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Situation of Children with Visual
Impairments in Ethiopia
Presentation Layout
I. Understanding visual impairment
II. Prevalence and etiological conditions
III. Developmental effects of visual impairment
IV. Educational situation of children with visual
impairment
V. Early Identification and Intervention practices
VI. Inclusive Education : The Way of the Future
1. Understanding Visual Impairment
Children with Low Vision
Educated using sight Enlarged prints & magnification
Visual acuity measure :20/200-20/70
Visual acuity & Behavior
Visual Acuity- distant and near vision measures
Visual Behavior (educator’s focus) Personal factors
• Intelligence
• Motivation
Environmental factors • Family background
Educational definition
Educated using other channel from sight, Tactile and haptic perceptions (static and
dynamic) Visual Acuity measure : >20/200
(Shnellen chart)
DEGREE OF IMPAIRMENT & ALTERNATIVE DEFINITIONS
Category of vision Degree of Impairment Alternative Definitions
Normal Vision None -
Slight Near normal vision
Low Vision Moderate Moderate low vision
Severe Severe low vision. Counting fingers at 6m or
less
Blindness Profound Profound low vision or moderate blindness.
Counting fingers at 3m or less
Near-total Severe or near total blindness counting fingers
at 1m less or hand movements at 5m or less
Total Total blindness (including absence of the eye)
2. Prevalence of Visual Impairment in Ethiopia
Incidence and prevalence of visual impairment in Ethiopia
Onset of Visual Impairment
Age 0-2 3-5 6-9 10-12 13-15 15-25 No RES
Per cent
32% 16% 8% 16% 16%
Prevalence :30 %
3. Etiological conditions of visual Impairment
3.1 Disabling factors & types of Visual Impairment
Visual Impairment can be because of :
Congenital conditions &
Acquired conditions
Types of Visual Impairment
Trachoma (irritation and scaring of cornea)
Cataract (cloudiness of the lens)
Glaucoma (pressure within the eye)
Refractive errors, diabetic retinopathy etc.
3.3 Causes of VI Ethiopia
3.
4. Developmental Profile of Children
with Visual Impairment
4.1 Language Development
(The Blind & The Child with Low vision)
a) Motor and physical development b)Cognitive & language
c) Social-emotional conditions
4.2 Cognitive and Learning Characteristics
A. Impact of lack of Interaction Psychosocial situation (cognitive, emotional
& behavioral factors)
A. Learning Characteristics Onset/family & social environment Visual acuity & Visual Behavior
The Blind The Low vision
5. Educational Status of Children with Visual Impairment (special class in Bahir Dar)
5.1 Educational Status of Children with Visual Impairment
6. Educational Status of Children with Visual Impairments
(blind and low vision) Type of schools
• Special schools
• Special classes
• Inclusive schools n
Challenges• Space & facilities
• Teachers qualification
7. Early Intervention and inclusive
practices
Early Intervention Traditional practices
Home-based services
Early childhood education
Inclusive Practices Discussions Challenges of IE
Areas of enhancement for the Blind
Orientation and mobility Listening skill training Braille training (braille writer, slates &
styles) Talking books and calculators
Areas of educational intervention
Residual Vision Training Enlarged prints (enhanced image
devices Closed - circuit TV (enlarge print
materials) Optical aids
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
1. What is the difference between visual acuity and visual behavior? (Psychology students)
2. How do people in your community perceive persons with visual impairment? How do you assess the engagement of the blind people in the community ? (Social work and international students)
3. Identify the differences in the educational consideration of the blind and the child with low visions. (Pedagogy and education students)
QUESTIONS TO PONDER
1. Discuss about speech and language development of the blind and the low vision. (Language students)
2. Discuss about the psychosocial conditions of persons with visual impairment? Consider the situation of the blind and the low vision . (Anthropology students )
Thank You !!