effective means of engaging people and mobiliz-

ing them to take action.

Despite the complications, Witness has

embraced the new and irresistible trend that is

interlinking so-called “citizen media” with human

rights advocacy by creating The Hub. Here, the

organization adds context to what would otherwise

be short, isolated video clips and provides links to

related materials and resources for taking action.

But as the video of Neda illustrates, the pro-

liferation of videos on the Internet also poses

challenges to human rights organizations. It is not

only an individual’s dignity that is threatened by

the online distribution of such footage; there are

also further questions surrounding the safety of

the victim and those around her.

If Neda had lived, would she have been “re-

victimized”? Reports from Iran in the days follow-

ing her death indicated that her family had been

forced out of their home by government authori-

ties and prevented from mourning their daughter.

Human rights advocates are aware of the

importance of full disclosure when creating an

advocacy video: “With all the people in our vid-

eos we secure informed consent, which clearly

explains the purpose of the interview, the purpose

of the campaign, and discusses the implications

of their participation,” says Krasnic.

However, videos of rights violations are also

recorded as they happen and distributed by a vari-

ety of actors and in a limited time frame.

“What has changed now in terms of citizen

media is that you have different creators who are

not necessarily human rights advocates,” said

Sam Gregory, Witness program director. “You have

different modes of distribution; you have different

assumptions about security and ethics.”

Human rights advocates now have to think

about tapping into these citizen-generated

resources in a way that contextualizes the mate-

rial and fosters advocacy. “The challenge is that

because you’re not involved in the creation pro-

cess, you don’t have access to information about

safety, security, and consent,” says Gregory.

Apart from the safety of those in front of

the camera, the security of those distributing

footage online must also be considered. Following

Myanmar’s 2007 Saffron Revolution, for example,

the military leadership arrested democracy advo-

cates, protesters, and even bloggers for filming,

distributing, or appearing in videos of the protests

and “creating public alarm.”

In the recent Iranian case, Mehdi Jalali (MIA

’10), an Iranian journalist, explains that people

started changing their names on Facebook in

order to protect themselves. “Neda Green” proved

to be a popular alternative—the color green

was the other unifying symbol of the protest

movement.

While Jalali acknowledges that Neda’s family

may be in some danger now, people accept that

for any change to occur, there must be some cost.

In the end, he believes that the cost has not been

very high this time around: “People have now

learned from the [Iranian] Revolution 30 years

ago. Our generation—we learned that we need to

lower our costs and not victimize ourselves. We

should use technology in a smart way. And people

did that.”

New technologies and distribution methods

undoubtedly hold huge potential for those suffer-

ing from human rights abuses. As Jalali puts

It is not only an individual’s dignity that is threatened by the online distribution of such footage; there are also further questions surrounding the safety of the victim and those around her.

it, “The difference is, we are now living in an

interconnected world, in this era of globalization.

So suppressive governments, they can’t do it like

they used to do it before.”

But if Internet users ignore questions of ethics

and safety when posting videos, this new use of

an old tool could end up causing some of the suf-

fering it seeks to prevent.

Marie O’Reilly, MIA ’11, is from Ireland.

She is concentrating in Economic and Political

Development and specializing in International

Media and Communications.

A group watches the fi lm On the Frontlines: Child Soldiers in the DRC. It was created by AJEDI-ka and WITNESS and screened throughout eastern DRC to advocate for the cessation of recruitment of child soldiers.

6 S I P A N E W S

How the 21st Century

S I P A N E W S 7

By Ion Bogdan Vasi

A clean energy revolution is under way around the world.

The global share of electricity generation from “new

renewables”—wind, photovoltaics, and geothermal—is

currently less than 2 percent. But the seeds of change

are already planted in some countries and regions. Wind

power generation has a significant share in total electricity generation in

Denmark (around 20 percent), Spain (around 11 percent) and Germany

(around 7 percent). Geothermal sources account for approximately one-

fifth of all electricity in El Salvador, the Philippines, Kenya, and Iceland.

Solar energy accounts for almost 1 percent of total electricity generation

in Germany and Spain. And while renewables—including large hydro-

power—account for about 7 percent of the electricity produced in the

United States, in some states—California, for example—almost 12 per-

cent of all electricity comes from renewable resources such as wind, solar,

geothermal, biomass, and small hydroelectric facilities.

Wind-powered turbines spin over fi elds used for farming near Dhulia, India, July 26, 2006.

Became Green

8 S I P A N E W S

One of the factors that will usher in a clean

energy revolution during the 21st century is

technological innovation. Consider how the wind

energy industry has been transformed in just a

few decades. Innovations like carbon-fiber blades

and variable-speed gearboxes contributed to dra-

matic increases in wind turbine reliability and

power output. For example, in the 1980s wind

turbines were less reliable than diesel generators.

By the mid-1990s they had become a more reli-

able source of power than diesel generators, and

by the beginning of the 21st century they were

considered as reliable as combined gas turbines.

As wind turbines become more reliable, their size

and power outputs have grown. Between 1981

and 2000, the average size of the rotor diameter

has increased from 10 meters to 71 meters and

the average rated capacity has grown from 25

kW (kilowatts) to 1650 kW. Today, a number

of companies are producing 5 MW (megawatt)

wind turbines with blade diameters larger than

the wingspan of a “Jumbo Jet” Boeing 747.

Major technological innovation in onshore

wind turbine technology has contributed to sig-

nificant decreases in costs: the cost per kilowatt-

hour of wind-generated electricity has fallen from

more than 30 cents in the early 1980s to less

than 5 cents in 2005. Indeed, today, the price of

electricity obtained from wind at high wind speed

sites and good power grid access has become

competitive with the price of electricity from

conventional sources.

Offshore wind turbine technology has also

begun to develop, particularly after a few north

European countries started a research and devel-

opment cooperation program in 2007 called the

Joint Declaration on Cooperation in the Field of

Research on Offshore Wind Energy Deployment.

In 2008, Sway, a Norwegian company, developed

an innovative deep-water system capable of sup-

porting 5 MW wind turbines. The first prototype

will have a tower of almost 200 meters, most of it

under water. Transformers, switchgear, and other

electric equipment will be placed in the tower.

Heavy ballast will be located at the bottom of

the tower and the turbine will be anchored to the

seabed with a tension leg, which will be attached

to the tower through a subsea yaw mechanism,

enabling the wind turbine to revolve with the

wind. Taken together, these innovations will

make possible the placement of wind farms in

ocean depths between 80 and 400 meters. And in

2009, Siemens and StatoilHydro installed a simi-

lar multimegawatt floating turbine called Hywind

in southwestern Norway, designed for installation

in water depths between 120 and 700 meters.

Consider also the improvements in solar

photovoltaic (PV) technology. Technological

breakthroughs led to the development of meta-

morphic semiconductors, which employed three

layers of semiconductors, each tuned to capture

a slice of the solar spectrum. Some companies

like Spectrolab—a subsidiary of The Boeing

Company—have new metamorphic materials and

photovoltaic systems that use lenses and mirrors

to concentrate the sun’s rays onto small, high-

efficiency solar cells, making possible the conver-

sion of almost 41 percent of incoming light into

electricity at 240-fold solar concentration. Those

efficiencies, combined with the vast reduction in

materials made possible by 1,000-fold concentra-

tors, will rapidly reduce the cost of solar power.

While solar technology initially consisted

entirely of bulk silicon-based PV cells, new tech-

nologies such as thin-film PV cells and organic

PV cells are currently accounting for more than

17 percent of the total PV market. Because thin

cells are made by directly depositing photoactive

material onto a thin substrate, they require less

material than conventional PV cells and offer

increasing efficiencies. The development of new

thin-film PV cell types such as amorphous silicon

(a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper

indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) contributes to

significant price decreases and gradual improve-

ments in efficiency. For example, in 2007 the

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

demonstrated a CIGS PV cell with approximately

20 percent efficiency—a major improvement for

thin-film PV.

Another factor that contributes to the clean

energy revolution is policy innovation. In the

area of renewable energy, the feed-in tariff—a

“pricing law” under which producers of renew-

able energy are paid a set rate for electricity—is

perhaps the most significant development of the

last few decades. Wind energy and other renew-

able energy projects are often constructed and

maintained not by utilities but by independent

developers. The only possibility for independent

developers to sell their power is to have access to

the utilities’ distribution grid and to obtain con-

tracts to sell electricity to the utility or to a third

party by wheeling through the utility grid. The

biggest obstacle for wind power developers is to

have a reliable long-term revenue stream, because

financial institutions often consider renewable

energy projects to be risky. Creating reliable

markets for independent power by mandating

that utilities purchase all independent power at

their avoided cost—a calculation based on the

marginal generation unit whose costs the utility

could avoid by purchasing renewable energy—

has been the cornerstone of every successful

renewable energy strategy. However, depending

on the assumptions used, avoided cost calcula-

tions can vary significantly. Consequently, many

wind energy projects are competitive only if they

In the area of

renewable energy,

the feed-in tariff—

a “pricing law” under

which producers of

renewable energy

are paid a set rate for

electricity—is perhaps

the most significant

development of the

last few decades.

Workers look up as vanes are lifted onto a windmill at Beijing’s fi rst wind farm on the outskirts of Huailai, north China’s Hebei province, July 23, 2007.

S I P A N E W S 9

are protected by feed-in tariffs that calculate suf-

ficiently high avoided costs.

The feed-in tariff is considered the single most

important precondition for the rapid growth of

renewable energy projects, and more than 30

other countries had adopted this policy by the

beginning of 2008. Germany’s feed-in tariffs are

seen by many energy experts as the world’s most

effective policies for the development of renew-

able energy technologies. The German feed-in

tariffs involve fixed payments that are guaranteed

for as long as 20 years but are lowered every year

to encourage more efficient production of renew-

able energy. Germany’s first feed-in tariff was the

Electricity Feed Act (StrEG), adopted in 1990;

the second was the Act on Granting Priority to

Renewable Energy Sources (EEG), adopted in

2000 and revised in 2004. The German REFIT

policies are estimated to account for more than 70

percent of the electricity produced from renew-

able energy in 2005 and to result in a reduction

of more than 52 million tons of carbon dioxide

by 2010. These impressive results have been

achieved at a relatively modest cost: in 2005 the

extra costs due to the feed-in tariffs shared by all

consumers was 0.0056 per kWh (kilowatt hour),

or 3 percent of average German household elec-

tricity costs.

These are just a few of the technological and

policy innovations that will result in the greening

of this century. Major obstacles, of course, exist:

many countries, in particular the United States

and China, burn a lot of coal to produce electric-

ity and have major coal reserves. For example, it

is estimated that Americans consume more than 2

million tons of coal per day—about 20 pounds for

each person—and, assuming a steady rate of use,

could continue to do this for more than 200 years.

Without cleaner coal solutions the transition to

clean energy will take much longer. But it is no

longer a question of whether the 21st century will

become green; it is only a question of whether

the transformation will happen fast enough to

prevent catastrophic global climate change. We

can hope, but we can also do our part.

Ion Bogdan Vasi is an assistant professor of international

and public affairs and of sociology at Columbia Univer-

sity’s School of International and Public Affairs.

Top: A view of solar panels, set up on what will be the biggest integrated solar panel roof of the world, in a farm in Weinbourg, eastern France, February 12, 2009. Bottom: A woman cycles past a coal fi red power plant in Beijing, October 21, 2004. In response to continuing power shortages, China is draft-ing laws that will force power companies to develop renewable energy sources.

1 0 S I P A N E W S

THE NEW DATA-DRIVEN

U.S. GOVERNMENTBy Dan Perez

S I P A N E W S 1 1

Obama’s administration quickly revamped the

WhiteHouse.gov Web site complete with YouTube

videos, Facebook Groups, and blog contributions

by senior policymakers. The president appointed

Vivek Kundra as the first federal chief information

officer (CIO) to direct the new U.S. technology

agenda. Soon after, Obama’s vision materialized

with the launch of Data.gov. The site serves as a

repository of U.S. government information with

the bold goal of “democratizing” public data. The

obstacles encountered during Data.gov’s devel-

opment, however, demonstrate the difficulty of

mixing technology and public policy in order to

improve government transparency.

Data.gov went live in May 2009 with a video

introduction by CIO Kundra. The site contains data

sets including patent applications, toxic air reports,

and Medicare expenditures released by agencies

across the U.S. federal government. Though some

data is likely not of interest to the general public,

the site creates a single destination, free of charge,

to access compiled information.

Kundra’s goal for Data.gov is not merely

to aggregate data but to democratize it.

“Democratizing data enables comparative analysis

of the services the government provides and the

investments it makes, leading to a better govern-

ment,” Kundra said in a June 2009 interview with

Wired Magazine. He also voiced concerns about

the nature of government information, arguing

that the default setting of U.S. policy should not

be secret and closed.

Data.gov developers faced an enormous chal-

lenge: creating a site that would be useful for

the experienced data analyst as well as for the

average computer user. This required convert-

ing thousands of data sets, including complex

geospatial and statistical ones, into a common

format. To do this, Kundra and other designers

worked closely with IT specialists from involved

government agencies to convert their data into

Extensible Markup Language (XML), a language

compatible with most office software, such as

Excel. They also laboriously collected metadata or

“data about data,” including source, date range,

and descriptions.

These simple but laborious tasks created

friction during Data.gov’s development and high-

lighted the challenges of a technology-centric

policy agenda. Many agencies could not dedicate

sufficient personnel to converting data sets and

building metadata. Others had constructed their

data using old information systems, preventing

their conversion to XML without extensive invest-

ments in infrastructure. Many chose not to post

data sets, worrying about Congressional scrutiny,

security breaches, or loss of public trust. As

Kundra feared, the default setting for many agen-

cies remained closed.

Despite these obstacles, Data.gov launched in

May 2009 and garnered mostly positive reviews.

Still, others criticized the site for launching with

only 50 data sets. “It’s hard not to compare

other sources of government data and feel disap-

pointed,” Marshall Kirkpatrick wrote on the tech

Web site ReadWriteWeb. “The privately built

USGovXML.com contains far more data and was

built by one independent developer over a period

of four months.”

Data.gov developers, however, received praise

for their forward thinking. With streamlined pro-

cesses, the site rapidly grew and currently hosts

tens of thousands of data sets. Additionally, the

site inspired Sunlight Foundation, a nonprofit

working to make information about government

more accessible online, to create “Apps for

America 2: The Data.gov Challenge.” The purpose

of the challenge “is to demonstrate that when

government makes data available, it makes itself

more accountable and creates more trust in its

actions,” Sunlight’s co-founder Ellen Miller said.

Others praised the site’s efforts to change the

government’s mindset from one of secrecy to one

of sharing. After Data.gov’s release, New York

Times blogger Saul Hansell wrote, “there is a

difference between someone accumulating a list

of data already published and the White House

putting its weight behind an initiative to unlock

government information in standard formats.”

It would seem that Data.gov has started to

slowly change the U.S. government’s default

transparency setting to one that is more open.

This summer, the White House launched the

Federal IT Dashboard to track federal expenditure

on IT projects. The Dashboard helped officials at

the Department of Veterans Affairs to identify and

suspend 45 underperforming IT projects, includ-

ing one that was 17 months behind schedule.

Still, officials must be mindful of the con-

sequences encountered by initiatives like Data.

gov. Comments about the president’s citizenship

or extraterrestrials are regularly posted on White

House forums and blogs. A White House proposal

this summer that revisited the installation of user-

tracking tools on government Web sites created a

debate over privacy versus improved government

services. “It is not easy for the Obama admin-

istration to take a federal bureaucracy that was

basically designed in the 20th century and expect

them to be up to the state-of-the-art capabilities,”

blogger Andrew Rasiej said in an interview with

Federal Computer Week.

The efforts of Kundra and other officials in

implementing Obama’s vision raise important

questions about technology’s role in public policy.

Does the opening of government information really

improve public policy, or does it raise troubling

questions over government secrecy and public

information? Can these projects improve the

functioning of U.S. government agencies, or will

they be expensive projects that will accomplish

far less than expected? The answers are unknown,

but President Obama so far has remained a firm

believer in technology’s ability to transform the

U.S. government. “Openness,” President Obama

wrote in his transparency memorandum, “will

strengthen our democracy and promote efficiency

and effectiveness in government.”

Dan Perez, MPA ’10, is currently completing

a dual MPA at SIPA and the London School of

Economics and Political Science. He interned

at the Office of Management and Budget in the

Executive Office of the President during the

summer of 2009. Any views expressed here are

solely his and do not necessarily reflect the posi-

tion of the Office of Management and Budget

or the Executive Office of the President of the

United States.

On his first day in office, U.S. President Barack Obama

released an ambitious policy memorandum outlining

how technology would transform the United States

government. “My administration is committed to

creating an unprecedented level of openness in

government,” he wrote in the memo. “Transparency

promotes accountability and provides information for

citizens about what their government is doing.”

“ THIS DOMAIN HAS

1 2 S I P A N E W S

Brenda Burrell, one of the founders of Kubatana, was astonished. Not only did this action not coincide with BlueHost’s original Terms of Service, but the Treasury Department sanc-tions only target a specific list of actors within Zimbabwe. Kubatana is not on that list.

“I honestly don’t know what motivated their action,” Burrell wrote in an e-mail. “Ironically, we had signed up as an affiliate and were advertising [BlueHost’s] services on our Web site.”

Kubatana is one of many NGOs struggling to make its voice heard in countries with repressive regimes. In order to communicate and organize, these groups have become highly dependent on social media platforms hosted in the United States. While some activists point fingers at repressive governments for blocking free press via Internet censorship, the power to control information actu-ally rests, increasingly, in the hands of American companies such as Google, LinkedIn, Facebook, and BlueHost.

As a result, Internet policy experts and human

rights advocates say a new form of “intermediary censorship” has emerged. In these cases, online service providers (OSPs) that host social networking services and Web sites shut down services in sanc-tioned countries because they are not sure if they are in compliance with export control regulations. What is troubling, experts say, is that the people using social networks in rogue countries are often fight-ing against governments the United States seeks to punish with trade sanctions. They are the last people the Treasury and Commerce Departments want U.S. companies to deny services to.

Ethan Zuckerman, a research fellow at Harvard University’s Berkman Center for Internet & Society, has been vocal about this contradictory policy. He remains unconvinced by BlueHost’s account of why they pulled the plug on Kubatana in February.

“I find it very hard to believe that BlueHost spontaneously decided to review Kubatana’s account—I suspect that someone frustrated by content on Kubatana blogs contacted BlueHost, leading to an account review where BlueHost

decided to terminate hosting based on their read-ing of a trade sanctions provision,” Zuckerman wrote on his blog My Heart’s in Accra (http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/).

The sanctions in question fall under two catego-ries. On the one hand, the Commerce Department has blanket bans of particularly sensitive encryp-tion technology to China, Cuba, North Korea, Iran, Sudan, and Syria. On the other, the Treasury Department has a much broader list of states subject to some trade restrictions, which target par-ticular actors in places like Zimbabwe.

“The purpose of a specific list, of course, is to avoid implicating entire populations in what amounts to geopolitical squabbling,” Evgeny Morozov wrote in an April 2009 Newsweek article on this topic.

Morozov explains that the Treasury export regu-lations permit sites such as Facebook or Twitter to offer Syria or Zimbabwe as a location option, allow-ing users to access their services. Amazon.com, which sells books and other products by mail, and

BY LAUREN D. KLEIN

BEEN DISABLED”

For no apparent reason and without warning, a Web site operated by a Zimbabwean NGO

was shut down in February 2009. The Zimbabwe government didn’t pull the plug on the

Kubatana operation, which hosts blogs for local NGOs that often oppose President Robert

Mugabe. Rather, BlueHost, an American company that hosted the NGO’s Web site, suspended

its account.

BlueHost officials told the Kubatana staff that a recent internal review revealed that Kubatana

was a Zimbab wean organization. BlueHost’s regulations prohibit it from doing business with

Zimbabwe, one of several countries that are subject to U.S. trade sanctions.

S I P A N E W S 1 3

U.S. ONLINE SERVICE PROVIDERS AND THEIR ROLE IN INTERMEDIARY CENSORSHIP

1 4 S I P A N E W S

GoDaddy.com, which offers domain names, must prohibit use in sanctioned countries altogether.

In addition to Kubatana’s account, BlueHost has also pulled down sites promoting the Belarusian American Association as well as sev-eral Persian blogs, citing similar reasons about export compliance. While BlueHost received a significant amount of negative press over these decisions, it is certainly not the only OSP involved in this practice.

The Global Network Initiative (GNI), a multi-stakeholder organization that has partnerships with Yahoo! Microsoft, Google, human rights advocates, and academics, began compiling a list of similar takedowns from a variety of Web com-panies in 2009. It would seem that the Treasury Department’s recent increase of fines for noncom-pliance has led companies to review carefully their operations oversees and often results in changing

their terms of service to ensure they do not trans-act with sanctioned nations.

In March, LinkedIn blocked access to users who identified Syria as their location. After civil society groups confronted LinkedIn, and the incidents were widely reported in the blogosphere, the company posted a notice on its Web site that human error lead to “overcompliance” with export controls and offered to reinstate the accounts.

In April, Facebook proposed new terms of ser-vice that stated: “You will not use Facebook if you are located in a country embargoed by the United States, or are on the U.S. Treasury Department’s list of Specially Designated Nationals.”

Facebook responded to questions from GNI and argued that the language was designed to cover commercial activities, not Facebook users. They claimed that this is a common point articulated in other service providers’ terms of service.

Microsoft came up on the GNI radar in May, confirming reports that it had cut Windows Live Messenger access to users in Cuba, Syria, Iran, Sudan, and North Korea. Microsoft said it cut access because it does not do business in those countries.

Companies succumbing to government pres-sure and pulling down Web sites with little or no

warning is not a new problem. What worries human rights advocates about the growing accounts of “intermediary censorship” and blanket service shutdowns in sanctioned countries is the apathy of certain American companies and coinciding worries about the companies’ potential liability with the Treasury Department. There is a certain willingness to overlook the complex situation and decide to loose the customer for sake of the bottom line, free press advocates note.

“I don’t think that BlueHost is somehow opposed to civil society in Zimbabwe,” Zuckerman wrote on his blog. “I think they’re lazy, and decid-ed that actually responding to Kubatana’s explana-tions wasn’t worth their time…I think they conclud-ed—perhaps correctly—that denying Zimbabwean activists a platform for speech wouldn’t adversely affect their business.”

There are also conflicting messages coming

from the federal government about how to handle these services in rogue countries. Some policy advi-sors, such as Alec Ross, senior advisor on innova-tion to Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, encourage opportunities to use Web 2.0 applica-tions such as blogs, Twitter, and text messages as methods for aiding the civil society of governments the United States rarely engages. For example, Jared Cohen, a member of the State Department policy planning staff, is credited with encouraging Twitter not to shut down for maintenance during the Iranian uprising this summer, so dissidents could continue microblogging as a way to com-municate with the world. Nonetheless, these initia-tives will fall flat if Ross and Cohen’s team does not coordinate its efforts with the Commerce and Treasury Department’s export control compliance.

Zuckerman argues that the government must help online service providers understand U.S. trade regulations so that it is as simple as possible for them to be in compliance. The more difficult it is to evaluate whether an individual should be denied services, the more likely companies such as BlueHost or Facebook will simply deny access to all users from a sanctioned country rather than risk legal complications.

Online hosting companies must also take some

responsibility for their practices overseas. Not only do these companies provide hosting for networked communication services, but they also increasingly create the mobile technology that allows margin-alized groups to communicate in places where Internet penetration is low.

“Industry has a choice: be reactive—and be forced into growing complicity with government censorship and surveillance around the globe,” Rebecca MacKinnon, a founding member of GNI, wrote in a June 2009 Wall Street Journal article. “Or, be pro-active, develop robust human rights policies, and consider how to responsibly handle the inevitable pressures by all kinds of governments to serve as national auto-parent, if not auto-cop.”

Intermediary censorship is a small but grow-ing issue among academics and human rights advocates involved with freedom of expression and Internet regulation. The subtleties and complexi-

ties of this 21st-century problem will continue to emerge as more people from around the globe come online.

In the meantime, Kubatana’s site is live again. The staff, however, decided to operate under Rimuhosting, which is based in New Zealand and exempt from U.S. Treasury Department sanctions. Rimuhosting’s managing director told them he remains committed to serving the civic organiza-tion, despite the blog’s potentially controversial content.

“We decided not to use another United States–based Web host for fear of a repeat of this incident,” Burrell wrote in an e-mail.

Lauren D. Klein, MIA ’10, co-editor of SIPA News, is concentrating in International Media and Communications. She spent the summer as a research assistant at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society.

“ I DON’T THINK THAT BLUEHOST IS SOMEHOW OPPOSED TO CIVIL SOCIETY IN ZIMBABWE. I THINK THEY’RE LAZY, AND DECIDED THAT ACTUALLY RESPONDING TO KUBATANA’S EXPLANATIONS WASN’T WORTH THEIR TIME.” —ETHAN ZUCKERMAN

S I P A N E W S 1 5

Cyber-Dissidents Fight for Freedom against the Odds

BY STEPHEN GRAY

At a café in Yangon, activist Shin San describes his role in Myanmar’s 2007

Saffron Revolution in hushed tones and with furtive glances. Openly express-

ing political opinions can and regularly does result in imprisonment, exile, or

death in this Southeast Asian country, which is also known as Burma. Shin San

avoided punishment for mobilizing activists and participating in street protests,

but many of his fellow activists have since been imprisoned or fled abroad.

Ashin U Gambira, leader of the “All Burma Monks’ Alliance” that spearheaded

the revolution, is serving 68 years.

Blogging in Burma:

1 6 S I P A N E W S

While movements promoting democratic transfor-

mation, justice, and freedom have ultimately failed

to achieve their goals throughout nearly 50 years of

military rule in Myanmar, the expansion of Internet

services offers a glimmer of hope. According to the

International Telecommunication Union, a United

Nations agency, only 1.5 out of every 100 people in

Myanmar used the Internet in 2008. After traveling

through the country this summer, I am convinced

that these numbers are rising—rapidly. The Internet

offers the Burmese a means to learn the truth about

Myanmar and a soapbox from which they can plead

their case to the outside world. Isolation and strict

control of information have afforded the Burmese

junta a degree of privacy that has limited exposure

or reprisal for its human rights transgressions. But

as the number of domestic Internet connections,

phones, and televisions increases,

the call for change gets louder.

Activists like Shin San face

an immense challenge in working

for regime change. Burmese with

connections to the ruling gener-

als—who control the country’s

vast natural resources—are invari-

ably wealthy, while many ordinary

people lack access to food, elec-

tricity, or basic social services. But

standing between ordinary Burmese

people and their goals for a more

just society is the “Tatmadaw”—

the 300,000-strong army with an

explicit mandate and remarkably successful his-

tory of crushing internal dissent. The odds have

made some activists pessimistic. “People don’t

want to talk about politics anymore,” admits Shin

San. “People are scared.”

But technology is spurring change, even in

one of the world’s most isolated societies. “We

have in Burma today the first generation that has

grown up with DVDs and satellite television, who

have the opportunity to travel abroad, and whose

dreams are not always political, but are very

much tied to the changes in Asian life over the

past two decades,” says Khin Omar, exiled activ-

ist and one of the leading voices against Burma’s

military regime. While witnessing the economic

progress of neighboring countries is unlikely to

spell an end to the regime, the Burmese are now

more aware of what they are missing out on.

The Information Revolution Comes to Burma

Nowhere is this awakening more evident than in the

Internet cafés of Yangon, where hordes of young

Burmese can be found chatting on MSN, checking

their Gmail accounts, and surfing the Web. That

the Burmese use the Internet in cafés rather than

at home is not surprising—personal broadband con-

nection with Burma’s main Internet service provider

costs more than six times the average per capita

income. What is surprising is just how many Internet

cafés there are. Three hundred and fifty-five of the

country’s 464 officially registered Internet cafés are

located in Yangon, and when unregistered Internet

cafés are taken into account, local estimates suggest

that there are actually more than 700.

Dissidents inside and outside the country are

now able to communicate and organize with less

fear of being apprehended, giving hope that in the

future political activists will be better prepared,

organized, and effective.

Despite the government’s attempts to block

reports from escaping the country during the

Saffron Revolution, citizen journalists blogged

extensively about the protests, leaked footage to

video sharing Web sites, and provided the only

accounts of the violent military crackdown after

foreign journalists were expelled from the country.

Though many of these blogs have since been shut

down, the bloggers’ identities were difficult to

trace and new blogs were soon established.

The Web has also opened the door to inbound

information. “The Internet is one of the few plac-

es where Burmese can receive independent news

and views,” mizzima.com editor Soe Myint wrote

in an e-mail. Mizzima was founded by Burmese

political exiles in New Delhi in 1998 and now

employs a staff of 50. While the Burmese have

been able to listen to independent radio news like

the Democratic Voice of Burma for some time, the

Internet allows for more sources and perspectives

on domestic events.

Unlike government newspapers, overseas Web

sites including Mizzima and Irrawaddy document

incidents of forced labor, child labor, mass rape,

opium trafficking, and ethnic cleansing in the

country. Soe Myint argues that the more Burmese

are aware of their government’s crimes and fail-

ures, the more likely they will be to rise up and

demand change.

The Battle for Cyberspace

The government knows that free information flow

threatens its control over society. And increasing

international awareness puts pressure on multi-

national corporations and states that engage the

regime through commerce or political allegiance.

But whereas traditional media were relatively easy

to control—there have been no independent news-

papers for decades, foreign journalists are denied

visas, and even song lyrics must pass a censorship

board—the government has found Internet traffic

more difficult to censor.

In 2005, the OpenNet Initiative described

Burma as “one of the world’s most restrictive

regimes of Internet control,” due to the high cost

of Internet access and the government’s compre-

hensive censorship measures. But with the advent

Screengrabs of (top to bottom): Burma Bloggers, the Irrawaddy, and Mizzima.

S I P A N E W S 1 7

of proxy Web sites that allow Internet users to

“get around” the block, the government’s censor-

ship measures have become less effective. I was

able to access a range of restricted Web sites to

write this article while in Yangon.

Burma’s thought police counterpunched by

stepping up monitoring and censorship measures

and imposing harsh penalties for cyber dissent. In

an April report, the Committee for the Protection of

Journalists (CPJ) rated Burma as the worst country

in the world in which to be a blogger. While cyber

dissent from within Burma is undoubtedly risky, it

would be virtually impossible to publicly dissent

in Burma without it. It’s dangerous, surely, but

it’s certainly a lot safer than preaching an anti-

government message in the street. “Bloggers are

definitely under fire,” writes Soe Myint, “but they

nonetheless represent the seedlings of an emerging

independent media in Burma.”

Four days after the CPJ report was released,

the Burmese government announced that new

Internet cafés would open around the country.

Though such commitments must be taken with

a grain of salt, Burmese cyber-dissidents are

encouraged to see that the government is under

pressure to increase Internet access.

Support for Burmese dissidents is also com-

ing from abroad. In September, U.S. Senators

Sam Brownback (R-Kan.) and Arlen Specter

(D-Pa.) secured $30 million of the Senate’s

State Department appropriations bill to support

digital tools that will allow citizens of oppressive

states worldwide to bypass their government’s

censorship measures.

Hope Is Online

In August, a state-run trial placed prodemoc-

racy leader Aung San Suu Kyi back under house

arrest—where she has been for two decades.

The verdict was greeted by an eerie quiet on the

streets of Yangon. The penalty for speaking out is

such that not a single voice was raised in protest

outside. But in the relative safety of the Internet

cafés, the Web was ablaze. Thousands of Burmese

rushed to news Web sites, chatted online, and

blogged for the benefit of those in Yangon and the

outside world. Within hours a thousand Burmese

opinions were online. In an instant the will of

the Burmese people—whispered and written in

Yangon—echoed in Bangkok, Tokyo, and New

York. The battle for Burmese freedom has shifted

from the streets to cyberspace. Here the Burmese

are free to speak and the Tatmadaw’s bullets

can’t hurt them. Here the war is not yet won, but

the call for freedom has never been louder.

Stephen Gray, MIA ’11, is concentrating in

Economic and Political Development and spe-

cializing in International Media, Advocacy, and

Communications. If you are interested in citizen

journalism or political development in Burma,

please contact him at sbg2132@columbia.edu

and visit www.themorningsidepost.com for infor-

mation regarding the “Policy Making in the Digital

Age” conference in February 2010.

“ Bloggers are definitely under fire, but they nonetheless represent the seedlings of an emerging independent media in Burma.”

—SOE MYINT

Aye Chang Naing, left, and reporter Htet Aung Kyaq of the radio station Democratic Voice of Burma plan the next broadcast in their newsroom in Oslo, Norway, September 24, 2007.

After passing fountains, a Starbucks, and

an Internet center in the lobby, visitors

to Bumrungrad International Hospital in

Bangkok may feel as though they are

checking into a luxury hotel rather than a hospi-

tal. But Bumrungrad is known internationally for

its Cardiac, G-I, Orthopedic, and Urology depart-

ments, as well as for cosmetic surgery and compre-

hensive medical checkups.

The medical tourism industry in Thailand alone

grows at 14 percent annually, and countries in Asia,

Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe also attract

foreign patients. As developing countries acquire

technology and scientific knowledge that equal or

surpass that of hospitals in the developed world, the

number of patients crossing borders is growing. In

Asia, medical tourists seek treatments like stem cell

therapy and organ transplants that, for reasons of

ethics, technology, and economics, may not even be

available at home.

By Caroline Stauffer

1 8 S I P A N E W S

THE ORIGINAL

MEDICAL TOURISM

DESTINATION:

KEEPING PATIENTS COMING

AS HEALTH CARE GOES GLOBAL

S I P A N E W S 1 9

Gregory Kellstrom, from the United States, visited the Wooridul Spine Hospital in Seoul, South Korea, in October 2008. South Korea has joined Thailand, Singa-pore, India, and other Asian nations in the lucrative business of medical tourism.

2 0 S I P A N E W S

DevelopmentThe “medical tourism moniker” started in Thailand,

said Susan Cartier Poland, legal research associate

at the National Reference Center for Bioethics

Literature at Georgetown University. Thailand

first marketed to expatriate Thais living overseas,

encouraging them to come home for medical

care, according to Harriet Hutson Gray, who

co-authored the article “Medical Tourism: Crossing

Borders to Access Health Care” with Cartier Poland.

Kenneth Mays, senior director of Hospital

Marketing and Business Development, said the

most common nationalities treated at Bumrungrad

International Hospital are Thai, Japanese, Emirati,

and American. The number of Americans treated

at Bumrungrad increased from 2000 through

2006. While the number has leveled off, Mays

still sees 50,000 patients from the United States

per year.

Bumrungrad serves expatriates living and

working in the Thai capital as well as locals who

can afford the care. Foreigners, however, travel

to Thailand for medical care for a number of

reasons, Mays said.

“Some nationalities seek better medical qual-

ity than they can get in their home countries,”

he noted in an e-mail. “Others want faster access

or lower costs. Most of them say the service in

Thailand is warmer, more caring.”

There is increasing competition for foreign

patients among private hospitals in Bangkok.

Yanhee Hospital, for instance, boasts a one-to-

two patient-nurse ratio.

Dr. John Loike, professor of Bioethics at

Columbia University Medical School, travels to

Yanhee Hospital each summer with students in

the Biocep program, which promotes cultural

exchange in the field of public health.

“Thailand began doing inexpensive elective

surgeries—facelifts etc., but at 20 percent of the

cost as the West,” he said.

Seventy-seven percent of foreigners’ opera-

tions at Yanhee are cosmetic, and 17 percent are

sex changes.

“Sex change is an area where science and technol-

ogy have surpassed Western standards,” Loike said.

Yanhee staff can complete the male-to-female

transformation in about four and a half hours.

Patients must meet a set of psychological stan-

dards equal to those in the States. The female-

to-male operation takes a couple of months,

culminating in the development of a prosthetic

that is actually grown from the patient’s arm, a

procedure developed at Yanhee.

The number of American patients at Yanhee,

in particular, has jumped in the past year, accord-

ing to Loike. In 2008, the United States was

the fourth most common country of origin for

Yanhee patients, while in 2007 it hadn’t even

been in the top 20.

Challenges and ControversyFrom the outset, traveling abroad for health care

has been a controversial concept. Patients often

face problems upon returning from an overseas

operation and may have trouble getting prescrip-

tions from one country filled in another.

“Once you go over for a medical procedure,

you are quoted an outrageously small amount and

the hospital stay is not much,” Cartier Poland

said. “When you come back you don’t know what

to do about follow-up. You don’t have a doctor.

You don’t have anything.”

Doctors practicing in countries that ration

health care, including the United Kingdom and

Canada, can be put in a difficult position when

patients travel overseas and urgently need follow-

up care upon return, causing them to choose

between denying that urgent care or refusing

treatment to other patients, she said.

When abroad, patients often have no legal

recourse if something goes wrong. There is simply

no such thing as an international malpractice suit.

Operations that may not be approved or

available elsewhere are inherently more contro-

versial than the ubiquitous private Thai clinics

performing cosmetic surgery. India, China, and

the Philippines, Loike said, are in the business of

arranging organ transplants for foreigners.

“People will go anywhere to buy an organ,”

Cartier Poland said. In Pakistan and the Philippines,

people sell kidneys to pay off debts. In China,

the process is not market based, and organs are

thought to be taken from executed prisoners.

Some maintain that looking for care overseas—

James McLaurin of the United States recovers from surgery at Bumrungrad International Hospital, October 20, 2006, in Bangkok, Thailand. The hos-pital treats more than 400,000 patients yearly, with more than 50,000 of those from the United States.

S I P A N E W S 2 1

including organ transplants, heart repairs, and

fertility treatments—is a measure of last resort.

“People seeking these treatments seem to have

desperation before them,” Houston Gray said.

Others see traveling to Asia as a smart way

of taking advantage of lower costs and advances

in science.

Since 2005, the Beijing-based stem cell ther-

apy company Beike Biotechnology has treated

7,000 patients in China for diseases including spi-

nal cord injury, blindness, cardiomyopathy, and

neurological conditions like acute and chronic

stroke, cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and

ataxia. Twenty percent of the patients are foreign

medical tourists from more than 35 different

countries. Of the foreign patients, 50 percent

are American and Canadian and 35 percent are

European, according to Narin Apichairuk, presi-

dent of Beike operations in Thailand.

Apichairuk said the stem cell therapy company

is rapidly expanding its operations into Thailand

and other major Asian Pacific centers, including

Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore.

“With the burgeoning medical tourism indus-

try, these areas have the full support of local

governments, world-class hospitals seeking state-

of-the-art treatment technologies, and patient

pools seeking therapies to address chronic, life-

altering diseases and health conditions,” he said

by e-mail.

Loike is concerned about hospitals maintain-

ing safety and ethical standards as they move into

more dicey medical tourism operations.

“When they are copying the West it’s OK for

medical tourism, but when you start getting into

gene therapy, stem cells, transplants … there is

no control,” he said. “Some hospitals are provid-

ing stem cell therapy that has not been shown to

be effective.”

In allowing stem cell clinics to open,

Apichairuk, on the other hand, believes Asia

jumped on cutting edge scientific knowledge that

could save lives, while the West lagged behind.

“Political systems in the West created confu-

sion and controversy concerning embryonic and

fetal stem cell sources that effectively shut down

stem cell research,” he said. A majority of people

from both the West and in Asia, he believes,

“would feel that adult stems cells derived from

bone marrow, umbilical cord, adipost (fat), and/or

blood do not cross any ethical boundaries.”

There is also the question of how promot-

ing medical tourism affects the host country’s

population.

In October, Jason Overdorf wrote a blistering

piece for The Global Post on India, a country that

some say has the potential to surpass Thailand as

Asia’s top medical tourism destination. Overdorf

claims the jet-setting patients who take advantage

of low-cost knee and hip replacements in India’s

private hospitals have drawn attention away

from the fact that millions of Indians receive no

health care at all and points out that the Delhi

High Court recently slammed the famous Apollo

hospital chain in a law suit for failing to live up to

its commitment to provide free treatment for the

poor in exchange for concessionary land rates.

The FutureWhile predicting future advances in science,

policy, and economic circumstance is impossible,

the concept of going abroad for health care seems

to be here to stay.

The Deloitte Center for Health Solutions fore-

cast an annual growth rate for medical tourism of

35 percent internationally, starting in 2010.

Thailand’s Department of Export Promotion

expects 2 million visitors to arrive for medical

treatments in 2010. Foreign patients generated an

estimated $6 billion for Thailand in 2008.

Though medical tourism remains largely

unregulated, and ethical and policy concerns

will continue to emerge as the industry grows,

some steps are being taken to apply universal

standards to the industry.

The nonprofit Joint Commission International

has dispatched teams of health professionals to

accredit hospitals around the world since 1999.

Bumrungrad Hospital was the first Asian hospital

to be accredited in 2002, and the Bangkok Hospital

chain received this mark of approval in 2009.

Hospitals promoting medical tourism see

insurance coverage going global, according to

Loike, and are taking steps to comply with the

ethical and safety standards of various insurance

companies.

Mays said Bumrungrad has contracts with a

few U.S. insurers, including Companion Global

Healthcare. “Many others are talking to us,” he

said. “But this is taking longer to develop.”

On November 7, 2009, the day after the U.S.

House of Representatives passed health care

legislation, the New York Times’ Prescription blog

wrote that policies that cover offshore treat-

ment may be especially attractive to large U.S.

employers because they could lower the cost of

coverage.

Two thousand insurers, hospital representa-

tives, and travel agents from around the world

discussed the future of the global industry at the

second annual medical tourism conference in Los

Angeles in October.

While Lonely Planet, Rough Guide, and

Frommer’s have combed over Thailand’s beaches

and dive resorts, a new guidebook has taken on its

hospitals, health travel agents, and recovery servic-

es. Healthy Travel Media released Patients Beyond

Borders: Thailand Edition on October 26, 2009.

Caroline Stauffer, MIA ’10, co-editor of SIPA News, is

concentrating in International Media and Communications.

She spent the summer of 2009 working with the Associated

Press in Bangkok but managed to avoid the city’s hospitals.

“ Once you go over for a medical procedure, you are quoted an outrageously small amount and the hospital stay is not much. When you come back you don’t know what to do about follow-up. You don’t have a doctor. You don’t have anything.” —SUSAN CARTIER POLAND

2 2 S I P A N E W S

On September 26, 2006,

President George W. Bush

signed into law the Federal

Funding Accountability and

Transparency Act, otherwise

known as the Coburn-Obama

bill. It was an early effort of

two new senators to bring transparency to govern-

ment spending and provide open access to all

government contracts.

Fast forward to 2009: The White House has

an Open Government Initiative, groups of volun-

teers are competing to build the best software

to shed light on the newly available data, and

at the September 2009 Gov 2.0 conference in

Washington, D.C., John Podesta, former chief of

staff to President Bill Clinton, argues that emerging

communications technology is a “tool of empow-

erment” for citizens in societies where political

expression is constrained. At the same conference,

Carl Malamud, an early Internet pioneer, somewhat

breathlessly proclaims, “we are now witnessing a

third wave of change—an Internet wave—where the

underpinnings and machinery of government are

used not only by bureaucrats and civil servants, but

by the people.” Understanding the challenges and

opportunities for governments, policymakers out-

side government, and those traditionally involved

in providing oversight, is a significant task that has

only just begun.

Two appointees of the Obama administration,

Vivek Kundra, chief information officer of the federal

government, and Beth Noveck, deputy chief technol-

ogy officer for Open Government, are leading the

information transformation in the U.S. government

today. Transparency initiatives independent of spe-

cific policy objectives are becoming more common.

Examples include Data.gov, a portal that provides

raw feeds of machine-readable data; IT.usaspending.

gov, a portal into the federal departments’ technol-

ogy expenditures; and the recently re-launched

Recovery.gov, which seeks to provide transparency

on the stimulus bill expenditures.

Similar innovation is also occurring at the state

and city level. For example, in San Francisco,

Datasf.org provides a number of electronic data-

sets that have been used in applications as varied

as mapping crime statistics by block, and by

iPhone applications such as MomMaps, which

identifies kid friendly locations, as well as others

that help with route planning on mass transit.

2.0GovernmentThe Challenges and Possibilities of Transparency

BY TOM GLAISYER

In New York, the CIO of the New York Senate,

Andrew Hoppin and his team launched a Web

site, Open.nysenate.gov/legislation, in November

2009 to complement a number of other sites

that seek to bring transparency to the New York

Senate. All of these initiatives are occurring along-

side projects funded by organizations such as the

Sunlight Foundation, which recently sponsored

contests for software developers that generated

applications like DataMasher.org, govpulse.us,

and ThisWeKnow.org.

In the U.S. State Department, Senior Advisor

for Innovation Alec Ross, a well-regarded govern-

ment outsider, is charged with maximizing the

potential of technology in service of America’s

diplomatic and development goals. The work of

a small band of collaborators, including Jared

Cohen of the policy planning staff, the State

Department’s internal think tank, has enabled

ordinary citizens to read highlights from President

Obama’s speech in Cairo in text messages to

mobile phones in Urdu, Persian, and Arabic, as

well as in English. Ross’s team has also organized

an Electronic Town Hall for Secretary of State

Hillary Rodham Clinton and continues to engage

with the Alliance of Youth Movements, an organiza-

tion that connects government and youth activists

with technology and media companies.

Internationally, citizen engagement online has

made headlines with activists in Iran and Moldova

using Twitter and other social networking tech-

nology as tools to challenge their governments.

In places as distant as Britain and Chile, new

tools and technologies are being deployed. Felipe

Heusser, a graduate student at the London School

of Economics and Political Science, has recently

launched a Web site, VotaInteligente.cl, which

seeks to use the Web in Chile to promote civic

participation through accountability and transpar-

ency. In the United Kingdom, mysociety.org, led

by Tom Steinberg, formerly a policy analyst in the

UK Prime Minster’s Strategy Unit, has developed

tools as disparate as TheyWorkforyou.com, a site

that aggregates information on UK members of

parliament; Fixmystreet.com, a site permitting

citizens to identify potholes that need to be filled;

and the wildly successful Petitions.number10.gov.

uk, which has collected more than 8 million sig-

natures through its various petitions.

These changes are often characterized as pre-

saging a new utopia in transparency and account-

ability, but in practice, digital data and digital tools

present as much of a challenge as an opportunity.

No one in the United States can ignore the impact

digital media has had on newspapers, the tradi-

tional institutions of government oversight. Their

investigative staffs have been cut back and the

oversight they provide is less extensive; and though

the economics of their industry may recover with

the economic cycle, it is unlikely they will ever

deploy the same level of resources they once did.

In the United States, those tasked with com-

municating directly with the public are exploring

ways to use these new channels for government.

A White House Office of Public Engagement has

been charged with “bringing new voices to the

table, and ensuring everyone can participate and

inform the work of the president.” At the Federal

Communications Commission, a new chairman,

Julius Genchowski, is developing policies and

a plan to accelerate broadband deployment.

However, even with this attention to accessing the

machinery of government, inequalities in digital

literacy will continue to privilege the highly edu-

cated, young, and connected.

Professor Lawrence Lessig of Harvard Law

School has criticized the “naked transparency”

movement, arguing that data alone won’t generate

better governance. One could ask how many peo-

ple are going to contrast and compare (or “mash-

up,” as the new terminology goes) Wyoming’s

Toxics Release Inventory with Medicare Cost

Reports and find something that an in-house

government employee hasn’t. Moreover, the likeli-

hood, even in an age of Wikipedia, is that few

have those skills. New policies will be needed for

transparent data to play the role in the democratic

process that some envision.

Though the passion and energy of government

transparency activists is considerable, one must

be skeptical, with expectations tempered. Asking

questions of President Obama over the Web, send-

ing SMSs to the president when he visits Africa, or

editing documents drafted as inputs to traditional

policymaking processes have the same redolence

of novelty that fax-centric advocacy in the early

1990s and “click here” to send a message to

your congressperson had in 1999, courtesy of

MoveOn.org. Hard work is required to prepare the

bureaucracies of 21st-century government for these

changes. This work requires thousands of people

inside government to change the way they deal

with information in order to handle the potentially

large, disparate inputs of data. It is unclear how

such ostensibly open processes coexist with policy-

making processes that have traditionally permitted

trading favors behind closed doors.

Higher education institutions have an

opportunity to play a role in fostering digital lit-

eracy in ways that the recently published Knight

Commission Report, Informing Communities:

Sustaining Democracy in a Digital Age, argues are

important as media moves online. Understanding,

the opportunities people have to analyze the

streams of digital information now available and

preparing graduates to address this new interplay

between transparency, openness, privacy, and

technology is a considerable challenge. In January

2001, many believed it was improbable to build

an encyclopedia on voluntary contributions from

the general public: today, Wikipedia harnesses the

labors of more than 140,000 different people in

any 30-day period.

Will the small numbers of people involved in

open government expand as Wikipedia did? In

countries with repressive regimes, will the new

tools serve more as surveillance tools or organiz-

ing tools for social movements? How do we need

to rethink privacy policies in light of these elec-

tronic flows of data? Will the future SIPA graduate

be as likely to do a joint degree with Computer

Science as with Public Health? Will there be a

need to supplement statistics with an explanation

of semantic Web markup language that is being

deployed to improve the Web? These are among

the questions for SIPA graduates of the next

decade, as they explore this new context of digital

transparency in government.

Tom Glaisyer graduated in 2006 from SIPA

with an MIA. He is currently a Knight Media

Policy Fellow at the New America Foundation in

Washington, D.C., and completing a doctorate at

the Columbia Graduate School of Journalism in

Communications, considering the digital society, and

the institutions, policies, and practices that surround

it. He can be contacted at teg2102@columbia.edu.

S I P A N E W S 2 3

These changes are often characterized as presaging a new utopia in transparency and accountability, but in practice, digital data and digital tools present as much of a challenge as an opportunity.

2 4 S I P A N E W S

Sarah, a Pashtun friend from Peshawar, Pakistan, was driv-

ing home from Islamabad last fall with her parents when

they noticed an amorphous, reflective object in the sky.

“It looked like a massive spaceship,” Sarah said of the 27-foot-

long unmanned, predator drone. “It was scary.”

Two of her cousins who lived in Waziristan, a region close to

the Afghan border, experienced more than a sighting. A slew of

drone missiles struck their ancestral land earlier that month,

leaving them homeless.

Drone Attacks in Pakistan: The Unseen Impacts on the Ground BY ROB GRABOW

Armed, unmanned predator drones, a U.S.

military advancement rarely used 10 years ago,

have become an important, but controversial

tool for clandestinely striking ground targets in

Pakistan. While the U.S. government campaigns

for stability in the region, the policy of pursuing

and killing suspected terrorists with drones may

further alienate the Pakistani population and

simultaneously undermine the most important

fight, that for Pakistani hearts and minds. The

case of armed drones in Pakistan is a reminder

that as military technology advances, political

leaders, security analysts, and academics must

vigilantly assess the foreign policy implications

of using these tools.

On the one hand, drones appear to have

served American interests well. They have iden-

tified and killed al-Qaeda and Taliban insur-

gents without directly risking American lives.

However, drone missions have also had their

share of blunders, specifically in the Federally

Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. Of the

60 predator drone attacks between January 2006

and April 2009 in the region, only 10, or about

17 percent, hit their targets, killing 14 al-Qaeda

leaders and several hundred operatives, according

to The News International, a Pakistani daily paper.

In the process, however, the attacks also killed

687 Pakistani civilians. In the words of News

International reporter Amir Mir, the drones have

become a bête noire among the Pakistani people.

This net effect complicates an already delicate

situation in a part of the world rife with ancient

political and religious divisions.

Emphasizing that the collateral damage from

drone attacks was immense, Sarah says stories

like hers and her cousins’ abound throughout

Pakistan. In addition to the civilian deaths since

2006, drones have displaced thousands in and

around the Afghan border, according to reports

from the United Kingdom’s The Times. According

to Sarah, the attacks have terrorized many more,

strengthening local distrust and hostility toward

the United States.

The armed aerial drones most commonly used

in Pakistan—the Predator B and the Reaper—are

converted spy planes operated remotely from

military bases by members of the military or

clandestine agencies. These military tools cost

between $4.5 and 6 million, respectively, and came

into wider use after September 11, 2001. Assistant

Professor Austin Long, who teaches security policy

at SIPA and worked as a consultant on a MIT study

of technology and urban operations in counterin-

surgency, says the drones function much like tra-

ditional fighter planes, striking high-value targets,

yet cost much less than manned planes, don’t risk

pilots’ lives, and are preferred to manned planes by

the Pakistani government.

The progression from spy planes to armed

aerial vehicles was logical. In fact, had drones

been armed sooner, Osama Bin Laden, whose

picture was captured by an unarmed drone, might

well have been killed years ago, as Steve Coll sug-

gests in his book Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the

CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion

to September 10, 2001.

One of the central arguments for drone

deployment is financial. Since drones are less

expensive than soldiers per unit of output, “the

U.S. way of war is to substitute capital for labor,”

Long said. While not a perfect substitute for pilots

or soldiers, in many instances aerial drones repre-

sent a less expensive means of realizing the same

military ends. The cost to deploy a solider to war

for one year is $1 million, according to a WBUR

public radio report from October 29, 2009, cit-

ing statistics released by the White House. This

figure does not include training costs, health care

and potential death benefits, which could reach

more than $1 million. Thus, for the cost of train-

ing, and deploying 225 soldiers for two years, the

United States could buy 100 predator drones and

provide greater military capacity.

Following widely publicized strikes that killed

high-ranking insurgents including Osama al Kini,

Sheikh Ahmed Salim Sweden, and, more recent-

ly, the leader of the Taliban in Pakistan, Baitullah

Mehsud, supporters of drone operations gained

momentum for their position. They argued that

drone attacks are also a far more popular and far

less expensive option than the alternative, which,

if the situation in Pakistan became critical, could

include U.S. troops engaging directly.

In addition to the threat posed by the Taliban

and al-Qaeda in the western part of the country,

Pakistan is also addressing tensions with decades-

old rival India in the east. Since many Pakistani

troops are committed to defensive positions along

the Indian border, the United States might regard

Pakistan as too preoccupied on the Indian front

to adequately handle the growing internal threat

posed by militants on the western front. In fact,

when the Taliban made aggressive pushes toward

Lahore and Islamabad, drones were valuable,

on-call assets to the Pakistani military in coun-

terattacking and slowing the assault. And because

drone attacks don’t risk American lives, there is

no compelling U.S. political pressure—yet—to

abandon the raids.

With fewer U.S. lives on the line, the American

public is less likely to hold the politicians’ and

decision makers’ feet to the accountability fire,

and the Pakistani population could find itself

increasingly in the fray. The more advanced the

technology becomes, the more drones may seem

like a magic solution. But if their use increases,

while disregarding commensurate public alienation,

drones could have unforeseen and unwelcome

consequences in an increasingly unstable nuclear

state. In Pakistan, the drones’ upside becomes

itself a risk: distance and insulation from human

damage in Pakistan can lead to imprudent deci-

sions and remove decision makers as well as the

U.S. public from realities on the ground

As drone technology evolves, the role of

the tools will become increasingly interchange-

able with that of a soldier. Long says that

while advanced unmanned vehicles or humanoid

drones with the ability to conquer and occupy

land—a prerequisite for a primarily drone-based

military—are not in the foreseeable future, the

increasing ability to replace soldiers with drones

makes this prospect progressively less abstract.

“Military officers quietly acknowledge that

new prototypes will soon make human fighter

pilots obsolete,” P. W. Singer a senior fellow at

the Brookings Institution, wrote in Wired for War:

The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century.

While the prospect of a primarily drone-based

military remains more fiction than science today,

the relationship between advanced military tech-

nology and corresponding public policy decisions,

as illustrated by drones in Pakistan, will become

increasingly important.

Rob Grabow, MIA ’11, is concentrating in Economic

and Political Development.

S I P A N E W S 2 5

More than 500 supporters of the Islamic political party Jamaat-e-Islami gathered in a park in Peshawar to protest against drone attacks in Pakistan and military operations in neighboring Afghanistan, August 9, 2009.

VIDEO SHARING FROM THE GRAVE: A TALE OF MURDER, INTRIGUE—AND MICROBLOGGING IN GUATEMALA

Rodrigo Rosenberg Marzano

S I P A N E W S 2 7

BY REBEKAH HEACOCK

A LAWYER HAS BEEN MURDERED, SHOT DEAD while riding his bicycle through the streets of a Latin American capital. At the

funeral, his family hands out copies of a video recorded four days earlier. The

lawyer posthumously blames his country’s president for his death. Chaos and

cover-ups ensue.

This isn’t Hollywood’s latest political thriller. Sadly, the story is

real. Rodrigo Rosenberg Marzano was killed on May 10, 2009, in

Guatemala City. His death came less than a month after the mur-

der of two of his clients, a prominent businessman named Khalil

Musa and Musa’s daughter, Marjorie. In the video, Rosenberg

claims Musa was killed because he refused to participate in cor-

ruption surrounding Guatemala’s state-owned bank, Banrural.

Rosenberg accuses Guatemalan president Álvaro Colom, Colom’s

wife, and two of Colom’s associates of authorizing all three killings. President Álvaro Colom

Violent crime is still common in the Central

American country that only recently began recov-

ering from a 36-year civil war. But Rosenberg’s

death drew unprecedented attention not only

because of the shocking indictment against the

government, but also because the story was

documented and driven by new technology.

“The use of [the] Internet was decisive, fast,

and effective. It was a surprise because it had never

been used before in such dimensions,” said Luis

Figueroa, a member of the projustice organization

Un Joven Más and author of the blog Carpe Diem.

Those who followed the summer elections

in Iran may not be surprised that Guatemalan

citizens turned to the Internet in the wake

of the crisis. Reports on the Iranian “Twitter

Revolution” dominated American mainstream

media after the elections. Everyone from schol-

ars and State Department officials to casual

Facebook users discussed the Internet’s role in

politics around the world.

But what happened in Guatemala is unique.

According to the International Telecommunication

Union, a United Nations agency, the Internet

penetration rate in Iran is approximately 30 per-

cent. This means that more than 20 million

people have access to the Internet in some form or

another. In Guatemala, that percentage is less than

15, and the total number of Internet users is less

than 2 million. That the Internet has been such

a significant tool in spreading news and organiz-

ing protests in a country with such a small online

population is astounding.

Within 24 hours of Rosenberg’s death, the

Guatemalan newspaper El Periódico had uploaded

his video to YouTube, where it received nearly

200,000 views. News of Rosenberg’s accusations

traveled through the microblogging site Twitter

as well as Guatemalan blogs, and the Facebook

group Guatemaltecos unidos pedimos la renuncia de

Álvaro Colom (Guatemalans united call for the

resignation of Álvaro Colom) attracted more

than 40,000 members.

Protests in Guatemala City the week after

Rosenberg’s death, many believe, were orga-

2 8 S I P A N E W S

nized largely via Facebook, Hi5, and other social

networks. They drew tens of thousands of people,

who demanded Colom’s resignation and an end

to political violence in Guatemala. Guatemalan

news organizations streamed the protests live

online, further publicizing the issue.

Almost immediately, Twitter users began using

the tag #escandalogt (Guatemalan scandal) to mark

posts related to the scandal. Ethan Zuckerman,

who researches global media attention and

global blogging at Harvard University’s Berkman

Center for Internet & Society, began tracking the

#escandalogt tag shortly after Rosenberg’s murder.

In a blog post on the subject, he noted that in the

weeks after Rosenberg’s death, the tag was one of

the most discussed topics on Twitter.

The Guatemalan government quickly realized

the Internet’s ability to empower opponents of the

administration and responded by cracking down

on social media sites. On May 12, Twitter user

Jean Anleu posted a message urging Guatemalans

to withdraw their money from Banrural, which

he called “corrupt.” Two days later, police raided

Anleu’s house, arrested him, and charged him

with “inciting financial panic,” a crime punishable

by up to 10 years in prison. Anleu, thought to be

the first person in Central America to be arrested

for posting a message on Twitter, was eventually

fined $6,500 and sentenced to house arrest.

Bloggers also drew the attention of the govern-

ment. In June, several Guatemalan Internet service

providers temporarily blocked access to the blog

hosting site WordPress and all the blogs it hosts.

The block is largely considered to be an attempt

to prevent Guatemalan Internet users from reading

Chapintocables, an anonymous blog created after

Rosenberg’s murder to speak out against violence

and corruption in Guatemala. According to the

OpenNet Initiative, which researches Internet

filtering worldwide, this is the first documented

instance of Internet censorship in the country.

Though the government’s attempt at blocking

Chapintocables was clumsy—in doing so, it also

blocked many moderate and pro-Colom blogs—

Renata Avila, a human rights lawyer and online

activist in Guatemala, worries that a precedent

for censorship has been set. “By the end of 2008,

[the government] did not have the software or

training” to implement Internet filtering, she

said. “Now I am afraid that they are acquiring the

equipment, training, and tools to do so.”

What happened in Guatemala proves that the

Internet can be immensely powerful even when it

is not widely present. In the country that a May

2009 Economist article called “as close as any in the

Americas (Haiti apart) to a failed state,” online

networks enabled news to spread, protests to

occur, and society to mobilize.

“Even the Guatemalan newspapers know how

to follow us and our trending [Twitter] topics,”

said Rudy Girón, editor and photographer for

Antigua Daily Photo. “We certainly have moved

forward and past the old days when the govern-

ment was able to silence the opposing views and

commentary.”

To be sure, many of those calling for Colom’s

resignation were part of Guatemala’s relative elite:

the same young, well-educated members of the

country’s middle class that are most likely to have

access to technology. Counterprotests in support

of Colom primarily drew poorer members of

Guatemalan society.

This discrepancy has prompted questions

about the significance of the Internet’s role in

countries with low Internet usage. “Most of the

people who use a social media network to voice

their opinions are well-connected and tech-savvy

bloggers and Twitterers from Guatemala,” said

Girón. “Even though we are loud and well-net-

worked, we are a tiny part of the population.”

The journalist believes Guatemalan society is

changing despite this technological divide.

“How we Guatemalans are using the new

means of communication to voice our opinions

and thoughts is certainly new and has put the

Guatemalan government in check,” he noted.

Rebekah Heacock, MIA ‘10, is concentrating in

International Media and Communications. She is the

co-managing editor of SIPA’s student-run blog, The

Morningside Post.

Frames from Rodrigo Rosenberg Marzano’s video uploaded on YouTube.

Opponents of Guatemalan president Álvaro Colom at Guatemala City’s Central Plaza pro-test the murder of lawyer Rodrigo Rosenberg Marzano, May 12, 2009.

S I P A N E W S 2 9

I N S I D E SIPA

The Increased Importance of Science

and Technology

Today’s public policy requires an understanding of

science and technology to be effective. Farming

practices infl uence food safety, public health and

water supplies, and even generate ethical issues

that stem from cloning and genetic engineering.

One cannot regulate those activities in the public

interest if one does not understand the science

and technology upon which they are based. How

can one create policy on “how clean is clean” at a

toxic waste site—how far clean-up must proceed

before it is complete—without some understand-

ing of the transport, toxicity, and latency of the

individual and interacting chemicals?

Just as modern economic life is dominated by

science and the development of new technologies,

increasingly public policy issues are being shaped

by scientifi c and technological developments. Un-

derstanding public policy requires increased levels

of scientifi c literacy. Policy analysts a generation

ago needed to add statistics and economics to

their toolkit. Today they must incorporate an un-

derstanding of science and technology as well.

What Science Needs to Be Taught to

Policy Students

Those who teach science to public policy students

must understand that their students are not plan-

ning to become scientists. Policy students need to

learn how to verify scientifi c fi ndings and separate

sound from unsound science. They need to serve

as translators between the scientifi c community

and policymakers who are untrained in science.

The specifi c fi elds of scientifi c knowledge most

important to policy students will vary by the areas

of public policy that they work in. Science is not

simply for environmental policy students:

• Students preparing to be development practitio-

ners, working to bring sustainable development

to impoverished areas of the world, will need to

learn agricultural science and some elements

of health science. This includes understanding

diseases such as malaria and HIV/AIDS as well

as some of the basic public health concepts that

minimize disease from exposure to human and

animal wastes and other water-borne diseases.

• Students focusing on security policy will need to

understand the engineering that is the basis of mod-

ern weapons systems and the science that provides

an understanding of the impact of these weapons on

people, ecosystems, and human structures.

• Students working in energy policy will need

to understand the science of solar, wind, and

geothermal energy as well as the science and

engineering of carbon capture and storage. They

will also need to understand a range of engineer-

ing issues related to the transport of energy in its

various forms—from oil and gas to the transmis-

sion of electricity.

• Finance students working in carbon and sulfur diox-

ide markets will need to be familiar with the chemi-

cal properties of the materials they are trading.

Communication

Within this notion of “translating science to non-

scientists” lies one of the fundamental purposes of

science and policy interaction. The world of policy

is one of tough deadlines, swift decision-making,

and short attention spans. The best policy analysts

must also be excellent communicators. Public

policy professionals must be conversant in relevant

scientifi c systems and able to transfer information

from the scientifi c realm to the political, decision-

making sphere.

The Case of Environmental Science in

SIPA’s Environmental Policy Programs

At SIPA, most of our experience in bringing science

education to our policy students is in the fi eld of

environmental policy. SIPA’s original Environmental

Policy concentration and the Department of Earth

and Environmental Sciences have worked together

since the inception of the program in 1987 to

develop science curricula specifi cally for environ-

mental policy students. The groundbreaking Envi-

ronmental Policy program required the new course

Environmental Science for Decision-Makers, taught

by Professor Jim Simpson for a number of years.

Professor Simpson also worked closely with Barnard

professor Stephanie Pfi rman and with Steven Cohen

to design the science curriculum for the MPA in

Environmental Science and Policy program (MPA

ESP). Last year, Simpson’s original course was replaced with Science for Sustainable Develop-ment, a course primarily designed for the PhD in Sustainable Development and the Environmental Policy concentration. As Simpson noted in the syllabus for his version of the course in 2003,

Many environmental problems are inherently in-ternational and they all may have some impact on public policy . . . Although you can expect to learn some specifi c factual information about several subjects in environmental science dur-ing this course, probably the most important result of participation should be to gain confi -dence in analyzing the dynamics of the natural world on your own, especially through simple, order of magnitude calculations.

With only a single three-credit course to work with, the goals of the original environmental policy program at SIPA were by necessity focused and modest. In designing the science curriculum for the MPA ESP, we allocated 12 points of the 18 required in the program’s fi rst semester to science courses. This “summer of science” allows for the teaching of specifi c scientifi c information of importance to policymaking, along with the mode of inquiry mentioned by Simpson.

The Science Curriculum in SIPA’s MPA

in Environmental Science and Policy

The program’s science component is designed to enable students to understand enough science to manage and translate the work of science experts. However, we do not expect MPAs to produce scientifi c research. The focus of the environmental science taught in the program is on understand-ing the environmental processes that directly affect human health and well-being. Required science courses such as Environmental Chemistry, Toxicology, Climatology, Hydrology, and Ecology are designed to support both global and local environmental decision-making and management. The policy and management issues our graduates are being trained to address include the broad challenges of global warming but more frequently focus on safe drinking water, environmentally-sound sewage treatment and disposal, solid and toxic waste management, and the control of local sources of air pollution.

Science at SIPA: The Course Work of the Future By Steven Cohen and Nathalie Chalmers

3 0 S I P A N E W S

I N S I D E SIPA

Another key component of the MPA in Environ-mental Science and Policy is the program’s three-se-mester integrative workshop. In this course students combine science and policy analysis through an interdisciplinary problem-solving exercise. Projects vary from analyzing payments for ecosystem services, to calculating the carbon footprint of an organization to analyzing energy policies, or the potential effects of climate change on national parks.

The MPA in Environmental Science and Policy program is now in its ninth year, and, as one might expect, we have learned a great deal about how best to teach these subjects to our students. Our science faculty has learned that it requires constant work to connect the science they are teaching to specifi c and relevant policy issues. Even students with a science background (about half of the program’s students) demand that the focus of these courses be on “policy-relevant” science. Another trend is an increased emphasis on how to communicate science to policymakers, and our summer workshop course focuses on the development of this skill.

In 2009, a three-course specialization in applied science was added to SIPA’s curriculum, allowing students to enroll simultaneously in these courses and a fi ve-course policy concentration. Ini-tially, the specialization will be primarily composed

of courses taught in departments and schools other than SIPA. However, just as SIPA’s curriculum, mainly composed of courses in traditional social science departments throughout the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, was gradually expanded to include school-specifi c social science courses, over time we expect the evolution of a growing number of SIPA-specifi c natural science courses as well.

Conclusions

Although the use of physical and natural sciences in public policy and administration curricula will likely continue to grow in this century, it has not taken root in many educational institutions at this point. It is possible that the very distinct disciplinary tradi-tions of the sciences and public policy may result in the continued “dual degree” approach. Schools of sustainability and environmental studies, rather than public administration or business schools, may end up as the home for programs that bridge science, policy, and management. That would be a loss for the policy schools, since the increasingly complex and technological nature of our economy and public policy require a deeper understanding of science than that present in current curricula.

Teaching science to public policy and admin-istration students is not a simple task. In our MPA in Environmental Science and Policy program it

is made more diffi cult because, by design, half of our students have a background in science and the other half do not. We have developed a set of courses that is challenging to nonscientists but still holds the interest of students with science backgrounds. We accomplish this through an emphasis on group work and encouragement of students with science backgrounds to work on their science communication skills by helping the nonscientists learn the basic concepts. SIPA offers more science instruction in its curriculum than any other public policy school in the United States. We believe that other schools will soon fol-low and will continue to encourage our colleagues to follow our lead.

Steven Cohen is the executive director of Columbia University’s Earth Institute and also direc-tor of SIPA’s MPA in Environmental Science and Policy program and its Energy and Environment Concentration.

Nathalie Chalmers is a 2009 graduate of SIPA’s MPA in Environmental Science and Policy and Columbia University’s Earth Institute.

Excerpted from the 2009 NASPAA Conference, October 15–17, 2009, Crystal City, Virginia.

As part of SIPA’s goal to become the lead-ing public policy school in the world, the School is expanding its network of global

partners, by establishing a new dual degree in Brazil and developing additional exchange opportunities around the globe. In November, Columbia’s University Senate approved SIPA’s establishment of a dual degree in São Paulo, Brazil, with the Fundação Getulio Vargas Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo (FGV). Pending approval from the state of New York, SIPA and FGV plan to enroll the fi rst class in the fall of 2010.

SIPA and FGV have designed a unifi ed two-year curriculum, drawing on each school’s strengths, cultures, and traditions. During their fi rst year of study, students will complete the core curriculum in public policy in New York or São Paulo, developing analytical skills in

economics, statistics, and political systems and gaining an overview of public and nonprofi t man-agement. Students spend their second year at the partner school, where they can choose from a wide array of public policy and business fi elds to develop a specialization, and graduate with a degree from both institutions. SIPA already offers dual degrees in partnership with Sciences Po Paris, the London School of Economics and Political Science, Lee Kuan Yew School of Pub-lic Policy at the National University of Singa-pore, and Hertie School of Governance in Berlin.

SIPA is also in the process of developing ex-change programs in Moscow, Cairo, and Mexico City, and with INSEAD, one of the world’s leading and largest graduate business schools, with campuses in France, Singapore, and Abu Dhabi. These partnerships will complement SIPA’s existing exchange programs with Centro

de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE) in Mexico City, the University of Tokyo Gradu-ate School of Public Policy, and the School of Finance at Renmin University in China. The exchange programs allow students to transfer credits toward their degree at SIPA.

Since 2006, SIPA has participated in the Global Public Policy Network (GPPN), a partner-ship between Columbia University, Sciences Po Paris, the London School of Economics and Po-litical Science, and the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Sin-gapore. The mission of the GPPN is to address the most pressing public policy challenges of the 21st century. It aims to impact policy, infl u-ence public policy education, and be innovative in teaching and research through dual degree programs, student and faculty exchanges, and collaborative research and publications.

Columbia Senate Approves New SIPA Dual Degree in Brazil By Alex Burnett

S I P A N E W S 3 1

I N S I D E SIPA

F or decades, technology has been a key driver

of national and local development, spurring

remarkable advances in agricultural produc-

tivity, life-saving vaccines and medical treatments,

time-saving appliances, improved water supply

and sanitation, and greater connectivity. But the

role of technology in international development

has also been contested. Even benefi cial applica-

tions of technology can have unintended negative

consequences, such as some of the environmental

impacts of intensifi ed agricultural practices under

the Green Revolution.

“Modern” technologies can also crowd out valu-

able forms of indigenous knowledge and expertise—

for example, local knowledge of medicinal plant

varieties and uses. Successful innovations devel-

oped in one setting—such as software programs to

manage microloan portfolios—can be transplanted

to other settings without adequate attention to

differences in the local context and local capaci-

ties. Innovations can also be introduced without

suffi cient input from users and local institutions

and without suffi cient attention to their capacities

and constraints—such as small-scale irrigation sys-

tems that require skilled maintenance and frequent

repairs. The introduction of new technologies inevi-

tably raises questions about power and resources:

Who controls the technology? Who has access to

it? Who ultimately benefi ts from it? These issues

frequently emerge in debates around “technology

transfer” and the “digital divide” in access to infor-

mation and communication technologies (ICTs).

For more than a decade, SIPA students have

been grappling with these “technology for develop-

ment” (T4D) issues through the “Workshop in De-

velopment Practice,” a capstone course offered to

second-year students in the Economic and Political

Development concentration and selected students

from other concentrations. A number of these work-

shops have directly involved ICTs, including a study

for the NGO FilmAid on its use of videos to support

humanitarian assistance in Kenyan refugee camps,

and a workshop team I advised in 2004–2005 that

developed a rudimentary GIS map for the World

Bank to track the incidence of violence around bus

stations and bus stops in El Salvador.

Just last year, a SIPA team working with

UNICEF won an award from the U.S. Agency for

International Development for piloting the use of

text-messaging to improve the surveillance of chil-

dren’s nutrition levels in rural Malawi. As in many

“ICT4D” projects, the team found that develop-

ing a new ICT application was a relatively “easy”

part of the assignment. Far more challenging were

some of the nontechnical or “software” issues that

emerged, including the need for health ministry

staff to analyze and use the improved data that

local health workers could collect and transmit

by employing mobile phones. The team began by

assessing the weaknesses in the existing paper-

based system for monitoring nutrition levels, the

pluses and minuses of different mobile technolo-

gies, and the willingness of local health workers

to use mobile phones. The team then developed a

two-way text messaging program for the Malawian

health workers. Providing “instant” feedback

motivated the health workers to make nutrition

information available regularly and helped them

identify cases of malnutrition in “real time.” The

pilot study showed notable improvements in the

quality of nutrition data being collected, and

UNICEF is now working with the Ministry of Health

to extend the pilot to additional districts. UNICEF

and other partners are further expanding the use

of RapidSMS, the open-source platform that was

tested in Malawi and in several other countries,

and for a variety of other uses.

Workshop teams have also dealt with the risks

associated with technological advancements,

especially in extractive industries in developing

countries. A team working with Oxfam America in

2001–2002 analyzed the potential benefi ts and

risks of oil extraction in Guinea-Bissau and Sen-

egal, including possible environmental, social, and

governance impacts. Increasingly, the extractive

industries themselves have adopted strategies to

minimize these risks and monitor their own “social

performance.” In 2008–2009, another workshop

team collaborated with Instituto Observatório

Social in Brazil to explore opportunities to promote

social dialogue around the bauxite mines in the

state of Pará, including local communities, local

governments, mine workers, and other stakeholders.

Several recent workshop projects have also

focused on appropriate technologies to improve de-

velopment outcomes. Last year, a SIPA team worked

with the Millennium Cities Initiative (MCI) of The

Earth Institute at Columbia to develop a business

plan for a venture to build bikes using sustainably

harvested bamboo in Kenya. During their fi eldwork,

the team consulted with local stakeholders in Kenya,

“Technology for Development”: A Challenge for Workshop Teams By Eugenia McGill

Ray Short (SIPA ’09), a member of the 2008–2009 UNICEF workshop team and Malawian health workers test a text messaging system to monitor children’s nutrition status in Malawi.

3 2 S I P A N E W S

I N S I D E SIPA I N S I D E SIPA

including possible buyers; the prototype bike they

brought with them generated considerable buzz.

The team’s business plan made a compelling case

for the venture, estimating positive benefi ts in terms

of fi nancial viability, affordability and higher quality

(compared to most imported bikes), local employ-

ment opportunities, and environmental sustainability.

Earth Institute engineers are still working to identify

the best bamboo varieties and assembly processes

for the local climate and road conditions in Kenya,

but the project has already generated interest among

potential investors and other partners. In 2007–

2008, another team studied innovative recycling

and composting practices in South Africa in order to

recommend some of these practices for adaptation in

Ruiru, Kenya, a municipality where earlier workshop

teams had discovered serious waste management

issues. In each of these projects, the teams found

they needed to consider a range of nontechnical

as well as technical challenges linked to the new

technologies, confi rming again the importance of

addressing “software” issues to maximize the posi-

tive impact of technology.

Other workshop projects have addressed these

“software” issues more directly, including issues

related to community participation, training and

capacity development, and greater social inclu-

sion. Last year, a team working with the Dutch

volunteer organization SNV analyzed vocational

training needs and opportunities along the oilseed

production chain in Uganda. A few years earlier,

a team worked with the Pamoja Trust in India to

assess its community-driven approach to slum

upgrading, which actively involves slum residents

in the design of improved housing settlements,

training in construction skills, and use of locally

appropriate techniques and materials to build new

houses. Other teams have advised the World Bank

on involving women in rural electrifi cation and

renewable energy projects and worked with local

NGOs in El Salvador to strengthen the technical

assistance they provide to small farmers.

Through the “Workshop in Development Prac-

tice,” SIPA students have had unique opportunities

to contribute to innovations in national and local

development, working with both “old” and “new”

technologies. In this year’s workshop, student teams

are continuing to explore the use of new technolo-

gies, including GIS mapping, mobile phones, and

interactive Web sites, to improve humanitarian and

development outcomes in several developing coun-

tries. The students gain a more tangible appreciation

of both the benefi ts and limitations of technology

and learn the importance of involving local users in

selecting and adapting appropriate technologies to

meet the development challenges they face.

Eugenia McGill is a lecturer in International

and Public Affairs at SIPA, where she directs the

Workshop in Development Practice and is assistant

director of the Economic and Political Develop-

ment concentration.

SIPA and The Earth Institute Launch New MPA in Development Practice

By Urania Mylonas

How do you train development professionals

to better understand issues related to urgent

global problems like climate change, water

scarcity, extreme poverty, and hunger? An exciting

new degree program, the Master of Public Admin-

istration in Development Practice, was launched

this summer at Columbia’s School of International

and Public Affairs, in partnership with The Earth

Institute and with the generous support of the

John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation.

It is helping to prepare the next generation of sus-

tainable development practitioners fi nd solutions

to these interconnected crises.

By combining SIPA and The Earth Institute’s

world-class faculties with hands-on fi eld research,

the MPA in Development Practice is the fi rst

degree of its kind in the world. It links the social,

natural, health, and management sciences and

emphasizes the formation and nurturing of the

critical knowledge, skills, and attributes needed to

be an effective professional in developing societies.

In partnership with the MacArthur Founda-

tion, The Earth Institute gathered experts and

practitioners from around the world to be part of

an International Commission on Education for

Sustainable Development to share ideas and make

recommendations for new initiatives in sustainable

development education.

A core recommendation of the Commission

was the development of the Global Master’s in

Development Practice Secretariat, to be based at

The Earth Institute and serve as the umbrella or-

ganization overseeing all Master’s in Development

Practice programs and activities globally. The

Columbia program is the fi rst of these initiatives.

Led by SIPA professor Glenn Denning, formerly

of the Millennium Villages project, where he was a

founding director of the Millennium Development

Goals Centre East, the 22-month MPA in Develop-

ment Practice features several faculty members

who have critical fi eld experience, embody SIPA’s

commitment to “educating professionals who

make a difference in the world,” and who will work

side by side with students during their research

projects and beyond.

Students from a wide range of backgrounds

arrived at SIPA this past summer, prior to their

fi rst fall term, for an intensive two-week refresher

course that included physics, chemistry, biology,

economics, math, and statistics. “We had a very

global and diverse application pool, from candi-

dates who were coming from a computer engineer-

ing background to public health professionals,”

said Louise Rosen, director of The Earth Institute’s

Offi ce of Academic and Research Programs. “What

connected them was that they all had very strong

quantitative skills and a deep commitment to ad-

dressing issues of absolute poverty and inequity in

the developing world.”

The MPA in Development Practice degree at

SIPA is setting a new standard for other universi-

ties that are keen to develop their own Master’s

in Development Practice programs. Thanks to the

ongoing commitment of the MacArthur Founda-

tion, which has earmarked $16 million to seed the

creation of such master’s programs at up to 20

universities worldwide over the next three years, the

Global Network of Master’s in Development Practice

programs will be truly global in its scale and reach.

Urania Mylonas is stewardship manager/writer

at The Earth Institute.

S I P A N E W S 3 3

I N S I D E SIPA

During the fall of 2009, SIPA’s Global Mayors

Forum hosted mayors from New York, Lon-

don, and Karachi. The Global Mayors Forum

seeks to enrich public understanding of the policy

challenges and opportunities that are particular to

cities in both the developed and developing world.

Mayor Michael Bloomberg of New York and

Mayor Boris Johnson of London headlined the

September conference, “THINKING BIG, New

York and London: Heading Back to the Top,” co-

sponsored by SIPA and Columbia’s World Leaders

Forum. The two discussed public policies intended

to boost the economies and quality of life in their

cities and offered their views about each other’s

plan. Both agreed that fi scal discipline is essential

during an economic crisis, but they also noted

that it’s just as important to move ahead on big

infrastructure projects that generate jobs and rev-

enue, such as construction of affordable housing

and updating city subway systems. “Building now

will put winning cards in the city’s hands when the

national economy rebounds,” said Bloomberg.

In a policy discussion that followed, each

mayor commented on the other city’s competitive

advantages and disadvantages. Bloomberg said

London benefi ted from an expanding European

market, whereas Johnson contended that geogra-

phy worked in New York’s favor, making the city

“the unrivaled fi nancial center of a massive single

market, North America.” Johnson also said that

New York benefi ted from a growing perception that

it is safer than in the recent past.

In November, SIPA hosted Mayor Syed Mustafa

Kamal of Karachi, Pakistan. Karachi is one of the

largest cities in the world—18 million people—

and a gateway to Central Asia. During his presen-

tation, entitled “Urban Policy, Global Challenges,”

Kamal addressed the challenge of improving ser-

vices for such a large city by a mayor with limited

power—the federal government controls the police

force, for example. Kamal also discussed the op-

portunities and threats facing Karachi and its role

in Pakistan. “Pakistan can only be destabilized by

destabilizing Karachi,” he said. “Karachi is the

backbone of the Pakistani economy. It is the rev-

enue engine for Pakistan. Karachi is the revenue

engine and supply line for the whole region.”

Ester Fuchs, professor of public affairs and

political science and a former policy adviser to

Bloomberg, directs the Global Mayors Forum.

“When these mayors come to Columbia and are

willing to engage in a dialogue with the Columbia

community, our students can better understand

both the challenges and solutions to the most

pressing issues we confront in the 21st century,”

she said.

Dean John H. Coatsworth noted the immediate

impact mayors can have on the lives of residents

by supporting the police, fi refi ghters, transport and

sanitation systems, parks, libraries, and schools.

“By engaging these leaders in our Global Mayors

Forum,” he said, “we will benefi t from their

thoughts about the role that cities play in the gen-

eration of new policy ideas and their experiences

in trying to improve urban life.”

Alex Burnett is communications offi cer at SIPA.

John Uhl is Web content manager at Colum-

bia’s Offi ce of Communications and Public Affairs.

SIPA Welcomes Mayors from New York, London, and Karachi By Alex Burnett and John Uhl

Mayors Boris Johnson and Michael Bloomberg address the Global Mayors Forum.

3 4 S I P A N E W S

I N S I D E SIPA

Michele Wucker, MIA ’93, executive director

of the World Policy Institute (WPI), has

arranged for a special SIPA discount to

WPI’s highly respected and widely cited quarterly

magazine, World Policy Journal.

The World Policy Institute (www.worldpolicy.

org) seeks to identify crucial emerging policy

challenges and possible solutions, to nurture a

new generation of global writers and thinkers,

and to broaden U.S. policy debates from the idea

that the world is “foreign” to an appreciation

of shared interests in an interdependent world.

Foreign Policy magazine has ranked it among the

top 20 U.S. think tanks.

WPI and SIPA will be deepening their col-

laborative relationship on joint events and policy

projects, building on a strong contingent of SIPA

alumni at WPI.

WPI senior fellows Silvana Paternostro, MIA

’92, Kavitha Rajagopalan, MIA ’03, and Lissa

Weinmann, MIA ’92 are SIPA alumnae. WPI’s

board of directors also includes two SIPA alumni,

Peter Marber, MIA ’87, and Raymond Lustig,

CERT ’78. Several SIPA students, among them

Caroline Stauffer, MIA ’10, Vilas Pathikonda,

MIA ’09, Almudena Fernández, MPA ’08, and

Khaldoun Khalil, MIA ’09 have recently been

interns at the World Policy Institute. SIPA alumna

Priscilla Hayner, MIA ‘93 now at the International

Center for Transitional Justice, wrote her book

Unspeakable Truths: Confronting State Terror and

Atrocity (Routledge, 2001) while at the World

Policy Institute.

To subscribe to World Policy Journal, please

visit http://www.mitpressjournals.org/wopj/ and

enter discount code ZWPJX09B to receive 35

percent off the regular subscription price (50

percent off of the newsstand price).

New subscribers will receive a free copy of

the Emmy-nominated DVD “The Devil Came on

Horseback.” The documentary and book of the

same title evolved from Brian Steidle’s photo-

essay in the Spring 2005 World Policy Journal,

which brought the Darfur tragedy to the world’s

attention (http://www.worldpolicy.org/

journal/articles/wpj05-sp/steidle.html).

SIPA Discount to World Policy Journal

Recognizing the importance of SIPA’s

mission to Columbia University and the

importance of a vibrant, diverse, and global

student body to SIPA, the University’s greatest

benefactor, John Kluge (CC ’37), has agreed to

allow the University to designate $30 million of

his $400 million bequest intention to build the

fi nancial aid endowment at SIPA.

To leverage fully the Kluge gift and inspire

other donors, SIPA will use $25 million of Mr.

Kluge’s gift to establish the SIPA Challenge

program. All gifts of $100,000 or more for fi-

nancial aid endowment at SIPA will be matched

1:1. The remaining $5 million of Mr. Kluge’s

gift will be used to create Kluge fellowships.

In the interim before the pledge arrives, SIPA

will use its existing fellowship funds to name

four Kluge Fellows per year. After the pledge

is fulfilled, the number of Fellows selected per

year will increase. Selection will be based on

Mr. Kluge’s interest in supporting students who

need financial assistance and whose back-

grounds and future interests

support SIPA’s mission for

public service.

Mr. Kluge graduated from

Columbia College in 1937

and is Columbia’s greatest

benefactor. In addition to

pledging $400 million to

Columbia University in 2007

for the purpose of endowed

fi nancial aid, he previously

donated more than $110 mil-

lion to the University through

the Kluge Scholars program,

the Kluge Presidential

Scholars, the Kluge Faculty

Endowment, and other pro-

grams benefi ting students in Columbia College.

Mr. Kluge is also the founder and past chair of

Columbia’s International Advisory Council. In

1988, the University awarded Mr. Kluge an hon-

orary doctor of laws, and in 1991 the Columbia

College Alumni Association honored him with

the Alexander Hamilton Medal for distinguished

service and accomplishment.

SIPA Students to Benefi t from $400 Million Gift from John Kluge By Alex Burnett

Left to right: Mayor Michael Bloomberg, Congressman Charles Rangel, President Lee C. Bollinger, and John W. Kluge

S I P A N E W S 3 5

I N S I D E SIPA

The SIPA Offi ce of Alumni Relations is commit-ted to providing you with needed resources for professional development and opportunities for

social networking. Over the past year, SIPA Alumni Relations has increased its presence globally to encourage our alumni to meet and network with each other. Moreover, the SIPA Alumni Council has made alumni career services programming a priority for the 2009–2010 academic year.

A number of events with notable guest speakers have brought our alumni together. On June 15, for example, the Columbia University Club of South Florida welcomed SIPA Dean John H. Coatsworth, who discussed the importance of Latin America to the Obama administration’s “new” foreign policy. SIPA Professor Joseph Stiglitz lectured and met CU/SIPA alumni in Madrid (July 19), London (July 27), Sydney (August 31), and in Istanbul (October 4), where SIPA Professor Sharyn O’Halloran provided closing remarks. On October 20, Dean Coatsworth met with SIPA and CU alumni in Paris, where he spoke about Columbia University’s newly launched Global Centers in Amman, Jordan, and Beijing, Chi-na. He used this event to highlight a new European Global Center that will open in Paris in the spring. (Details of this Global Center are forthcoming.)

The Columbia University Clubs’ presence around the world provides a framework for alumni to exchange cultural, professional, and social experiences. Through the dedication of club leaders, not only were the previ-ously mentioned events possible, but varied, frequent, and interesting programming continues. The DC SIPA Steering Committee, formalized in September 2009, is a prime example of SIPA alumni volunteers commit-ted to increasing opportunities for alumni to interact outside NYC. Under the leadership of SIPA Council member Neal Parry (MPA ’06) and, working where possible to complement the activities of the CU Club of DC, the group’s activities will include policy forums with SIPA faculty, regular networking drinks events, and cultural excursions. The fi rst DC Policy Forum was organized with Professor Austin Long on November 18 on “Complacency Kills: Observations from the Field on Counterinsurgency and the Future of Iraq.”

Committed to our alumni’s changing needs, the SIPA Offi ce of Alumni Relations hosted a number of career information sessions on campus. Sessions included presentations from the U.S. Department of State, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the U.S. Department of Energy. Where possible, we have videotaped these sessions so that alumni around the

world can view them. (“A Candid Conversation about the U.S. Foreign Service” with Robert William Dry, Diplomat-in-Residence, U.S. Department of State, in-cluding an interview on the oral assessment process of the U.S. foreign service examination, can be accessed from our Web site: www.sipa.columbia.edu.)

The SIPA Alumni Council is also committed to helping current students network with alumni to discuss career paths. In the fall of 2009, under the guidance and support of SIPA Council mem-bers John Grammer (MIA ’63) and Aaron Singer (MPA ’04), the Council launched a pilot mentoring program, which placed 18 current SIPA students and 17 SIPA alumni mentors together. The goal of the pilot program is to help students transition into the work force by pairing alumni with expertise in certain industries with students interested in those

industries. Mentors donate their time and share their professional experiences and knowledge with stu-dents. Building on the success of the program, SIPA Alumni Relations will invite alumni to participate in the program in the spring. Be sure to watch out for our broadcast e-mails.

Going forward, SIPA Alumni Relations encour-ages you to be engaged with your alumni community. We continue to be a resource for you as you embark on your postgraduate school careers. We welcome your suggestions (e-mail: sipaalum@columbia) and look forward to seeing you at either the SIPA Alumni Day on Saturday, May 1, 2010, or at an upcoming SIPA/CU event in your area.

Daniela Coleman is director of SIPA’s Offi ce of Alumni Relations.

Alumni News By Daniela Coleman

SIPA ALUMNI WEEKEND

SAVE THE DATES

Thursday, April 29, 2010

Tenth Annual Global Leadership Awards DinnerMandarin Oriental, New York

Honoring

Fareed Zakaria, Editor, Newsweek International

Ngozi O-Iweara, Managing Director, The World Bank

Friday, April 30, 2010

International Fellows Program

50th Anniversary Reception

and

Saturday, May 1, 2010

SIPA Alumni DayCome and Join Fellow Classmates for This Annual Event

on the Columbia University Campus

More information on both events will be available at

www.sipa.columbia.edu

3 6 S I P A N E W S

C L A S S N O T E S SIPA

1973Thomas Hull, MIA

Thomas Hull was recently

awarded his second Presidential

Meritorious Service Award,

this time by President Barack

Obama, for his accomplish-

ments as U.S. ambassador to

Sierra Leone from 2004 to

2007. The award is given to

past and present State Depart-

ment offi cials for leadership

and advancement of U.S.

foreign policy. While serving

as ambassador to Sierra Leone,

Hull worked on ensuring that

its presidential election was

free and fair. He also helped

to resume visa services at the

embassy, which had been

terminated during the country’s

civil war. Hull also advocated

for the return of the Peace

Corps to Sierra Leone, led the

completion of a new $65 mil-

lion U.S. embassy in Freetown,

and directed fund-raising for

the rehabilitation of the John

F. Kennedy Building at the

University of Sierra Leone. His

31-year diplomatic career has

included assignments in South

Africa, Nigeria, and Somalia.

In addition, he founded the

Fulbright Commission for

Educational Exchange.

1985Walter Judge, MIA, IF

Walter E. Judge Jr., director at

Downs Rachlin Martin PLLC,

has been recognized in the

recently published Chambers

USA: America’s Leading Business

Lawyers 2009. Selection for

inclusion in the prestigious

legal directory is based on

Chambers’ extensive research,

including peer and client

evaluations. Currently, Judge

is also an adjunct professor at

Vermont Law School, where

he teaches the trade secrets

section in an introduction to

intellectual property course,

and where he chairs the Vermont

Bar Association Insurance Law

Committee.

1986Mallika Dutt, MIA

Mallika Dutt was honored by

the Asian American Justice

Center (AAJC) with the

American Courage Award on

October 1. Created in 1997

by the AAJC, one of the

nation’s leading civil rights

organizations, the American

Courage Award is bestowed

upon an individual, company,

or organization that has shown

extraordinary courage or com-

mitment to the cause of civil

rights. The award ceremony

took place at the National

Press Club in Washington,

D.C., with Congressman

John Lewis (D-Ga.) provid-

ing opening remarks. Mallika,

who is the executive director

and founder of Breakthrough:

Building Human Rights Cul-

ture, testifi ed before the House

Subcommittee on International

Organizations, Human Rights,

and Oversight, along with actress

Nicole Kidman, UNIFEM

Goodwill Ambassador (see:

www.breakthrough.tv/). Their

testimony was to encourage

passage of the International

Violence Against Women

Act (I-VAWA), which seeks to

ensure that the fundamental

right to live a life free from

violence can become a reality

for the world’s women.

1994Sokunthea Fite, MIA

Sokunthea Fite writes,

“Geoffrey Fite (GSAS ’94),

Sokunthea Oum, and the rest

of the Fite clan have moved

to Singapore. His job with

Moody’s had been taking him

to this region, so the family

followed him here. I would love

to catch up with classmates

who are living in the area.”

1995Lisa Balter-Saacks, MIA

Lisa Balter-Saacks recently ac-

cepted a position at Second-

Market, located in New York

City, as VP, Strategic Partner-

ships. Lisa was previously

employed at The Deal as VP-

publisher. “After many years

in the fi nancial media world,

I shifted back into fi nance

with an up-and-coming fi rm,

SecondMarket. Our company

brings together buyers and sell-

ers in the largest centralized,

independent marketplace and

auction platform for illiquid

assets. I’m in charge of develop-

ing strategic partnerships. I

would enjoy getting in touch

with those in the industry and

reconnecting with alumni.”

1997Katherine Metres, MIA, IF

Katherine Metres has founded

a company since leaving New

York, where she was pursu-

ing an acting career. “I moved

to Chicago this summer and

started a teaching and tutoring

business, while acting on the

side. My clients include high

school students prepping for

the SAT and ACT, profession-

als learning French and English

business expressions, a young

girl struggling with dyslexia,

and two classes of students in

China I teach via Webcam. I’d

love to tutor alumni or their

kids anywhere in the world

this way!”

Timothy S. Sommer, MPA

Timothy S. Sommer has

become the managing partner

for Tomahawk Partners LLP,

a Los Angeles–based private

equity fi rm. Timothy started

his career in 1997 providing

fi nancial reporting and IT

project management (PM)

for Hon. Rudolph Giuliani in

the NYC Mayor’s Offi ce of

Management and Budget (NY-

COMB). His main accomplish-

ments there included helping

to guide the NYC Welfare to

Work initiative and the 9-11

Disaster Recovery Project.

After NYCOMB, he moved to

London in early 2002, where

he provided fi nancial reporting

and PM consulting for a bou-

tique fi nancial consulting fi rm,

with clients UBS Warburg and

NatWest Bank. In 2004, he be-

came a business consultant with

IBM’s Global Business Consult-

ing team. In 2006, Timothy

started his own private equity

advisory (PE), Sommer and

Associates, where he provided

PE advisory to mid-market

and small business fi rms in

Southern California and NYC.

He currently resides in Marina

Del Rey, California, with his

wife Lynn and 8-month-old

son Finnegan Patrick Sommer.

In fall 2010, he plans to attend

UCLA School of Law, focusing

on transaction law, while work-

ing full time as the managing

partner.

Class Notes Compiled by Mohini Datt

S I P A N E W S 3 7

C L A S S N O T E S SIPA

Sandhya Nankani, CC ’96,

MIA

Sandhya Nankani is the found-

er of Literary Safari, Inc., an

editorial services company that

provides services for The New

York Times Learning Network,

Columbia University’s Teachers

College, Scholastic Education,

and other prestigious clients.

Before the creation of Liter-

ary Safari, Sandhya created

programs for young adults

at Scholastic Education and

founded the teen literary blog

WORD. She is also the editor

of the multidisciplinary anthol-

ogy Breaking the Silence: Domestic

Violence in the South Asian-American

Community, which deals with

the taboo subject of domestic

violence within these societ-

ies. This became a subject of

interest to Sandhya, when she

organized a domestic violence

conference and witnessed fi rst-

hand testimonies of survivors

through papers, fi ction, poetry,

artwork, and testimonials.

Saurin Shah, MBA, MIA

Saurin Shah writes, “I recently

wrote a chapter on the poten-

tial to electrify road transport

(via hybrids, plug-in hybrids,

and electric vehicles) and the

consequent oil displacement

that could result in the U.S.

over the next several decades,

in a book just published by the

Brookings Institution (Plug-In

Electric Vehicles, edited by David

Sandalow). Professionally, I

am a senior equity analyst

(buy side) covering energy,

alternative energy/cleantech,

commodities, and auto/auto

parts. I have also written about

climate change and would wel-

come connecting with alumni

active in the area.”

2000Mary Angelini, MIA

Mary Angelini writes, “After

a brief stint consulting in the

private sector, I’ve returned to

the NGO world as the VP of

Community and Humanitar-

ian Assistance Programs at

Counterpart International.

Counterpart is a Virginia-based

NGO with programs in about

25 countries. As VP, I’m manag-

ing a commodities delivery

and humanitarian assistance

portfolio with fi eld staff in nine

countries of the former Soviet

Union and Sudan. I’m also tak-

ing the lead in evaluating our

current program and identifying

areas for strategic expansion,

ideally drawing on the types

of projects I managed for the

Peace Corps. I look forward to

reconnecting with some of my

friends and former colleagues in

the humanitarian assistance fi eld

as this effort takes shape.”

Michael Lerner, JD, MIA

Michael Lerner recently moved

to Dar es Salaam, Tanzania,

to take up a position as chief

technical advisor for the Inter-

national Labour Organization,

directing a project on improv-

ing labor law compliance. Prior

to moving, Michael had lived

in Phnom Penh, Cambodia,

since 2002, where he worked

on a range of issues relating

to human rights, labor law,

alternative dispute resolution,

and antihuman traffi cking.

Joshua Levine, IF ’99, MIA

Joshua Levine was recently

named one of Institutional

Investor News’ 2009 Rising

Stars of Hedge Funds. The

awards program “recognizes

up-and-coming professionals

from across the hedge fund

community who have achieved

a demonstrable level of success

in their careers to date, have

shown a commitment to con-

tinued growth and contribu-

tions to the industry, and are

poised to evolve into leaders

in their fi elds.” Since 2007,

Josh has worked at Permal

Group, where his responsi-

bilities include managing the

institutional team, maintaining

relations with consultants,

executing investment mandates,

and ensuring that strategies

continue to meet clients’ needs.

Since graduating from SIPA,

Josh has worked at Merrill

Lynch and BlackRock, cover-

ing pension funds, sovereign

wealth funds, central banks,

and other institutional clients

around the world.

2001Jennifer Birmingham, MPA

Jennifer Birmingham moved

her project management skills

from research and evaluation

to the fi lm industry. She is now

a manager at Pixar Animation

Studios. Her fi rst produc-

tion experience was as the art

manager for Pixar’s feature fi lm

Up, which was released in May

2009. She currently manages

several production departments

for Cars Toons—short fi lms that

are broadcast on the Disney

Channel. She lives in Berkeley,

California, with her husband,

Douglas Sims, and three chil-

dren: Nkili, Aidan, and Miles.

2002Katharine Nawaal

Gratwick, MIA

Katharine Gratwick, founder

of Monasib Clothing, invites

you to www.monasibclothing.

com. Monasib was launched at

the Cape Town, South Africa,

promenade on May 10, 2009,

on Mother’s Day. Monasib seeks

to offer modest, active wear to

women around the world. Pres-

ently, all clothing is designed

and stitched in Cape Town.

Questions? Please contact info@

monasibclothing.com.

2003Sophie Barthes, MIA

Sophie Barthes writes, “I have

directed my fi rst feature fi lm, Cold

Souls, with Paul Giamatti, David

Strathairn, and Emily Watson

(see www.coldsoulsthemovie.

com). Cold Souls opened in

New York and Los Angeles

on August 7, 2009. In the

surreal comedy, Paul Giamatti,

playing an actor named Paul

Giamatti, stumbles upon an

article in The New Yorker about

a high-tech company that

extracts, deep-freezes, and

stores people’s souls. Paul very

well might have found the key

to the happiness for which

he’s been searching. Balancing

a tightrope between deadpan

humor and pathos, reality and

fantasy, Cold Souls is a true soul

searching comedy.”

Jessica Juarez, MIA

Jessica Juarez recently received

her law degree from UC Hast-

ings College of the Law in

San Francisco. Jessica special-

ized in the fi eld of public inter-

est law, working last summer

as a fellow for the Center for

Constitutional Rights in New

York. Currently, she is looking

for work in a civil liberties/

employment law fi rm in the

Bay area. Though one day she

will be back in New York, she

has made San Francisco her

home . . . for now.

Maria Sanchez, MIA

Maria Sanchez writes that she

left New York after 15 years.

“Time to do something new

using my banking experi-

ence. Very glad about this

international/Latin American

experience.”

2004Alison (Leavitt) Khalaf,

MPA

Alison Leavitt married George

Khalaf, a graduate of the

Georgetown School of Foreign

Service, on June 20. The wed-

ding took place at Hitchcock

Presbyterian Church in Scars-

dale, New York, with a recep-

tion following at the Scarsdale

Woman’s Club. The couple had

another religious ceremony and

reception in Beit Mery, Leba-

non, at the Al-Bustan Hotel, on

August 22.

2005Diallo Hall, MIA

Diallo Hall writes, “Since gradu-

ating from SIPA, I have been

working with a host of Ethiopian

musicians and fi lm directors

in order to help them develop

an online presence and gain

greater distribution of their work

through AddisTunes.com. (In the

Ethiopian language, Amharic,

“Addis” means new and is the

moniker for the capital—Addis

Ababa.) There is a large diaspora

community that is passionate

about retaining its cultural links

to Ethiopia, and we believe that

music and fi lm are the linchpins.

Furthermore, through Ad-

disTunes.com artists gain greater

control over their work—as they

retain all ownership rights. We

like to think of ourselves as the

iTunes for Africa.”

3 8 S I P A N E W S

C L A S S N O T E S SIPA

2006Agustin Torres Ibarrola,

MPA

Agustin Torres-Ibarrola became

a member of the Mexican Federal

Congress in September 2009.

He has been placed eighth in

the national list of party repre-

sentation, a system designed to

balance political forces in the

Lower House. Agustin returned

to Mexico following gradu-

ation from SIPA and worked

for Felipe Calderón during his

presidential campaign. Agustin

later became a public servant in

charge of improving the quality

of high impact governmental

services. These included servic-

es related to providing medical

consultation in public hospitals,

the issuing of passports, and

customs operations. You can

reach Agustin by e-mail at

at2226@columbia.edu.

2007Lauren Kesner-O’Brien,

MIA

Lauren Kesner-O’Brien writes,

“I have recently co-produced,

edited and shot a short

documentary called Raise the Last

Glass, about the bankruptcy and

closing of the historic Water-

ford Crystal factory in Ireland.

The documentary is available

online through Wide Angle, the

Emmy award–winning interna-

tional current affairs series from

PBS. For more information,

see http://www.pbs.org/wnet/

wideangle/episodes/raise-the-

last-glass/video/4956/.”

Roshanak Taghavi, MIA

SIPA alumna Roshanak Taghavi

has been at the forefront of

the unfolding news in Iran.

For more than a year, Taghavi

wrote for Dow Jones News-

wires and the Wall Street Journal,

reporting from Tehran. This

includes reporting on Iran’s en-

ergy sector, economy, and the

June presidential election and

postelection turmoil. You can

read Taghavi’s story in the Wall

Street Journal on the inauguration

of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and

the accompanying protests. See

http://online.wsj.com/article/

SB124945140626507157.html

2008Abhinav Bahl, MIA

Abhinav Bahl writes, “After

working on numerous freelance

projects since graduating, I

have fi nally landed myself a

job at the Commonwealth

Secretariat in London. I will be

working as a research offi cer

on ICT and development

issues within the Secretariat’s

Governance and Institutional

Development Division. I am

really pleased at the prospect

of working in an international

organization on development

issues, especially given my

private sector background.”

Karen Clark, MIA

Karen Clark recently ac-

cepted a position at the State

Department in Washington,

D.C., as regional affairs offi cer

for East Asia and the Pacifi c.

“After graduating from SIPA in

2008, I studied the Indonesian

language at the Foreign Service

Institute and was assigned to

work as a regional affairs offi cer

in the Offi ce of Regional and

Security Policy of the East Asia

and Pacifi c Affairs Bureau. I

am currently working on U.S.-

ASEAN cooperation as well

as various multilateral issues. I

work extensively with the vari-

ous desk offi cers to accomplish

Bureau-wide goals in addition

to interacting with other gov-

ernment agencies.”

Aaron Ernst, MIA

Aaron Ernst writes, “Since grad-

uation, I have been working as

an associate producer on PBS’s

Frontline, creating multimedia

features for PBS’s Wide Angle.

Wide Angle was created in 2001

as a response to the lack of

in-depth international news cov-

erage in the United States. A

recent story I produced focused

on the annual American Druze

Society convention, a week-

long affair in Washington, D.C.

where over 500 Druze from all

across America and as far away

as Lebanon gather to worship,

study, and, more importantly,

to socialize. See http://www.

pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/

episodes/contestant-no-2/

staying-druze-in-america/5322/.”

Francisco Miranda

Hamburger, MPA

Francisco Miranda Hamburger

writes, “I work as the opinion-

editorial adjunct deputy

editor-in-chief of Casa Editorial

El Tiempo in Bogotá, Colombia. I

am in charge of the coordina-

tion of the El Tiempo newspaper

Editorial Board and as Cambio

magazine editorial advisor.”

Paulo Kluber, MIA, CERT

Paulo Kluber writes, “Since

graduating from SIPA, fellow

Columbia graduates and I have

been growing RisPo Consulting

(http://www.rispoco.com/), an

advisory fi rm that monitors and

analyzes political risk in emerg-

ing markets worldwide. RisPo

advises multinational companies

and other entities with interna-

tional exposure on the political

and economic risks where

they do business. Building on

expertise in Latin America, we

also advise on matters concern-

ing Africa, Asia, and the Middle

East. The company literally

began with a brainstorming

session in the SIPA sixth fl oor

lounge and already has several

clients. Greetings from NYC,

and all the best to my friends

around the world.”

Sagal Musa, MIA

Sagal Bashir Haji Musa and Ab-

dulhamid Ahmad were married

on August 15, 2009, at the Four

Seasons Hotel in George-

town, Washington, D.C. The

reception was attended by

350 guests comprised of close

friends and family. Sagal B. H.

Musa is the founder and CEO

of the new media company Txt

Productions, LLC, based in

New York. The couple will split

their time between New York

and Washington, D.C.

2009Ashley Cotton, MPA

Ashley Cotton was named to

City Hall magazine’s “Rising

Stars: 40 Under 40” list. Cotton

is vice president for Govern-

ment and Community Relations

with the New York City Eco-

nomic Development Corpora-

tion. She says she took the job

on the advice of a Columbia

professor, “who told her it was

the perfect place to work in the

midst of an economic crisis.”

Sasha McDowell, MPA,

MSW

Sasha McDowell writes, “I

recently began my new position

as the director of the New York

offi ce for The Posse Foundation.

In this role, I am overseeing the

New York team, focusing on

student retention, and manag-

ing the relationships between

Posse New York and 12 partner

colleges and universities. The

Posse Foundation identifi es

public high school students with

extraordinary academic and

leadership potential, who may

be overlooked by traditional

college selection methods.

Posse graduates ultimately

assume leadership positions in

the workforce, as one of Posse’s

primary goals is for leadership

to refl ect the demographics of

the cities we live in.”

Raymond Short, MIA

Raymond Short is currently

working in Islamabad, Pakistan,

with DAI (Development

Alternatives, Inc.) as its direc-

tor of ICT development for

its legislative strengthening

program. The USAID project

is focused on increasing the

transparency, accountability,

and responsiveness of Pakistan’s

National Parliament and four

Provincial Assemblies. Ray’s

focus includes comprehensive

assessments of the governance

sector to identify opportunities

for employing information and

communication technologies to

improve political cooperation

and constituent outreach.

Mohini Datt, MIA ’10, is

concentrating in International

Economic Policy.

Keep up with faculty, student and alumni

news, videos, and events.

Become a fan of SIPA on Facebook.

www.facebook.com/Columbia.SIPA

Or follow us on Twitter.

www.twitter.com/SIPAatColumbia

S I P A N E W S 3 9

D O N O R L I S T SIPA

$1,000,000 and above

The Branta Foundation

Foundation Center for Energy, Marine

Transportation

Jorge Paulo Lemann

$100,000–$999,999

Estate of Julius G. Blocker

Electricite De France International N.A.

Inc.

Italian Ministry for the Environment,

Land and Sea

Leitner Family Foundation Inc.

Joan Spero, MIA ‘68

Veolia Environnement

$25,000–$99,999

Amy Abrams, IF ’81, MIA ’81/Abrams

Foundation, Inc.

The Campbell Family Foundation

Alexander Georgiadis, MIA ’85/Krinos

Foods Canada Ltd.

Peter Marber, MIA ’87

Maurice Samuels, MIA ’83

Jeffrey L. Schmidt, CERT ’79, IF ’79/

Jeffrey L. Schmidt Fellowship

Charitable Trust

Shell International Petroleum B V

Martin Varsavsky, MIA ’84

$10,000–$24,999

1199 SEIU United Healthcare

David Baran, MIA ’87

Roger Baumann, IF ’84, MIA ’85

The Bead Corporation

Bloomberg Financial Markets

Commodities News

Matthew Boyer, MIA ’94

Michael Brandmeyer, IF ’95, MIA ’95

Pamela Casaudoumecq, MIA ’89

Richard Goldberg

Donald Holley, MIA ’59

Anuradha Jayanti

James Jordan, MIA ’71

Robert Kopech, MIA ’77

Juan Navarro/Exxel Group Inc.

Brett Olsher, MIA ’93

David Ottaway, IF ’63

John Porter, CERT ’83, IF ’83, MIA ’83

Barbara Reguero, MIA ’86/Bear Stearns

Charitable Gift Fund

Juan Sabater

Brent Scowcroft

Romita Shetty, MIA ’89

The Starr Foundation

Ipek Cem Taha, MIA ’93

Paul Thurman

Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.

Michael Tusiani/Poten & Partners, Inc.

$5,000–$9,999

Georgia Adams, MIA ’83 and Charles

Adams, MIA ’83

Robert Chilstrom, MIA ’69, CERT ’73/

Seligman Family of Funds

Stanley Druckenmiller

Financial Women’s Association of New

York Educational Fund

Susie Gharib, MIA ’74/Nazem Family

Foundation

James Harmon/The Harmon Foundation

James Luikart, MIA ’72/Schwab

Charitable Fund

Claudette Mayer, IF ’76, MIA ’76

Lucio Noto

Bonnie Potter, MIA ’73

Charles Schorin

Melinda Wolfe

$2,500–$4,999

Norton Bell

John Dandola, MPA ’10

John Dickey, MIA ’92

George Hollendorfer, MIA ’01

William Jin, MIA ’93

Emanuel Stern, MPA ’90

Gregory Stoupnitzky, MIA ’80

Enzo Viscusi

Lan Yang, MIA ’96/Sun Culture

Foundation

$1,000–$2,499

Lisa Anderson, CERT ’76

Robin Berry, MIA ’78

Donald Blinken

Kim Bradley, MIA ’83

Elizabeth Cabot, MIA ’98

James Cataldo

Eduardo Centola

Joyce Chang

Anisa Costa, MIA ’98/Tiffany & Company

Gregory Dalton, IF ’94, MIA ’94

Christian Deseglise, MIA ’90

David Dinkins

Estate of Arthur Rieper Dornheim

Peter Ehrenhaft, MIA ’57

Hugo Faria, CERT ’88, MIA ’88

Ivy Fredericks, MIA ’98

Anthony Gooch, IF ’05, MIA ’05/Fidelity

Charitable Gift Fund

John Grammer, MIA ’63

Hurst Groves

Ralph Hellmold, IF ’63, MIA ’64

Andrew Higgins, MIA ’91

A. Michael Hoffman, IF ’69, MIA ’73

Douglas Hunter, MIA ’73

Stuart Johnson, MIA ’67/Stuart M.

Johnson Foundation

Karen Knapp, MPA ’94/Fidelity

Charitable Gift Fund

Monish Kumar, MIA ’95

Ohyoung Kwon, MPA ’05

George Mitchell

Sherwood Moe, MIA ’48

Mahnaz Moinian, IF ’06, MIA ’08

Thomas Monahan, MIA ’85

Alexandra Nichols, MIA ’67/John D.

and Alexandra C. Nichols Family

Foundation

Ernesto Rangel Aguilera, MIA ’99

Clyde Rankin, IF ’74

Arnold Saltzman

Jose Sanz-Magallon

Kirk Schubert, MIA ’82

Karen Scowcroft, IF ’84, MIA ’84

Samuel Sharp, MPA ’99

Alvaro Stainfeld

Alfred Stepan, IF ’65

Masanobu Taniguchi, CERT ’79, MIA ’79

Yuko Usami, MIA ’77

Frank Wisner

Bruce Wolfson

Frank Wong, MIA ’82

Arthur Yoshinami, MIA ’80

$500–$999

Betty Adams, MPA ’04

Patrick Archambault, MIA ’99

Arlene Barilec, MIA ’84

Jillian Barron, MIA ’88

Maureen Berman, MIA ’73

Kenneth Blacklow, MPA ’93

Patrick Bohan

Michael Castlen, MPA ’93

David Chaffetz, IF ’80, MIA ’80

Larry Colburn, MIA ’90

Marc Desautels, MIA ’66

Thomas Durkin, CERT ’87, MIA ’87

R. Elson, IF ’64, MIA ’65

Stephen Ferriss, MIA ’69

Robert Finkel, MIA ’88

Kirsten Frivold, MPA ’03

Pamela Garrud, MIA ’83

Sol Glasner, CERT ’76, MIA ’76

Gary Glick, CERT ’72

Jose Gonzales, MIA ’93

Erin Gore, MPA ’97

Maureen-Elizabeth Hagen, CERT ’83,

MIA ’83

Neal Harwood, MIA ’61

Teresa Hathaway, MIA ’89

Anna Herrhausen, MIA ’02

Ellen Iseman, MPA ’07

Edward Jaycox, CERT ’64, MIA ’64

Jewish Communal Fund

Andrea Johnson, MIA ’89

Robert Kaplan, MIA ’83

Elizabeth Katkin, IF ’92, MIA ’92

Jessie Kelly, MIA ’07

Shariq Khan, MIA ’03

Arthur Koenig, MIA ’70

Chester Lee

Jay Levy, IF ’62

Jirawat Lewprasert, MIA ’84

Dallas Lloyd, MIA ’58

Conrad Lung

Christopher Manogue, MIA ’98

John McGrath, IF ’80, MIA ’80, CERT ’81

Amy Miller, MIA ’82

David Miller

Shalini Mimani

Catherine Mulder, MIA ’81

Mark O’Keefe, MIA ’95

Glenn Orloff, MIA ’88

Dong Park, CERT ’83, MIA ’83, IF ’92

Carol Patterson, CERT ‘76, MIA ‘76

Kenneth Prewitt

To Quan

Peter Quinn, IF ’97, MIA ’97

Julie Siskind, MIA ’95

Tara Sullivan, MPA ’86

Daniel Tunstall, MIA ’68

Irene Wong, MPA ’93

Yi-Ling Woo

$250–$499

Lia Abady, MIA ’01

Simon Adamiyatt, MIA ’81, CERT ’83

Austin Amalu, MIA ’81

Katharine Archibald, MIA ’83

Reed Auerbach, IF ’81, MIA ’82

Isabelle Aussourd, MIA ’02

Roshma Azeem, MPA ’04

Paul Bauer, MIA ’96

Stefan Benn, MIA ’95

Michael Benz

Peggy Bide, CERT ’85, IF ’85, MIA ’85

Thomas Boast, MIA ’72

Carolyn Boldiston, MPA ’89

Dwight Bowler, MIA ’79

Sonia Bujas, CERT ’92, MIA ’92

Katherine Bullinger Koops, MIA ’94

Dale Christensen, MIA ’71

Anna Coatsworth

John Costonis, IF ’64

Karen Curtin, IF ’78, MIA ’78

Laura Damask, MPA ’83

Francisco De Figueiredo, MIA ’96

Marcelo Di Rosa, MIA ’89

Michael DiGrappa, MPA ’86

Jennifer Enslin, MIA ’02

Mitchell Feldman, MIA ’77

Kathryn Furano, MPA ’90

Sridhar Ganesan, MIA ’96

C. Robert Garris

John Gorup

Bruce Harris, MIA ’92

Katherine Hovde, MIA ’89

Thomas Hull, CERT ’73, IF ’73, MIA ’73

Horace Jen, CERT ’93, MIA ’93

Donor List July 1, 2008, to June 30, 2009

This list does not include donors to the regional institutes, The Earth Institute, or

other collaborating Columbia entities that are not managed by SIPA.

“CERT” followed by year = graduate with certificate from a Regional Institute

“IF” followed by year = graduate of the International Fellows Program

“MIA” followed by year = graduate with a Master in International Affairs

“MPA” followed by year = graduate with a Master in Public Administration

4 0 S I P A N E W S

D O N O R L I S T SIPA

Emily Krasnor, MIA ’03

Jose Kuri, MPA ’99

Thomas Lansner, MIA ’91/GivingExpress

Online from American Express

George Lazarus, IF ’69

Andre Lehmann, CERT ’73, MIA ’73

George Lightbody, MIA ’92

Argelio Maldonado, IF ’72/Schwab Fund

for Charitable Giving

Ann March, MIA ’99

Douglas Margossian, MIA ’07

Robert Maruca, MPA ’96

Eric Mason, MIA ’95

Milton Meyer, MIA ’49

Andrew Meyers, CERT ’87, MIA ’87/AJ

Advisers LLC

Gregory Miles, MIA ’79

Marianne Mitosinka, MIA ’81

Mary O’Donnell Hulme, MIA ’95

Ruth Ornelas, IF ’80, MIA ’81

Thomas Plagemann, MIA ’91

Jefrey Pollock, MPA ’97

John Quitter, IF ’67

David Ralph, MIA ’67

John Reid, MIA ’64

Robert Reischauer, MIA ’66

William Rigler, IF ’03, MIA ’04

William Root, CERT ’48, MIA ’48

Daniel Rose/Daniel & Joanna S. Rose

Fund, Inc.

Gray Rothkopf/Jewish Community

Federation of Cleveland

Gidon Rothstein, MPA ’88

Salvatore Sampino, MIA ’83

Susan Schorr, MPA ’98/MGS & RRS

Charitable Trust

Ernst Schrader, MIA ’65

Harold Segel

Nicholas Spiliotes, CERT ’79, IF ’79

Laila Srouji, MIA ’05

Sally Staley, MIA ’80

Kulratan Stuart, MIA ’73

Yuriko Tada, MIA ’95/Fidelity Charitable

Gift Fund

Sharyn Taylor, MIA ’85

John Traylor, MPA ’89

May Tung, MIA ’78/Fidelity Charitable

Gift Fund

Andrew Tunick/Phillips Nizer LLP

Ralph Usinger, MIA ’73

Frederic Vagnini, MIA ’89

Joseph Vidich, MIA ’80

Osamu Yoshida, MPA ’99

Lauren Zeltzer, MIA ’85

Up to $249

Pamela Aall, CERT ’77, MIA ’77

Ninfa Abad, MPA ’07

Negash Abdurahman, MIA ’82

Kaori Adachi, MIA ’99

Carl Adams, MIA ’72

Aminat Adeola, MPA ’09

David Ader, MIA ’82

William Adler, MIA ’80

Jo Anne Adlerstein, IF ’75

Steven Agbenyega

Alice Agoos, MIA ’80

Christiana Aguiar, MIA ’89

Sue Aguilar, MIA ’08

Jennifer Ahearn-Koch, MIA ’90

Reem Akkad, MIA ’07

David Albright, CERT ’71

Delalle Alexander, MIA ’85

Karen Alexander, MPA ’90

Salma Ali, CERT ’90, MIA ’90

Tammy Allen, MIA ’02

Christopher Allieri, MIA ’00

Erasto Almeida, MIA ’06

Lillian Alonzo Marin, MIA ’02

Stephen Altheim, IF ’69

Nabil Al-Tikriti, MIA ’90

Luis Alvarez

Veronica Alvarez, MPA ’07

Bridget Anderson, MPA ’04

Jennifer Anderson, IF ’99, MIA ’99

John Angle, IF ’69

Adrienne Antoine, MPA ’05

Quentin Antshel, MPA ’03

Olavi Arens, CERT ’69

Morten Arntzen, IF ’79, MIA ’79

Delphine Arrighi, MIA ’07

Sarah Ashton, MIA ’93

Elizabeth Athey, MIA ’71

Paul Augustine, MPA ’05

Daniel Austin, IF ’86

Charles Baker, MIA ’92

Homer Baldwin, MIA ’47

Stephen Banta, MIA ’76

Zdzislaw Baran

William Barfield, IF ’66

Ari Barkan, MIA ’97

Seth Barna, MPA ’05

Nicholas Barnard, MIA ’04

Wayne Barnstone, MIA ’79

Laurie Barrueta, MIA ’94

Donna Barry, MIA ’92

Anne Barschall, IF ’82

Rukiye Basak, MPA ’05

Caroline Baudinet-Stumpf, IF ’96, MIA ’96

Kevin Baumert, MIA ’98

Rebecca Beeman, MIA ’08

Kenton Beerman, MIA ’05

Paul Beers, MIA ’83

Yvette Benedek, MIA ’81

Stephen Berk, CERT ’72

Thomas Bernstein, CERT ’66

Genevieve Besser, MIA ’86

Wendy Best, MPA ’87

Dorcas Bethel, MPA ’95

Richard Betts

Cynthia Betz

Jennifer Beubis, MIA ’95

Sharon Bially, MIA ’93

Pieter Bierkens, MIA ’92

Peter Biesada, MIA ’86

Sanuber Bilguvar, MIA ’06

Charles Billo, MIA ’67

Carmen Binder, MIA ’01

William Binderman, IF ’63

Leopold Bismarck, MIA ’78

Joseph Blady, MIA ’03

Whitney Blake, MPA ’07

Cole Blasier, CERT ’50

Kevin Block, MIA ’91/Block & Devincenzi

LLP

Lisa Block, MPA ’81

Tammy Blossom, MPA ’96

Holly Bogin, MIA ’88

Theodore Bongiovanni, MPA ’03

Robert Boothby, IF ’62

Sara Borden, MPA ’95

Matthew Botwin, MIA ’98

W. Donald Bowles, CERT ’52

Paul Boyd, IF ’63

Matthew Boyse, IF ’84, MIA ’85

Michael Brainerd, CERT ’68

Sandra Bramwell-Riley, MPA ’94

Peter Brescia, MIA ’50

Marc Brillon, IF ’85, MIA ’85

June Brown, MIA ’72

Karl Brown, MIA ’06

Keith Brown, MIA ’89

Keith Brown, MPA ’90

Thomas Brown, IF ’65

Michelle Browne, MPA ’92

Cecile Brunswick, MIA ’54

Andrea Bubula

Marisa Buchanan, MPA ’07

Carol Buck, CERT ’69, MIA ’69/Xenna

Corporation

Scott Budde, MIA ’83

Beverley Buford, MPA ’86

Gordon Burck, MIA ’86

Sarah Burd-Sharps, MIA ’87

Robert Burghart, CERT ’79

Kevin Burgwinkle, IF ’06, MIA ’06

Daniel Burton, MIA ’81

Paul Byers, IF ’67

Gerald Cady, CERT ’76, MIA ’76

Kristen Cady-Sawyer, MPA ’06

Robert Calaff, MPA ’90

Jennifer Cantrell, MPA ’01

Christopher Capobianco, MIA ’06

Forrest Carhartt

Mary Carpenter, MIA ’51

Elizabeth Cashen, MIA ’01

Mary Catlin, MIA ’94

Anuj Chang, MIA ’90

Maria Chao, MPA ’99

Peggy Chao, MIA ’98

Kim Chay, MPA ’09

Helen Chen, MIA ’88

Muzaffar Chishti, MIA ’81

William Choi, MIA ’97

Paul Christensen, MIA ’83

Jadwiga Chrusciel

Siew Chuah, MIA ’84

Mina Chung, MIA ’00

Sandra Chutorian, MIA ’82, CERT ’83

Jeff Chyu, MIA ’83

William Ciaccio, MPA ’79

Eugene Ciszewski

Patricia Clary, MIA ’91

Peter Clayton, MPA ’90

Mary Clement

Natalie Coburn, MIA ’89

Laurie Cochran, MIA ’79

Abram Cohen, MIA ’81

Daniel Cohen, MIA ’04

Neil Cohen, MPA ’89

Maria Cole, MIA ’68, CERT ’69

Jennifer Collins, MPA ’05

Dale Collinson, IF ’62

Glenn Colville, MIA ’75

Marybeth Connolly, MIA ’01

Edward Conway, MIA ’57

Daniel Cook, MIA ’06

Mary Cooperman, MIA ’84

Sybil Copeland, MPA ’85

Jane Corbett, MPA ’93

Jeronimo Cortina, MPA ’03

Daniel Costello, MPA ’01

Steven Costner, MIA ’88

Monica Cramer, MIA ’92

Dustin Craven, MIA ’93

Helen Cregger, MPA ’92

Robert Critchell, MIA ’70

Derrin Culp, MIA ’07

Ruth Curtis, MIA ’71

Stephanie Cziczo, MPA ’04

Alessandra Da Silva, MIA ’89

Theodore D’Afflisio, MIA ’71

Alexander Dake, MIA ’86

Sandeep Dalal, MIA ’91

Karl Danga, IF ’71, MIA ’72/Karl I.

Danga Trust

Michael Daniels, MPA ’06

Maged Darwish, MIA ’92

Joel Davidow, IF ’63

Edward De Lia, MIA ’87

Jay Dean, IF ’85, MIA ’88

Julia Deans, MPA ’89

Toni Dechario, MIA ’07

Sarah DeFeo, MPA ’08

Margery Deibler, IF ’81

Katarina Deletis, MIA ’00

Dina Deligiorgis, MIA ’03

Sylvie Deschenes, MIA ’86

Elinor Despalatovic, CERT ’59

Richard Deutsch, CERT ’71, MIA ’71

Amy Devaney

Carolyn Dewing-Hommes, CERT ’86,

MIA ’86

Gary Di Gesu, MIA ’89

Philip Di Giovanni ’74

Raphael Diaz, MIA ’63

Jessica Dickler, MPA ’04

Maria Dikeos, MIA ’92

Robert Dizard, MIA ’81

Cynthia Dodd, IF ’77

Simon Dodge, MIA ’90

Diane Dolinsky-Pickar, MIA ’92

Lucia Domville, MIA ’96

Melissa Donohue, MIA ’93

Christianna Dove, MIA ’06

Christine Doyle, MIA ’92

Ruth Dreessen, MIA ’80

Bruce Drossman, CERT ’82, IF ’82,

MIA ’82

Peter Duklis, MIA ’90

Cecilia Dunn, MPA ’93

Ethel Dunn, CERT ’56

Maria Duran, MIA ’08

E. Michael Easterly, MIA ’68

Joanne Edgar, MIA ’68

Wakana Edmister, MPA ’02

Judith Edstrom, IF ’72, MIA ’72

Allen Eisendrath, IF ’81, MIA ’82

Douglas Eisenfelder, IF ’63

Isaac Elfstrom, MIA ’07

Betsy Elliot, IF ’84, MIA ’84

Sari Ellovich, MIA ’75

Mayada El-Zoghbi, CERT ’94, MIA ’94

Chinonso Emehelu, MIA ’08

Rida Eng, MIA ’00

Dayna English, MIA ’81

S I P A N E W S 4 1

D O N O R L I S T SIPA

Dara Erck, MIA ’03

Carolina Esquenazi-Shaio, MIA ’95

Lara Ettenson, MPA ’06

Deborah Everett, MPA ’90

Donya Fahmy, MPA ’85

James Fahn, MIA ’02

Joshua Farley, CERT ’90, MIA ’90

Susan Farley, MIA ’78

Jessica Farmer, MIA ’00

Robert Faron, IF ’75

Wilson Favre-Delerue, MIA ’05

Gregory Fedor, MIA ’05

Brent Feigenbaum, MIA ’84

Aurelius Fernandez, MIA ’59

Ricardo Fernandez, MIA ’00

Alexander Fernando, MIA ’05

Vincent Ferraro, IF ’73, MIA ’73

Christopher Finch, MIA ’00

Diane Fink, MIA ’79

Yakov Finkelshteyn, MIA ’03

Lawrence Finnegan, IF ’71

Kristin Fitzgerald, MIA ’94

A. Judson Flanagan, MIA ’93

Lee Flanagan, MPA ’05

Howard Flanders, IF ’62

Benjamin Fleck, MIA ’48

Thomas Flohr, IF ’78

Matthew Flynn, MIA ’09

Bradley Foerster, CERT ’88, MIA ’88

James Fonda, MPA ’07

David Fondiller, MIA ’92

Ebenezer Forbes, MIA ’02

Anne Ford, MIA ’05

Edin Forto, CERT ’01, MIA ’01

William Foster, MIA ’06

Catherine Foster-Anderson, MPA ’04

Jacqueline Frank, MIA ’05/Frank Pictures, Inc.

Alexander Fraser, MPA ’90

Jay Fridkis, MIA ’86

Amy Friedman, MIA ’92

Howard Friedner, MIA ’82

Richard Fye, MPA ’03

Ryszard Gajewski

Maria Galib-Bras, CERT ’88, MIA ’88

Michael Galligan, IF ’83, MIA ’84

David Gandolfo, IF ’85, MIA ’86

Lengxi Gao, MIA ’89

Karina Garcia-Casalderrey, MIA ’02

Shelly Gardeniers, MIA ’96

Tamara Garrison, MPA ’03

Frances Gates

Charles Gati

Stephen Gaull, CERT ’88, MIA ’88/Fidelity

Charitable Gift Fund

Joseph Gavin, MIA ’70

Eric Gebbie, MIA ’01

Gwenn Gebhard, MPA ’87

Emma Gee, MIA ’63

Russell Geekie, MIA ’01

Omar Gharzeddine, MIA ’95

Elizabeth Ghauri, MIA ’94

Christine Giallongo, CERT ’90, MIA ’90

Susan Gigli, MIA ’87

Diana Glanternik, MPA ’05

Meredith Glass, MIA ’83

Adam Glatzer, MPA ’07

Robert Glauerdt, MIA ’04

David Goldberg, MIA ’82

Rene Goldman, CERT ’62

To learn more about SIPA and the School’s degree programs:

sipa.columbia.edu

A selection of the past year’s events includes:

Kofi Annan, former United Nations Secretary-General and SIPA Global Fellow on “Climate Change: The Leadership Challenge of Our Age.” The SIPA Gabriel Silver Lecture delivered at Columbia’s World Leaders Forum

Syed Mustafa Kemal, Mayor of Karachi, Pakistan on “Urban Policy, Global Challenges,” SIPA Global Mayors Forum

Bernard Kouchner, French Minister for Foreign and European Affairs and co-founder of Médecins Sans Frontières, on “Europe’s Power in the 21st Century: Overcoming the Challenges of Globalization and Geopolitics”

Connie Hedegaard, Minister for Climate and Energy, Kingdom of Denmark, on “Prospects for a Global Climate Treaty in Copenhagen: Will the U.S. Join the Struggle for the 21st Century?”

Mayor Michael Bloomberg of New York and Mayor Boris Johnson of London on “THINK-ING BIG New York and London: Heading Back to the Top.” Presented by the SIPA Global Mayors Forum and Columbia University World Leaders Forum

Martti Ahtisaari, former President of Finland and Nobel Laureate in conversation with Alvaro de Soto on “Peacemaking in the Post-Cold War Era”

Nancy Biberman, President, Women’s Housing and Economic Development Corporation, on “Breaking the Green Ceiling—Affordable Housing Meets Environmentalism”

A conversation with Lord Nicholas Stern, author of “The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review” and Patel Professor of Economics and Government at the London School of Economics and Political Science

Margot Wallström, Vice-president of the European Commission, on “Women, Peace and Security: Challenges Ahead”

SIPA Video Onlinesipa.columbia.edu/multimedia

Are you interested in local and global policy? We invite you to view many of SIPA’s major events online at

sipa.columbia.edu/multimedia. These events can also be viewed on iTunes and UChannel.

4 2 S I P A N E W S

D O N O R L I S T SIPA

Lisa Goldschmidt, MPA ’04

Eric Goldstein, MIA ’86

Judith Goldstein, MIA ’79

Edward Gometz, MIA ’01

Grace Goodell, MIA ’69

Stanislaw Goray

Wallace Gossett, IF ’69

Rodney Gould, IF ’68

Smriti Goyal, MPA ’07

Allan Grafman, IF ’77, MIA ’77/Allmedia

Ventures, Inc.

Arne Grafweg, MPA ’06

Aaron Graham, MPA ’04

Ann Graham, MIA ’81

Francis Grahlfs, CERT ’55

Paige Granger, MIA ’08

Carolyn Green, MIA ’63

Richard Greenwald, MPA ’93

Ann Gregory, MIA ’64

Jon Groteboer, MIA ’08

George Gruen, CERT ’59

Carole Grunberg, MIA ’78

Guy Gugliotta, MIA ’73

Laura Gump, MPA ’90

Daniel Gutterman

Viktoria Habanova, MIA ’08

Michele Haberland, MPA ’04

Brigid Haeckel, MPA ’90

W. David Hager, IF ’66

Ayesha Haider-Marra, MIA ’04

Stephanie Haile, MIA ’04

Mykola Haliv

Craig Hallgren, MIA ’86

Steven Halliwell, CERT ’69/ SEH

Advisors, Inc.

Joel Halpern

Robert Halpin, MIA ’76

Rebekah Hamed, MPA ’08

Anne Hamilton, MIA ’79

Chia-Li Han, MPA ’06

Kay Hancock

Navid Hanif, MIA ’91

Monique Hardin-Cordero, MPA ’98

Katherine Hardy, MIA ’97

Peter Harnik, MIA ’75

Jonathan Harris, CERT ’59, MIA ’59

C. Harriss

Stephen Hasker, MIA ’98

Gary Hayes, CERT ’81, MIA ’81

Maureen Hays-Mitchell, CERT ’83,

MIA ’83

Susan Hazard

Li He, MPA ’01

Lisa Hecht-Cronstedt, MIA ’08

Henry Hector, CERT ’71, MIA ’71

Elizabeth Heinsohn, MIA ’89

Julia Hendrian-Lester, MIA ’88

Ann Henstrand-Garay, MIA ’88

Joshua Hepola, IF ’00, MIA ’00

Alan Herbach, MIA ’79

Richard Hermanowski

Nicole Hertvik, MIA ’03/Fidelity

Charitable Gift Fund

Peter Hess, MIA ’80

Garry Hesser, IF ’64

Christoph Heuer, MIA ’04

Sylvia Hewlett

Marcus Hicken, MIA ’94

Ronald Hikel, MIA ’63

John Hildebrand, IF ’66

Miriam Hill, MPA ’99

William Hiller, IF ’76

Steven Hirsch, MPA ’85

Joseph Hoban, MIA ’86

Paul Hodge, MIA ’90

Christopher Hodges, IF ’77, MIA ’77

James Holtje, MIA ’90

Michael Holubar, MIA ’77

Nicole Holzapfel, MIA ’94

Joon Seok Hong, MIA ’05

James Hooper, MIA ’71

Anthony Horan, IF ’63

Alberto Horcajo, MIA ’88

Elizabeth Hotvedt, MIA ’87

William Howells, CERT ’60, MIA ’60

Vladimir Hrkac, MIA ’02

Henry Hsiang, MPA ’93

Sarah Huber, MIA ’06

Christopher Hufstader, MIA ’96

Richard Hull, CERT ’65

John Hummer, MPA ’88

Mi-Ae Hur, MIA ’00

Joseph Hurd, IF ’94, MIA ’94

Claire Husson, MPA ’05

Thomas Hyra, IF ’76, MIA ’77

John Ifcher, MPA ’93

Melissa Ingber, MIA ’95

Farhod Inogambaev, MIA ’07

Helen Isenberg, MIA ’54

Anna Isgro, MIA ’77

Yutaka Ishizaka, CERT ’82

Robbin Itzler, MPA ’84

Hidenori Iwasaki, MIA ’01

Devika Iyer, MIA ’07

Kathryn Jackson, MIA ’88

Erik Jacobs, IF ’85, MIA ’85

Gloria Jacobs, MIA ’78

Eric Jacobsen, MPA ’06

Meena Jagannath, MIA ’07

Wynne James, MIA ’71

Kristi Janzen, CERT ’93, MIA ’93

Jacqueline Jenkins, MIA ’83

Russell Jenkins, MIA ’80

Andrew Jhun, MPA ’04

Mary Johnson, MPA ’04

Michone Johnson, MPA ’96

Sonia Johnson, MIA ’48

Ian Jones, MIA ’92

Richard Jones, MIA ’80

Maria Jonsdottir, MIA ’06

David Joravsky, CERT ’49

John Jove, MIA ’85

Walter Judge, IF ’85, MIA ’85

Ronald Judkoff, IF ’76

Peter Juviler, CERT ’54

Robert Jystad, MIA ’93

Velika Kabakchieva, MPA ’07

Mark Kagan, CERT ’81, MIA ’81

Sharon Kahn-Bernstein, MPA ’97

Ann Kaiser, IF ’80, MIA ’80

Syrymbet Kakenov, MPA ’09

Kamil Kaluza, MPA ’06

Ousmane Kane

Elisa Kapell, IF ’79, CERT ’80, MIA ’80

Ferhat Karakaya, MIA ’01

Lloyd Kass, MPA ’98

Norman Kass, MIA ’73

Lilian Kastner, MIA ’06

Iori Kato, MIA ’03

Makoto Kato, MIA ’97

Daniel Katzive, MIA ’92

Peggy Kauh, MPA ’01

Mitsuhiro Kawamoto, MPA ’02

Reo Kawamura, MPA ’07

Laura Keating, MIA ’09

Vanessa Kellogg, MPA ’05

Brian Kennedy, MPA ’04

Julia Kennedy, MIA ’92

Stephen Kerr, CERT ’69

Donna Kessler

Maureen Khadder, CERT ’73, MIA ’73

Alison Khalaf, MPA ’04

Sana Khan, MIA ’99

John Khanlian, MIA ’69

Michele Khateri, MIA ’97

Mostafa Khezry, MIA ’89

Bahman Kia, CERT ’80

Bomsinae Kim, MIA ’05

Misun Kim, MIA ’04

Naohito Kimura, MPA ’98

Natasha Kindergan, IF ’04, MIA ’04

Mary King, MIA ’79

Brigitte Kingsbury, MIA ’89

Gordon Kingsley, MIA ’81

James Kipers, MIA ’02

Nina Kishore, MPA ’07

Jean Klein

Robert Klein, MIA ’98

Stephen Klitzman

Andrew Koch, IF ’06, MIA ’07

Anjali Kochar, MIA ’01

Bruce Kogut, MIA ’78

Kari Kohl, MIA ’99

Jaime Koppel, MPA ’07

Victor Koshkin-Youritzin, IF ’65

Stephanie Kosmo, MIA ’84

Juliann Kreca

Henry Krisch, CERT ’54

Richard Kurz, MIA ’77

Laurin Laderoute, IF ’66

Polly Lagana, MPA ’04

Sange Lama, MPA ’07

Jose Lamas, MIA ’86

Debbie Landres, MIA ’06

Aikojean Lane, IF ’05, MIA ’05

Julie Lane, MPA ’92

Teresa Lang, MIA ’09

Claudia Laviada, MIA ’00

Mel Laytner, MIA ’72

Lily Leavitt, MIA ’96

Marina Ledkovsky

Nelson Ledsky, MIA ’53

Catherine Lee, MIA ’96

Hansang Lee, MPA ’01

Lynn Lee, MIA ’57

Seung-Yeon Lee, MIA ’03

Denis Legault, MPA ’97

Elizabeth Leitman, MIA ’95

Bogdan Leja, MIA ’91

Philip Lemanski, MPA ’86

Amanda Leness, MIA ’93

John Lenkiewicz

Sandra Lennon, MIA ’95

Ryan Lester, MIA ’01

Daedre Levine, MPA ’03

Joshua Levine, IF ’99, MIA ’00

Nadine Levy, MIA ’70

James Lewellis, MIA ’04

Arthur Liacre, MIA ’04

John Lippmann, MIA ’49

Megan Lipton, MIA ’01

Alexandre Lira, MPA ’08

John Lis, CERT ’96, IF ’96, MIA ’96

Daniel Little, MIA ’05

Glenda Liu, MIA ’77, CERT ’78

Kai-Chun Liu, MPA ’82

Robert Livernash, MIA ’73, IF ’74

Lorie Logan, MPA ’99

Peter Lohmus, MIA ’95

Victor Loksha, MPA ’95

Jody London, MPA ’90

David Lopes, MIA ’92

William Lorenz, MIA ’99

Ronald Lorton, IF ’71, MIA ’71

Robert Loschiavo, MPA ’82

Erica Lowitz, MPA ’94

Joseph Loy, MPA ’02

Douglas Lucius, MIA ’89

Karyn Lynch, MPA ’82

Yuwei Ma, MIA ’07

Hugh Macbrien, MIA ’53

Patricia Macken

Scott MacKenzie, MIA ’09

Benjamin Madgett, MPA ’07

Barbara Magnoni, MIA ’94

Alberta Magzanian, CERT ’56

Michael Maier, MIA ’08

Diane Malcolmson, MIA ’94

Roya Malekian, MIA ’06

Haim Malka, MIA ’01

Jennifer Malkin, MIA ’96

Yovanka Malkovich

Jerrold Mallory, CERT ’83, MIA ’83

Roy Malmrose, MIA ’84

Paulo Mamede, MPA ’05

Sean Mandel, MPA ’07

Theodore Mankovich, IF ’71

John Manning, MIA ’70

Roberta Manning

Ida May Mantel, MIA ’64

Robert Mantel, MIA ’63

Paula Margulies, MIA ’07

Jennifer Marozas, MPA ’97/Global Impact

Frank Marsella, MIA ’76

Kirsten Marsh, MIA ’96

Edward Marshall, MIA ’03

Zachary Marshall, IF ’91, MIA ’91

David Martin, MIA ’98

Michael Martinson, MIA ’70

Armen Martirosyan, MPA ’06

Jocelyn Maskow, MPA ’88

Rong Mason, MIA ’96, IF ’96

Robert Massimi, MIA ’05

Alice Mastrangelo Gittler, MIA ’90

Almudena Mateos, MIA ’07

Mark Matteson, MPA ’94

Anneliese Mauch, CERT ’93, MIA ’93

Toby Mayman, MIA ’65

Kevin McCaffrey, MIA ’09

Sissel McCarthy, MIA ’92

Amanda McClenahan, MPA ’02

Kathryn McCormack, MIA ’95

Michael McCormick, MIA ’97

Alan McDougall, MPA ’92

Clifford McGadney, MPA ’06

Eugenia McGill, MIA ’00

S I P A N E W S 4 3

D O N O R L I S T SIPA

Fred McGoldrick, MIA ’66

James McGraw, MIA ’55

John McGuire, MIA ’63

Albert McIntyre

Sarah McLaughlin, MPA ’98

Joseph Mehan

Laila Mehdi, MIA ’86

Neeru Mehra, MIA ’79

Claire Meier, MIA ’04

Joslyn Meier, MIA ’07

Jack Mendelsohn, CERT ’77

Stephen Mercado, CERT ’88, MIA ’88

Stuart Meredith, MIA ’88

Michael Merin, CERT ’84, IF ’84, MIA ’84

Alexandra Merle-Huet, MIA ’04

Samuel Merrill, IF ’99, MIA ’99

Stephen Messinger, IF ’89, MIA ’89

Katherine Metres, IF ’97, MIA ’97

Jeffrey Metzler, MPA ’99

Calvin Mew, IF ’72

Brian Meyers, MPA ’06

Frank Miceli, MIA ’92

Anika Michalowska-Esman, MIA ’69

Thomas Michelmore, MIA ’74

Pearl Miles, MPA ’00

Harlan Miller, MIA ’95/Accenture

Foundation, Inc.

Charles Miller, CERT ’99, MIA ’99

Thomas Milligan, CERT ’85, IF ’85, MIA

’85/Community Foundation of Shelby

County

Deborah Millman, MIA ’98

Joel Millonzi, MIA ’70, CERT ’73

George Milner, MIA ’49

Norah Milner, MIA ’49

Matthew Mogul, MIA ’98

Maria Molinero, MIA ’91

Redmond Molz

Kathleen Mone, MPA ’81

Gail Montano, MIA ’87

Tamala Montgomery, MPA ’03

Antonius Moonen, MIA ’92

Joanne Moore, MPA ’00

Kenneth Moore

Anne Moretti, IF ’82, MIA ’82

Charlotte Morgan-Cato, MIA ’67

James Mori, MIA ’80

Helen Morris, MPA ’07

Tracey Morzano, MIA ’94

Amanda Mosko, MIA ’07

Raymond Mosko, MIA ’07

Juan Mosquera, MPA ’07

Henry Mott, CERT ’57

Wendell Mott, MIA ’66

Yaya Moussa, MPA ’98

Shubhendu Mukherjee, MPA ’04

Christine Munn, MIA ’81

Erika Munter, MIA ’96

Hiroko Murase, MIA ’91

Christopher Murphy, MIA ’74

Matthew Murray, IF ’85, MIA ’88

Deborah Musinger, MIA ’96

Rebecca Myers, MPA ’07

Robert Myhr, MIA ’62

James Nach, MIA ’66

Jonathan Nadler, MPA ’81

Sawa Nakagawa, MIA ’09

James Nakamura

Peter Natiello, IF ’90, MIA ’90

Edward Naughton, MIA ’08

Michele Needham, MPA ’92

Tekeste Negus, MIA ’79

Stephen Nelmes, MIA ’73

David Nidus, MPA ’98

Christopher Nikolakopoulos, MIA ’52

Sylvester Nnadi, MPA ’03

Carolyn Nomura, MIA ’76

Carletta Nonziato, MIA ’84/Carron, LLC

Lila Noury, MIA ’06

Mary O’Connell, MIA ’00

Noelle O’Connor, IF ’84

Ronald O’Connor, IF ’64

Thomas O’Connor, MIA ’76

Peter O’Driscoll, MIA ’97

James Oesterle, IF ’65, MIA ’67

Pamela Oh, MPA ’08

Steve Oh, MIA ’07

Harry O’Hara, IF ’91, MIA ’91

Haruhisa Ohtsuka, MIA ’05

Clarence Olmstead, IF ’67

Shebna Olsen, MPA ’08

Paul Olsson, MIA ’87

Kathleen O’Malley, MIA ’75

Onuwabhagbe Omokhodion, MIA ’00

Mary Oppenheimer, MIA ’69

Angela Ortiz, MIA ’08

Ashley Orton, CERT ’07, MIA ’07

Joseph Osenni, MPA ’79

Laura Otterbourg, MIA ’87

William Packard, IF ’70

Elizabeth Page, MPA ’98

Joyce Papes, MIA ’83

Michael Pardy, MPA ’08

Eunha Park, MIA ’89

Sara Pasquier, MIA ’08

Peter Pastor

Kush Patel, MIA ’05

Kathleen Pauker, MIA ’79

Jon Pearl

John Pecoul, IF ’64

Chimie Pemba, MIA ’96

Richard Pera, MIA ’79

Steve Perez, MIA ’07

Eric Perino, MIA ’07

Eden Perry, MIA ’01

Hannah Peters, MIA ’87

Sophie Peters, CERT ’76

Ned Peterson, IF ’06, MIA ’07

Sarah Peterson, MIA ’01

Dennis Petito, MIA ’77

Martin Petrella, MPA ’04

Lawrence Petrowski, IF ’69

Elizabeth Phillips, MIA ’79

Heather Picard, MPA ’89

Maurice Picard, MIA ’61

James Pieri, MPA ’07

Andrew Pierre, MIA ’57, IF ’61

Jeffrey Pines, IF ’71

Daphne Pinkerson, MIA ’85

Gerald Pinsky, MIA ’55

Tas Pinther, MIA ’94

Stephen Pirozzi, MPA ’93

Robert Pitulej, MPA ’96

Richard Poirier, MPA ’80

Martin Pomp, CERT ’71

Sally Pon, MPA ’82

Margaret Powell, MIA ’01

Jennifer Powers, MIA ’06

Chandni Prasad, MIA ’96

Sarah Pratt

Joseph Procopio, MIA ’72

Katrin Pross, MPA ’04

Amelia Prounis, MIA ’87

Michael Pura

Chitra Raghavacharya, MIA ’01

Julie Ramirez, MIA ’94

Allison Ramler, CERT ’96, MIA ’96

Rene Ramos, MPA ’07

Timothy Ramsey, MIA ’93

Tom Randall, MIA ’06

Andrea Rankin, MPA ’97

Gary Reardon, MPA ’80

Elizabeth Reinhardt, MIA ’77

Richard Reiter, MIA ’85

Jason Rekate, MIA ’00

Janet Resele-Tiden, MIA ’92

Michelle Rexach-Subira, MPA ’96

Linda Richards, MIA ’78

Russell Richey, IF ’65

Alvin Richman, MIA ’60

Scott Richman, MIA ’91

Leslie Rider-Araki, IF ’81, MIA ’82

Margaret Rietveld, IF ’87

Samuel Rikkers, MIA ’04

Michael Rill, MIA ’84

Galen Ritchie, IF ’61

Richard Robarts, IF ’61, MIA ’62

Yoel Robens-Paradise, MPA ’92

Debra Robertson, MPA ’02

Jean Robinson, MIA ’83

Dawn Rodeschin, MIA ’02

William Rodgers, MIA ’91

Stacey Roen, MPA ’09

John Rogers, MIA ’69

Jose Luis Rojas Villarreal, MIA ’00

Narric Rome, MPA ’01

Patricia Rooney, MIA ’82

Susan Rose, CERT ’68

Seymour Rosen, CERT ’52

Edward Rosenbaum, MIA ’77

Paul Rosenberg, MIA ’08

Kathryn Rosenblum, MIA ’86

Elin Rosenquest, MIA ’82

Richard Rosensweig, MIA ’68

Susan Rosthal, MIA ’71

Barbara Rotenberg, MIA ’76, CERT ’80

Seymour Rotter, CERT ’49

Andrea Rounds

Heather Row, CERT ’84, MIA ’84

Richard Rowson, MIA ’50

Mark Ruben, MIA ’80

Moises Rudelman, MIA ’01

Veronika Ruff, MIA ’06

George Ruffner, MIA ’72

Andrew Russell, MIA ’89

Nona Russell, MPA ’85

George Ryan, MIA ’64

Jeffrey Ryan, MIA ’07

Michael Rywkin, CERT ’60

Leonas Sabaliunas, MIA ’58, CERT ’59

Margaret Sabbag, MIA ’98

Anthony Saccomano, MIA ’70

Daiji Sadamori, MIA ’74, CERT ’76

Carol Saivetz, CERT ’71, MIA ’71

Mark Sajbel, MIA ’82

Melvin Sakazaki, MIA ’95

Anne Salinas, CERT ’96, MIA ’96

Jill Salmon, MIA ’05

Joseph Saltarelli, MIA ’83

Judith Salwen, MPA ’92

Fernando Sanchez, MIA ’90

Maria Sanchez, MIA ’03

Rocio Sanchez, MIA ’02

Tania Sanchez-Andrade, MIA ’00

Zarana Sanghani, MPA ’08

Charles Santangelo, MPA ’83

Manabu Sasaki, MIA ’01

Nadiya Satyamurthy, MIA ’06

Herbert Schectman, MIA ’58

Carl Schieren, MIA ’67

Daniel Schlafly, CERT ’65

Scott Schless, MIA ’87

Allison Schovee, MIA ’85

Matthew Schumann, MIA ’07

David Schurman, IF ’63

Morton Schwartz, MIA ’54, CERT ’55

Frederick Seaton, IF ’62, MIA ’66

Lynn Seirup, MIA ’80

Kaoruko Seki, IF ’93, MIA ’93

Albert Seligmann, MIA ’49

Irwin Selnick, CERT ’78

Marc Selverstone, MIA ’92

Steven Semenuk, MPA ’90

Nina Serafino, MIA ’76

Karen Serota

Lauren Serota, MIA ’05

Amelia Shachoy, MPA ’88

Katayoun Shahrokhi, MIA ’08

Beth Shair, MIA ’94

Jennifer Shaoul, MPA ’90

Paul Shapiro, MIA ’70

Howard Shatz, MIA ’91

Angela Sherman-Peter, MIA ’04

Elisabeth Sherwood, MIA ’95

Betsy Shimberg, MPA ’97

Sungsoo Shin, MIA ’94

Yumi Shindo, MPA ’05

Rekha Shukla, MIA ’92

Colette Shulman

Marie Sicat, MIA ’01

Karlan Sick

Mark Siegelman, MIA ’80

Marc Sievers, CERT ’80, IF ’80, MIA ’80

Kathryn Sikkink, CERT ’84

Michael Silvia, MIA ’79

Melvyn Simburg, IF ’71, MIA ’71

George Simmonds, CERT ’52

Stuart Simon, MIA ’78

Kuldip Singh, MIA ’77

Vicki Sittenfeld, MPA ’82

Joseph Small, IF ’68

Scott Smith, MIA ’98

Andrew Snyder, MPA ’08

Roberto Socas, MIA ’55

Anastasia Sochynsky

Elaine Soffer, MPA ’83

Richard Soghoian, IF ’65

Stephen Sokol, MIA ’01

Debra Soled, MIA ’82, CERT ’83

Jan Solomon, CERT ’75

Frances Sonkin, MIA ’75

Christian Sonne, CERT ’62, MIA ’62

Glenn Sonntag, MPA ’08

Aimee Sostowski, MIA ’07

Molly Spencer, MPA ’97

William Spotnitz

Charles Srodes, IF ’65

Robert Staats, MIA ’83

T. Stapleton, MIA ’01

Amir Sternhell, MIA ’91

Matthew Stevenson, IF ’78, MIA ’78

Clyde Stoltenberg, MIA ’85

Jukka-Pekka Strand, MIA ’07

Daniel Strasser ’69

Michael Streeto, MIA ’89

Glenn Sturge

Susan Suarez, MIA ’88

Diane Suhler, MIA ’73

Kamala Sukosol, MIA ’60

Cihan Sultanoglu, MIA ’81

Irene Susmano, MIA ’88

Stephen Sweet, MIA ’94

Jahan Tabatabaie, MIA ’01

Ines Tabka, MIA ’93

Nancy Taggart, MIA ’97

Anne Talley, MIA ’94

Alice Tan, MPA ’01

Helena Tang, IF ’82, MIA ’82

Eda Tato, MIA ’80

Sharmila Thakkar, MPA ’00

Gweneth Thirlwell, MPA ’06

Trevor Thomas, MIA ’04

Paul Thompson, MIA ’73

Yvonne Thurman, MIA ’02

Meghan Tierney, MIA ’07

David Timberman, MIA ’80

Stephen Tisman, IF ’72

Maro Titus, MPA ’93

Elizabeth Toder, MIA ’96

Alper Tokozlu, MIA ’01

Rebecca Tolson, MIA ’94

David Tornquist, MPA ’82

Diego Torres, MIA ’04

Jennifer Toth, MIA ’04

Andrew Tothy

Elizabeth Trafelet, MIA ’03

Thomas Trebat

Ma. Cherrylin Trinidad, MIA ’07

Jennifer Trotsko, CERT ’97, MIA ’97

Christopher Trump, IF ’62

Lhakpa Tsering, MIA ’93

Kathryn Tsibulsky, IF ’05, MIA ’05

Fredrick Tuemmler, MIA ’89

Alper Tunca, MPA ’05

Robert Turetsky, MIA ’72

Pietro Turilli, MIA ’94

Jaroslav Tusek, MIA ’75

Sharmila Tuttle, MIA ’05

Natalia Udovik, MIA ’69

Yuki Uehara, MIA ’04

James Uehlinger, IF ’92, MPA ’92

Felicia Van Praagh

Laura Van Wie McGrory, MIA ’95

Lucia Vancura, MIA ’06

Jorge Vargas, MIA ’98

Edward Vernoff, MIA ’68

Constance Vigilance, MIA ’99

Frederic Vigneron, MIA ’83

Carrie Vomacka, MIA ’06

Conrad von Igel, MPA ’07

Stephanie Von Stein, MIA ’93

Matthias Wabl, IF ’02, MIA ’02

John Waddock, MIA ’75

Maria Waite-Nied, MPA ’82

Douglas Wake, MIA ’80, CERT ’98

Jeffrey Waller, MIA ’02

Theresa Walter, MIA ’97

Lin Wang, MPA ’04

Yao-te Wang, MIA ’06

Shontel Ward, MPA ’06

Rebecca Waugh, MIA ’00

Alan Waxman

Christina Way, MIA ’05

Egon Weck, MIA ’49

Kimberly Wedel, MPA ’88

Kevin Weed, MIA ’01

Benjamin Weil, CERT ’92, MIA ’92

Lois Weinert, CERT ’51

Paul Weinstein, MIA ’87

Gary Weiskopf, MPA ’87

Lynn Weiskopf, MPA ’91

Karen Weismuller, CERT ’79, MIA ’79

Rozanne Weiss, MIA ’52

Marilyn Wellemeyer, MIA ’68

Olaf Wentrup, MIA ’07

Marilyn Wertheimer, CERT ’53

Sandra West-Williams, MIA ’88

Raymond White, IF ’64

Thomas Whitford, MPA ’95

Gordon Whiting, IF ’93

Helgard Wienert-Cakim, MIA ’62

Jill Wilkins, MIA ’91

H. David Willey, IF ’63

Merle Wise, MPA ’88

Mary Witherup, IF ’83, MIA ’84

Susan Wolford, MIA ’79

William Wolle, MIA ’51

Donna Wonnacott, CERT ’60

Gilda Wray, MIA ’66

Carl Wright, IF ’82

Chang-Chuan Wu, CERT ’69

Dana Wu, MPA ’92

Zhengyu Wu, MPA ’05

Michele Wucker, CERT ’93, MIA ’93

Norman Wycoff, MIA ’50

Anastasia Xenias, CERT ’94

Bernice Yalley, MPA ’06

Donald Yamamoto, MIA ’78, CERT ’79

Hideo Yanai, MIA ’96

Kyunghee Yang, MPA ’00

Shi-Wei Ye, MIA ’08

Loretta Yenson, MIA ’82

Sonia Eun Yeo, MIA ’00

Eun Joo Yi, MIA ’03

Kamil Yilmaz, MIA ’07

Zhijing Yin, MPA ’03

Lisa Yoder, MIA ’86

Harry Yohalem, MIA ’69

Drew Young, MIA ’72, IF ’74, CERT ’75

Mark Young, MPA ’91

Miriam Young, CERT ’91, MIA ’91

William Young, MPA ’90

Catherine Yu-Mark

Andrew Yurkovsky, MIA ’00, CERT ’05

Laura Zeiger Hatfield, MIA ’89

Rachel Zenner Kane, MPA ’98

Allan Jianjun Zhang, MIA ’95

Lu Zhou, MPA ’05

Andrew Zimmerman, IF ’68

Jonathan Zorach, CERT ’72

Organizations That Made Matching

Contributions

234 Moonachie Corporation

Accenture Foundation, Inc.

American Express Foundation

Bank of America Foundation

Barclays Global Investors, N.A.

Carnegie Corporation of New York

Citigroup Foundation

Deutsche Bank Americas Foundation

EAI Corporation

Ernst & Young Foundation

ExxonMobil Foundation

FGIC

GE Foundation

Global Impact

Goldman, Sachs & Company

The William and Flora Hewlett

Foundation

HSBC Bank USA

IBM International Foundation

ING (U.S.) Financial Services

Corporation

J.P. Morgan Chase Foundation

Kirkland & Ellis Foundation

KPMG Foundation

The Scholarship Foundation-Lockheed

Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.

MetLife Foundation

The David and Lucile Packard

Foundation

PepsiCo Foundation, Inc.

Pfizer Foundation

Public Service Electric and Gas Company

RBC Capital Markets Corporation

Reuters America Inc.

The Rockefeller Foundation

State Street Foundation

UBS

Wachovia Foundation

Wells Fargo Foundation

4 4 S I P A N E W S

D O N O R L I S T SIPA

SIPA News is published semiannually by SIPA’s Offi ce of External Relations.

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Editors: Lauren Klein, Caroline Stauffer

Contributing writers: Alex Burnett, Nathalie Chalmers, John H. Coatsworth, Steven Cohen, Daniela

Coleman, Mohini Datt, Tom Glaisyer, Rob Grabow, Stephen Gray, Rebekah Heacock, Lauren Klein,

Eugenia McGill, Urania Mylonas, Marie O’Reilly, Dan Perez, Caroline Stauffer, John Uhl, Ion Bogdan Vasi

Contributing photographers and illustrators: Eileen Barroso, Bjorn Jean Chung, Ben Curtis/AP Photo,

Michael Dames, Scott Eells, James Gritz, Janusz Kapusta, Vincent Kessler, Langsem/AP Photo, Adrees

Latif/Reuters, Jason Lee, David Longstreath/AP Photo, Mai, Jason Reed/Reuters, Joshua Roberts/Reuters,

Heidi Schumann, Ray Short, Surizar/Flickr.com

Cover Photograph: Ben Curtis/AP Photo

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Associate Deans: Patrick Bohan, Dan McIntyre, Shalini Mimani, and Cassandra Simmons

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Alex Burnett, Communications Officer

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JoAnn Crawford, Director of Publications and Special Events

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