1. Eubacteria

2. Archaebacteria

3. Protista

4. Fungi

5. Plantae

6. Animilia

NOT ____________- not living

Six Kingdoms Review

Viruses

Virus characteristics

_____________ enclosed in a protein coat smaller than the smallest bacterium _____________ particles _______ determines the cell the virus attacks A virus that infects a bacterium is called a

bacteriophage or ___________ for short.

This picture shows the three

major virus shapes.

Viral metabolism

Viruses cannot grow, reproduce, or develop without a _________________.

Viruses share _________________________ with their hosts.

Viral structureCapsid

___________________

(DNA or RNA)

_____________: layer that surrounds the capsid, found mostly in larger viruses (such as those that affect humans)

____________: rapid replication and assembly, followed with ________ (bursting)

____________: Can become _________ for months or years - then activated

LYSOGENIC CYCLE

LYTIC CYCLE The provirus leaves the chromosome.

Viral nucleic acid and proteins are made.

The cell breaks open releasing viruses.

A lysogenic virus injects its nucleic acid into a bacterium.

Bacterial host chromosome

A. Attachment and Entry

B. Provirus Formation

Provirus

The viral nucleic acid is calleda provirus when it becomespart of the host’s chromosome.

C. Cell Division

Althoughthe provirusis inactive,it replicatesalong withthe host cell’schromosome.

_____________ viral diseases

herpes simplex I

herpes simplex II that causes genital herpes

hepatitis B virus

___________ virus but may become lytic and cause shingles

Herpes virus

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a condition called ____________.

HIV destroys the T cells that are part of the human _____________________

When the T cell counts drop to a particular level, a person is said to have AIDS.

Retroviruses are viruses that have RNA instead of DNA as the genetic material

Cancer and viruses

Some viruses cause ______________.

These viruses cause the cells to divide abnormally, creating ______________.

Tobacco mosaic virus causes yellow spots on tobacco leaves, making them unmarketable.

Plant virus

The _____________ virus to be identified was a plant virus, called tobacco mosaic virus, that causes disease in tobacco plants.

Plant viruses enter the plant through _______ or _______________

Neutral plant viruses

Some mosaic viruses cause striking __________ of color in the flowers of plants.

Rembrandt tulips

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Three main types of Archaebacteria

Methanogens: live on anaerobic environment, produces methane gas in marshes, _______, sewage disposal.

Halophiles: lives only in water with high concentrations of ______

Thermophiles: live in the hot, ____________ of sulfur springs and near cracks deep in the ocean floor

Eubacteria characteristics(different kingdom) Small Unicellular Single _______________ chromosome instead of

linear chromosome Lives in more ____________ environments than

archaebacteria Diverse nutritional needs

_________troph: consume organic matter Saprobe: digests dead or decaying matter _________troph: produces own organic matter through

photosynthesis

Cytoplasm

Chromosome

Gelatin-likecapsule

Cell

Wall

Cell Membrane

Flagellum

Eubacteria anatomy (E. coli) Ribosome

Alexander Fleming, discoverer of ______________ in 1928

Penicillin can block cell wall production, which can cause bacteria to be destroyed.

__________ stain

a technique that determines the differences in the composition of bacterial _____________ (thick or thin)

Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria

Bacterial shapes

Bacterial cell walls also give bacteria different _________

Coccus: __________ Bacillus: __________ Spirillum: _________

How bacteria grow

Diplo: a _________ arrangement of cell growth Staphylo: an arrangement of cells that resemble

_____________ Strepto: an arrangement of _______ of cells

Example: Streptococcus

Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process known as ______________.

__________ of _________ (circles)

Binary fission

Then, a __________________ between the chromosomes. This partition separates the cell into two similar cells.

Because each new cell has either the original or the copy of the

chromosome, the resulting cells

are _____________

________________.

______________

Structure that contains a bacterium’s DNA and a small amount of its cytoplasm

Encased by a __________________ Resistant to drought and extreme conditions May survive ____________________ Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes

anthrax is able to form spores in harsh conditions and become active under favorable conditions. Spores can spread through inhalation, digestion, or contact.

• Some ______ that you eat—mellow Swiss cheese, crispy pickles, tangy yogurt—would not exist without bacteria.

•Bacteria is more __________ than harmful

Food and medicine

Harmful bacteria

Disease-causing bacteria can enter bodies through openings, such as the mouth.

How bacteria harm host bodies Bacterial growth can interfere with the normal

function of __________________. Bacteria can release a _________ that directly

attacks the host.

Diseases caused by bacteria

Diseases Caused by BacteriaDisease Transmission Symptoms Treatment

Strep throat

(Streptococcus)

Inhale or ingest throughmouth

Fever, sore throat,swollen neck glands

Antibiotic

Tuberculosis Inhale Fatigue, fever, nightsweats, cough, weight loss, chest pain

Antibiotic

Tetanus Puncturewound

Stiff jaw, musclespasms, paralysis

Open and clean wound,antibiotic; give antitoxin

Lyme disease Bite ofinfected tick

Rash at site of bite,chills, body aches,joint swelling

Antibiotic

Dentalcavities (caries)

Bacteriain mouth

Destruction of toothenamel, toothache

Remove and fill thedestroyed area of tooth

Diptheria Inhale orclose contact

Sore throat, fever,heart or breathingfailure

Vaccination to prevent, antibiotics

Protists

Protist characteristics

___________: having organelles and nucleus Unicellular or multicellular Heterotrophic, autotrophic, or saprobic Microscopic or large Divided into three major groups:

Protozoans (_________-like) Algae (________-like) Smile molds (_______-like protists)

Protozoans: animal-like protists

______________: consume organic matter Unicellular

Protozoans (animal-like): Movement with pseudopods _________________: “false foot”

Amoeba, shapeless cells

Feeding with pseudopods

The extensions of the cellular body _______________ food particles, which the amoeba then draws into itself for digestion.

Movement with ______________

This disease causing Giardia ___________ has _________ to move around.

Movement with __________

Note the ________________ that surround the paramecium, making a “halo glow.”

Algea: Plant-like Protist

Algae: _________________ - uses light to make sugars through photosynthesis_______________, stems, and leavesplant-like protists

Algae (plant-like) pigmentation

All have ____________ Some have other

pigments: purple, rusty-red, olive-brown, yellow, and golden-brown.

Algae are grouped according to their ________________.

________________ (most diverse) can grow almost anywhere. Even on the fur of sloths

Red tide (caused by plant-like protist)

Concentration of _____________ from certain ___________ that cause water bodies to appear red.

This water and contaminated shellfish can make humans sick.

Fungus-like protists

__________________ dead matter Mobility during some stage of life cycle No chitin in cell walls

Slime molds, water molds, and downy molds (fungus-like) Cool, _______________________ Able to move around to feed during most of

the life cycle

Fuzzy white growth on decaying matter

Helpful protists

Algae through photosynthesis produce ____________, that makes up the ozone layer.

Algae and protozoans can also be part of the plankton that ____________________.

Fungus-like protists decompose matter and __________________ back to the ______________.

plankton

Fungus

Fungus characteristics

Found __________ Variety of colors and appearances Grows best in moist, warm environments _______ cell walls __________:

long strands that make up the fungus body

Hyphae functions

Produce ________ ______ the fungus _______________ Absorb a food

source: secretes enzymes that break down food so nutrients are easily absorbed

How fungus absorbs food

Chemicals released by hyphae digestdead materials.

Hyphae absorb the digested food.

Harmful fungus

_________ (molds) Cause ________

and illnesses (athlete’s foot, ringworm)

Destroys _______

Helpful fungus

_______________________ matter and returns nutrients back to the soil

How fungi reproduce

____________: parts break off and grow

____________: fungi growing from mature body and then breaks off

___________: structures that are produced, released, and germinated into mature forms

Yeast budding

Spores germinating

Fungi Example: yeasts

Undergo _____________________ so are often used to produce alcoholic drinks

Also used in baking to make ____________ Commonly used in bioengineering to produce

vaccines.

Lichen

_________________ relationship between __________ and _____________ Fungus provides hospitable _____________

for the algae. Algae produces ____________ for the fungus.