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Sisteme de învăţământ(Câte ceva despre sistemul educativ dinFranţa)

ContentsArticles

Education in France 1Secondary education in France 11Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles 17

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 22Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 23

Article LicensesLicense 24

Education in France 1

Education in France

Education in France

Ministry of National Education

MinisterDeputy Minister

Vincent Peillon

National education budget (2009)

Budget €64.6 billion

General details

Primary languages French

System type Central

Literacy (2003)

Total 991

Male 99

Female 99

Enrollment

Total 15.0 million2

Primary 6.7 million

Secondary 4.8 million

Post secondary 2.3 million3

Attainment

Secondary diploma 79.7%

Post-secondary diploma 27%

1As of 2004, literacy rates are no longer collected within INSEEcensuses.2Includes private education.3Includes universities, CPGE, and technical schools.

Education in France 2

School system in France

The French educational system ishighly centralized and organized. It isdivided into three stages:

• Primary education (enseignementprimaire);

• Secondary education (enseignementsecondaire);

• Higher education (enseignementsupérieur). The following degreesare recognized by the BolognaProcess (EU recognition):

• Licence and LicenceProfessionnelle (Bachelor)

• Master (Master)• Doctorat (Doctorate)

HistoryWhile the French trace the development of their educational system to Napoléon, the modern era of Frencheducation begins at the end of the nineteenth century. Jules Ferry, a lawyer holding the office of Minister of PublicInstruction in the 1880s, is widely credited for creating the modern school (l'école républicaine) by requiring allchildren between the ages of 6 and 12—both boys and girls—to attend.Ferry also made public instruction mandatory, free of charge, and secular (laïque). With these laws, known as JulesFerry laws, and several others, the Third Republic repealed most of the Falloux Laws of 1850–1851, which gave animportant role to the clergy.

GovernanceAll educational programmes in France are regulated by the Ministry of National Education (officially calledMinistère de l'Éducation nationale, de la Jeunesse et de la Vie associative). The head of the ministry is the Ministerof National Education, one of the highest-ranking officials in the cabinet. As of May 2013, the Minister is VincentPeillon.The teachers in public primary and secondary schools are all state civil servants, making the ministère the largestemployer in the country. Professors and researchers in France's universities are also employed by the state.

Education in France 3

The different Académies and school zones inFrance

Zone Académies/Cites

A Caen, Clermont-Ferrand, Grenoble, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy-Metz, Nantes, Rennes, Toulouse

B Aix-Marseille, Amiens, Besançon, Dijon, Lille, Limoges, Nice, Orléans-Tours, Poitiers, Reims, Rouen, Strasbourg

C Bordeaux, Créteil, Paris, Versailles

At the primary and secondary levels, the curriculum is the same for all French students in any given grade, whichincludes public, semi-public and subsidised institutions. However, there exist specialised sections and a variety ofoptions that students can choose. The reference for all French educators is the Bulletin officiel de l'éducationnationale, de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (B.O.) which lists all current programmes and teachingdirectives. It is amended many times every year.[1]

In the Metropolitan territory, the school year extends from early-September to early-July. The school calendar isstandardized throughout the country, and is the sole domain of the ministry.In May schools need time to organise the exams (for example, the Baccalauréat). In the overseas departments andterritories of France, the school calendar is set by the local recteur.Major holiday breaks are as follows:• All Saints (la Toussaint), two weeks (since 2012) around the end of October and the beginning of November;• Christmas (Noël), two weeks around Christmas Day and New Year's Day;• winter (hiver), two weeks starting in mid February;• spring (printemps) or Easter (Pâques), two weeks starting in mid April;• summer (été), two months starting in early July.

Education in France 4

Primary education

ecole maternelle (Nursery School)

Age Grade Abbreviation

3 -> 4 Petite section PS

4 -> 5 Moyenne section MS

5 -> 6 Grande section GS

ecole primaire (Primary School)

6 -> 7 Cours préparatoire CP / 11ème

7 -> 8 Cours élémentaire première année CE1 / 10ème

8 -> 9 Cours élémentaire deuxième année CE2 / 9ème

9 -> 10 Cours moyen première année CM1 / 8ème

10 -> 11 Cours moyen deuxième année CM2 / 7ème

Collège (Junior High)

Age Grade Abbreviation

11 -> 12 Sixième 6e

12 -> 13 Cinquième 5e

13 -> 14 Quatrième 4e

14 -> 15 Troisième 3e

Lycée (High school)

Age Grade Abbreviation

15 -> 16 Seconde 2de

16 -> 17 Première 1ere

17 -> 18 Terminale Term or Tle

Schooling in France is mandatory as of age 6, the first year of primary school. Many parents start sending theirchildren earlier though, around age 3 as nursery classes (maternelle) are usually affiliated to a borough's primaryschool. Some even start earlier at age 2 in pré-maternelle or très petite section classes, which are essentially daycarecentres. The last year of maternelle, grande section is an important step in the educational process as it is the year inwhich pupils are introduced to reading.After nursery, the young students move on to primary school. It is in the first year (cours préparatoire) that they willlearn to write and develop their reading skills. Much akin to other educational systems, French primary schoolstudents usually have a single teacher (or perhaps two) who teaches the complete curriculum, such as French,mathematics, science and humanities to name a few. Note that the French word for a teacher at the primary schoollevel is maître or its feminine form maîtresse (previously called instituteur, or its feminine form institutrice).

Education in France 5

Secondary educationFrench secondary education is divided into two schools:• the collège for the first four years directly following primary school;• the lycée for the next three years.The completion of secondary studies leads to the baccalauréat.

Brevet des collèges

The Brevet des collèges (or brevet) is the first official diploma a pupil has to sit. It is not required in order to enterlycée. Until 2006 the school marks for the whole of the third (4ème) and final year (3ème) were taken into accountfor a percentage of the mark. The rest of the mark consisted of the final exam, the Brevet. Pupils were only tested onFrench, Mathematics, History/Geography/Citizenship for the exam.Starting in 2007, only the marks from the final year (3ème) were taken into considerationWikipedia:Vagueness.Since 2011, pupils are tested on History of the Arts, an oral test.

Baccalauréat

International educational scores (1995)(13-year-old's average score, TIMSS

Trends in International Math and Science Study, 1995)

Countries:(sample)

Globalrank

Maths Science

Score Rank Score Rank

 Singapore 1 643 1 607 1

 Japan 2 605 3 571 3

 South Korea 3 607 2 565 4

 Czech Republic 4 564 6 574 2

 Belgium (Fl) 5 565 5 550 11

 Hong Kong 6 588 4 522 24

 Bulgaria 7 540 11 565 5

 Netherlands 8 541 9 560 6

 Slovenia 9 541 10 560 7

 Austria 10 539 12 558 8

 Slovakia 11 547 7 544 13

 Hungary 12 537 14 554 9

 Australia 13 530 16 545 12

 Russia 14 535 15 538 14

  Switzerland 15 545 8 522 25

 Ireland 16 527 17 538 15

 Canada 17 527 18 531 18

 England 18 506 25 552 10

 Sweden 19 519 22 535 16

 Thailand 20 522 20 525 21

 Israel 21 522 21 524 23

Education in France 6

 Germany 22 509 23 531 19

 France 23 538 13 498 28

 United States 24 500 28 534 17

 New Zealand 25 508 24 525 22

 Norway 26 503 26 527 20

 Belgium (W) 27 526 19 471 36

 Denmark 28 502 27 478 34

Source: TIMSS data, in The Economist March 29th, 1997, p.25

The baccalauréat (also known as bac) is the end-of-lycée diploma students sit in order to enter university, a classepréparatoire, or professional life. It is generally taken at age 18 if the pupil has not repeated a class during secondaryschool. The term baccalauréat refers to the diploma and the examinations themselves. It is comparable to English,Northern Irish, & Welsh A-Levels, the Irish Leaving Certificate, Scottish (Higher and Advanced Higher), New SouthWales's Higher School Certificate and the German Abitur.Many students sit for the theory-oriented baccalauréat général which is divided into three streams of study, calledséries. The série scientifique (S) is concerned with the natural sciences, physical sciences and mathematics, the sérieéconomique et sociale (ES) with economics, social sciences, history-geography and mathematics, and the sérielittéraire (L) focuses on French, foreign languages, philosophy and the arts (as an option).However, these séries are not exactly specialisations and every bac-possessor has the right to enroll at any publicuniversity in the catchment area if this applies to the subject they wish to apply for. Students having followed the Lseries do not have enough scientific knowledge from their secondary education alone to succeed in scienceuniversity courses, therefore some combinations of baccalauréats and university courses are very rare. In the sameway, students having followed the S series do not have enough literary knowledge to succeed in language orliterature courses in university.There is also the baccalauréat technologique and baccalauréat professionnel. The former mixes theoretical andvocational training and prepares students for professional higher studies, whereas the latter focuses on vocationaltraining and prepares students for a direct entry into the marketplace. Nowadays, most pupils are following theseones because they do not imply long studies and not many pupils from this kind of "baccalauréat" are going touniversity. That's why "baccalauréat général" is seen as more prestigious, and its pupils are formed to be the elite oftomorrow.

Higher educationHigher education in France is organized in three levels or grades which correspond to those of other Europeancountries, facilitating international mobility:• Licence and Licence Professionnelle (Bachelor)• Master (Master)• Doctorat (Doctorate)In addition, the Licence and the Master are organized in semesters: 6 for the Licence and 4 for the Master.These levels of study include various “parcours” or paths based on UE (Unités d’Enseignement or Modules), eachworth a defined number of European credits (ECTS). A student accumulates these credits which are generallytransferable between paths. A Licence is awarded once 180 ECTS have been obtained. A Master is awarded once120 additional credits have been obtained.Licence and Master degrees are offered within specific DOMAINES and carry a specific MENTION. SPECIALITES which are either research-oriented or professionally-oriented during the second year of the Master.

Education in France 7

There are also Professional Licences whose objective is immediate job integration. It is possible to later return toschool through continuing education or to validate professional experience (through VAE, Validation des Acquis del’Expérience).Higher education in France is divided between grandes écoles and public universities. Grandes écoles admit thegraduates of the level Baccalauréat + 2 years of validated study (or sometimes directly after the Baccalauréat)whereas universities admit all graduates of the Baccalauréat.A striking trait of French higher education, compared with other countries, is the small size and multiplicity ofestablishments, each specialized in a more or less broad spectrum of areas. A middle-sized French city, such asGrenoble or Nancy, may have 2 or 3 universities (focused on science or sociological studies), and also a number ofengineering and other specialized higher education establishments. In Paris and its suburbs there are 13 universities,none of which is specialized in one area or another, and a large number of smaller institutions which are highlyspecialised.It is not uncommon for graduate teaching programmes (master's degrees, the course part of PhD programmes etc.) tobe operated in common by several institutions, allowing the institutions to present a larger variety of courses.In engineering schools and the professional degrees of universities, a large share of the teaching staff is often madeup of non-permanent professors; instead, part-time professors are hired to teach one only specific subject. Thesepart-time professors are generally hired from neighbouring universities, research institutes, or industries.Another original feature of the French higher education system is that a large share of the scientific research iscarried out by research establishments such as CNRS or INSERM, which are not formally part of the universities.However, in most cases, the research units of those establishments are located inside universities (or other highereducation establishments), and jointly operated by the research establishment and the university.

Tuition costsSince higher education is funded by the state, the fees are very low; the tuition varies from €150 to €700 dependingon the university and the different levels of education. (licence, master, doctorate). One can therefore get a Master'sdegree (in 5 years) for about €750-3,500. Additionally, students from low-income families can apply forscholarships, paying nominal sums for tuition or textbooks, and can receive a monthly stipend of up to €450 permonth.The tuition in public engineering schools is comparable to universities, albeit a little higher (around €700). Howeverit can reach €7000 a year for private engineering schools, and some business schools, which are all private orpartially private, charge up to €15000 a year.Health insurance for students is free until the age of 20, so only the costs of living and books have to be added. Afterthe age of 20 the health insurance for students costs €200 a year and cover most of the medical expenses.Some public schools have other ways of gaining money. Some do not receive sufficient funds from the governmentfor class trips and other extra activities, and so these schools may ask for a small (optional) entrance fee for newstudents.

Universities in FranceThe public universities in France are named after the big cities near which they are located, followed by a numeral ifthere are several. Paris, for example, has thirteen universities, labelled Paris I to XIII. Some of these are not in Parisitself, but in the suburbs. In addition, most of the universities have taken a more informal name which is usually thatof a famous person or a particular place. Sometimes, it is also a way to honor a famous alumnus, for example thescience university in Strasbourg is known as "Université Louis Pasteur" while its official name is "UniversitéStrasbourg I".

Education in France 8

The French system has undergone a reform, the Bologna process, which aims at creating European standards foruniversity studies, most notably a similar time-frame everywhere, with three years devoted to the Bachelor's degree("licence" in French), two for the Master's, and three for the doctorate. French universities have also adopted theECTS credit system (for example, a licence is worth 180 credits).The traditional curriculum based on end of semester examinations still remains in place in most universities. Thisdouble standard has added complexity to a system which also remains quite rigid. It is difficult to change a majorduring undergraduate studies without losing a semester or even a whole year. Students usually also have few courseselection options once they enroll in a particular diploma.France also hosts various branch colleges of foreign universities. These include Baruch College, the University ofLondon Institute in Paris, Parsons Paris School of Art and Design and the American University of Paris.

Grandes écoles & CPGE

The Grandes écoles of France are higher education establishments. They are generally focused on a single subjectarea, such as engineering or business, have a moderate size, and are often quite selective in their admission ofstudents. They are widely regarded as prestigious, and traditionally have produced most of France's scientists andexecutives.The classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE), widely known as prépas, is a prep course with the main goalof training students for enrollment in a Grande École. Admission to the CPGE is usually based on performanceduring the last two years of high school, called Première and Terminale. The CPGE programs are located withinhigh schools but pertain to tertiary education, which means that each student must have successfully passed theirBaccalauréat (or equivalent) to be admitted in CPGE. Each CPGE receives the files of hundreds of applicantsworldwide[citation needed] every year during April and May, and selects its new students under its own criteria. A fewCPGE programmes, mainly the private CPGEs (which account for 10% of CPGEs), also have an interview processor look at a student's involvement in the community.The oldest CPGEs are the scientific ones, which can only be accessed by scientific Bacheliers. Scientific CPGE arecalled TSI ("Technology and Engineering Science"), MPSI ("Mathematics, Physics and Engineering Science"), PCSI("Physics, Chemistry, and Engineering Science") or PTSI ("Physics, Technology, and Engineering Science") in thefirst year, MP ("Mathematics and Physics"), PSI ("Physics and Engineering Science"), PC ("Physics and Chemistry")or PT ("Physics and Technology") in the second year and BCPST ("Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Life and EarthSciences").

Study program

First year CPGE students are called the "Math Sup"—or Hypotaupe—(Sup for "Classe de MathématiquesSupérieures", superior in French, meaning post-high school), and second years "Math Spé"—or Taupe—(Spésstanding for "Classe de Mathématiques Spéciales", special in French). The students of these classes are calledTaupins. Both the first and second year programmes include as much as sixteen hours of mathematics teaching perweek, ten hours of physics, two hours of philosophy, two to four hours of (one or two) foreign languages teachingand two to three hours of minor options: either SI, Engineering Industrial Science or Theoretical Computer Science(including some programming using the Pascal or CaML programming languages, as a practical work).With this is added several hours of homework, which can rise as much as the official hours of class. A known jokeamong those students is that they are becoming moles for two years. Sometimes three. This is actually the origin ofthe nickname "taupe/taupin" (taupe being the French word for a mole).The literary and humanities CPGEs have also their own nicknames, Hypokhâgne for the first year and Khâgne forthe second year. The students are called the khâgneux. These classes prepare for schools such as the three ÉcolesNormales Supérieures, the Ecole des Chartes, and sometimes Sciences Po.

Education in France 9

There are two kinds of Khâgnes. The Khâgne de Lettres is the most common, and focuses on philosophy, Frenchliterature, history and languages. The Khâgne de Lettres et Sciences Sociales (Literature and Social Sciences),otherwise called Khâgne B/L, also includes mathematics and socio-economic sciences in addition to those literarysubjects.There are also CPGE which are focused on economics (who prepare the admission in business schools). These areknown as "Prépa EC" and are divided into two parts ("prépa EC spe mathematics", generally for those whograduated the baccalaureat S and "prépa EC spe éco", for those who were in the economics section in the lycée.).The most famous of those business schools are HEC Paris, ESSEC Business School and ESCP Europe whichpropose a Master degree and an MBA.The students of CPGE are simultaneously enrolled in universities, and can rejoin the university track in case offailure of their grandes écoles ambitions or if they no longer wish to become engineers and feel unable to pass theÉcoles Normales Supérieures competitive examinations. The ratio of students who fail to enter grandes écoles is lowin the scientific and economics CPGE, but high in humanities, for the only Grandes Écoles aimed at in these classesare the Écoles Normales Supérieures.The amount of work required of the students is exceptionally high. In addition to class time and homework, studentsspend several hours each week completing exams and 'colles' (very often written 'khôlles' to look like a Greek word,this way of writing being initially a khâgneux joke). The so-called 'colles' are unique to French academic educationin CPGEs. They consist of oral examinations twice a week, in maths, physics, French and the foreign languages,usually English, German or Spanish. Students, usually in groups of three, spend an hour facing a professor alone in aroom, answering questions and solving problems.In CPGE littéraires (humanities), the system of 'colles' is different; they are taken every quarter in every subject.Students have one hour to prepare a short presentation that takes the form of a French-style dissertation (amethodologically codified essay, typically structured in 3 parts: thesis, counter-thesis, and synthesis) in history,philosophy, etc. on a given topic, and that of a commentaire composé (a methodologically codified commentary) inliterature and foreign languages. As for the Ancient Greek or Latin, they involve a translation and a commentary.The student then has 20 minutes to present his work to the teacher, who ends the session by asking some questionson the presentation and on the corresponding topic. 'Colles' are regarded as extremely stressful, particularly due tothe high standards expected by the teachers, and the subsequent harshness that may be directed at students who donot perform adequately. But they are important insofar as they prepare the students, from the very first year, for theoral part of the competitive examination, reserved for the happy few who successfully pass the written part.

Recruitment of teachersDecades ago, primary school teachers were educated in Ecoles Normales and secondary teachers recruited throughthe "Agrégation" examination. The situation has been diversified by the introduction in the 1950s of the CAPESexamination for secondary teachers and in the 1990s by the institution of "Instituts Universitaires de Formation desMaîtres" (IUFM). University teachers are recruited by special commissions, and are divided between:• "teachers-researchers" (enseignants-chercheurs), with at least a doctorate: they teach classes and conduct research

in their field of expertise with a full tenure. They are either Maître de Conférences (Senior lecturers), orProfesseurs (Professors). Only a Professor can be the director of studies for a PhD student. The net pay is from2300 to 8800 (with extra duties) euros per month. Net salaries of over 4000 euros per month (2011 level) arehowever very unusual, and limited to the small minority of teacher-researchers who have held the grade of firstclass full professor for at least seven years, which is rare. The maximum possible net salary for second-class fullprofessors and chief senior lecturers (maître de conférence hors classe)—the end of career status for mostfull-time teacher-researchers in French universities—is 3760 Euros a month (2011)—and only a minority of thisgroup ever reach this level.

Education in France 10

•• Secondary school teachers who have been permanently assigned away from their original school position to teachin a university. They are not required to conduct any research but teach twice as many hours as the"teachers-researchers". They are called PRAG (professeurs agrégés) and PRCE (professeurs certifiés). Theirweekly service is 15 or 18 hours. The net pay is from 1400 to 3900 euros per month.

•• CPGE teachers are usually "agrégés" or "chaire sup", assigned by the Inspection Général according to theirqualifications and competitive exam rank as well as other factors. Their weekly service is about 9 hours a week,25 or 33 weeks a year. Net pay: from 2000 to 7500 euro (extra hours)

• Primary school and kindergarten teachers (Professeurs des écoles), educated in "Instituts Universitaires deFormation des Maîtres" (IUFM), have usually a "master" (Bac+5). Their weekly service is about 28 hours a week.

ReligionReligious instruction is not given by public schools (except for 6 to 18 year-old students in Alsace-Lorraine underthe Concordat of 1801). Laïcité (secularism) is one of the main precepts of the French republic.In a March 2004 ruling, the French government banned all "conspicuous religious symbols" from schools and otherpublic institutions with the intent of preventing proselytisation and to foster a sense of tolerance among ethnicgroups. Some religious groups showed their opposition, saying the law hindered the freedom of religion as protectedby the French constitution.

StatisticsThe French Republic has 65 million inhabitants, living in the 22 regions of metropolitan France and four overseasdepartments (1.7 million). Despite the fact that the population is growing slightly (up 0.4% a year), the number andproportion of young people under 25 is falling. There are now fewer than 19 million young people in metropolitanFrance, or 32% of the total population, compared with 40% in the 1970s and 35% at the time of the 1990 census.France is seeing a slow aging of the population—less marked however than in other neighbouring countries(Germany and Italy), especially as the annual number of births is currently increasing slightly.Eighteen million pupils and students, i.e. a quarter of the population, are in the education system. Of these, over 2million are in higher education.

References[1] http:/ / www. education. gouv. fr/ bo/ default. htm

External links• The French national agency for the promotion of higher education, international student services, and

international mobility (http:/ / www. campusfrance. org/ en)• France Study Guide for International Students (http:/ / www. studying-in-france. org/ )|}

Secondary education in France 11

Secondary education in France

A high school in Vesoul (France)

In France, secondary education is Wikipedia:Please clarify infive stages:

• collèges (French pronunciation:  [kɔˈlɛʒ]) cater for the first fouryears of secondary education from the ages of 11 to 14

• lycées ([liˈseː]) provide a three-year course of furthersecondary education for children between the ages of 15 and18. Pupils are prepared for the baccalauréat ([bakaloreˈa])(baccalaureate, colloquially known as le bac). Thebaccalauréat can lead to higher education studies or directlyto professional life.

Organization of the school year

The school year starts in early September and ends in early-July. French school holidays are scheduled by theMinistry of Education, by dividing the country into three zones (A, B, and C) to prevent the overcrowding by familyholidaymakers of tourist destinations such as the Mediterranean coast and the ski resorts. Lyon, for example, is inzone A, while Marseille is in zone B, and Paris and Bordeaux are in zone C.

In contrast to the practice in most other education systems, the various school years in France are numbered on adecreasing scale. Thus, pupils begin their secondary education in the sixième (6th class), and transfer to a lycée in theseconde (2nd class), while the final year is the terminale.In French, the word for student (étudiant(e)) is usually reserved for university-level students, while collège and lycéestudents are referred to as élèves (pupils or students in English).The curriculum (le programme officiel) is standardized for all French public institutions. Changes to the programmeare made every year by the French Ministry of Education and are published in the Ministry's Bulletin Officiel del'Éducation Nationale (BO), the official reference bulletin for educators.

Collège

Collège

Age Name Abbreviation

11-12 Sixième 6e

12-13 Cinquième 5e

13-14 Quatrième 4e

14-15 Troisième 3e

The collège is the first level of secondary education in the French educational system. A pupil attending collège iscalled collégien (boy) or collégienne (girl). Men and women teachers at the collège- and lycée-level are calledprofesseur (no official feminine professional form exists in France although the feminine form "professeure" hasappeared and seems to be gaining some ground in usage). The City of Paris refers to a collège in English as a "highschool."[1]

Secondary education in France 12

Entry in sixième occurs directly after the last year of primary school, called cours moyen deuxième année (CM2).There is no entrance examination into collège, but administrators have established a comprehensive academicexamination of students starting in sixième. The purpose of the examination is evaluating pupils' level on beinggraduated from primary school.

Curriculum

Subject Remarks Starting in

Humanities & Languages

French Language and Literature Features French and translated foreign works;concentrates on grammar and spelling

6e

History & Geography French-based, but includes foreign history andgeography

6e

A first foreign language1 Known as Première langue vivante étrangère(LV1)

6e

A second foreign language1 or a Frenchregional language

Deuxième langue vivante étrangère (LV2) 6e or 4e

Arts & Crafts 6e

Musical Education 6e

Civics Éducation civique 6e

1Available foreign languages include: English, German, Arabic, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Russian; other languages available per locale.Most pupils study English as first foreign language, and Spanish, Italian or German as second foreign language.

Natural & Applied Sciences

Mathematics 6e

Biology & Geology Sciences de la vie et de la Terre (SVT) 6e

Technology 6e

Physics & Chemistry 5e

Optional courses

Latin 5e

Ancient Greek 5e

The table at the right details the French curriculum. Along with three-to-four weekly hours of physical education, atypical school week consists of some twenty-six (26) hours of schooling. French language and literature occupy themost time, 4–5 hours per week, followed by mathematics, 4 hours per week; other subjects occupy some 1.0-3.5hours per week.The curriculum is devised by the French Ministry of National Education and applies to all collèges in France andalso for AEFE-dependent institutions. Académies and individual schools have little margin for curriculumcustomisation. Teachers compose syllabi per precise government educational regulations, and choose textbooksaccordingly; every major French publishing house has a textbook branch.

Secondary education in France 13

Process and purposeEach subject is usually taught by a different "professeur" or teacher; most teachers teach several different age groups.Collège pupils stay in the same class throughout the school year, and in every subject (except for optional coursessuch as foreign languages, where students from several classes mix), so each grade is divided into as many classes asnecessary. The strong belief in teaching in mixed-ability classes means that streaming is rare.Class size varies from school to school, but usually ranges from 20 to 35 pupils. Each class has a professeurprincipal (main teacher or class tutor) who is the link between the teaching staff, administration, and pupils.Ultimately, the role of the collège is to prepare students for the advanced subjects of the lycée. At the end of thetroisième class, students sit for le diplôme national du Brevet, an end-of-collège examination; The brevet is notrequired for entrance to the lycée, nor does passing it guarantee that a pupil will progress to the higher-level school.During the last conseil de classe of the year, held in June, teachers and administrators decide whether or not a pupilcan progress to the next grade. In deciding, they evaluate the student's skills, participation, and behaviour. Threeoutcomes are possible:1.1. the student progresses to the next grade;2. his or her redoublement (repeating the year) can be required;3.3. he or she can, in specific cases, be offered to skip a grade and be promoted two grades.A student asked to repeat a grade can appeal said decision. The decision of the appeals council is final.

Carte scolaire

A lycée in Rennes, from the 19th century.

French parents are not free to choose the state school that theirchildren will attend; unless the children have special learningneeds, they will attend the school allocated to them by the cartescolaire (school map). Reasons for attending a state school whichis not their nearest include studying an option unavailable in theschool to which they were originally assigned (e.g. a rare foreignlanguage).

For many reasons, many parents consider the allocated schoolinadequate, particularly if they do not like the idea of theirchildren mixing with some of the other pupils at the school. This isespecially the case in poor neighbourhoods with large foreignimmigrant populations. In any city, there are "better" lycées and collèges, which parents would prefer their childrenattend (usually dating from the 19th century, in the city centre). The two main methods used in such circumstances toget children into a school other than their assigned school are:

•• paying for partly subsidised private schooling;•• having the child choose an unusual option (e.g. Ancient Greek) available only in the preferred school.A similar trick is used in cases where some classes in a school are seen as "better" than others. For organisationalreasons, students taking certain options are grouped into special classes, which may be academically attractive.These typically include classes taking German as a first foreign language, or Latin or Ancient Greek as options.

Secondary education in France 14

Lycée

Lycée

Age Name Abbreviation

15–16 Seconde 2de

16–17 Première 1ere

17–18 Terminale Tale

The lycée is the second, and last, stage of secondary education in the French educational system. The City of Parisrefers to a lycée in English as a "sixth form college".A pupil attending a lycée is a lycéen (boy) or a lycéenne (girl). Nevertheless, until 1959, the term lycée designated asecondary school with a full curriculum (12 years, present college+lycee curricula) directly under the supervision ofthe State, then from 1959 to 1963 any secondary school with a full curriculum.[2] Older lycées still include a collegesection,[3] so a pupil attending a lycée may actually be a collégien.At the end of the final year of schooling, most students take the baccalauréat diploma.Lycées are divided into (i) the lycée général, leading to two or more years of post–baccalauréat studies, (ii) the lycéetechnologique, leading to short-term studies, and (iii) the lycée professionnel, a vocational qualification leadingdirectly to a particular career. General and technological education courses are provided in "standard" lycées, whilevocational courses are provided in separate professional lycées.In practice, competent pupils at a vocational lycée professionnelcan also apply to take short-term, post–baccalauréatstudies leading to the Brevet de technicien supérieur (BTS), a vocational qualification. This option is also availableto pupils at a lycée général.

Lycée général & lycée technologiqueIn France, the lycée général is the usual stepping stone to university degrees. During their year in Seconde studentsmake their final choice of série (course) for the final two years. During the seconde, students mostly take the samecourses, despite having different academic skills and interests, so it is usually thought to be an easier year than eitherthe première or the terminale.

General streams

After the seconde, most French students choose a general course. In all courses, some subjects occupy more hours inthe student's timetable. The baccalauréat examination is different for all three séries, and subjects are weightedaccording to the course taken.

Streams Sscientifique

(various hard sciences)

ESéconomique et social(economics and social

sciences)

Llittéraire

(humanities)

Description The sciences course heavilyweights high-levelmathematics, physics-chemistryand biology-geology.

The série ES is balancedbetween literary andeconomics courses; studentsmust take economics andsocial sciences exams.

The série L heavily weighs French language, French literature,Foreign literature in foreign language and Philosophy, and to alesser extent, history, geography and foreign languages. Studentsmust take examinations in one-to-three modern languages, and alsohave the option of taking examinations in either Latin or ancientGreek or both.

According to the official statistics, for the 2003–2004 school year, 33 per cent of students chose série S; 19 per centchose série ES; and 11 per cent chose série L.[4]

Secondary education in France 15

All students take philosophy courses in terminale, while French language classes end in the première, excepting thesérie L, where they become French literature classes, where pupils are to study four books during the year, fromFrench writers, or foreign books translated into French (e.g. Romeo and Juliet during the school year 2007–2008, orThe Leopard from Italian author Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa).There also is a required option for further specialisation in all séries, although it is restricted to the chosen course.For example, a student in série S can choose to specialise in mathematics, physics, "SVT" (biology and geology) or"engineering sciences", but not in philosophy. Specialisation adds a separate, weekly two-hour class in the chosendiscipline; also, it increases the weight of the chosen subject at the baccalauréat. The syllabus in the specialisationclass is unrelated to the material learned in the common class. Specialisation plays no role in the choice of apost–secondary career or subject at university, except for a few courses aimed for students from a given série thatcan also accept students from other séries if they have taken a given specialisation.

Technical streams

International educational scores (1995)(13-year-old's average score, TIMSS

Trends in International Math and Science Study, 1995)

Countries:(sample)

Globalrank

Maths Science

Score Rank Score Rank

 Singapore 1 643 1 607 1

 Japan 2 605 3 571 3

 South Korea 3 607 2 565 4

 Czech Republic 4 564 6 574 2

 Belgium (Fl) 5 565 5 550 11

 Hong Kong 6 588 4 522 24

 Bulgaria 7 540 11 565 5

 Netherlands 8 541 9 560 6

 Slovenia 9 541 10 560 7

 Austria 10 539 12 558 8

 Slovakia 11 547 7 544 13

 Hungary 12 537 14 554 9

 Australia 13 530 16 545 12

 Russia 14 535 15 538 14

  Switzerland 15 545 8 522 25

 Ireland 16 527 17 538 15

 Canada 17 527 18 531 18

 England 18 506 25 552 10

 Sweden 19 519 22 535 16

 Thailand 20 522 20 525 21

 Israel 21 522 21 524 23

 Germany 22 509 23 531 19

 France 23 538 13 498 28

 United States 24 500 28 534 17

Secondary education in France 16

 New Zealand 25 508 24 525 22

 Norway 26 503 26 527 20

 Belgium (W) 27 526 19 471 36

 Denmark 28 502 27 478 34

Source: TIMSS data, in The Economist March 29th, 1997, p.25

The lycée includes eight other streams, called séries technologiques:• sciences et technologies de la gestion (Management Sciences and Technologies, STG) (replaced sciences et

technologies tertiaires (Service Sciences and Technologies, STT) for the June 2007 Bac Exam)• sciences et technologies de l'industrie et du développement durable (Industrial Science and Technologies and

sustainable development, STI2D)• sciences et technologies de laboratoire (Laboratory Science and Technologies, STL)• sciences médico-sociales , (Health and Social Sciences SMS): The name was changed in 2007 and became:

Sciences et technologies de la santé et du social, (Sciences and Technologies in Health and Social ST2S)• sciences et technologies du produit agroalimentaire (Food Science and Technologies, STPA)• sciences et technologies de l'agronomie et de l'environnement (Agronomy and Environment Science and

Technologies, STAE)• techniques de la musique et de la danse (Music and Dance Techniques, TMD)• hôtellerie (Hotel and restaurants management)The STPA and STAE stream are only available in lycées agricoles, speciality schools for agricultural sciences.

Lycée professionnelThe lycée professionnel leads to several different vocational diplomas in all fields of study. The enrolled students arenot planning on getting a higher education, as the schooling is vocational training for craftspeople and throughinternships in companies. It is a good track for students more interested in a hands-on educational approach than inacademic schooling and learning.

References[1] " Children & families (http:/ / www. paris. fr/ portail/ english/ Portal. lut?page_id=8145& document_type_id=5& document_id=33668&

portlet_id=18796)." ( Archive (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 6Ab4dRjru)) City of Paris. Retrieved on 20 July 2010.[2] Jean-Michel Chapoulie. Les professeurs de l'enseignement secondaire : Un métier de classe moyenne. 01/01/87. Maison des Sciences de

l'Homme. p3. ISBN : 2-7351-0203-3.[3] ex : Lycée Henri IV[4] official statistics (ftp:/ / trf. education. gouv. fr/ pub/ edutel/ dpd/ rers2004/ chap4_12. pdf)

External links• French Ministry of Education (in French) (http:/ / www. education. gouv. fr/ index. php)• Bulletin Officiel (in French) (http:/ / www. education. gouv. fr/ bo/ default. htm)• Centre national de documentation pédagogique website (in French) (http:/ / www. cndp. fr/ secondaire/ )• The school system and education in France (in English) (http:/ / about-france. com/ primary-secondary-schools.

htm)

Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles 17

Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles

Front entrance of Lycée Louis-le-Grand, in Paris, one of the mostfamous Lycées providing access to Grandes écoles.

The classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles (CPGE),commonly called classes prépas or prépas, are part ofthe French post-secondary education system. Theyconsist of two very intensive years (extendable to threeor four years) which act as a preparatory course (orcram school) with the main goal of trainingundergraduate students for enrolment in one of thegrandes écoles. The workload is one of the highest inthe world [1] (between 35 and 40 contact hours a week,including written and oral exams).

The grandes écoles are higher educationestablishments. They include science & engineeringschools, business schools, and the three écolesnormales supérieures but do not include medicalinstitutes or architecture institutes. Due to theircompetitive entrance exams, having attended one of thegrandes écoles is often regarded as a status symbol onpaper as they have traditionally produced most ofFrance's scientists, executives and intellectuals. LycéeLouis-le-Grand, Lycée Henri-IV and Lycée privéSainte-Geneviève (nicknamed Ginette) are normallyconsidered as the top classes prépa (with usually lessthan 5% acceptance rate).

Hence, there are three kinds of different prépas: the Scientific, Business and Literary CPGE. Each of them prepare topass the competitive exams of those universities.

Admission

The CPGE are located within High schools due to historical reasons (Napoleon created them at first as fourth to sixthyear of High school) but pertain to tertiary education, which means that each student must have successfully passedtheir Baccalauréat (or equivalent) to be admitted to CPGE. Moreover, the admission to the CPGE is usually basedon performance during the last two years of High school, called Première and Terminale. Thus, each CPGE receivesthe files of hundreds of applicants worldwide every year during April and May, and selects its new students under itsown criteria (mostly excellency). A few CPGE programmes, mainly the private CPGEs (which account for 10% ofCPGEs), also have an interview process or look at a student's involvement in the community.

In June 2007, 534,300 students passed the "Baccalauréat", and 40,000 (7.5%)[2] of them were admitted to CPGE. Ona given class at one of the prep schools listed above, around 1500 application files will be examined for only 40places.[3] Students are selected according to their grades in High school and the first part of "Baccalauréat"(equivalent to A-levels in the United Kingdom or Advanced Placement in the United States).

Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles 18

DegreePreparatory classes are officially not authorized to deliver any degrees, however they give ECTS (i.e. universityequivalence) since the academic year 2007-2008 and students who decide to can carry on their studies atuniversity.[4]

However, many prépas also establish conventions with universities to validate a full 2nd or 3rd year degree forCPGE students who did their job well, especially in literary prépas ("Khâgne"), where the entrance exams are themost difficult and selective. Most of the students in these classes continue their cursus at the university, so theteachers' council can deliver them the corresponding grade in one or two disciplines at the end of the year (only up toa bachelor's degree for 3 years of CPGE).

Organization of CPGECPGE exist in three different fields of study: Science and Engineering, Business, and Humanities. All CPGEprograms have a nominal duration of two years, but the second year is sometimes repeated once.

Scientific CPGE

Schema representing various ways proposed in scientific CPGE.

The oldest CPGEs are the scientificones, which can only be accessed byscientific Bacheliers. The differenttracks are the following:

• MPSI, Mathématiques, Physiques,Sciences de l'Ingénieur("mathematics, physics, andengineering science") in the firstyear, followed by either MP("mathematics and physics") or PSI("physics and engineering science")

• PCSI, Physique, Chimie, Sciencesde l'Ingénieur ("physics, chemistry,and engineering science"), followedby PC ("physics and chemistry") or PSI ("physics and engineering science")

• PTSI, Physiques, Technologie, Sciences de l'Ingénieur ("physics, technology, and engineering science"), followedby PT ("physics and technology") or PSI ("physics and engineering science")

• TPC1, Technologie, Physique et Chimie ("Technology, physics and chemistry"), followed by TPC2• TSI1, Physiques, Technologie, Sciences Industrielles ("physics, technology, and industrial science"), followed by

TSI2• BCPST1, Biologie, Chimie, Physique, Sciences de la Terre ("biology, chemistry, physics and earth sciences")

followed by BCPST2The classes which especially train students for admission to the elite Écoles Normales Supérieures, ÉcolePolytechnique, École Centrale Paris or Mines ParisTech have an asterisk added to their name, e.g. MP*, are usuallycalled MP étoile ("MP star"). Both the first and second year programmes include as much as ten to twelve hours ofmathematics teaching per week, ten hours of physics, two hours of literature and philosophy, two to four hours of(one or two) foreign language(s) teaching and two to three hours of minor options: either SI, engineering industrialscience, chemistry or theoretical computer science (including some programming using the "Pascal", "CaML" orPython programming languages, as practical work). Added to this are several hours of homework, which can amountto as much as the official hours of class.

Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles 19

The BCPST classes prepare for exams of engineering schools of life sciences (agronomy, forestry, environmentaland food sciences) but also to veterinary schools. Compare to the other classes, it teaches biology.In scientific CPGE, the first year of CPGE is usually called the maths sup - or hypotaupe - (sup for "classe demathématiques supérieures", superior in French, meaning post-high school), and second year maths spé - or taupe -(spés for "classe de mathématiques spéciales", special in French). The students of these classes are called taupins.The word taupe means mole in French. Its signification comes from the lifestyle of students in classes preparatoires.Due to the intensive workload, students sacrifice their social life for the classes preparatoires years. They spend mostof their time studying inside and barely go outside.

Business CPGEThose CPGEs which are focused on economics (which prepare the admission to business schools) are known asPrépa HEC and are split into three parts:•• ECS1 (Economics and Commercial Scientific way), followed by ECS2•• ECE1 (Economics and Commercial Economics way), followed by ECE2•• ECT1 (Economics and Commercial Technological way), followed by ECT2Classe préparatoire ECS are for those who graduated with the general Baccalauréat S (Scientific), Classepréparatoire ECE are for those who were in the economics section in the Lycée (received the general BaccalauréatES (Economics and Social) ) whereas the Classe préparatoire ECT are for those who passed a BaccalauréatTechnologique .However, both the first and the second year programmes include ten hours of mathematics teaching per week andalso six hours of business history & geography, six hours of French & philosophy, and three hours of each language(2 languages) in the "ECS" section.The most famous business schools are HEC, ESSEC Business School and ESCP (these three schools are called lesParisiennes).Other grandes écoles de commerce are found outside Paris, some highly selective like:•• EMLYON Business School• École de Hautes Études Commerciales du Nord (EDHEC)•• Audencia School of Management•• Grenoble Ecole de Management•• Reims Management School•• Rouen Business School•• Toulouse Business School• KEDGE Business School [5]

There is also the D1 and D2 CPGE, also known as ENS Cachan CPGE:•• D1 (law and economy): the studients go both to university of law and to CPGE's School. They study Civil Law,

Economy, and they choose Business Law, Public Law or Mathematics; one language (mostly English, German,Spanish and Italian), but they can study a second language for the Ecoles de commerce, and general culture. Inuniversity, they study Constitutional Law, Penal Law and Administrative Law. In the end of the two years,studients go to ENS Cachan, Ecole de commerce, Sciences Po or some selective University of Law. This CPGE isopen for Baccalauréats L, ES and S.

•• D2 (economy and management): the studients go both to university of economy or mathematics and to CPGE'sSchool.

D1 and D2 are very unknown but they offer a complete and multidisciplinary training.

Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles 20

Literary and humanities CPGEThe literary and humanities CPGEs are focused on a strong pluri-disciplinar cursus, including all humanities:Philosophy, Literature, History, Geography, Foreign languages, and ancient languages (latin and ancient greek).These prépas have also their own nicknames: "Hypokhâgne" for the first year and "Khâgne" for the second year. Thestudents are called the "Hypokhâgneux" and the "Khâgneux". These classes prepare to the entrance exam of the forelite schools called Écoles Normales Supérieures, which are considered among the most difficult exams of theFrench system. Nevertheless, the students can nowadays also apply to many other entrance exams.Thee are three types of Khâgne:• Khâgne "Ulm", which prepares more specifically to the A/L entrance exam of the ENS Paris;• Khâgne "Lyon", which prepares more specifically to the A/L entrance exam of the ENS Lyon;•• Khâgne "B/L", which prepares for the B/L entrance exam of the three ENS. Its specificity is the presence of

mathematics and social sciences.Nowadays, due to the grouping of many examinations, the difference between khâgnes "Lyon" and "Ulm" is slight,and lots of prépas have mixed classes with many students preparing both ENS (or even the three for Englishspecialists).Khâgneux can apply to many Grandes écoles, other high schools and all universities, among which:• The 3 "Écoles Normales Supérieures": ENS Paris, ENS Lyon, ENS Cachan (the last one being only for B/L or

English specialists)• The École des Chartes• The main French business schools (through complementary examinations at the final exam): HEC, ESSEC,

ESCP, EM...• The main Instituts d'études politiques ("Sciences Po")• Many journalism and communication schools (CELSA...)

Life in a CPGE

The "Khôlle"The amount of work required of the students is exceptionally high.[6] In addition to class time and homework,students spend several hours each week completing exams and colles (very often written "khôlles" to look like aGreek word, this way of writing being initially a "khâgneux" joke). The so-called "colles" are unique to Frenchacademic education in CPGEs. They consist of oral examinations twice a week, in maths, physics, chemistry,biology and earth sciences (in BCPST classes), French and a foreign language, usually English, German or Spanish.Students, usually in groups of three, spend an hour facing a professor alone in a room, answering questions andsolving problems. In "Prépa HEC", students are taken every two weeks in maths, history, philosophy, and in theirtwo chosen languages (usually English and Spanish/German).In "Hypokhâgne/Khâgne", the system of "colles" is a bit different. They are taken every quarter in every subject.Students usually have 1 hour to prepare a short presentation that takes the form of a French-style dissertation (amethodologically codified essay, typically structured in 3 parts: thesis, counter-thesis, and synthesis) in history,philosophy, etc. on a given topic, or that of a commentaire composé (a methodologically codified commentary) inliterature and foreign languages; as for the Ancient Greek or Latin, they involve a translation and a commentary. Thestudent then has 20 minutes to present his prepared work (so just one part of his work) to the teacher, who ends thesession by asking some questions on the presentation and on the corresponding topic."Khôlles" are important as they prepare the students, from the very first year, for the oral part of the competitiveexamination.

Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles 21

The "5/2"When a student (in Scientific CPGE) repeats his second year, he gets the status of cinq demis ("five halves"), beforehe was only a trois demis ("three halves") during his first second-year, and un demi ("one half") in his first year. Theexplanation behind those names is that the most coveted engineering school is the École Polytechnique, nicknamedthe "X" (as the mathematical unknown). And if a student integrates (in French, a student is said to "integrate aschool" when he is allowed to enroll in it) this school between his first and second year of preparatory class, as theintegral of x from 1 to 2 is "3/2", he is traditionally called a 3/2 .

The same idea is valid for cinq demis: the integral of x from 2 to 3 is "5/2".

Students in their first year of Literary and Business CPGEs are called bizuths, and in their second year, carrés("squares"). Students enrolled in their "second" second year are also called cubes (or "Khûbes"), and a few turn toBicarrés for a third and final second year. Some ambitious professors encourage their top students to eschew orpostpone admittance to other prestigious schools in order to try to get a better school.

References[1] http:/ / www. ensma. fr/ front/ page. php?id=202& langue=2[2] Figures (http:/ / www. enseignementsup-recherche. gouv. fr/ cid20709/

taux-d-inscription-immediate-des-bacheliers-dans-les-filieres-d-enseignement-superieur. html)[3] http:/ / www. peep. asso. fr/ upload/ pdf/ 2890. Post_Bac_attractivite_academie_paris_cpge_et_autres. pdf[4] http:/ / www. letudiant. fr/ etudes/ classes-prepa/ prepa-echec-reorientation-12150/ rebondir-apres-une-prepa-grace-aux-credits-ects-18589.

html[5] http:/ / www. kedgebs. com/[6] http:/ / www. letudiant. fr/ parents/ choisir-sa-formation/ et-sil-tentait-une-classe-prepa-10925. html L'Etudiant: "Et si votre enfant tentait une

classe prépa ?"

External links• http:/ / www. scei-concours. fr/ - The French committee for admission exams to engineering "Grandes écoles".

(French)

• http:/ / www. concours-bce. com - The French committee for admission exams to business schools "Grandesécoles". (French)

• http:/ / prepas. org/ accueil. htm - The CPGE teachers associations' Web Portal. (French)

• http:/ / prepas. org/ ProgrammesCPGE/ - School programs (French)

• http:/ / www. infoprepa. com - Information page about Business CPGE. (French)

Article Sources and Contributors 22

Article Sources and ContributorsEducation in France  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586388481  Contributors: 16@r, 21655, A3 nm, A8UDI, Aaker, Abce2, Acebulf, ActivExpression, Addshore, Adjdi,Aftereight, Alan McBrazil Burger, Aliesin, Altenmann, Am13gore, AndrewHowse, AndrewTJ31, Anger22, Anneyh, Aranel, Babylone, Beatlesnicole, Ben Ben, Ben2194, BernardM,BigPapiFan34, Blossomfleur, Bobsky, Bongbang, Bovlb, Brambleclawx, Brian the Editor, Brouillards, Browntrout380, Bvrino, Bydand, Caltas, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadianism, CarlLogan, Carnildo, Cassiopella, Ccarroll, Celyndel, Charles Matthews, Chipmunkdavis, Chris the speller, Christophe Alexandre, Ckpinna, Clive sweeting, Corvus Park, Cuteygirl5000, DVdm,Dahliarose, Dangherous, Danski14, David.Monniaux, DavidSpanel, Davidfollsom, DennyColt, Deonbajrami, Dewritech, Dirkbb, Discospinster, DocWatson42, Dogposter, Doveeree, ESkog,Edward, Edwardando, Epbr123, EricSerge, Erwann, Evilreddot, Excirial, Exiledoz, FJM, Fgouget, Fishwristwatch, Flambe, Folkvanger, Fraggle81, Francois Trazzi, François Rey, GaiusCornelius, GigiRouen, Gilliam, Giraffedata, Glane23, Gowtham100, Green Giant, Grungyman, Guoguo12, Hektor, Heroeswithmetaphors, Hu.alexandre, Icairns, Igoldste, Imgorkha, Iridescent,Itsmejudith, J 1982, J.delanoy, JFG, JForget, JSpung, JackAttackFR, Jackaranga, JdeJ, Jeff G., Jnestorius, Joedeshon, JohnCD, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kaihsu, Kangaroopower, Kcgrant,Keds0, Keian Rao, Keilana, Keke501, Kendrick7, Kessler, Khazar2, Killvictoria, Korg, KuroiShiroi, L Kensington, L'œuf, Levg, Lewinzhang, Lightdarkness, Lilyu, Lincolnite, Lizmerry, Lo2u,Lookingforward, Lot49a, Ludoesch, Madmedea, Marek69, MarkGallagher, Marlow4, MasterKiller, Maulor, Med, Metropolitan90, Mets501, Michael Hardy, Milton Stanley, Mleborgn,Moilleadóir, Montgomery '39, MrChupon, MyPOV, N419BH, NCurse, Naryathegreat, NicDumZ, NicolasJz, Nina phunsta, Nipisiquit, NobiliAddict, Noyrotbart, O.Koslowski, Ocilya42,Officegunner, OliverStadon, Olivier, Omnipaedista, Opakapaka, Ophiccius, Oxymoron83, Paranomia, Paris75000, Penguin73, Per Honor et Gloria, PhilKnight, PhnomPencil, Plyd, Pyfan,Pyrignis, Qirex, Quinsareth, Quisquillian, R'n'B, Radagast83, Random user 8384993, Rich257, RichardF, Rivolad, Rmky87, Rocketrod1960, Rolgiati, Ronhjones, Rudyisaho, Sceptre,SchreiberBike, SchuminWeb, Seaphoto, ShakeUrKitty, Sheeana, Shmget, Simon12, Skull33, Slakr, Slashedzero, Smart194, Snoyes, Spartaz, Str1977, Suffusion of Yellow, Taylor brat,Taylor4452, Tazmaniacs, TeaDrinker, Tedder, Tgeairn, The Cunctator, The Random Editor, The Thing That Should Not Be, The wub, TheRedPenOfDoom, Tiddly Tom, Tim Ross, Tizoc, TobyJ,Tomchen1989, Tpbradbury, Tremello, Unmitigated Success, VandalCruncher, Vanished user uih38riiw4hjlsd, VictorVVV, Viridian, Vishnu2011, Vonsche, WGee, Wayne Slam, West.andrew.g,WhisperToMe, Whpq, Will Xiu, Win118neo, Woohookitty, YellowMonkey, Yintan, Zahid Abdassabur, Zonnom, Zzuuzz, 707 anonymous edits

Secondary education in France  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586813818  Contributors: Aesma, Alex.muller, Alibaba, Am13gore, AndreasJS, Angie Y., Atif.t2,Balacifico du mible, Bdel63, Benj61820, Biker Biker, Bobsky, Boston, Bruguiea, CBM, CSWarren, Chris the speller, Christian Lassure, Cmdrjameson, Correogsk, Count Iblis, Curb Chain,DMahalko, Dahliarose, David.Monniaux, DeadEyeArrow, DerHexer, DocWatson42, Epbr123, FJM, Fantastic fred, Faradayplank, Felix Laube, Flyers13, France.educ, GreatWhiteNortherner,Gryffon, Gökhan, Harry Wood, Hektor, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, J.delanoy, Jespinos, Joefromrandb, JohnInDC, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jusdu83400, Kaori, Kappa, King of Hearts, Kuyi123w,Kwamikagami, LAX, Lesgles, Logan, Lpm, Lradrama, Magioladitis, Mahmudmasri, Man vyi, Materialscientist, Maxim, Mentifisto, Miuki, Mlstros, Mogism, Moilleadóir, Moonriddengirl,Nlsanand, Noiratsi, Olivier, Padex, Per Honor et Gloria, Pharillon, Picapica, Pimlottc, Prsephone1674, RJFJR, Rcsprinter123, Remurmur, Rhadamante, Sagaciousuk, Schutz, ScottDavis, Skowa,Styxyn, Sweetylee1994, Tabletop, Taggemerii, The Cunctator, Tide rolls, Tp2357, Trista, Truth or consequences-2, Uncle G, Wayne Slam, WhisperToMe, Woohookitty, 175 anonymous edits

Classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=586466930  Contributors: A3 nm, Adjdi, AldoSyrt, Anthony Appleyard, Celyndel, ChoLeChu,Download, Encolpe, Enfuite, Espoo, F3et, Fanfwah, FredD, Gacgorge, Guy1890, Hektor, Iohannes Animosus, Iokseng, JanvonBismarck, Jeff.fts, Jordangirardin, Julien Schmid, Jørdan,Ketsuekigata, Korg, L'œuf, Lazare3, MathieuLeocmach, Matthieu.berthome, Maxicar, Michigan.scholi, Mogism, NicDumZ, Nucleos, Olivier, Ophiccius, Padex, Poppy, Proaichif, ProgVal,Pruneau, QuasarFR, Radagast83, Rjanag, Slr1985, Timflutre, Valetudinaire, VictorVVV, Vparbelle, Xood, YvelinesFrance, 291 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 23

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:EducationFr.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EducationFr.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Thomas SteinerImage:French school zones.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:French_school_zones.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: ChrisDHDRFile:Flag of Singapore.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of Japan.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of South Korea.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: VariousFile:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: special commission (ofcode): SVG version by cs:-xfi-. Colors according to Appendix No. 3 of czech legal Act 3/1993. cs:Zirland.File:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bean49, Cathy Richards, DavidDescamps, Dbenbenn, Denelson83, Evanc0912, Fry1989, Gabriel trzy, Howcome, IvanOS, Mimich, Ms2ger, Nightstallion, Oreo Priest, Pitke, Ricordisamoa, Rocket000, Rodejong, SiBr4, SirIain, ThomasPusch, Warddr, Zscout370, 7 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Designed byFile:Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of Slovenia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Achim1999File:Flag of Austria.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Austria.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Slovakia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Flag of Hungary.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SKoppFile:Flag of Australia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Australia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Russia.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370File:Flag of Switzerland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Marc Mongenet Credits: User:-xfi-User:Zscout370File:Flag of Ireland.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Canada.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Canada.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of England.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_England.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Sweden.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of Thailand.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Zscout370File:Flag of Israel.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of theFlag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flagis not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flaglegislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm × 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained).File:Flag of Germany.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of France.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:Flag of New Zealand.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Achim1999, Adabow, Adambro, ArriaBelli, Avenue, Bawolff, Bjankuloski06en, ButterStick, Cycn, Denelson83, Donk, Duduziq, EugeneZelenko, Fred J, Fry1989, George Ho, Hugh Jass, Ibagli, Jusjih, Klemen Kocjancic,MAXXX-309, Mamndassan, Mattes, Nightstallion, O, Peeperman, Poromiami, Reisio, Rfc1394, Sarang, Shizhao, SiBr4, Tabasco, TintoMeches, Transparent Blue, Väsk, Xufanc, Zscout370, 41anonymous editsFile:Flag of Norway.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Norway.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: DbenbennFile:Flag of Denmark.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:MaddenFile:Vesoul Lycée des Haberges.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vesoul_Lycée_des_Haberges.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Nerio9File:Lycee Rennes DSC08932.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lycee_Rennes_DSC08932.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: User:David.MonniauxImage:Lycee Louis-le-Grand.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lycee_Louis-le-Grand.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Carcharoth(Commons), ParaImage:Classes préparatoires scientifiques.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Classes_préparatoires_scientifiques.svg  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors:User:ProgVal

License 24

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/