Chapter 7- Respiratory System

Individual work

The respiratory system (or ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment.

In air-breathing vertebrates, respiration takes place in the respiratory organs called lungs. The passage of air into the lungs to supply the body with oxygen is known as inhalation, and the passage of air out of the lungs to expel carbon dioxide is known as exhalation; this process is collectively called breathing or ventilation. In humans and other mammals, the anatomical features of the respiratory system include include trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and diaphragm. Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood. This exchange process occurs in the alveoli air sacs in the lungs.

I think that the function of the respiratory system closely overlaps with all of the other body systems. If we look at the cycles in the body: You take a breath in, the oxygen goes to the heart (the cardiovascular system) where it is distributed to the rest of the body because cells need oxygen for energy, especially the muscles (the muscular system) and the brain (the nervous system). These are the systems that are closest related to the respiratory system, but these systems then affect all the other systems. The body is an interrelated systems with all of the systems affecting all the other systems. In my opinion, the respiratory is the most important (the father) system because without oxygen we would die almost immediately.

Pneumonia

After reeding the chapter ’’Pneumonia’’,my level of knowledge has increased by various aspects:i have learned that pneumonia is an inflammatory disease of thelungs that may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.The lung’s inflammation is caused by different agents and chemicals.The symtoms who appears are chest pain,spitting of blood and mucoprulent sputum.Also,some pneumonias affect only a lobe of the lung (lobar pneumonia),but some are more diffuse (broncho-pneumonia).

Exercices

The following activities provide review of the respiratory system terms introduced in this chapter. Complete each activity and review your answers to evaluate your understanding of the chapter.Learning Activity 7-1Identifying Respiratory StructuresLabel the following illustration using the terms listed below.adenoids larynx parietal pleuraalveoli left lung pleural cavitybronchi mediastinum pulmonary capillariesbronchiole nasal cavity right lungdiaphragm nasopharynx tracheaepiglottis oropharynx visceral pleuralaryngopharynx palatine tonsils

NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX Palatine tonsils LARYNGOPHARYNX epiglottis LARYNX

TRACHEA BRONCHI

mediastinum bronchioleRight lung

Visceral pleura left lung diaphragm

pleural cavity

bronchioli alveoli

ADENOIDS

Building Medical Words pulmonary capillariesUse rhin/o (nose) to build words that mean:1. discharge from the nose -RHINORRHEA2. inflammation of (mucous membranes of the) nose - RHINITISUse laryng/o (larynx [voice box]) to build words that mean:3. visual examination of larynx -LARYNGOSCOPY4. inflammation of larynx -LARYNGITIS5. stricture or narrowing of the larynx -LARYNGOSTENOSIS

Use bronch/o or bronchi/o (bronchus) to build words that mean:6. dilation or expansion of the bronchus -BRONCHIECTASIS7. disease of the bronchus -BRONCHOPATY8. spasm of the bronchus -BRONCHOSPASM

Use pneumon/o or pneum/o (air; lung) to build words that mean:9. air in the chest (pleural space) –PNEUMOTHORAX 10. inflammation of lungs-PNEUMONITIS

Use pulmon/o (lung) to build words that mean:11. specialist in lung (diseases)-PULMONOLOGIST12. pertaining to the lung -PULMONARY

Use -pnea (breathing) to build words that mean:13. difficult breathing -DYSPNEA14. slow breathing -BRADYPNEA15. rapid breathing -TRACHYPNEA16. absence of breathing -APNEA

Build surgical words that mean:17. surgical repair of the nose-RHINOPLASTY18. surgical puncture of the chest -THORACOCENTESIS19. removal of a lung -PULMONECTOMY20. forming an opening (mouth) in the trachea -TRACHEOSTOMY

Matching Pathological, Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Terms

Match the following terms with the definitions in the numbered list.

anosmia consolidation empyema pneumoconiosisapnea coryza epistaxis pulmonary edemaatelectasis crackle hypoxemia stridorauscultation deviated septum pertussis surfactantcompliance emphysema pleurisy tubercles

1.ATELECTASIS-collapsed or airless lung2.EMPYEMA- pus in the pleural cavity3. SURFACTANT-phospholipid that allows the lungs to expand with ease4.CONSOLIDATION- loss of sponginess of lungs due to engorgement5. AUSCULTATION-listening to the chest sounds using a stethoscope6. ANOSMIA-absence or decrease in the sense of smell7. HYPOXEMIA-deficiency of oxygen in the blood8. TUBERCLES-granulomas associated with tuberculosis9. APNEA- temporary loss of breathing10.EMPHYSEMA-disease characterized by a decrease in alveolar elasticity11.COMPLIANCE-ease with which lung tissue can be stretched12. EPISTAXIS-nosebleed; nasal hemorrhage13. PULMONARY EDEMA- excessive fluid in the lungs that induces cough and dyspnea14.CRAKLE- abnormal respiratory sound associated with exudates, spasms, orhyperplasia15. DEVIATED SEPTUM-displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils16. CORYZA-head cold; upper respiratory infection17. PNEUMONOCONIOSIS-condition in which dust particles are found in the lungs18. PLEURISY-inflammation of the pleural membrane19. STRIDOR-abnormal sound caused by spasms or swelling of larynx20. PERTUSSIS-whooping cough

Matching Procedures, Pharmacology, and AbbreviationsMatch the following terms with the definitions in the numbered list. ABGs antral lavage Mantoux test radiographyAerosol therapy decongestant oximetry rhinoplastyAFB expectorant pneumectomy septoplastyAntihistamine laryngoscopy polysomnography sweat testantitussive lung scan pulmonary function tests throat culture

1. LUNG SCAN-imaging procedure that uses radionuclide to evaluate blood flow inthe lungs2. POLYSOMNOGRAPHY-test of sleep cycles and stages3. RADIOGRAPHY-producing images using an x-ray machine4. ANTRAL LAVAGE- washing or irrigating sinuses5. ANTIHISTAMINE-sneezing, runny nose, itchiness, and rashes6. ANTITUSSIVE-relieves or suppresses coughing

7. SWEAT TEST-used primarily in children to confirm cystic fibrosis8. OXIMETRY-noninvasive test used to monitor percentage of hemoglobin saturatedwith oxygen9. AFB-TB organism10.AEROSOL THERAPY- inhalation of medication directly into the respiratory system via a nebulizer11.DECONGESTANT- decreases mucous membrane swelling by constricting blood vessels12. MANTOUX TEST-intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity13. ABGs-laboratory tests to assess gases and pH of arterial blood14.EXPECTORANT- reduces the viscosity of sputum to facilitate productive coughing15.THROAT CULTURE- used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci16. PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS-multiple tests used to determine the ability of lungs and capillary membranes to exchange oxygen17.LARYNGOSCOPY- visual examination of the voice box to detect tumors and otherabnormalities18. SEPTOPLASTY-surgery to correct a deviated nasal septum19.PNEUMECTOMY- excision of the entire lung20. RHINOPLASTY-reconstructive surgery of the nose, commonly for cosmetic purposes

Group work

Group name: ”The Vital Team”

Motto: “Do not teach others what you want, not teach what you know, you teach what you are... "

Our group consists of me and another two colleagues,Munteanu Madalina and Bordianu Catalina (that have chosen the respiratory and cardiovascular system).

The principal methods for a better learning are: direct learning through personal experience, learning through discovery, creative and inventive, informational learning. Most students don’t ask questions beyond learning vocabulary or learning the sequential steps of a process.   They are looking for facts to memorize, not information to link together or fit into an organized schematic.

They are not thinking or learning in a relational way, linking information

and things together or comparing them or even necessarily trying to figure out how they relate to each other in more than the most basic way.  They were mostly memorizing. If students learn to think more openly and creatively they are likely to make more lasting connections between things they learn, see and experience. 

We were thinking, for a better comprehension of the systems involved and for achieving medical word terminology, to draw a puzzle with images and words, so that when we put the pieces together, we will learn new terms. Also, we were thinking of making cross-words in order to answer questions and to find diseases or symptoms.

Another useful technique is Mind Map. It is a powerful graphic technique which provides a universal key to unlocking the potential of the brain. The Mind Map can be applied to every aspect of life where improved learning and clearer thinking will enhance human performance. We believe it works for teaching medicine as well.

Reflection

The first part of this study involved determining the ideal knowledge, skills and attitudes that medical students should have at the end of this semester.

I liked the idea of working both individually and in group and also that we had the freedom to choose what we want,what chapter we liked more.

I worked with pleasure on this project,thinking it’s something to help us better understanding medical terminology.I learned many new

words,I have grown on my personal level understanding complicated words formation with suffixes and prefixes,I enriched medical vocabulary with terms and disease.

Also I liked the group part because I have improved my skills of communication.As an idea for the future I would really live more group projects because we need the collaborate with each other.