Site Portfolio version 2 20110810

CGIAR Research Program Climate Change,

Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

Initial Sites in the CCAFS Regions: Eastern Africa, West Africa and Indo-‐Gangetic Plains

Version 2, August 2011

Wiebke Förch, Patti Kristjanson, Philip Thornton

(Maps by Jusper Kiplimo)

CCAFS Site Portfolios

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Correct citation: Förch Wiebke, Kristjanson Patti, Thornton Philip and Jusper Kiplimo. 2011. Initial Sites in the CCAFS Regions: Eastern Africa, West Africa and Indo-Gangetic Plains, Version 2. CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org. Published by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). CCAFS is a strategic partnership of the CGIAR and the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP). The program is supported by the European Union, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, the Danish International Development Agency (Danida), the UK Department for International Development (DFID), Irish Aid, and Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Portugal (IICT) with technical support from IFAD. The views expressed in this document cannot be taken to reflect the official opinions of these agencies, nor the official position of the CGIAR or ESSP. CCAFS Coordinating Unit - Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 21, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Tel: +45 35331046; email: [email protected] © 2011 CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)

This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. This publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. Program supported by:


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Introduction The CGIAR Research Program Climate Change, Agriculture, Food Security (CCAFS) is a new 10-‐year research initiative launched by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

and the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP). CCAFS seeks to overcome the threats to agriculture and food security in a changing climate, exploring new ways of helping vulnerable rural communities adjust to global changes in climate. CCAFS brings together the world’s best researchers in agricultural

science, development research, climate science, and Earth System science to identify and address the most important interactions, synergies and trade-‐offs between climate change, agriculture and food security. CCAFS also involves farmers, policy makers, donors, non-‐governmental organizations and other

stakeholders to integrate their knowledge and needs into the tools and approaches that are being developed. The overall goal of CCAFS is to overcome the additional threats posed by a changing climate to achieving food security, enhancing livelihoods and improving environmental management. In

2010/2011, CCAFS is initially focusing on three regions: Eastern Africa (EA), West Africa (WA) and the Indo-‐Gangetic Plains (IBP). This report outlines the site selection process (of current and future sites) and provides a brief overview of the initially selected CCAFS sites.

Region selection for initial (Challenge Program) regions While there are many regions in the developing world that warrant research investment in relation to climate change, agriculture and food security, as a new program, it was necessary for CCAFS to choose a few initial target regions and sites where new research activities could be initiated. The three initial

focus regions are Eastern Africa (EA), West Africa (WA) and the Indo-‐Gangetic Plains (IGP). These were selected in the lead-‐up to the final challenge program proposal (see CCAFS Report No. 1, available at: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/content/publications#scenarios), largely because they represent areas that are

becoming both drier and wetter, and they were felt to be focal areas that will generate results that can be applied and adapted in other regions worldwide as the program evolves. These three regions were also chosen because together they match these and the following criteria to an even greater extent than

other possible initial focus regions (e.g. southern Africa, Latin America):

• Poverty and vulnerability: high degree of vulnerability to climate, large poor and vulnerable populations, drivers of vulnerability that extend beyond the focus region.

• Complementary set of social, cultural and institutional contexts. • Complementary climatic contexts, with different temporal and spatial scales of climate variability

and degrees of predictability. • Significant but contrasting climate-‐related problems and opportunities for intervention. • Security, governance, institutional capacity that favour likelihood of generating transferable results.

Within both EA and WA, large rural populations who depend on rain-‐fed, cereal-‐based subsistence agriculture in the sub-‐humid and semi-‐arid zones and on pastoralism in the arid zones are highly vulnerable to climate variability and sensitive to any future changes of climate. Increasing frequency and

severity of episodic climate shocks – primarily drought – have led to major food crises in the drylands of both regions, with resultant loss of lives and livelihoods, and a cycle of costly disaster relief competing with long-‐term development for scarce resources.


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The climate of WA is characterized by a strong latitudinal rainfall gradient that determines cropping systems, and by dramatic fluctuations in the rainfall regime at multi-‐decadal time-‐scales. These amplify

the substantial year-‐to-‐year rainfall variability, and provide an opportunity to look historically at climate-‐driven shifts in crops and at past adaptations to changes in rainfall regime. The region suffers from widespread land degradation particularly in the semi-‐arid Sudano-‐Sahelian zone, but benefits from

policy support for regional drought management and for intra-‐regional trade facilitated by a common currency across the Francophone countries. In contrast, EA exhibits strong spatial heterogeneity of climate, topography, agro-‐ecosystems, livelihoods and environmental challenges. Temperature

gradients associated with elevation often determine where subsistence agriculture versus higher-‐value horticultural and plantation agriculture (e.g. tea, coffee) are possible. Rainfall predictability at a seasonal lead time (of 2-‐3 months) is relatively high in EA, providing opportunity to support risk management.

The Indo-‐Gangetic Plains (IGP) within South Asia has been characterized by fertile soils, rice-‐wheat

systems, a largely favourable climate and abundant surface and groundwater, providing the basis for food security for the several hundred millions of people in the region. Yet the region is considered to be highly vulnerable to climate change due to its huge population, predominance of agriculture, a relatively

limited and depleting resource base, and projected large changes in climatic risks. The western region, with high investment in infrastructure and institutions, effective policy support, and intensive agriculture, faces greater future risks due to increasing episodes of heat and droughts, and over-‐

exploitation of natural resources, especially groundwater. The eastern region, with poor infrastructure, low agricultural productivity and limited human capital, already faces high risk of flooding and drought. These risks are projected to increase over the next few decades.

While drought is clearly a major threat for many parts of Africa and South Asia, CCAFS must consider a

holistic view of a changing climate; and wetter conditions, if too wet, may be equally problematic. In areas of increasing rainfall, there is a need to maximise the opportunities that climate change will bring.

The three proposed initial CCAFS focus regions offer the full range of anticipated conditions that will allow CCAFS to take this broader view.

Site selection and sampling frame The site selection process CCAFS followed was based upon two principles: 1) recognition of the need to build strong partnerships with a range of actors (NGO’s, government agencies, national agricultural

research extension systems (NARES), farmer groups and private sector) already working in these areas, without whom impact on sustainable poverty reduction and improved food security would not be possible; 2) the desire to build on existing structures, institutions, projects and programs and not ‘start

from scratch’.

Thus the site selection process started in 2010 with a comprehensive look at what was already happening, where and with whom, in collaboration with CGIAR partners and regional stakeholders within each of the three target regions. This wide range of stakeholders assisted in choosing sites where

an agreed-‐upon set of criteria were met (see table 1).


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Table 1: CCAFS Site Selection Criteria

Criterion A set of research locations representing key biophysical and agro-‐ecological gradients of the respective regions Research locations that represent the key socio-‐economic and (where relevant) demographic gradients for the region, including extent of urbanization and gendered participation in different agricultural production systems Research sites that lie along gradients of anticipated temperature and precipitation change Research sites that lie along gradients of current and anticipated land use pressure Research sites that represent different institutional (e.g. land tenure) arrangements. Similarly, gradients of significant difference in political and governance history Sites that have significant but contrasting climate-‐related problems and opportunities for intervention High potential sites, i.e. where impact is likely to be achieved: sites that build on ongoing CGIAR and national research infrastructure and research sites, and thus have good existing data on historical weather records; characterization of the natural resource base; detailed, longitudinal data on agricultural production; detailed, longitudinal socio-‐economic and demographic data at the household and village settlement/district level; data on the food system; and data on historical events and shocks experienced in relation to food security in the site Governance and institutional capacity that favour the likelihood of scaling up and generating transferable results Local champions knowledgeable about the site and available for/committed to collaborative work with CCAFS A network of regional partners that will facilitate scaling up Sites that have mitigation/carbon sequestration potential Sites that are safe to work in, i.e. have good security for research teams Research sites that are physically accessible and have the minimum logistical comforts for conducting research Marginal sites with high vulnerability where impact will be difficult to achieve but where the need for innovative solutions to poverty and climate change vulnerability may be greatest

Relatively large and ill-‐defined areas were initially selected for consideration. These sites typically

include several adjacent districts. They could serve as the initial focus of CCAFS partnership-‐building and long-‐term research activities falling within the following CCAFS Research Themes:

• Adaptation to Progressive Climate Change • Adaptation through Managing Climate Risk • Pro-‐Poor Climate Change Mitigation

CCAFS, together with its local partners, then identified 10 x 10 km sampling frames where the site selection criteria were met. This sampling frame was chosen based on consultation with CCAFS’s

statistical advisory group for several reasons (see the household baseline survey manual for a detailed description of the sampling protocols). This will allow CCAFS/partner research teams to link socio-‐economic research with land-‐use analyses and carbon measurements partially based on satellite images,

for example. In some countries (i.e. WA and Ethiopia), 30 x 30 km sampling frames were chosen because of lower population densities and larger distances between villages, thus ensuring the criteria


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for household survey sampling were met in all regions. The sites were selected to include as much variation as possible between sites within each of the target regions. It is recognized that different

research activities will be conducted at different scales, and thus it is understood that some research activities will be conducted at within the 10km x 10km sampling frame, while other activities will be conducted at the broader district level (or other such level) and yet other activities will be conducted at

the national level.

A preliminary set of 36 sites was selected in 2010 in order to initiate baseline survey implementation. It is explicitly recognized that the initial set of sites may be augmented over time (as new priorities and opportunities emerge), that some sites may receive more attention than others, and it is possible that

some sites may be phased out (if priorities change over time). Additional sites and partners will be added as research priorities for CCAFS are co-‐developed with local and regional partners. Beyond the baseline surveys undertaken in each of the sites, work is underway defining ‘climate analogues’ – areas

where the projected climate in 2030 matches the current climate at each site.

Version 2 of this document includes the first changes that have been made to the set of sites. The seven sites in Punjab/Haryana (India) have been replaced by one site for methodological reasons. An additional site has been added in Kenya.

Through CCAFS’s partner organizations (see table 2), implementation of household baseline surveys in

these initial sites has been underway in late 2010 and early 2011. This survey effort aims to gather baseline information at the household-‐level about some basic indicators of welfare, information sources, livelihood/agriculture/natural resource management strategies, needs and uses of climate and

agricultural-‐related information and current risk management, mitigation and adaptation practices. The household baseline survey will be supplemented by village baseline surveys in mid-‐2011. The plan is to

revisit these households and villages after roughly 5 years, and again in 10 years, to monitor what changes have occurred since the baseline survey was carried out. The goal is not to attribute these changes to CCAFS, as multiple partners and interventions are already underway in these sites, but to be

able to assess what kinds of changes have occurred and whether these changes are helping households adapt to, and mitigate, climate change.

Other components of the project require information about land (such as the extent of practices that impact on GHG emissions or soil carbon) and the household measurements will be complemented by a

land-‐based measurement scheme within the same sampling unit (10 x 10 km), for which a standard protocol has been developed (http://www.africasoils.net/).

Table 2: CCAFS partner organizations implementing the household level baseline surveys

Country Site(s) Survey Team Leader(s)

Institution Email

Eastern Africa (EA) Kenya Lower Nyando Joash Mango ICRAF-‐Kisumu [email protected] Tanzania Lushoto

District Charles Lyamchai; Pius Yanda

Selien Ag Research Institute (SARI); Univ of Dar es Salaam

[email protected]; [email protected]


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Uganda Albertine Rift; Kagera River Basin

Florence Kyazze; Drake Mubiru

Makarere Univ; NARO

[email protected]; [email protected]

Ethiopia Borana Solomon Desta; Getachew Gebru; Seyoum Tezera

Managing Risk for Improved Livelihoods (MARIL)

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Indo-‐Gangetic Plains (IGP) India Bihar (7 sites) RKP Singh Consultant ICRISAT-‐

ICAR [email protected]

India Punjab/Haryana (7 sites)

Anish Chatterjee Action for Food Production (AFPRO)

[email protected]

Bangladesh Coastal zone (7 sites)

Dwijen Mallick Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS)

[email protected]

Nepal Southern Nepal (5 sites)

Chiranjibi Adhikari

Center for Environmental and Agricultural Policy Research, Extension and Development (CEAPRED)

[email protected]

West Africa (WA) Regional

coordination Keffing Sissoko; Kassoum Dieye; Baba Traore

Institut du Sahel (INSAH)

[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Mali Segou Dr. Diakit; Aichatou Diarra

IER [email protected]

Niger Kollo Moussa Boureima

INRAN [email protected]

Burkina Faso

Yatenga INERA

Senegal Kaffrine Moussa Sal ISRA [email protected] Ghana Lawra-‐Jirapa Jesse Naab FARA [email protected]

In brief, the following steps were taken in the site selection process:

1. Review and collation by a consultant and the CCAFS team, in collaboration with the CG-‐wide ICT-‐KM program, in early 2010 of existing climate change and agriculture-‐related initiatives, both inside and outside the CGIAR across the 3 target CCAFS regions. Numerous partners and donors

were consulted during this period, particularly the CG centre ‘climate focal points’ in an attempt to better understand all the existing CG work related to climate change and incorporate descriptions (the what, where and with whom) in the CCAFS database as well as adding them to

CGMAP (www.cgmap.cgiar.org ), an online interactive map showing where CG projects are located. Summary tables of the CCAFS database on on-‐going initiatives will be made available.

2. A process towards site selection was discussed at a large global stakeholder meeting held in

Nairobi in May 2010 (http://www.ccafs.cgiar.org/content/planning-‐workshop-‐report), including augmenting and improving the database of on-‐going projects, and consulting with regional organisations CG and NARES researchers, development, government and private sector partners.


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3. Criteria for site selection were discussed at the Nairobi stakeholder meeting in May 2010. These criteria centred on: opportunities to build on comparative advantage of partners; strong

partnerships already established, particularly with CG centres; on-‐going projects of relevance; learning opportunities for adaptation and mitigation; relevance of sites to national and regional food security issues; potential for impact; physical accessibility and good security; pre-‐existing

information; and that sites chosen across the region should collectively capture important agro-‐ecological and socio-‐economic gradients.

4. CCAFS management team agreed upon the final list of criteria for selection of sites (see Table 1).

5. Experts were engaged in each region and information as to potential sites that matched the criteria was collected, again through extensive consultation with CGIAR researchers and the principal regional and national organization partners (ASARECA, CORAF, ICAR, NCAR and BCAR).

The regional facilitators (or in some cases interim regional facilitators) in each region were actively involved in this summary.

6. The Statistical Service’s Centre at University of Reading was engaged to help develop the survey

instruments and sampling frame that was agreed upon by the CCAFS team. 7. Regional partnership-‐building (and scenarios development) workshops were held in Nairobi,

Dakar, and New Delhi with sessions for participants to make suggestions and additions to the

existing information on potential sites. Alignment with initial priority sites and partners (at least one per country) was sought. These workshop reports are available at:

http://ccafs.cgiar.org/content/publications#scenarios 8. Visits were made by CCAFS researchers to the EA sites and further information on potential

partners, existing data and projects was collected. Local partners in each country helped to choose the centre of the 10x10km sampling frame within the area where the criteria were met.

9. In WA, the Institute du Sahel and ICRISAT were engaged to help further define the centre of 30x30km sampling frames where the criteria were met (larger areas were chosen here because of the lower population density and large distance between villages), and then randomly choose

7 villages within the sampling frame where the baseline surveys would be conducted. 10. Visits were made by CCAFS researchers to IGP and detailed surveys and discussions were held

with potential partners. Based on the extent of climate risks, and availability of partners and

data, a larger number of sites were selected for the baselines at broader regions. These are in India Punjab/Haryana (intensive agriculture, heat prone, decreasing water availability), and Bihar (drought and flood prone), plains of Nepal (gradient of rainfall, drought and flood prone),

and southern coastal parts of Bangladesh (problems of salinity intrusion, sea level rise and cyclones).

11. It is important to note that partnership building and site selection is an on-‐going process; only

initial sites for a first round of baseline surveys have been selected; additional sites and partners will be added as research priorities for CCAFS are co-‐developed with local and regional partners.

Future Selection of Additional CCAFS Target Regions The original choice of the three target regions for CCAFS started from the understanding that South Asia

and Africa are particularly vulnerable to climate change and deserving of priority attention. Of the various candidates in these two parts of the world, the decision to select three reflected a balance


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between two competing considerations: (i) working across contexts that are sufficiently heterogeneous to ensure that outputs and outcomes of place-‐based research have global relevance, and (ii) ensuring

that sufficient resources are brought to bear to address the deliberately complex problems that CCAFS seeks to address. Details of the deliberations on choice of target regions are given in Box 8 (pp 35-‐36) of CCAFS Report No. 1 (available at: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/content/publications#scenarios). As mentioned

above, the initial selection process sought to sample across the challenges of major hydro-‐meteorological shocks, significant climate-‐related environmental problems, and high rural poverty rates coupled with large populations dependent on rain-‐fed subsistence agriculture. Other factors included

were the strength of national and regional climate institutions and processes that can support climate information for adaptation, the degree of CGIAR presence, overall progress toward food security goals, and opportunities for synergistic research with the potential for both immediate regional benefits and

transferability beyond the regions.

For the future, similar considerations could be applied. As before, projected future climate change is not likely to be a strong discriminator among candidate regions, as all regions are expected to warm, future rainfall trends are subject to considerable uncertainty, and changes in climatology are not likely

to be detectable for the next ten years at least. Additional considerations may be important, however. CCAFS as CRP7 now has a global, developing-‐country mandate and regions might be considered now, which are not in the current portfolio, where very substantial mitigation gains may exist and/or where

sea-‐level rise is a major threat, for example. Decisions on adding new target regions will be informed by vulnerability mapping work currently being completed under Theme 4, which seeks to map hotspots of climate change in conjunction with hotspots of current household vulnerability. Future decisions will

also need to be guided by the availability of sufficient financial and human resources to expand the geographic focus of CCAFS without compromising the ability to deliver outputs and meet objectives. A

process for future regional selection will be drafted and presented to the Science Meeting in June 2011 for discussion, modification and implementation. The process will need to include some reflections on many issues, including the following two. First, clarity is needed on what a region is. If it refers to a

large, more-‐or-‐less contiguous area, there are not that many candidate regions to consider: Southern Africa, West Asia-‐North Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean (distinctions could be made between lowlands and uplands, for example), South Asia excluding the IGP, South-‐East Asia, and East Asia, would

cover the CGIAR mandate region. If a “region” is taken to be an assemblage of non-‐contiguous areas that share key characteristics or transferability potential, then this could include things such as coastal systems and small island states. Second, clarity is needed on what being a “CCAFS target region”

actually entails. A key question will be whether we pursue site selection, baseline surveys, and scenario work (for example) as for the initial three regions, or whether there are more loosely-‐designed agglomerations of activities that can still address the purposes of the regional approach, and if there

are, what these might look like.

The CRP7 proposal indicates that by the end of 2011, the process will need to identify two further target regions for starting activities and baselines in 2012. Three further regions need to be identified during 2012, with activities and baselines being undertaken during 2013.


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The following section provides site portfolios, including brief site descriptions, coordinates of the sampling frames for the baseline surveys, initial CCAFS activities, on-‐going CG and non-‐CG research and

activities, current/potential partners and maps for the CCAFS sites in the three target regions. The maps will also be available in black and white for ease of printing.


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CCAFS Site Portfolios and Maps for

Eastern Africa

Country Site Site ID Sampling frame Sampling frame ID Kenya Nyando KE01 KatukOdeyo 01 Kenya Machakos KE02 Katheka-‐Kai 02 Uganda Albertine Rift UG01 Hoima 03 Uganda Kagera Basin UG02 Rakai 04 Tanzania Usambara TZ01 Lushoto 05 Ethiopia Borana ET01 Yabare 06


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Country

Kenya

Site Name Site ID Nyando KE01 Sampling frame Name Sampling frame ID Katuk Odeyo 01 Location Sampling frame Coordinates (UTM) Nyando Basin, Western Kenya Close to Awasi, Kapsabet and Eldoret towns

1 35.068 0.269

2 35.068 0.361 3 34.979 0.361 4 34.979 0.269

Description Humid to sub-‐humid climate; primarily mixed rainfed crop-‐livestock farming systems; Small farm sizes (averaging less than 1 ha) and low agricultural potential due to low and erratic rainfall. The site has high levels of poverty and serious environmental degradation, including declining tree cover, serious soil erosion and declining soil fertility. The site offers potential for mitigation activities, as well as good possibilities for adaptation. CCAFS Activities & Outputs Household baseline survey was conducted in Nov/Dec 2010. Village baseline survey was conducted in May 2011. Current CGIAR Research ICRAF: ex-‐WKIEMP (W. Kenya Integrated Ecosystem Management Project by World Bank and GEF); PRESA: Pro-‐Poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa; CARE-‐CCAFS-‐ICRAF: Making Carbon Finance for Sustainable Agriculture Work for the Poor; Current Research & Existing Data WKIEMP collected biophysical and socio-‐economic data: biophysical surveys including agricultural plot information, soil sampling and infiltration studies; as well as socio-‐economic household surveys covering 160 households in each of their 9 blocks (100 km² each). The data is good for basic household characteristics (household structure, members, education, farm size, livestock, etc.) and has information on tree planting. No information on production, productivity, income or variables that might be later used to assess impacts. Current & Potential Partners CARE, KARI, Vi Agroforestry


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Country

Kenya

Site Name Site ID

Machakos KE02

Sampling frame Name Sampling frame ID

KatheKa -‐Kai 02

Location Sampling frame Coordinates (UTM)

Kilome and partially in Central 1 37.326 -‐1.581 2 37.378 -‐1.657 3 37.298 -‐1.702 4 37.244 -‐1.624

Description

Greater Machakos site is located in Machakos County located in the Eastern Province. According to the 2009 census, the county has a population of 1,098, 584. The county borders Nairobi and Thika County to the northwest, Kitui and Mwingi (east), Kajiado (west), Makueni (south), Maragwa (north) and Mbeere (northeast). The local climate is semi-‐arid. The terrain is hilly; altitude ranges from 1,000-‐1,600m. The Machakos to Wote road traverses the block from northwest to southeast. The population is largely Kamba (in some areas Kikuyu predominate). The community is largely agro-‐pastoral with a mix of crops typical of lower elevations. Maize is the major crop, banana and cassava are also grown. A number of farmers have planted fodder in their farms, along contours of the bench terraces. In every home there is a granary where farmers store dry stocks of maize and grass for their animals for consumption during the dry spell. The farmers' largely rely on rainfed agriculture which is unpredictable leading to uncertainty and risks associated with climate change. This situation has been aggravated by weak government extension services. To the west/southwest is rangeland called Konza ranch, set aside specifically for grazing. There are very few human settlements adjacent to the edge of the site, most are new inhabitants who have bought part of the ranch. To the south of the area (Uvete, Kyambeke) is the proposed ICT centre, the area to the east towards Mbooni is not easily accessible as it is mountainous. CCAFS Activities & Outputs

Household baseline survey is being conducted in August 2011. Village baseline survey is being conducted in September 2011. Current CGIAR Research

ICRISAT, ILRI

Current Research & Existing Data

There are on-‐going activities with national research institutions ( NALEP under Ministry of Agriculture) and other NGOs.

Current & Potential Partners

KARI -‐ Katumani, National Agriculture livestock and extension programme (NALEP), PEN (Poverty Eradication Network), Utooni development organization, ministry of livestock and community based organization (Kamufoco, Kumila and Kamufoco), Catholic Diocese Machakos, Kenya National Federation of Agricultural Producers (KENFAP)


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Country

Uganda

Site Name Site ID Albertine Rift UG01 Sampling frame Name Sampling frame ID Hoima 03 Location Sampling frame Coordinates (UTM) Albertine Rift, western Uganda Close to Hoima and Kabarole towns

1 31.546 1.445

2 31.546 1.535 3 31.457 1.535 4 31.457 1.445

Description Steep rainfall gradient from highland agro-‐forestry, mid-‐hill coffee/tea, small-‐scale mixed farming/ commercial to dryland small-‐scale agriculture/agropastoralism along lake; biodiversity hotspot; Hoima – rice, highly degraded landscapes, decreasing soil fertility. Semiliki River experiencing greater volume because of glacier melting; rapid deforestation for small-‐scale agriculture (Hoima, Kibaale), illegal logging (Bundibugyo); silting and perennial reduced to annual flow; areas of potential food insecurity (Kabarole, Kibaale). Increasing rainfall variability; drought and excessive rainfall impacts crop/livestock in all districts, increasing erosion, water stress. Changing agro-‐ecozone topography -‐ higher altitudes becoming suitable only for lower altitude crops, changing pest and disease distribution. Mitigation: Carbon sequestration, carbon trading and markets, ecosystem services, trade-‐offs/incentives for increasing forest-‐based carbon stocks, agriculture/biodiversity interactions/tradeoffs. Adaptation: Species and varieties adapted to new climatic conditions. Soil and water conservation technologies. Highland perennial systems stresses and diseases. Risk: Natural disaster mitigation, prevention, response. Down-‐scaled ag. information systems including forecasting. Increasing vulnerability in smallholder systems (food scarcity, land tenure, migration). CCAFS Activities & Outputs Household baseline survey was conducted in Nov/Dec 2010. Village baseline survey was conducted in July 2011. Detailed site characterization report available (Dec 2010). Current CGIAR Research IITA: ‘Carbon Sequestration through Improved Productivity and Profitability of Smallholder Coffee Systems in East Africa Project ‘, Bundibugyo, USAID LEAD starting in 2010, baseline survey 5 villages, 50 households, PRA capturing agricultural system, household questionnaire on banana/coffee production. IFPRI. PasswellMarenya, soil fertility management, potential for engaging farmers in carbon sequestration through soil fertility management. SCRIPT studies of Albertine Rift biodiversity issues. CAPRi, John Pender, Eleanor Ostrom and Pam Jagger produced multiple briefs on Albertine Rift. CIAT Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute (TSBF). Northeast of Hoima District, linking farmers to markets for organic agriculture (small scale cash cropping ginger, pineapple, etc) with export interest. Local partner Africa 2000 Network. Baseline in 2005, 120 HH (4 villages), socio-‐economics, farming systems, livelihoods. Community soil mapping for organic cash cropping suitability in Hoima uplands. 600 socio-‐economic HH surveys. Market surveys for agro-‐enterprise development and participatory market research (income and ranking of opportunities). World Agroforestry: African Highlands Initiative (AHI). Pro-‐poor Rewards for Environmental Services in


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Africa (PRESA), information on economic activities and land management in region. Research on payments for environmental services, payments for watershed management, REDD, works with CBOs. AfricaRice: working with Hoima ZARDI to develop rice varieties. Socio-‐economic data available from Hoima and Kabaale (2009-‐2010). Currently building database. Current Research & Existing Data BulindiZonal Agriculture Research and Development Institute, Hoima (ZARDI) of the National Agriculture Research Organization (NARO): New varieties and technologies are tested on station, technologies released and up-‐scaled in collaboration with NAADS, other research organizations (ASARECA, etc) and NGOs (Sasakawa Group 2000, AfricaNet 2000, etc). Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS): spatial data, ecological data all 5 districts. Strengths in GIS, corridor planning and development, setting conservation priorities. Socio-‐economic surveys 2003/4, 15 households per parish, Budongo, Hoima District, and Kabarole and Bundibugyo Districts (around Rwenzori NP). Drivers of Forest Change, 2008, 400 households in Hoima, Kibaale and Kabarole districts. Household composition, land holdings, land clearing activities, income, perceptions of environmental change, water sources. Biological surveys, animal distributions in major forests, plants, trees. Currently conducting survey on large/island forests, human activities, biodiversity, socio-‐economic incentives for carbon scheme participation. Planning survey for the Semiliki Plain area of Bundibugyo district as an animal corridor site. Involved in land-‐use land-‐change and vegetation mapping using aerial photography and GIS. Climate change modeling, REDD models, plant and soil adaptation in high biodiversity areas. EID modeling, USAID Predict project. Agro-‐ecosystem modeling along forest margins. Current & Potential Partners National Agriculture Advisory Service (NAADS) and District Agriculture Service, District Farmers Association; District Agriculture Training and Information Centre (DATIC); National Environmental Management Authority EcoTrust: Local NGO, USAID, World Bank, CARE, PRESA. Office in Hoima. Experience and linkages in Hoima, Kibaale, Kabarole Districts. Corporate environmental responsibility, payments for ecosystem services, facilitation between communities and protected areas, land trust management, institutional assessment and stakeholder analysis, and targeted research for program development. Works with Ugandan and international MA and PhD students for research implementation. Nature Harness Initiatives (NAHI): Local NGO. PRESA partner Bunyoro Region (including Hoima, Kibaale). Payment for environmental services, management of agriculture environmental footprint, environmentally friendly ag tech (pedal pumps), biodiversity surveys, tree counting in private forests for carbon payment schemes, beekeeping and other env-‐ friendly enterprises. Sustainable Agriculture Training Network (SATNET): Local NGO works with NARO on marketing, agriculture research, agribusiness, capacity building, advocacy. Does both research and development.


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Country

Uganda

Site Name Site ID Kagera Basin UG02 Sampling frame Name Sampling frame ID Rakai 04 Location Sampling frame Coordinates (UTM) Rakai and Isingiro Districts, Southeastern Uganda Easy access from Kampala, Isingiro, Mbarara towns

1 31.394 -‐0.921

2 31.481 -‐0.621 3 31.484 -‐0.713 4 31.394 -‐0.713

Description Steep rainfall gradient, high (> 1400mm) along Lake Victoria rapidly declining to low in Western Rakai and Isingiro (< 1000mm). Low vulnerability, rain-‐fed annual small-‐holder farming systems along lake, mid-‐hill perennial mixed coffee agro-‐forestry in Rakai, large area highly vulnerable small-‐holder farming and agropastoralism Western half of Rakai and Isingiro. Rakai District known for increasing climatic variability, Isingiro for vulnerable drylandagropastoralism. First case of HIV in Uganda diagnosed in Rakai, subsequently long-‐term health programs originally focused on HIV but broadening into health and nutrition. Many NGOs offices in the district, focusing on nutrition and food security. Heavy deforestation (charcoal, firewood), reduced river flow and water stress. Bimodal rainfall, increasing variability. Farmers do not know when to plant and are planting fewer acres of annuals. Many have resorted to planting with each rain, resulting losses of seeds and labor. Communities tend to survive more on perennials and cassava. Cattle migrate in from Tanzania, heavy grazing pressure. Cattle corridor tending to get dryer. Staples: maize, bananas, cassava, beans, potato, sweet potato, potato. Cash: coffee, tobacco, sugar cane. Staples and coffee purchased by middle men, sold at local markets and Kampala. Land ownership contentious as few people hold land titles. Mitigation: Agro-‐forestry, carbon sequestration through pasture management. Adaptation: Species/varieties adapted to new climatic conditions, soil and water conservation. Risk: Food insecurity, vulnerability to climatic variability. Vulnerability, nutrition and HIV. Ag. information systems including forecasting. Marketing and trade opportunities to decrease vulnerability. Harvesting, storage, processing opportunities to smooth consumption and sales. CCAFS Activities & Outputs Household baseline survey was conducted in Nov/Dec 2010. Village baseline survey was conducted in July 2011. Detailed site characterization report available (Dec 2010). Current CGIAR Research None Current Research & Existing Data Mbarara Zonal Agriculture Research and Development Institute (ZARDI) of the National Agriculture Research Organization (NARO): New varieties and technologies are tested on station, technologies released and up-‐scaled in collaboration with NAADS, other research organizations and NGOs. IITA: ‘Carbon Sequestration through Improved Productivity and Profitability of Smallholder Coffee Systems in East Africa Project ‘. Baseline survey in Rakai with associated plots, farming systems, banana/coffee farming, soil samples, plant samples.


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Rakai Health Services Program (MRC/UVRI): 30 years of health and nutrition status data with a longitudinal panel of 13,000 households in Rakai district. Targeted studies. Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project: Soil maps, erosion hazards, landuse/landchange. Ministry of Water and Environment Meteorological Service: Meteorological data, climate information and forecasting. RANET project. CRED project on seasonal climate forecast distribution. Current & Potential Partners National Agriculture Advisory Service (NAADS) and District Agriculture Service: Decentralized extension system; District Farmers Association; District Agriculture Training and Information Centre (DATIC; Community Enterprise Development Organization (CEDO): Local NGO. 300 farmer groups in 3 districts (close to Lake Victoria). Agro-‐enterprise development of micro-‐nutrient rich bean varieties. Scaling up production for WFP purchase. Extension materials on cooking and agronomy. HH baseline survey: child malnutrition status, cooking methods and practice FAO Transboundary Agro-‐Ecosystem Management Programme (TAMP) for the Kagera River Basin. Millennium Villages Project (Ruhiira), World Vision, Concern, Lutheran World Federation, Red Cross, Send the Cow, Oxfam, Masaka District Diocese Organization (MADDO)


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Country

Tanzania

Site Name Site ID

Usambara TZ01


Lushoto 05


Lushoto District in West Usambaras, Northeastern Tanzania Close to Lushoto town

1 38.714 -‐4.850 2 38.301 -‐4.850

3 38.301 -‐4.790 4 38.417 -‐4.790

Description

Part of the Eastern Arc Mountains of East Africa as global hotspot for biodiversity with diverse micro eco-‐zones within a relatively small area; mixed crop-‐livestock, quite intensive farming systems in higher elevation and agro-‐pastoral farming systems in lower elevation; The Usambaras are an important source of water for northeastern Tanzania; the Pangani River is utilized for urban water supply, irrigation and hydropower generation. Deforestation, poor land management and inadequate funds for watershed management pose a threat to the long-‐term supply of quality water from the Usambaras to downstream communities. Impacts are already seen in agricultural production, municipal water supply and hydropower. Land is a limiting factor due to increasing population and poor land productivity. The lack of by-‐laws or the ability to enforce them, which is necessary to enhance conservation efforts, has led to the failure of implementing measures to improve environmental services.

CCAFS Activities & Outputs

Household baseline survey was conducted in Nov/Dec 2010. Village baseline survey was conducted in May 2011.

Current CGIAR Research

ICRAF: Pro-‐poor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa (PRESA); AHI (African Highlands Initiative);


In 2009, Salien Agricultural Research Institute carried out research to take stock of rewards for environmental services initiatives, including analysis of relevant institutional contexts. Intention of the study was to draw attention to stakeholders, including farmers, on the different types of rewards for environmental services (cash and other) that may benefit them. The study also found that 50% of the land is leased and occupants may not be willing to invest in conservation and engage in ecosystem service schemes on land that does not belong to them.


CARE; Tanzania Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism; Forest Trends; WWF; Salien Agriculture Research Institute; Tanzanian Forestry Research Institute; Muligano Agricultural Research Center; GTZ


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Country

Ethiopia

Site Name Site ID

Borana ET01


Yabare 06


Yabelo, Dire, Dilo, AreroWoredas, eastern part of Borana Zone in southern Ethiopia Close to Yabelo town

1 38.278 4.975 2 38.549 4.975 3 38.549 4.704 4 38.278 4.704

Description

Agro-‐pastoral/pastoral, pockets of rainfed farming; semi-‐arid lowlands of southern Ethiopia; currently the only pastoral/agro-‐pastoral CCAFS site, with high risk and potential for adaptation; The Borana traditionally managed variability of natural resources (water and pasture) through a complex system of NRM revolving around clusters of hand-‐dug deep wells, guided by strong customary institutions for NRM and conflict resolution. Borana is extremely drought-‐prone with increased rainfall variability and shorter cycles of inter-‐annual droughts during the last decade. Livelihoods are vulnerable, as traditional safety nets are weakened by climate-‐related and other drivers of change. Borana engage in more opportunistic cropping along water courses and when/where rainfall permits, some are shifting herd composition to camels. Many pastoralists are pushed to other livelihoods; accumulation of herd wealth by a few and increasing number of very destitute households resulted in increasing inequality.


Household baseline survey was conducted in Dec 2010/Jan 2011. Village baseline survey is being conducted in August 2011. Detailed mission report available (Oct 2010).


ILRI: Index Based Livestock Insurance Project (IBLI) IFPRI: Evaluation of Pastoral Pilot Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP)


PARIMA: long-‐term Global Livestock CRSP research program until 2010: data is publicly available; IBLI: herd dynamics through 10 year recalls starting late 2010; will produce extensive baseline surveys, to be repeated annually for four years to robustly estimate the welfare impacts of insurance across several key indicators; 220 household willingness to pay survey exists; FEG livelihood zoning maps/reports available for Borana; many socioeconomic surveys/studies, livelihoods assessments and rangeland degradation studies conducted by NGOs, IIED, ILRI, etc.


Yabelo Agricultural Research Station (part of Oromia Agricultural Research Station); INGOs: Save the Children US and CARE; local NGOs: e.g. Action for Development; Livestock-‐Climate Change CRSP (through Colorado State University); USAID-‐funded Pastoral Livelihood Initiative (PLI II);


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CCAFS Site Portfolios and Maps for

West Africa

Country Site Site ID Sampling frame Sampling frame ID Burkina Faso Yatenga BF01 Tougou 07 Ghana Lawra-‐Jirapa GH01 Lawra 08 Mali Segou MA01 Cinzana 09 Niger Kollo NI01 Fakara 11 Senegal Kaffrine SE01 Kaffrine 12


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Country

Burkina Faso

Site Name Site ID

Yatenga BF01


Tougou 07


Tougou in Yatenga District, Northwestern Burkina Faso; Close to Ouahigouya town

1 -‐2.113 13.554 2 -‐2.391 13.554 3 -‐2.391 13.828

4 -‐2.391 13.828 Description

Sahelian agro-‐ecological zone with ~650mm of annual rainfall. Agro-‐silvi-‐pastoral small-‐scale systems; predominant cropping system is small-‐scale extensive cereal and vegetable production, millet is staple crop; good access to markets (nearest market at Ouahigouya, 30 km away); High rainfall variability, very drought prone, low levels of soil fertility as main biophysical constraints to agricultural production; History of soil, water, land management interventions and agroforesty innovations


Household baseline survey was conducted in Dec 2010/Jan 2011. Village baseline survey was conducted in July 2011.


ICRAF


Current projects in the area from IIE, CIRAD and IRD that also conducted multi-‐annual household surveys; databases of agronomic, hydrological and meteorological data exist; participatory studies on varietal selection and local seed sector; nearest synoptic weather station is at Ouahigouya.


INERA (NARS), CES, AGF, IFAD, CARE


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Country

Ghana

Site Name Site ID

Lawra-‐Jirapa GH01


Lawra 08


Lawra-‐Jirapa in Northwestern Ghana; Close to Wa town

1 -‐2.624 10.455 2 -‐2.911 10.455

3 -‐2.624 10.735 4 -‐2.911 10.735

Description

Site is located in the Guinea Savannah agro-‐ecological zone with average annual rainfall of around 950-‐1100 mm, and ferallitic soils; the predominant cropping system mixed crop-‐livestock small-‐holder systems based on maize, rice, groundnuts, sorghum, cowpea, soybean and yam combined with non-‐burning, dugouts for dry season gardening. Major biophysical constraints to agricultural production include highly variable climatic conditions, particularly seasonal rainfall, while main socio-‐economic constraints are a high poverty level with little access to capital. Change in climate from Guinea to Sudan savannah, food insecure, most poor region, unpredictable rainfall, have to plant 2-‐3 times; The area has history of water and land conservation.


Household baseline survey was conducted in Dec 2010/Jan 2011. Village baseline survey was conducted in June 2011.



Development projects: IFAD, FAO, NRGP (Northern Rural Growth Project); Projects operating at or near site include the cotton companies and the University of Ghana for development studies. The principal research station in the area is Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (SARI) of the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA). The farming systems approach is used for agricultural research, so there is data from both socioeconomic and agronomic household surveys, as well other existing databases.


CSIR (NARS), Ministry of Agriculture, FARA; NGOs: ACDEP, NADRIDEP, CARE, Plan, PresbyAgric project; University for Development Studies (UDS), Integrated Development Studies, IDS


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Country

Mali

Site Name Site ID

Segou MA01


Cinzana 09


Central region of Segou in Southwestern Mali; Close to Segou town

1 -‐5.613 13.228 2 -‐5.912 13.228

3 -‐5.911 13.509 4 -‐5.613 13.509

Description

The Sampling frame is located in the Sudano-‐Sahelian savannah zone and receives an average annual rainfall total of around 680 mm, soils are both sandy and clayey sands; soils are a main determinant of the predominant cereal grown: Millet, Sorghum, Cowpea, Peanut, Sesame, Bambara groundnut (Vouandzu) and Pearl millet are prominent on the sandy soils, while sorghum is the principal cereal in the lowland areas, where clays are near the surface. Major biophysical constraints to production are poor soil fertility, high rainfall variability and a continuing reliance of extensive traditional systems.




ICRISAT, ICRAF


Projects in the area include Risocas, FFEM2, BC-‐NAM (GCP), MARS (GCP) and AMMA. On-‐station research is carried out on many aspects of crop improvement, agronomy and soils at Cinzana Research Station of the national agricultural research institute (IER). Extensive weather data is collected at the station and the nearest synoptic station is at Segou. Local on-‐farm research networks of the NGO AMEDD, IER and ICRISAT are operating in the area. On-‐farm yield surveys have been carried out (AMMA), Risocas and other on-‐farm agronomic trials, sorghum experimental data. There is ongoing farmer-‐participatory varietal selection being carried out under FFEM2.


IER (NARS), Syngenta


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Country

Niger

Site Name Site ID

Kollo NI01


Fakara 11


Fakara in Southwestern Mali, Very close to Niamey

1 2.826 13.379 2 2.826 13.654

3 2.547 13654 4 2.547 13.379

Description

Fakara is located within the Sahel, with an average of 300-‐500mm of annual rainfall; predominantly with sandy and clayey sandy soils; farming systems are primarily based on millet-‐ fallow or millet-‐cowpea cropping systems and agro-‐pastoral systems; The main biophysical constraint to agricultural production is the high risk of drought; socioeconomic constraints include low levels of infrastructure and limited access to markets;




ICRISAT: millet breeding


AMMA pluri-‐annual yield surveys 100x100 km (observatory) IRD, ICRISAT, INRAN, Agrhymet have agricultural research stations; AMMA & many other projects


INRAN (NARS), AGRHYMET, ACMAD, SNRA (Natl Ag Research Service)


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Country

Senegal

Site Name Site ID

Kaffrine SE01


Kaffrine 12


Southern peanut basin, Central Senegal; Close to Kaffrine and other big cities

1 -‐15.407 13.968 2 -‐15.407 14.242

3 -‐15.686 14.242 4 -‐15.686 13968

Description

The area is in the transition zone from the Sahelian towards the Sudan Savannah zone with annual rainfall averages of around 500 mm in the northern, around 600 mm at Kaffrine, and around 800 mm in the southwestern part of the area; dominant soils are deep sandy (“Dior”); predominant cropping systems are based on pearl millet, peanut and cowpea, all generally not intensified and cropped without agricultural input. In the south, peanut is intensified using inputs, and maize, sorghum, lowland rice and sesame are also cropped. Small Jatropha and fruit areas. Some agro-‐pastoralism. Main constraints to agricultural production are high rainfall variability, poor soil fertility, no attractive markets and high poverty levels with low access to capital. They explain the predominance of extensive farming systems. Climate change impacts are expected to be large.





Meteorological data at Kaolack, Nioro, Kougueul and Kaffrin; agricultural research station of ISRA (national agricultural research institute) at Nioro; Recent research projects dealing with climate issues: “Suivi de la Vulnérabilité au Sahel (SVS/ANAMS)”, “Projetd’AssistanceMétéorologique à l’Agriculture au Sénégal” (AMAS/ANAMS-‐PNUD) and “Multidisciplinary Analysis of the African Monsoon” (AMMA/EU); ongoing: “Réduction de la vulnérabilité et intensification des systèmescéréaliersdans un contexte de variabilité et changement climatiques par l’utilisation d’outils agrométéorologiques” (WAAPP-‐Agrométéo), managed by ISRA-‐CERAAS Projects produced socioeconomic and agronomic data. Many institutions (e.g. SDDR, ISRA, AfricaRice, ANAMS, CERAAS, ANCAR, SODEFITEX) and NGOs (e.g. World Vision, Caritas, PADER, ASPRODEB). Pilot project of “rainfall index based crop insurance” will be launched in Paoscoto, near Nioro, in 2011.


ISRA (NARS), Oxfam (index insurance), CRS, AC (Action Contre le faim), Senegalese Met Service, ANMeteo


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CCAFS Site Portfolios and Maps for the

Indo-Gangetic Plains

Country Site Site ID Sampling frame Sampling frame ID Bangladesh Satkhira BA01 Kalijang-‐

Shyamnagar 13

Satkhira BA02 Sadar-‐Tala 14 Khulna BA03 Paikgacha 15 Bagerhat BA04 Morrelganj 16 Jhalokathi BA05 Rajapur 17 Potuakhali BA06 Kolapara 18 Cox’s Bazar BA07 Moheshkhali 19 India (Bihar) Bihta IN08 Bihta 27 Piro IN09 Piro 28 Jamui IN10 Jamui 29 Nautan IN11 Nautan 30 Pusa IN12 Pusa 31 Madhepura IN13 Madhepura 32 Katihar IN14 Katihar 33 India (Punjab-‐Haryana) Punjab-‐Haryana IN15 Sangrur 39 Nepal Sunsari NE01 Sunsari 34 Sarlahai NE02 Sarlahai 35 Rupandehi NE03 Rupandehi 36 Banke NE04 Banke 37 Kanchanpur NE05 Kanchanpur 38


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Country

Bangladesh

Site Name Site ID Satkhira Khulna Bagerhat Jhalokathi Potuakhali Cox’s Bazar

BA01; BA02 BA03 BA04 BA05 BA06 BA07

Sampling frame Name Sampling frame ID Kalijang-‐Shyamnagar (BA01) Sadar-‐Tala (BA02) Paikgacha (BA03) Morrelganj (BA04) Rajapur (BA05 Kolapara (BA06) Moheshkhali (BA07)

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Location Sampling frame Coordinates (UTM) Satkhira District is located in the southwest coastal area; Khulna District in the coastal mangrove forest near Sundarbans; Bagerhat and Jhalakathi Districts in the south-‐central coast; and Cox's Bazar District in southeast coast

13 1 89.039 22.446 2 89.137 22.446 3 89.137 22.354

4 89.039 22.354 14 1 88.995 22.834 2 89.093 22.834

3 89.093 22.743 4 88.995 22.743

15 1 89.326 22.661 2 89.423 22.661 3 89.423 22.569

4 89.326 22.580 16 1 89.812 22.552

2 89.910 22.553 3 89.911 22.461 4 89.812 22.461

17 1 90.072 22.522 2 90.169 22.522 3 90.169 22.431

4 90.072 22.431 18 1 90.151 21.932 2 90.248 21.932


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3 90.248 21.842 4 90.151 21.842

19 1 91.879 21.664 2 91.975 21.664 3 91.975 21.574

4 91.879 21.574 Description The selected sites are located in the coastal zone of Bangladesh where prevalence of salinity is very prominent and crop is lost due to floods or tidal surges. The 7 sites have been selected following the gradient of salinity. No crop is cultivated during kharif due to high depth of standing water in the field. Flood/tidal surge water recedes late from the crop field. Soil is still muddy at the time of appropriate sowing time of the next candidate crops and traditional land preparation is not possible. Maize is a multipurpose crop suitable for sowing under muddy/wetbed and no-‐tillage conditions. Usually no crop(s) grown in winter season after T. Aman Harvest due to drought or moisture stress. Field crops viz. maize, potatoes, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables can be grown under Zero tillage in the winter season after T. Aman harvest. Other important crops are wheat, mustard, sugarcane, onions, and jute. Fisheries is an important activity. Useful characteristics are: water congestion, flooding, salinity in delta areas, high poverty, poor resource base, low infrastructure, poor extension services, cyclone, sea level rise, heat CCAFS Activities & Outputs Household baseline survey was conducted in Dec 2010/Jan 2011. Village baseline surveys are being conducted in August 2011 in BA03. Current CGIAR Research IFPRI, IWMI, IRRI, and WorldFish Current Research & Existing Data Field testing of innovative farming practices related to climate change in the vulnerable areas of Bangladesh funded by UNEP in 2009; Baseline Study on Disaster Risk Management and Climate Change Impacts Knowledge and Understanding among the Disaster Management Committee Members funded by UNDP in 2006; Reducing Vulnerability related to Flood and Water Logging in the South Central Floodplain in Bangladesh funded by Norwegian Church Aid in 2007; Community Risk Assessment (CRA) and Risk Reduction Action Plan funded by CDMP-‐UNDP in 2007; Environmental Risk Assessment for Khulna City funded by USAID in 1997; Knowledge sharing between Southern NGOs : A Community Practice on Community Adaptation Strategies to Climate Variability funded by Novib-‐Oxfam Netherlands; Sustainable Development Studies on Leather, Garments and Shrimp Sector funded by DFID and UNCTAD in 2002; National Environment Management Action Plan (NEMAP) funded by UNDP in 1994; Baseline survey on Climate Change Adaptation funded by the British Council; and there is census data collected by Dhaka University. Current & Potential Partners BCAS, BRAC, University, NGOs


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Country

Punjab-Haryana, India

Site Names Site ID Punjab-‐Haryana IN15 Sampling frame Name Sampling frame ID Sangrur 39 Location Sampling frame Coordinates (UTM) Punjab-‐Haryana 39 1 75.975 30.233

2 75.975 30.138 3 75.867 30.138 4 75.867 30.233

Description The site is located in the Punjab-‐Haryana area, north-‐western part of India and in the Trans-‐Gangetic Plains (TGP). The region is characterized by a hot semi-‐arid climate and sandy loam soils. The states of Punjab and Haryana are also known as the Green revolution heartland. The annual rainfall in the region is 500-‐800 mm and it would be water scarce without its large irrigation infrastructure. Summers and winters are extremes in the region. Wheat has traditionally been grown here and has been the mainstay of food security in the region. Rice and wheat are the main crops occupying 10 million hectares. Both crops are completely irrigated. Fertilizer (N+P+K) application in the region is more than 300 kg/ha. Crop yields in the region are high due to high application of irrigation and fertilizers and relatively high radiation. In recent times, water tables have shown an alarming rate of decline due to excessive pumping. CCAFS Activities & Outputs Household baseline survey is being conducted in September 2011. Village baseline survey is being conducted in September 2011. Current CGIAR Research Many CGIAR research institutes have their programs here. RWC, STRASA and CSISA projects of IRRI and CIMMYT have their sites here. ILRI, ICRAF, CIP, IWMI, IFPRI, Bioversity also conduct significant work in the region. Current Research & Existing Data Work has been done by GECAF, CC Network, PAU studies, and AICRPS network. Potential Partners


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Country

Bihar, India

Site Names Site ID Bihta Piro Jamui Nautan Pusa Madhepura Katihar

IN08 IN09 IN10 IN11 IN12 IN13 IN14

Sampling frame Name Sampling frame ID Bihta (IN08) Piro (IN09) Jamui (IN10) Nautan (IN11) Pusa (IN12) Madhepura (IN13) Katihar (IN14)

27 28 29 30 31 32 33

Location Sampling frame Coordinates (UTM) Bihar 27 1 84.851 25.588

2 84.953 25.496 3 84.953 25.588

4 84.851 25.496 28 1 84.341 25.412 2 84.441 25.320

3 84.341 25.320 4 84.441 25.412 29 1 86.151 25.005

2 86.252 24.913 3 86.151 24.913 4 86.252 25.005

30 1 84.154 26.336 2 84.255 26.243

3 84.154 26.243 4 84.255 26.336 31 1 85.676 26.030

2 85.777 25.938 3 85.676 25.938 4 85.777 26.030

32 1 86.693 26.003


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2 86.795 25.910 3 86.693 25.910

4 86.795 26.003 33 1 87.491 25.608 2 87.592 25.517

3 87.490 25.517 4 87.592 25.608

Description Bihar is in a hot sub-‐humid (moist) eco-‐region with alluvium-‐derived soils situated in the Eastern plains. The 7 sites have been selected following a gradient of rainfall. Average annual rainfall ranges from 1100 to 1400mm, depending on location. Rice, maize, wheat, vegetables, and pulses are the main crops. Fisheries is also significant. Bihar has large irrigated areas and agricultural inputs are used, however crop productivity is below national averages. The area is highly dependent on the monsoon and expected to be severely affected by climate change. It is also subjected to water congestion, water stress, and pest/ disease attacks. This area suffers from high levels of poverty, poor resource base, underdeveloped infrastructure, and low levels of education. Northern Bihar is more risk prone and affected by flooding and standing water for several months out of the year. CCAFS Activities & Outputs Household baseline survey was conducted in Dec 2010/Jan 2011. Village baseline survey was conducted in July 2011 in IN08. Current CGIAR Research In Bihar IWMI, IFPRI, and IRRI are active. Current Research & Existing Data In Bihar GECAF, ICAR Complex, NSSO surveys; University, GECAF; GECAF, and local institutions have been active. Potential Partners In Bihar they include GECAF project, NAIP/ IFAD Project, and ICAR Projects.


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Country

Nepal

Site Name Site ID Sunsari Sarlahi Rupandehi Bankey Kanchanpur

NE01 NE02 NE03 NE04 NE05

Sampling frame Name Sampling frame ID Sunsari Sarlahi Rupandehi Bankey Kanchanpur

34 35 36 37 38

Location Sampling frame Coordinates (UTM) The five sites are found in the Terrai (plains) Region along the southern border of Nepal

34 1 87.178 26.572 2 87.271 26.572 3 87.271 26.661 4 87.178 26.661 35 1 85.570 26.955 2 85.669 26.955 3 85.669 27.045 4 85.570 27.045 36 1 83.401 27.500 2 83.500 27.500 3 83.500 27.589 4 83.401 27.589 37 1 81.581 28.068 2 81.681 28.068 3 81.681 28.210 4 81.581 28.210 38 1 80.315 28.884 2 80.416 28.884 3 80.416 28.973 4 80.315 28.973

Description The Terrai is considered the food basket of Nepal. Agriculture accounts for 80% of the economic activity, key crops are rice, wheat and maize; Terrai accounts for 43% of the total cultivated land in Nepal, agriculture is mostly reliant on rainwater for irrigation. Annual rainfall across the Sampling frames ranges from 1000-‐2100mm. The terrain is prone to recurrent climate related disasters such as floods, droughts, hot and cold waves, and pest and disease epidemics. Additional issues include rapid population growth, shrinking farm size, unplanned agriculture in these hazard-‐prone sites, poor infrastructure. Climate change impacts are


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expected to pose a significant additional threat, increasing the vulnerability to food insecurity. CCAFS Activities & Outputs Household baseline survey was conducted in Dec 2010/Jan 2011. Village baseline survey was conducted in June 2011 in NE03. Current CGIAR Research CIMMYT, IWMI Current Research & Existing Data Nepalese Census data, NARC research, IWMI, CIMMYT, NGOs Potential Partners NARI, NGOs, state Govt.


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Documents

Site Portfolio version 2 20110810