Six lessons about electronic literature

7/24/2019 Six lessons about electronic literature

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Lelgtrkbhg Ehtlr`turl

M`vhmskb Gkeelcl

Lm^ gkursl

(640


2/26

]`fel ka Gkbtlbts

0.S`! hs lelg!rkbhg eh!lr`!url".............................................................................................................#0.0.$l `%%krm`bgls k% &kkis...........................................................................................................#0.6.'`bmkjblss...............................................................................................................................0.#.kvl el!!lrs................................................................................................................................ k` S`rmrhp1ruhb> succls!s !`! +tr`gnly's

ek%l elttlr clblr`tkr hs ehiley tnl ahrst wkri ka lelgtrkbhg ehtlr`turl.

$l pe !%krj %kr !lsl purpehs prksl el!!lrs +`s !l lrr`b!h J`ri = gkjpu!lr> !l %hrs!

gkjjlrghèe, `v`he`&el gkjpu!lr `! J`bgls!lr :bhvlrsh!, hb Lbce`bm.

5%%lg!hkb`!le, ibk+b `s J. :. G.> !l J`bgls!lr :bhvlrsh!, Gkjpu!lr gkuem prkmugl !lsl ekvl

el!!lrs `! ` p`gl k% kbl plr jhbu!l %kr kurs kb lbm +h!ku! prkmughbc ` mupehg`!l.

$l !rhgi> `s W!r`gl, pu! h! hb ` 0 hs h!?s !+k !ljpe`!l slb!lbgls> ihbm

k% ehil J`m h&s.

;bl slb!lbgl %keek+s !hs %krj`!11 8j,8> `m3lg!hvl> bkub> `mvlr&> vlr&> 8,kur8> `m3lg!hvl> bkub.5bm !l k!lr slb!lbgl hs> 8,ku `rl j,8> `m3lg!hvl> bkub.

$l gkjpu!lr r`bmkje, slelg!s !l bkub> `m3lg!hvls> `bm `mvlr&s %rkj ` ehs! k% +krms W!r`gl, `m

gueelm %rkj ` !lsùrus. 5mvlr&s `bm `m3lg!hvls r`bmkje, mrkp ku! k% ` slb!lbgl `s +lee> `bm !l

gkjpu!lr r`bmkje, è!lrb`!ls !l !+k slb!lbgls.

=b hs j`s!lr%ue s!um, k% &k! !l clblr !kr `bm h!s hs!krhg e gkb!l!> k` S`rmrhp1ruhb

gègue`!ls !`! chvlb !lrl `rl #0 pkssh&el `m3lg!hvls `%!lr !l %hrs! slb!lbgl?s kplbhbc pksslsshvl

prkbkub> j,> `bm !lb 64 pkssh&el bkubs !`! gkuem kggup, !l %keek+hbc sek!> !l %hrs! !rll +krms

k% !l slb!lbgl èkbl `vl / pkssh&heh!hls. 5bm !l lb!hrl slb!lbgl `s kvlr 6 jheehkb

gkj&hb`!hkbs.


6/26

Lelg!rkbhg h!lr`!url Lm^.krc

;b !l +kel> W!r`gl, +`s pu&ehge, mhsjhsshvl k% hs %kr`, hb!k !l eh!lr`r, usl k% gkjpu!lrs. =b

hs 0 +hg `ppl`rlm hb !l prls!hchkus !r`bs`!e`b!hg `r!s `bm gue!url 3kurbè> Lbgkub!lr11

` 3kurbè> h! +kuem &l rlvlèlm hb !l e`!l 0-4s> !`! +`s prhj`rhe, %ubmlm &, !l G=511 +tr`gnly

uslm tnl l#`jpel ka tnl ek%l elttlrs tk heeustr`tl nhs pkhbt tn`t shjpel ruels g`b clblr`tl

mh%lrsl `bm ubl#plgtlm rlsuets.

0.,. -kw mk yku rl`m;

*k+ mk ,ku jìl jl`bhbc ku! k% skjl!hbc ehil Grhs!kplr W!r`gl,?s ekvl el!!lr clblr`!kr"

Slee> skjl jhc! s`,> ,ku mkb?!. $lrl?s bk!hbc !lrl &l,kbm !l &`m +rh!hbc kb !l sgrllb.

= mhs`crll. kr kbl !hbc> !l ekvl el!!lrs `rl sk kvlr+rkuc! !`! ,ku g`b?! lep &u! !hbi `&ku!

!lj `s p`rkm,> `s jìhbc %ub k% !l +kel lb!lrprhsl k% +rh!hbc ekvl el!!lrs> lsplghèe, +lb ,ku

`vl ` gkjpu!lr mkhbc h!.

$hs hs !l eh!lr`r, vhl+ !l grh!hg k` S`rmrhp1ruhb !ìls. 5bm tnlrl `rl `t el`st tnrll ktnlr

w`ys tk rl`m!l ekvl el!!lr clblr`!kr.

hrs!> +l gkuem !ìl ` fhkcr`pnhgè `pprk`gn`bm gkbshmlr W!r`gl,?s plrskbè eh%l `s ` c`, j`b hb

Lbce`bm hb !l 0 5e`b $urhbc. 5bm $urhbc> mkb?! %krcl!>

eh!lrèe, +rk!l !l j`buè %kr !l lrr`b!h J`ri 0 gkjpu!lr !`! W!r`gl, uslm. Wllb !rkuc !hs

elbs> !lrl?s ` 9ullr rl`mhbc +l jhc! jìl k% !l ekvl el!!lr clblr`!kr.

;r +l gkuem sh%! cl`rs lb!hrle, `bm hbs!l`m k% %kgushbc kb !l uj`bs hb !l s!kr,> +l gkuem !hbi

`&ku! !l j`ghbl. $hs hs +`! skjl sgke`rs jhc! gèe ` 8jlmh` `rgn`lkekchgè `pprk`gn>8 hb

+hg +l l`jhbl kemlr %krjs k% !lgbkekc, `s `b `rg`lkekchs! jhc! l`jhbl `bghlb! ruhbs kr

`r!h%`g!s. Jlmh` `rg`lkekc, +kuem `si !l s`jl 9uls!hkbs +l `silm k% &kkis l`rehlr !hs +lli.

S`! +lrl !l `%%krm`bgls k% !l lrr`b!h J`ri 0 ! ! j`ml h! p`r!hgue re, +lee1suh!lm %kr

clblr`!hbc jheehkbs k% mhs!hbg! ekvl el!!lrs"

Jks! k&vhkuse,> !l J`ri 0 `m ` &uhe!1hb `rm+`rl1&`slm r`bmkj buj&lr clblr`!kr> ` %l`!url !`!

5e`b $urhbc hjsle% `m splgh%hgèe, rl9uls!lm.5bm %hbèe,> +l g`b !hbi `&ku! !l ekvl el!!lr clblr`!kr `s kbl pkhb! hb ` gkbs!lee`!hkb k% k!lr


7/26


`r!hs!hg `bm eh!lr`r, lplrhjlb!`!hkb +h! r`bmkjblss> gkj&hb`!hkbs> `bm plrju!`!hkbs. $lrl?s `

clbrl k% gkj&hb`!kr, pkl!r, `bm eh!lr`!url `bm !l ekvl el!!lr clblr`!kr hs p`r! k% !`! clbrl. $l

pkl! G`rels *`r!j`b `s k&slrvlm !`! r`bmkjblss `s ekbc &llb !l jks! bk!`&el %l`!url

gkjpu!lrs gkb!rh&u!l !k pkl!r,. =?j bk! l`g!e, surl +`! !k gèe !hs `pprk`g !k jìhbc jl`bhbc

ku! k% W!r`gl,?s prkcr`j> j`,&l tnl clblrhg elbs kr tnl prkglmurè elbs.


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(. h%l Leljlbts ka /hchtè Ehtlr`turl

&,

k` S`rmrhp1ruhb

/`t`. $hs hbgeumls !l!> hj`cls> skubm %hels> splgh%hg`!hkbs k% s!kr, cr`jj`rs> mlge`r`!hvl

hb%krj`!hkb `&ku! %hg!hkbè +krems> !`&els k% s!`!hs!hgs `&ku! +krm %rl9ulbghls> `bm sk kb. =! èsk

hbgeumls hbs!rug!hkbs !k !l rl`mlr (+k j`, èsk &l `b hb!lr`g!kr)> hbgeumhbc !ksl !`! splgh%,

prkglssls !k &l g`rrhlm ku! &, !l rl`mlr.

4rkglssls. $lsl `rl `g!uèe, g`rrhlm ku! &, !l +kri> `bm `rl glb!rè !k j`b, l%%kr!s hb !l %hlem

(lsplghèe, !ksl prkgllmhbc %rkj ` gkjpu!lr sghlbgl plrsplg!hvl). 5s Grhs Gr`+%krm pu!s h!@

8prkglsshbc m`!` hs !l vlr, lsslbgl k% +`! ` gkjpu!lr mkls.8 lvlr!lelss> prkglssls `rl kp!hkbè

%kr mhch!è eh!lr`!url (l.c.> j`b, lj`he b`rr`!hvls g`rr, ku! bk prkglssls +h!hb !l +kri) `s +lee `s

%kr lrckmhg eh!lr`!url `bm g,&lr!l! (hb +hg èe !l l%%kr! `bm gègue`!hkb j`, &l kb !l rl`mlr?s

p`r!).

btlr`gthkb. $hs hs g`bcl !k !l s!`!l k% !l +kri> %kr +hg !l +kri +`s mlshcblm> !`! gkjls

%rkj ku!shml !l +kri. kr l`jpel> +lb ` rl`mlr rlgkb%hcurls ` gkj&hb`!kr, !l! (r`!lr !`b !hs

&lhbc plr%krjlm &, !l +kri?s prkglssls) !hs hs hb!lr`g!hkb. Whjhe`re,> +lb !l +kri?s prkglssls

`gglp! hbpu! %rkj ku!shml !l +kri1+l!lr %rkj !l ùmhlbgl kr k!lr skurgls. $hs hs ` %l`!url k%

j`b, pkpue`r clbrls k% mhch!è eh!lr`!url> &u! h! hs `c`hb kp!hkbè %kr mhch!è eh!lr`!url `bm g,&lr!l!

(l.c.> $èl1Wphb %èes hb!k &k! g`!lckrhls lvlb +lb bk! rub hb!lr`g!hvle,) `bm %kr lrckhehg eh!lr`!url

`s +lee (chvlb !`! !l p`cl lpekr`!hkb hbvkevlm hb rl`mhbc 5pkeehb`hrl?s pkljs 9uèh%hls !lj `slrckhehg). *k+lvlr> h!?s hjpkr!`b! !k bk!l !`! g,&lr!l! rl9uhrls gègue`!hkb skjl+lrl hb !l

prkmug!hkb k% sgrhp!kbs11lh!lr vh` prkglssls kr hb!lr`g!hkb.

+ura`gl. $l sur%`gl k% ` +kri k% mhch!è eh!lr`!url hs +`! !l ùmhlbgl lplrhlbgls@ !l ku!pu! k%

!l prkglssls kplr`!hbc kb !l m`!`> hb !l gkb!l! k% !l p,shgè `rm+`rl `bm sl!!hbc> !rkuc

+hg `b, ùmhlbgl hb!lr`g!hkb !ìls pe`gl. k +kri !`! rl`gls `b ùmhlbgl g`b mk sk +h!ku! `

sur%`gl> &u! skjl +kris `rl jkrl !hlm !k p`r!hgue`r sur%`gls !`b k!lrs (l.c.> hbs!èe`!hkb +kris)>

`bm skjl (l.c.> lj`he b`rr`!hvls) jìl ùmhlbgl slelg!hkbs (l.c.> kbl?s gkslb lj`he rl`mlr) `

ml!lbbhbhbc p`r! k% !lhr gkb!l!.


9/26


Gkbtl#t. ;bgl !lrl hs ` +kri `bm `b ùmhlbgl> !lrl hs è+`,s gkb!l! sk !hs hsb?! kp!hkbè.

Gkb!l! hs hjpkr!`b! %kr hb!lrprl!hbc `b, +kri> &u! mhch!è eh!lr`!url gèes us !k gkbshmlr !,pls k%

gkb!l! (l.c.> hb!r`1ùmhlbgl gkjjubhg`!hkb `bm rle`!hkbshps hb `b @JFA04 %hg!hkb) !`! prhb!1&`slm

eh!lr`!url `s `m !k gkb%rkb! elss k%!lb.

(.0. ]nl hml` ka ` mysaubgthkbè

$hbcs !`! mkb?! +kri> kr `! el`s! mkb?! +kri k+ +l lplg! !lj !k. $l &rkilb> !l &rkilb mk+b>

!l &rkilb `p`r!. 5 buj&lr k% `r! grh!hgs `vl bk!lm !`! gkb!ljpkr`r, `r!hs!s `vl ` %`sghb`!hkb+h! !l m,s%ubg!hkbè. Mhch!è `r!hs!s `bm l1eh! +rh!lrs s`rl !hs prlkggup`!hkb +h! m,s%ubg!hkb>

j`,&l &lgùsl +l?vl èe lplrhlbglm ` gkjpu!lr gr`s kr ` gr`gilm pkbl sgrllb.

$l grh!hg J`rhl kr ',`b hmlb!h%hls %kur !,pls k% m,s%ubg!hkbèh!, !`! mhch!è `r!hs! `vl lpekrlm.

]nlrl hs pkehthgè mysaubgthkbèhty> hb +hg ` mleh&lr`!l mhsrup!hkb kr lvlb s`&k!`cl jìls `

pkeh!hgè s!`!ljlb!.

]nlrl's eumhg mysaubgthkb ehty> +hg hs ` jkrl pe`,%ue su&vlrshkb k% !lgbkekc,> jl`b! !k

`+ìlb us !k bl+ pkssh&heh!hls> bl+ usls %kr !l !lgbkekc,. umhg gkjls %rkj !l `!hb +krm %kr

spkr!s `bm pe`,> eumus.

',`b?s tnhrm g`tlckry hs l#plrhjlbtè mysaubgthkbèhty> +hg !ìls eumhg m,s%ubg!hkbèh!, hb!k

jkrl !lkrl!hgè !lrrh!kr,. $l ckè +h! lplrhjlb!è m,s%ubg!hkbèh!, hs bk! p`rkm, kr s`!hrl sk

jug `s h! hs !k hj`chbl m,s%ubg!hkbèh!, `s !l crkubm+kri kr %kubm`!hkb %kr ` bl+ ihbm k%

%ubg!hkbèh!,.

hbèe, !lrl?s +`! ',`b gèes hb`m%lrtlbt mysaubgthkb ehty. $hs kggurs &, `gghmlb! +lb !lrl?s

` ceh!g hb !l s,s!lj kr ` &`m mlshcb hb !l hb!lr%`gl kr 3us! ` jhs!ìl. =b eh!lr`!url> %kr l`jpel>

hb`mvlr!lb! m,s%ubg!hkbèh!, g`b kggur +lb !lrl hs ` jhs!r`bse`!hkb kr prhb!hbc lrrkr.

$hs +lli> +l?rl ckhbc !k ekki `! slvlrè +kris !`! mlè +h! m,s%ubg!hkbèh!,. $k +`! lbms `rl

!lsl +kris m,s%ubg!hkbè" 5rl !l, pkeh!hgè> eumhg" Mkls !lhr m,s%ubg!hkbèh!, `vl &llb `b

`ls!l!hg kr lprlsshvl purpksl `! èe" Wk> `s +l lpekrl !lj> !hbi `&ku! ',`b?s g`!lckrhls. Wl


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`mjh!s !`! !l,?rl %u22, `bm su&3lg!hvl. 5bm hs h! pkssh&el !`! m,s%ubg!hkb> ehil &l`u!,> hs hb !l l,l

k% !l &lkemlr"


11/26


*. ]nl sufehjl

Lmjubm 7uril> D`b!> *lhmlcclr11 !l, `bm j`b, k!lrs `vl pkbmlrlm !l su&ehjl. kr !lsl

!hbilrs> !l su&ehjl hs ` jkjlb! kr ` pe`gl hb b`!url !`! kvlr+lejs kur slbsls> kvlr+lejs kur

rl`skb> +h! v`s!blss kr g`ks. D`b! splgue`!lm !`! !lrl +lrl !+k %krjs k% su&ehjl lplrhlbgls11

!l j`!lj`!hgè su&ehjl `bm !l m,b`jhg su&ehjl.

$l j`tnlj`thgè sufehjl hs `b lbgkub!lr +h! sllr j`cbh!uml11 hjjl`sur`&el> ub!hbi`&el

lp`bsls kr 9u`b!h!hls11 lrms k% &hskb l!lbmhbc `grkss !l pe`hbs !k !l krh2kb> chc`b!hg g`sjs

hb !l l`r! k% !l Cr`bm G`b,kb> !l j`chs!lrhè vhl+ %rkj ` jkub!`hb !kp. $lsl `rl èe l`jpelsk% !l j`!lj`!hgè su&ehjl.

$l myb`jhg sufehjl> hs `b lbgkub!lr +h! ` g`k!hg b`!urè %krgl> prkvkihbc ` ihbm k% skr!1ehvlm

krrkr !`! rl`skb lvlb!uèe, rlhcbs hb11 h c`r` ees> ` vkeg`bhg lrup!hkb> ` pk+lr%ue

!ubmlrs!krj. S`! slp`r`!ls !l su&ehjl %rkj !lrrkr> hb !lsl g`sls> hs !l %llehbc !`! +l?ee

ue!hj`!le, &l s`%l.

$l j`!lj`!hgè su&ehjl jìls us %lle hb%hbh!lshjèe, sjèe. 5bm !l m,b`jhg su&ehjl jìls us

%lle lepelsse, %r`chel. 5bm !l, &k! %hee us +h! `s!kbhsjlb!.

kr glb!urhls !l su&ehjl `s &llb `sskgh`!lm +h! b`!url. 7u! !l gue!urè hs!krh`b M`vhm ,l

`rculs !`!> +h! !l rhsl k% hbmus!rhèh2`!hkb> !lrl hs `bk!lr ihbm k% su&ehjl lbgkub!lr !`!

clblr`!ls ` shjhe`r slbsl k% `+l `bm `s!kbhsjlb!. ,l gèes h!> !l tlgnbkekchgè sufehjl. $l

*kkvlr M`j hs ` ge`sshg l`jpel k% !l !lgbkekchgè su&ehjl. 7u!> sk hs ` jusrkkj gekum `bm !l

jkkbsk!. Slb mlvlekplrs `grkss !l cek&l r`gl !k &uhem !l bl! +krem?s !èels! si,sgr`plr>

!l,?rl bk! 3us! !r,hbc !k cl! hb !l rlgkrm &kkis. $l,?rl pushbc !l ehjh!s k% !l !lgbkekchgè

su&ehjl.

$l !lgbkekchgè su&ehjl hs prk&`&e, jkrl %`jheh`r !k us !`b `b, k% !l b`!urè +kbmlrs !`!

Gk!!kb `m hb jhbm 66< ,l`rs `ck. =b %`g!> !lgbkekc, g`bcls sk 9uhgie,> !`! +`! +`s

!lgbkekchgèe, su&ehjl ` skr! !hjl `ck> hs bk+ rub1k%1!l1jhee. kr !hs rl`skb> +rh!lrs `bm `r!hs!s

hb !l mhch!è +krem `vl k%!lb skuc! !k usl !lgbkekc, !k prkvkil !lsl kemlr slbs`!hkbs k% !l

su&ehjl> %l`r> pk+lrelssblss> `+l. 5b l`jpel> !`! j`rrhls !l !lgbkekchgè su&ehjl +h! `


12/26


m,b`jhg su&ehjl> hs Fkb Whjkb?s gkjpu!lr `r!+kri> Lvlr, =gkb. 'lel`slm hb 0 `bm s!hee

rubbhbc> Lvlr, =gkb hs ` #6 &, #6 crhm> !l s`jl mhjlbshkbs `s !l krhchbè J`ghb!ks mlsi!kp hgkb.

$l prkcr`j hs sek+e, +krihbc !rkuc lvlr, pkssh&el &e`gi `bm +h!l hgkb `v`he`&el hb !`! #6 &,

#6 crhm> rk+ &, rk+> gkeujb &, gkeujb. *k+ ekbc gkuem !hs pkssh&e, !ìl" 'ubbhbc `! `&ku! 044

hgkbs plr slgkbm> h! !kki %kur `bm ` è% ,l`rs %kr !l %hrs! glee k% !l slgkbm rk+ !k s+h!g kb %kr !l

%hrs! !hjl. $l slgkbm ehbl +hee !ìl !`b +r`p kur l`ms `rkubm !l buj&lr h!sle%.

$l j`!lj`!hgè su&ehjl hs `b hmlè %h! %kr gkjpu!lrs> `s h!?s !lhr vlr, b`!url !k mlè +h! buj&lrs

&l,kbm uj`b gkjprllbshkb. 7u!> !l m,b`jhg su&ehjl g`b &l lvkilm `s +lee. =s !lrl `b l1eh!

l9uhvèlb! !k ` jkub!`hb!kp +h! s!ubbhbc vhl+s" l!?s %hbm ku!.

*.0. ]nl ruels ka rl`mhbc

$l eh!lr`r, sgke`r> l!lr '`&hbk+h!2> ku!ehblm mlg`mls `ck hb ` &kki gèelm 7l%krl 'l`mhbc. =b

7l%krl 'l`mhbc> '`&hbk+h!2 !rhls !k lpe`hb `bm lpekrl èe !l !hbcs !`! ck kb hb rl`mlrs l`ms

&l%krl !l, lvlb s!`r! !k rl`m. =b k!lr +krms> +`! ihbm k% `ssujp!hkbs> gkbvlb!hkbs> `bm

hb!lrprl!hvl !lbmlbghls mk rl`mlrs &rhbc !k !l !l! !l, rl`m. '`&hbk+h!2 +`s prhj`rhe, hb!lrls!lm hb

bkvles> &u! =?m ehil !k !hbi `&ku! hs hml`s hb rle`!hkbshp !k lelg!rkbhg eh!lr`!url. '`&hbk+h!2

prkpksls %kur sk1gèelm 8ruels k% rl`mhbc8. $lsl `rlb?! ruels hb !l slbsl k% s!rhg! rlcue`!hkbs.

$l,?rl jkrl ehil ubspkilb `ssujp!hkbs> ` ihbm k% hbvhsh&el gkb!r`g! &l!+llb ù!krs `bm rl`mlrs>

!l prk!kgkes !`! rl`mlrs `ppe, !k !l!s> `bm !l prk!kgkes !`! ù!krs g`b lplg! rl`mlrs !k `ppe,

!k !l!s. Wk +`! `rl !lsl %kur ruels"

Slee> %hrs! `rl ruels ka bkthgl. S`! mk rl`mlrs bk!hgl hb ` !l!" S`! mk ù!krs +`b! rl`mlrs !k

bk!hgl hb ` !l!" Wkjl leljlb!s k% ` !l! `rl jkrl hjpkr!`b! !`b k!lr leljlb!s. $h!els> %kr

l`jpel> `rl prhvhelclm. hrs! `bm e`s! slb!lbgls `rl prhvhelclm> `s +lee. 'l`mlrs +hee p`, jkrl

`!!lb!hkb> p`, jkrl bk!hgl !k !l %hrs! slb!lbgl k% ` bkvle !`b skjl r`bmkj slb!lbgl # p`cls hb.

l!> `rl ruels ka shcbhahg`thkb. $lsl `rl !l gkbvlb!hkbs !`! cuhml us !k+`rm rlgkcbh2hbc !l

jl`bhbc k% !l ml!`hes +l mk bk!hgl. Dbk+hbc +lb !k rl`m ` ml!`he jl!`pkrhgèe,> %kr l`jpel> hs

` ruel k% shcbh%hg`!hkb. 5bm sk hs ibk+hbc +lb bk! !k rl`m skjl!hbc jl!`pkrhgèe,.


13/26


$l !hrm ruel hs !l ruel ka gkbahcur`thkb. *k+ mk +l gkb%hcurl èe !l ml!`hes +l?rl phgihbc up `s

+l rl`m hb!k ` gklrlb! phg!url" 'uels k% gkb%hcur`!hkb lep us !k %hcurl ku! +`! clbrl ` !l!

&lekbcs !k. =% +l lbgkub!lr ` ml`m &km, hb g`p!lr kbl kb ` !r`hb %uee k% pkssh&el susplg!s> +l +hee

`ssujl !l bkvle hs ` jurmlr j,s!lr, `bm bk! sghlbgl %hg!hkb. 5bm ibk+hbc +`! eh!lr`r, clbrl `

!l! &lekbcs !k +hee `%%lg! kur ruels k% bk!hgl. Sl p`, `!!lb!hkb !k mh%%lrlb! ml!`hes hb ` j,s!lr,

bkvle !`b hb ` sghlbgl %hg!hkb bkvle.

hbèe,> !lrl `rl !l ruels ka gknlrlbgl. 5s '`&hbk+h!2 pu!s h!> !l ruels k% gklrlbgl succls!s

!`!> 9uk!l> 8Sl skuem rl`m ` !l! hb sug ` +`, !`! h! &lgkjls !l &ls! !l! pkssh&el. Sl skuem

lplg! !l %hg!hkbè +krem !k `bc !kcl!lr. 5bm +lb h! mklsb?!> !k !ìl !`! `s skjl!hbc +kr!

bk!hghbc `bm lvlb jìhbc slbsl ku! k%8.

*.(. ]nl lsslbthè prkplrthls ka mhchtè lb%hrkbjlbts

$l !lgbkekchgè kjl +lrl l1eh! hs &krb `bm r`hslm. ;bl k% !l l`re, grh!hgs !k !hbi slrhkuse,

`&ku! !l %u!url k% eh!lr`!url hb ` bl+ jlmh` +krem +`s F`bl! Jurr`,> +k hb !l jhm104s

pu&ehslm *`jel! kb !l *kekmlgi. $`! !h!el hs ` rl%lrlbgl> k% gkursl> !k !l kekmlgi hb W!`r $rli

$l l! Clblr`!hkb> +hg +`s kb !l `hr `! !l !hjl. Jurr`, mlsgrh&ls +`! sl gèes %kur

lsslb!hè prkplr!hls k% mhch!è lbvhrkbjlb!s. hil !l lsslb!hè prkplr!hls k% &kkis> !lsl %kur

prkplr!hls mlè +h! !l %krj k% bl+ jlmh`> `bm !l, s!`bm lb!hrle, `p`r! %rkj !l gkb!lb!.

5ggkrmhbc !k Jurr`,> mhch!è lbvhrkbjlb!s `rl prkglmurè> p`r!hghp`!kr,> sp`!hè> `bm lbg,gekplmhg.

l!?s !hbi `&ku! l`g k% !lsl jkrl geksle, %kr ` jhbu!l.

4rkglmurè. $hs jl`bs mhch!è lbvhrkbjlb!s `rl ruel1&`slm. $l, %keek+ ` sl! k% hbs!rug!hkbs11 !l

gkjpu!lr gkml ! ! jìls !lj pkssh&el lvlb +lb !l mhch! e lbvhrkbjlb! jìls usl k%

r`bmkjblss ehil !l W!r`gl, ekvl el!!lr clblr`!kr. $`! r`bmkjblss hs s!hee clblr`!lm !rkuc `

ml%hblm prkglss.

l!> mhch!è lbvhrkbjlb!s `rl p`rthghp`tkry. $l, rlspkbm !k hbpu! kr %llm&`gi. J`b, !hjls !l,

lvlb mlj`bm p`r!hghp`!hkb> `bm +kb?! +kri +h!ku! h!.

$hrm> mhch!è lbvhrkbjlb!s `rl sp`thè. $`! hs11 !l, g`b rlprlslb! jkmle> b`vhc`&el sp`gl> &k!


14/26


gkb!l!uèe, `bm vhsuèe,. ku g`b jkvl !rkuc ` mhch!è lbvhrkbjlb! hb ` +`, ,ku g`b?! jkvl

!rkuc ` &kki. $hs hs +`! jìls mhch!è lbvhrkbjlb! sk crl`! %kr c`jls lsplghèe, +lb ,ku

!hbi `&ku! c`jls `s %ubm`jlb!èe, `&ku!11 `bm !hs hs ` pkhb! !`! grh!hg *lbr, Flbihbs jìls !`!

vhmlk c`jls `rl `! !lhr l`r! `&ku! gkb!ls!lm sp`gl.

hbèe,> mhch!è lbvhrkbjlb!s `rl lbgygekplmhg> +hg hs !k s`,> !l, g`b ck kb %krlvlr. ;r r`!lr>

!`bis !k vhr!uèe, ubehjh!lm s!kr`cl g`p`gh!hls> !l, g`b &l lp`bmlm bl`re, hb%hbh!le,. Mhch!è

lbvhrkbjlb!s `rl èsk lbg,gekplmhg hb !`! !l, gkb!`hb sk j`b, mh%%lrlb! !hbcs> +krms> hj`cls>

vhmlk> skubm. Shihplmh` hs ` eh!lrè lj&kmhjlb! k% !l lbg,gekplmhg b`!url k% bl+ jlmh`. 7u!

rlèe,> `b, sh!l kb !l hb!lrbl! `s !l pk!lb!hè !k &l l9uèe, lbg,gekplmhg.

=% ,ku !ìl !l prkglmurè `bm p`r!hghp`!kr, 9uèh!hls k% mhch!è lbvhrkbjlb!s> `bm `mm !lj

!kcl!lr> ,ku cl! hbtlr`gth%hty. 5bm h% ,ku !ìl !l sp`!hè `bm lbg,gekplmhg 9uèh!hls k% mhch!è

lbvhrkbjlb!s> `bm `mm !lj !kcl!lr> ,ku cl! hjjlrsh%lblss.

*.*. /`t`f`slm stkrytleehbc

Sl?vl !èilm `&ku! !l su&ehjl hb lelg!rkbhg eh!lr`!url `bm !l ruel k% %r`cjlb!s. 7u! +`! `pplbs

+lb ,ku gkj&hbl !l !+k> +lb ,ku `vl ` j`!lj`!hgèe, su&ehjl +kri k% %r`cjlb!s> `bm

jkrlkvlr %r`cjlb!s !`! g`b &l rlgkb%hcurlm `bm hb jue!hpel ièlhmksgkphg +`,s> ,ku lbm up +h! `

m`!`&`sl. 5bm +lb h! gkjls !k eh!lr`r, %krjs> ,ku `vl +`! = gèe m`!`&`slm s!kr,!leehbc.

l!?s &`gi!r`gi. S`! hs ` m`!`&`sl" Fus! !hbi k% Shihplmh`.

Shihplmh` hs bk!hbc jkrl !`b ` &hc kem m`!`&`sl. $l Lbcehs vlrshkb k% Shihplmh` `s kvlr #

jheehkb p`cls> `bm hs %hvl !lr`&,!ls hb sh2l. 5bm èe k% h!> lvlr, shbcel p`cl> lvlr, shbcel rlvhshkb>

lvlr, shbcel hj`cl> h!?s èe s!krlm hb!k J,WN m`!`&`sl> +hg +l `gglss !rkuc !l m`!`&`sls

%rkb! lbm kb +hihplmh`.krc. $lrl `rl `! el`s! %hvl g`r`g!lrhs!hgs k% ` m`!`&`sl ehil Shihplmh`.

hrs!> m`t`f`sls `rl j`ssh%lkr `! el`s! !l, `vl !l pkssh&heh!, k% &lhbc j`sshvl.

=b F`bl! Jurr`,?s !lrjs> !l, `rl lbg,gekplmhg> ` g`r`g!lrhs!hg !`! Shihplmh` H" eh!lrèh2ls. "O

Wlgkbm> m`t`f`sls `rl sl`rgn`felkr ushbc !l e`bcu`cl k% prkcr`jjhbc> !l, g`b &l 9ulrhlm.


15/26


$hrm> m`t`f`sls `rl bkb"nhlr`rgnhgè> +hg hs !k s`, !`! bk h!lj hb !l m`!`&`sl hs prhvhelclm

kvlr `b, k!lr h!lj. 5bm &lgùsl !l,?rl bkb1hlr`rghgè> !l,?rl èsk %elh&el. $lrl?s bk ml%ùe!

sl9ulbgl> `bm !l hb%krj`!hkb hbshml !l m`!`&`sl g`b &l %he!lrlm hb jue!hpel +`,s.

5bm %hbèe,> m`t`f`sls `rl prkglmurè> +hg hs rlèe, 3us! ` %`bg, !lrj !`! =?vl uslm &l%krl> &u!

hb !hs gkb!l!> h! jl`bs ! ! m`! & sls `rl clblr`!lm %rkj `b `gglsslm !rkuc ruel &`slm

èckrh!js. $l prkglmurè hb!lr`g!hkbs +h! !l m`!`&`sl chvl h! h!s s`pl `bm %krj.

=b `b hjpkr!`b! &kki gèelm $l `bcu`cl k% l+ Jlmh`> !l bl+ jlmh` !lkrhs! `bm pr`g!h!hkblr>

lv J`bkv3l> `rculs !`! m`!`&`sls `vl rlpe`glm b`rr`!hvl `s !l mkjhb`b! s,j&kehg %krj k% !l

jkmlrb `cl. Sl `rl &kj&`rmlm lbmelsse, +h! %r`cjlb!s k% !l!s> k% skubms> `bm hj`cls.

J`bkv3l succls! !`! +l?vl !urblm !k+`rms m !`&`sls `s !l +`, !k jìl slbsl k% kur

kvlr+lejhbc +krem. M`!`&`sls chvl us !l jl`bhbc> !l s!rug!url> +l usl !k %hbm hb b`rr`!hvl

%krjs. Slrl`s b`rr`!hvl suppksls gùsl `bm l%%lg! `bm rlprlslb! sl9ulbgls k% lvlb!s hb krmlr> !l

m`!`&`sl rl3lg!s gùsl `bm l%%lg! `bm rl%usls !k krmlr !hbcs. 7lgùsl k% !hs !lbshkb> J`bkv3l

gkbgeumls> 8M`!`&`sls `bm b`rr`!hvl `rl b`!urè lbljhls.8

`rr`!hvl eks!> m`!`&`sl +kb.

k+ =?j kvlrs!`!hbc !l g`sl ` &h!. = mkb?! &lehlvl !`! b`rr`!hvl `bm m`!`&`sl `rl b`!urè lbljhls. =

mhs`crll +h! J`bkv3l. $l,?rl bk! b`!urè lbljhls> `bm !l,?rl bk! lvlb %hc!hbc !l s`jl +`r. =

!hbi !l jks! lbc`chbc mhch!è jlmh` jìl usl k% &k!. 5bm !`!?s +`! = +`b! !k ekki `! bk+>

mhch!hè +kris !`! usl !l `%%krm`bgls k% m`!`&`sls hb krmlr !k grl`!l ` eh!lr`r, lplrhlbgl> bk!

blglss`rhe, ` b`rr`!hvl lplrhlbgl> &u! `b `ls!l!hg lplrhlbgl !`! skjlk+ rlprlslb!s uj`b

lplrhlbgl hb ` +`, !`! b`rr`!hvl èkbl g`bbk!.


16/26


,. ]nl -kusl ka /ust

l!?s +èi !rkuc skjl k% h!s %l`!urls. = `silm ,ku !k !hbi `&ku! Jurr`,?s %kur prkplr!hls k%

mhch!è jlmh`. 5bm +l?rl ckhbc !k cl! !k !`! !hs +lli> &u! = èsk +`b! !k rlvhsh! S`rmrhp1ruhb?s

hvl Leljlb!s k% Mhch!è h!lr`!url@ m`!`> prkglssls> hb!lr`g!hkb> sur%`gl> `bm gkb!l!.

Sn`t hs tnl m`t` akr tnl -kusl ka /ust;

Lvlr, 9u`!r`hb `s %kur leljlb!s> &uhemhbc j`!lrhè> ekg`!hkb> ` ehc! skurgl> `bm !l hb`&h!`b!s.

Lvlr, ehbl puees r`bmkje, %rkj !l ehs! k% h!ljs.

kr l`jpel> !lrl `rl 0 pkssh&el j`!lrhès %kr !l kusl. Wkjl k% !lj prk&`&el> ehil &rhgi kr

s!kbl> `bm skjl hjprk&`&el> sug `s mus! kr el`vls. 7u! +lrl?s !l %ub hb !`!";bl k% !l sihees =?j ljp`sh2hbc hb !hs gkursl hs geksl rl`mhbc k% mhch!è !l! ushbc ,kur k+b

plrglp!hkb> ,kur k+b hbshc!s. 7u! geksl rl`mhbc mklsb?! 3us! jl`b rl`mhbc !l sur%`gl k% ` !l!.

Lvlr,!hbc +l ekki `! `s cu!s kb !l hbshml> !l prkglmurè ruels `bm m`!` !`! mrhvl !l +kri. Sl

bllm !k geksl rl`m !ksl leljlb!s k% mhch!è eh!lr`!url> `s +lee.

kr l`jpel> shbgl hgi Jkb%rk!?s hjpeljlb!`!hkb k% !l 8*kusl k% Mus!8 hs +rh!!lb hb *$J `bm

F`v`Wgrhp! `bm rubs hb ` +l& &rk+slr> ,ku gkuem sll !l ubmlre,hbc gkml k% !l +kri.

Sh! hgi?s vlrshkb +h! k% !l 8*kusl k% Mus!>8 +l sll hs bk!ls> ` ihbm k% !r`bse`!kr?s hb!rkmug!hkb

!k !l +kri. 5 eh!!el %ur!lr mk+b> +l %hbm %kur F`v`Wgrhp! `rr`,s> +hg hs ` %`bg, !lrj %kr ehs!s.

$l `rr`,s èe `vl v`rh`&el b`jls !`! gkrrlspkbm !k !lhr pe`gl hb !l pklj@ j`!lrhè> pe`gl> ehc!

skurgl> `bm hb`&h!`b!s.

Sl %hbm !`! hb `mmh!hkb !k !l 0 !,pls k% &uhemhbc j`!lrhès> !lrl `rl 6< sh!ls +lrl !l kusl

gkuem &l &uhe!> %kur !,pls k% ehc!hbc> `bm 6# !,pls k% rlshmlb!s. S`! g`b +l s`, `&ku! !hs m`!`"

5s =?vl bk!lm &l%krl> skjl k% !l &uhemhbc j`!lrhès `rl 9uh!l rlèhs!hg11 s!kbl> s!lle> +kkm> &rhgi.

7u! k!lr j`!lrhès `rl hjpkssh&el !k hj`chbl ` s!rug!url11 el! èkbl ` kusl11 &lhbc j`ml ku! k%.

Mhsg`rmlm gek!hbc> &rkilb mhsls> el`vls> mus!11 !hbi `&ku! +`! !lsl h!ljs `vl hb gkjjkb.

$l,?rl rl%usl> g`s!k%%s. $hs succls!s !k jl !`! !l pklj hs gkbglrblm `&ku! !l &è`bgl &l!+llb

plrj`blbgl `bm hjplrj`blbgl `bm !l gkbblg!hkb !k mus!. 5%!lr èe> h!?s !l !h!el k% !l pklj> +hg

!l ruels k% bk!hgl `bm shcbh%hg`!hkb succls! +l p`, `!!lb!hkb !k. Wk !l pklj `ppl`rs !k &l `&ku!

`rgh!lg!url &u! èsk eh%l `bm ml`! h!sle%.

S`! `&ku! !l k!lr leljlb!s !`! k` S`rmrhp1ruhb succls!s +l s!um, hb mhch!è eh!lr`!url"

]nl prkglssls ka tnl wkri`rl r`!lr s!r`hc!%kr+`rm. L`g s!`b2` gkj&hbls kbl h!lj %rkj l`g k%


17/26


!l %kur! ehs!s r`bmkje,. *k+ j`b, gkj&hb`!hkbs mkls !hs `mm up !k" $lrl `rl 0 !,pls k%

&uhemhbc j`!lrhès> 6< ekg`!hkbs> %kur !,pls k% ehc!hbc> `bm !rll mh%%lrlb! ihbms k% hb`&h!`b!s. =!?s `

shjpel j`! prk&elj11 0 !hjls 6< !hjls !hjls 6#. $`!?s #>044 pkssh&el v`rh`!hkbs. ku gkuem

rl`m !l pklj %kr kurs `bm bk! lbgkub!lr ` shbcel rlpl!h!hkb. Wk ku! k% ` rle`!hvle, sjèe buj&lr k%

p`r!s> !l pklj clblr`!ls ` ucl slelg!hkb k% kusls. = !hbi !hs hs ` jl!`pkr %kr &uhemhbc h!sle%> `

gèe %kr us !k p`, `!!lb!hkb !k !l +`, sjèe v`rh`!hkbs g`b `vl mhsprkpkr!hkb`!l jl`bhbc kr hjp`g!.

$l k!lr !hbc !k s`, `&ku! !l prkglssls k% 8$l *kusl k% Mus!8 hs !`! k&vhkuse, !l prkcr`j

rubs gkb!hbukuse, ub!he s!kpplm. $`!?s !l ù!kj`!hg p`r! k% 8*kusl k% Mus!.8 5bm &lgùsl h!?s

ù!kj`!hg> !l bl! leljlb! S`rmrhp1ruhb `sis us !k gkbshmlr11 hb!lr`g!hkb11 hs èe &u! `&slb! %rkj

!l +kri. $l krhchbè 8*kusl k% Mus!8 +`s lplrhlbglm &, jks! plkpel `s lh!lr ` prhb!lm pklj11

h! +`s pu&ehslm `s ` &kki hb !l e`!l ?-4s11 kr `s ` spkilb pklj +lb Dbk+els +kuem pu&ehge,

plr%krj h!. $hs hs kbl k% !l !lbshkbs k% mhch!è eh!lr`!url. $l jkrl ù!kj`!hg h! hs> !l elss

hb!lr`g!hkb !lrl hs.

l!?s jkvl kb !k tnl sura`gl ka tnl wkri. S`!?s grh!hgè !k bk!l lrl hs !`! !l sur%`gl k% 8*kusl

k% Mus!8 hs v`s!e, mh%%lrlb! %rkj !l sur%`gl ` rl`mlr jhc! lbgkub!lr hb 0-. ;ur lplrhlbgl hs

jug mh%%lrlb!. 5bm lrl> sur%`gl &elbms hb!k gkb!l!> !`! %h%! g`!lckr, %rkj S`rmrhp1ruhb?s

%r`jl+kri. 7k! S`,e`bm `bm Jkb!%kr! `!!ljp! !k shjue`!l mh%%lrlb! sur%`gl leljlb!s k% !l

krhchbè +kri. $l, usl èe g`ph!ès> ehil !l krhchbè prhb!ku!. $l, hbmlb! l`g ehbl k% !l 9u`!r`hbs

`s h! krhchbèe, `ppl`rlm. S`,e`bm lvlb shjue`!ls !l !r`g!kr %llm> p`plr> !`! !l +kri `ppl`rlm kb>

+hel Jkb!%kr! kp!s %kr ` cr`, `bm &e`gi !ljl !`! rlgèes l`re, G'$ jkbh!krs. 7u! !lsl kj`cls

!k !l krhchbè +kri jhss ku! kb !l &rk`mlr gueturè gkbtl#t ka tnl pklj.

kr hbs!`bgl> hb 0-/ Dbk+els rlglhvlm ` Cucclblhj leek+shp !k &uhem kbl k% !l kusls

clblr`!lm &, !l +kri11 ` kusl k% pe`s!hg hb ` jl!rkpkehs ushbc b`!urè ehc! hb`&h!lm &, plkpel

%rkj èe +èis k% eh%l. $l %hrs! vlrshkb k% !hs kusl +`s &uhe! hb he`mleph &u! mls!rk,lm &,

rlshmlb!s k% !l surrkubmhbc blhc&krkkm. $l s`jl kusl +`s rl&uhe! hb 7ur&`bi> Gèh%krbh` `bme`s!lm !rll ,l`rs. ;!lr ghrgujs!`bgls k% !l krhchbè pklj> s`,> !l kvlrèe gue!urè jhehlu k% !l

e`!l ?-4s `bm l`re, ?4s> `rl> `c`hb> v`s!e, mh%%lrlb! %rkj !km`,.

$hs &lcs !l 9uls!hkb> +`! hs !l rlè kusl k% mus!11 h!s skurgl ehs! k% +krms> !hs s!`gi k%

prhb!ku!s %rkj ` Whljlbs W,s!ljs 44 j`hb%r`jl> !l prhb!lm &kki> !l `g!uè kusl> !l

gkb!ljpkr`r, rljìls" S`! hs11 +lrl hs11 kusl k% mus!"

,.0. Gkjputlr 4kljs


18/26


8$l *kusl k% Mus!8 hs `b hjpkr!`b! l`re, +kri k% ù!kj`!hg pkl!r, clblr`!hkb. 7u! h!?s glr!`hbe,

bk! !l kbe, kbl.

=b !l ?-4s `bm ?4s> !lrl +lrl ` buj&lr k% pkl! prkcr`jjlrs> grl`!hbc +kris !`! `rl jks!e, eks!>

kr `! !l vlr, el`s!> `rm !k %hbm. kr l`jpel> hb 0#> 'hg`rm 7`hel, lmh!lm `b `b!kekc, k%

gkjpu!lr pkl!r, gèelm `pprkprh`!le, lbkuc 8Gkjpu!lr kljs.8

$l lmh!kr &lchbs hs gkeelg!hkb +h! ` s!hrrhbc hb!rkmug!hkb. 8Gkjpu!lr pkl!r, hs +`r%`rl g`rrhlm ku!

&, k!lr jl`bs> ` +`r%`rl `c`hbs! gkbvlb!hkbèh!, hb e`bcu`cl !`! `s &lgkjl ù!kj`!h2lm.8

7`hel,?s succls!hbc !`! kur k+b usl k% e`bcu`cl `s &lgkjl sk rku!hbl> sk rk!l> sk ù!kj`!hg> !`!

hrkbhgèe, +l g`b !urb !k gkjpu!lrs !k clblr`!l ù!kj`!hg pkl!r, !`! rlvh!èh2ls kur slbsl k% +`!

e`bcu`cl g`b mk. $l gkjpu!lr g`b prkvhml `b ublplg!lmblss. $l gkjpu!lr g`b jìl h! bl+ hb

!l +krms k% !l jkmlrbhs! pkl! L2r` kubm hb ` +`, !`! uj`b +rh!lrs g`bbk!.

,.(. !kts

Mk2lbs k% %r`jl+kris `bm gkml eh&r`rhls lhs! !k el! `b,kbl jìl ` g`!&k!. G`!&k!s `rl

hb!lrls!hbc !k s!um, %rkj !l plrsplg!hvl k% lelg!rkbhg eh!lr`!url &lgùsl kb !l kbl `bm> !l, sk+

,ku 3us! k+ !ljpe`!lm e`bcu`cl hs> k+ s!rug!urlm e`bcu`cl hs> lsplghèe, ` e`bcu`cl ehil Lbcehs>

+lrl slb!lbgls %keek+ ` vlr, sl! p`!!lrb@ su&3lg!> vlr&> k&3lg!. ;b !l k!lr `bm> !l g`!&k!s èsk

mljkbs!r`!l k+ k%!lb !l s!rug!url g`b &l uplbmlm kr !`! 3us! %keek+hbc !l s!rug!url k% `

e`bcu`cl mklsb?! jl`b !l u!!lr`bgls +hee jìl `b, slbsl.

= +`b! !k lbm !hs +lli &, ekkihbc `! &k!s11 ` &rk`mlr g`!lckr, !`b 3us! g`! &k!s. 5bm &k!s `rl

lvlr,+lrl. 5pprkhj`!le, -4I k% èe hb!lrbl! !r`%%hg gkjls %rkj &k!s11 sjèe ù!kj`!lm prkcr`js

!`! hbml +l&sh!ls> lmh! Shihplmh` lb!rhls> sp`j uslrs> sgr`pl m`!` %rkj p`cls> eùbg mlbhè k%

slrvhgl `!!`gis> `bm k!lr `sskr!lm `g!hvh!hls &k! jubm`bl `bm bl%`rhkus. ;b $+h!!lr èkbl> `&ku!

/. !`! jl`bs

`&ku! 6# jheehkb `g!hvl $+h!!lr `ggkub!s `rl &k!s> +hg hs !k s`,> hb $+h!!lr?s k+b +krms> `ggkub!s

upm`!lm 8+h!ku! `b, mhsglrbh&el `mmh!hkbè uslr1hbh!h`!lm `g!hkb.8 =b k!lr +krms> !l,?rl ù!kj`!hg.

J`b,> j`b,> j`b, k% !lsl 6# jheehkb &k!s `rl sp`j `ggkub!s `bm %ìl %keek+lrs. 7u! kgg`shkbèe,>

skjl k% !lsl &k!s `rl grl`!hvl lbml`vkrs. $l &k!s hb !hs sjèe grl`!hvl !rh&l !`! cl! !l jks!

`!!lb!hkb `rl surrlè> `&surm> purpkslelss %kr !l sìl k% purpkslelssblss.

$lrl hs ` fkt g`bkb akrjhbc> `bm h! hbgeumls &k!s ehil $k%u rkmug!> +hg !+ll!s &`gi !k h!s


19/26


%keek+lrs +lhrm> j`bcelm vlrshkbs k% !lhr k+b !+ll!s.

$lrl?s ]wk -l`mehbls> +hg gkj&hbls !+k mh%%lrlb! l`mehbls %rkj Ckkcel l+s hb!k kbl> k%!lb

he`rhkus l`mehbl.

L%lry Gkekr !kt!+ll!s l`g!e, +`! h! s`,s11 lvlr, pkssh&el gkekr `v`he`&el.

$lb !lrl?s 4kwlr 6kg`f ]wllt> `b lplrhjlb! hb + ! h!s grl`!kr 5eehskb `rrhs gèes

8splgue`!hvl elhgkcr`p,.8 =! clblr`!ls lb!hrle, bl+ +krms hb Lbcehs> `bm jìls up ml%hbh!hkbs !k

ck èkbc +h! !ksl +krms.

=?vl j`ml ` %l+ k% !lsl &k!s j,sle%> %kr l`jpel> Fus! $k W`, &k!> +hg rl+rh!ls Sheeh`j G`reks

Sheeh`js? ge`sshg pklj> 8$hs =s Fus! $k W`,>8 suppkslme, ` bk!l l el%! hs +h%l upkb l`!hbc èe !l

peujs hb !l hgl&k. 8=?vl l`!lb !l g`rrk!s !`! +lrl hb !l mljkgr`g,. krchvl jl. $l, +lrl `b!h1

mljkgr`!hg11 sk bkb1hb!lr`g!hvl> `bm sk ub!ru!%ue.8 ;r 8= `vl prhb!lm !l l`r!s !`! +lrl hb !l

gkgiph!. krchvl jl. $l, +lrl !l!uè> sk %ell!> `bm sk %rll.8

S, skuem +l !ìl skjl!hbc ehil !hs slrhkuse, `s lelg!rkbhg eh!lr`!url" J, 9uhgi `bs+lr hs>

&lgùsl ht jìls us `w`rl ka e`bcu`cl& `bm mkls sk hb ` prkglmurè w`y.

l!?s gkbshmlr Fus! $k W`, &k! %ur!lr %kr 3us! ` jhbu!l. $lrl `rl `g!uèe, !+k !,pls k% Fus! !k W`,

&k! pkljs11 kbl !`! peucs hb `b, r`bmkj bkub> vlr&> `bm `m3lg!hvl> `bm kbl !`! usls bkubs> vlr&s>

`bm `m3lg!hvls !`! j`hb!`hb !l s`jl r,!j11 !l s`jl s,ee`&el gkub!11 `s Sheeh`js? krhchbè

pklj. Wk rhc! `+`,> !hs &k! hcehc!s !l 9uls!hkb k% gkhgl `bm hb!lb!hkbèh!,.

Lvlb +lb ` !l! hs clblr`!lm èckrh!jhgèe,> !l grl`!kr `s bk! !k!èe, glmlm hb!lb!hkbèh!,. $l

hb!lb!hkb gkjls `&ku! hb !l gkhgls &lhbc j`ml. Sn`t m`t` tk usl hs ` gnkhgl. = j`ml ` gkbsghkusmlghshkb `&ku! prkskm, `bm r,!j11 kr r`!lr> = gkuemb?! mlghml +l!lr kr bk! = +`b!lm !k illp !l

r,!j k% !l krhchbè> +h! h!s e`s! ehbls k% 8Wk s+ll! `bm sk gkem>8 sk = mk &k!. $hs slgkbm

vlrshkb 3l!!hskbs r,!j hb krmlr !k clblr`!l ckb2k vlrshkbs k% !l pklj. $l è!lrb`!hbc &k!s `rl>

hb l%%lg!> `sihbc +`! rkel r,!j pe`,s hb Sheeh`js? pkljs. = èsk `m !k jìl gkhgls `&ku! +`!

!k hbgeuml kr lgeuml %rkj !l clblr`!lm pklj. $l krhchbè 8Fus! $k W`,8 hs !kk ekbc !k %h! hbshml `

04 g`r`g!lr !+ll!. = `m !k jìl ` mlghshkb `&ku! +`! !k el`vl ku!. =b !hs g`sl> = el%! ku! !l

jhmmel s!`b2`> +hg lpe`hbs +, h! +`s sk !kuc!elss %kr Sheeh`js !k `vl l`!lb !l peujs. 8ku

+lrl prk&`&e, s`vhbc !lj %kr &rlì%`s!>8 l +rh!ls !k hs +h%l hb !`! s!`b2`. Wk k+ jug g`b =

rljkvl %rkj !l pklj> `bm s!hee rl!`hb !l lsslb!hè pklj1blss k% !l +kri" *k+ jug g`b +l


20/26


rljkvl %rkj 8$hs =s Fus! $k W`,8 `bm s!hee `vl ` pklj !`! mkls jkrl !`b lvkil !l krhchbè> &u!

hs `b `ggur`!l rlprlslb!`!hkb k% h!s lsslb!hè prkplr!hls" 5sihbc 9uls!hkbs ehil !hs> h! kbe, !ìls `

sjèe bumcl !k sh%! %rkj !hbihbc `&ku! !l gkhgls = j`ml !k !l gkhgls Sheeh`j G`reks Sheeh`js

j`ml. =b j`b, +`,s> !hs rljh &k! hs `b `!!ljp! !k &l!!lr ubmlrs!`bm !l krhchbè.


21/26


7. btlr`gth%l ahgthkb

$l l`re, h!s11 !l Gkekssè G`vls `bm Ekris` 11 `rl bk! blglss`rhe, !l &ls! hb!rkmug!hkbs !k !l

clbrl. $l c`jls +lrl +rh!!lb &, prkcr`jjlrs `bm> `! el`s! hb !l &lchbbhbc> %kr k!lr

prkcr`jjlrs. $l, rl9uhrl ` prkglmurè !hbihbc !k skevl. $l,?rl %uee k% pu22els.

= +`b! !k ekki `! ` mh%%lrlb! ihbm k% hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb. =?ee sk+ ,ku Cè`!l` &, Ljhe, Wkr.

;bl !hbc = ehil `&ku! hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb hs !`! h!?s ` %krj k% lelg!rkbhg eh!lr`!url +lrl l!lr

'`&hbk+h!2?s %kur ruels k% rl`mhbc `rl hjjlmh !le, `bm k&vhkuse, `ppehg`&el. W`, tnl ruel ka

bkthgl11 lrl = bk!hgl !l !h!el k% !l +kri> Cè`!l . = ibk+ %rkj j, Crlli j,!kekc, !`! Cè`!l`hs !l b`jl k% !l sguep!url !`! 5prkmh!l &rhbcs !k eh%l kb &lè% k% !l sguep!kr> ,cjèhkb. 5bm

hbmllm> !l c`jl &lchbs hb `b `r! cèelr,. $l k!lr !hbc !k bk!l rhc! `+`,11 `bm !hs hs skjl!hbc

,ku mkb?! cl! ub!he ,ku `g!uèe, &lchb pe`,hbc !l c`jl11 hs !`! Cè`!l` hs bk! ` pu22el1&`slm c`jl.

=!?s jkrl k% ` gkbvlrs`!hkbèhs! c`jl. =! l`rilbs &`gi g`!!lr&k!s. $l c`jl hs lsslb!hèe, `

gkbvlrs`!hkb &l!+llb ,ku> !l pe`,lr> +k `ssujls !l rkel k% `b `r! grh!hg hb !hs c`jl> `bm

Cè`!l > s!`!ul11 kr hs h! ` rk&k!11 !`! ,ku !èi !k. $l ù!kr> Ljhe, Wkr!> `s rlpe`glm !l sp`!hè

lpekr`!hkb g`r`g!lrhs!hg k% !l clbrl +h! ` mh%%lrlb! ihbm k% lpekr`!hkb11 !l lpekr`!hkb k% !l

p`s!> k% jljkr,> k% ps,gls. Wk el!?s !ìl ` ekki `! !l c`jl.

=! &lchbs hb !hs `r! cèelr,. 5bm `s skkb `s = prlss ` il,> !l c`jl kplbs up `bm +l sll +l?rl hb !l

cèelr,. ;b !hs plmls!è hs Cè`!l`. Wk !l +`, hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb +kris hs = !,pl hb gkjj`bms> `bm

!lrl?s skjl skr! kr rlspkbsl !`! gkjls &`gi !k jl. 5bm !l gkjj`bms lrl hb Cè`!l` g`b &l

prl!!, skphs!hg`!lm. =% = +`b! !k `mmrlss Cè`!l` mhrlg!e,> = g`b mk skjl!hbc ehil !hs11 "Cè`tl`,

nleek."5bm sl rlspkbms &`gi !k jl. = g`b èsk !èi !k Cè`!l`. = g`b s`,> "tlee nlr `fkut--",ku

`vl !k !,pl. Wk ,ku !lee Cè`!l` `&ku! ,kur 3k&. 5bm sl rl`glm rlpehls. 5bm !us &lchbs `

gkbvlrs`!hkb. ;bl k% !l rlèe, pk+lr%ue gkjj`bms !`! ,ku g`b usl hb hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb11 `bm !hs

3us! hsb?! hb Cè`!l`> &u! hb clblrè11 hs !l ekki gkjj`bm. Wk = g`b ekki `! Cè`!l`. 5bm = cl! `

mlsgrhp!hkb &`gi `! lr. 5bm = g`b èsk> h% = sll skjl!hbc hb !hs mlsgrhp!hkb ushbc !l ruels k%

bk!hgl !`! = +`b! !k p`, jkrl `!!lb!hkb !k11 s`, !lrl?s ` crllb mrlss +hmlbs `! lr ibll11 = g`b

l`jhbl !`! k&3lg! jkrl geksle,. 5bm> k% gkursl> h! g`bbk! %hbm !l crllb mrlss &lgùsl = jhs!,plm

h!. Wk =?ee !,pl h! `c`hb> `bm = g`b `g!uèe, usl `b `&&rlvh`!hkb %kr l`jhbl11 3us! pe`hb kem ^.

L`jhbl crllb mrlss. ku g`b èsk usl %kr ekki. =% ,ku +`b! !k ck bkr!> ,ku g`b usl %kr bkr!.

Wk !l c`jl mkls `gglp! `&&rlvh`!hkbs. Wk l`jhbl crllb mrlss> `bm +l cl! ` eh!!el &h! jkrl `&ku!


22/26


h!. = g`b èsk p,shgèe, jkvl !hbcs. Wk = g`b s`,> "tkugn tnl plmlstè."J`,&l = g`b !kug !l

mrlss. Wk `s !l c`jl ub%kems> ,ku g`b &lchb !k mk !lsl ihbm k% lsslb!hè `g!hkbs11 `! el`s! hb

Cè`!l`11 `rl !k !èi !k Cè`!l`> !k !lee lr `&ku! !hbcs. ku g`b èsk usl !l vlr&11 `bm !hs vlr&

hsb?! k%!lb uslm hb hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb11 ,ku g`b !hbi `&ku! !hbcs. Wk "tnhbi `fkut tnl mrlss, tnhbi

`fkut okf.".

Slee> kbl k% !l %rus!r`!hbc %l`!urls k% hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb> hs k+ k%!lb +l rub hb!k &rhgi +èes> sk !k

splì> +lrl +l `vl !k ihbm k% %hcurl ku! +`! h! hs +l?rl suppkslm !k !hbi `&ku! kr mk kr !kug kr

l`jhbl. Wk = `m l`rehlr s`hm !`! !lrl `rlb?! j`b, pu22els hb Cè`!l`. $l,?rl bk! pu22els !k

skevl> &u! !lrl?rl s!hee sh!u`!hkbs !k p`rsl ku! `bm !k %hcurl ku!. = ibk+ !lrl `rl `! el`s! slvlrè

mk2lb !,pls k% p`!s !rkuc !l s!kr,11 `c`hb> bk! sp`!hè p`!s> &u! b`rr`!hvl p`!s> mh%%lrlb!

ku!gkjls> mh%%lrlb! +`,s !l gkbvlrs`!hkb ub%kems.

7.0. Sn`t gkubts s gkjpel# hbtlr`gthkb ahgthkb;

Ckkm 9uls!hkb $lrl?s bk shbcel `bs+lr> &u! =?m `rcul ! ! !l s`jl !lgbh9uls !`! grl`!l

gkjpelh!, hb gkbvlb!hkbè b`rr`!hvls g`b grl`!l gkjpelh!, hb hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb@

+nhathbc plrsplgth%ls(g`bchbc b`rr`!hvl pkhb!s k% vhl+).

=`rr`th%l lbhcj`s(ubglr!`hb!, `s !k +`!?s `pplbhbc kr 3us! `pplblm).

)lgkbahcurhbc stkry thjl(!rkuc %e`s&`gis> 3uj&elm grkbkekchls> `bm rlpl!h!hkb).

)lar`jhbc(%krghbc !l rl`mlr !k rlhb!lrprl! p`s! s!kr, lvlb!s &`slm kb bl+ hb%krj`!hkb).

Sl?vl &llb !èihbc `&ku! p`rslr"f`slm hbtlr`gth%l ahgthkb. 5bm +lb = s`, p`rslr1&`slm> +`! +l

jl`b hs !`! !l prkcr`j `s ` p`rslr !`! l`jhbls !l pe`hb Lbcehs slb!lbgls +l !,pl `bm &rlìs

!lj mk+b hb ` +`, !l prkcr`j ubmlrs!`bms. $l p`rslr rl`ms !l slb!lbgls. $l ge`sshg slb!lbgl

hb !l p`rslr1&`slm hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb hs shjpe, vlr&> k&3lg!@

Cl! e`jp.

Dhee !rkee.


23/26


'l`m &kki.

5bm `s +l?vl sllb jkrl rlslb! hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb `s mlvlekplm jug jkrl skphs!hg`!lm p`rslr

g`p`&heh!hls. =bmllm> p`r! k% !l !rhee k% hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb> %kr !ksl k% us !rheelm &, h!> hs !ls!hbc !l

ehjh!s k% !l p`rslr. Sl?rl ckhbc !k ekki `! ` mh%%lrlb! ihbm k% hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb> +`! skjl +rh!lrs

`bm pe`,lrs `vl gèelm gnkhgl"f`slm hbtlr`gth%l ahgthkb. $lsl `rl kb sgrllb !l!s !`! k%%lr !l

pe`,lr ` gkhgl. 5bm !l pe`,lr jìls !l mlghshkb &, gehgihbc ` ehbi. =b k!lr +krms> gkhgl1&`slm

hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb hs ,plr!l!.

$l `&heh!, !k grl`!l b`rr`!hvl1& slm ,plr!l! hs bk!hbc bl+> k% gkursl. 5b l`re, l`jpel hs ;eh`

hèhb`?s 0- ,plr!l!> 8J, 7k,%rhlbm G`jl 7`gi %rkj !l S`r.8 Sh! h!s prkeh%lr`!hbc *$J

%r`jls `bm `j&hcukus b`rr`!hvl vkhgls> 8J, 7k,%rhlbm8 !rùj`!h2ls pks!jkmlrb %r`cjlb!`!hkb>

&k! vhsuèe, `bm b`rr`!hvle,. $l +kris +l?rl ckhbc !k ekki `! bk+ `rlb?! `s gkbglrblm +h!

%r`cjlb!`!hkb. $l,?rl jkrl `&ku! lpekr`!hkb> &u! bk! blglss`rhe, sp`!hè lpekr`!hkb> ehil !l

hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb +l ekkilm `!. Gkhgl1&`slm hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb hs 3us! `s ehile, !k &l `&ku! hbblr

psygnkekchgè l#pekr`thkb. $l sk%!+`rl `! !l glb!lr k% !hs bl+ &rllm k% gkhgl1&`slm mhch!è

eh!lr`!url hs ` %rll !kke gèelm $+hbl.

Grhs Geljhs hs !l krhchbè grl`!kr k% $+hbl. *l 9uhl!e, rlel`slm !l %hrs! vlrshkb hb 644. ku

gkuem mk+bek`m $+hbl !k ` J`g kr G `bm grl`!l &r`bghbc p`! b`rr`!hvls. 5bm !lb upek`m !l

%hbhslm s!kr, !k !l +l& `s ` shbcel *$J %hel. $+hbl j`ml h! l`s, !k gkjpksl ,plr!l! +h!ku!

ibk+hbc `b, *$J. 5bm &lgùsl !l lbm prkmug! +`s bk!hbc jkrl !`b *$J> !l s!krhls gkuem

&l vhl+lm `bm lpekrlm `bm rl`m hb `b, jkmlrb +l& &rk+slr.

5 sjèe crkup k% +rh!lrs pe`,lm `rkubm +h! $+hbl> &u! h! +`sb?! ub!he !l c`jl mlshcblr `bm grh!hg

5bb` 5b!rkp, hcehc!lm $+hbl hb lr &kki> $l 'hsl k% !l Bhmlkc`jl Ehbls!lrs hb 6406> !`!

`b lb!hrle, bl+ clblr`!hkb k% +rh!lrs mhsgkvlrlm $+hbl. $l su&!h!el k% 5b!rkp,?s &kki hs> *k+rlìs> krjès> 5j`!lurs> 5r!hs!s> Mrl`jlrs> Mrkp1ku!s> Nullrs> *kusl+hvls `bm lkpel hil

ku 5rl $ìhbc 7`gi `b 5r! krj. 5bm !l `r! %krj sl?s !èihbc `&ku! `rl vhmlk c`jls. 5b!rkp,

`rculs !`! &lgùsl k% !kkes ehil $+hbl> vhmlk c`jl mlshcb `s &lgkjl sk `gglssh&el !`! `b,&km,

g`b mk h!> `bm lvlr,&km, skuem. 5bm !l, skuem jìl c`jls `bm hb!lr`g!hvl b`rr`!hvls !`! splì

!k !lhr k+b lplrhlbgls. lkpel +k `m blvlr gkbshmlrlm !ljslevls +rh!lrs kr c`jl mlvlekplrs

!kki bk!l k% 5b!rkp,?s gèe !k `rjs> `bm !l, &lc`b !k usl $+hbl !k grl`!l hb!hj`!l> plrskbè

lprlsshkbs !`! s!kkm hb s!`ri gkb!r`s! !k l`rehlr +kris k% hb!lr`g!hvl %hg!hkb. $us> !l $+hbl

rlvkeu!hkb +`s &krb.


24/26



25/26


shjue`!hkb c`p> = !hbi !lrl `rl èsk +`! +l gkuem gèe ljue`!hkb c`p 11 !l !lgbkekchgè>

jl!kmkekchgè> `bm lphs!ljkekchgè c`ps &l!+llb hb!lr`g!hbc +h! sk%!+`rl kb h!s krhchbè pe`!%krj

`bm kb `b ljue`!kr.

S`! mk +l eksl hb ljue`!hkbs> `bm +`! mk +l c`hb" 5bm k+ mk !ksl s`jl ekssls `bm c`hbs

!r`bse`!l +lb +l !èi `&ku! mhch!è eh!lr`!url hbs!l`m k% mhch!è c`jls"

5b ljue`!hkb hs ` sk%!+`rl vlrshkb k% ` phlgl k% `rm+`rl. $l sgke`rs G`r` lrb`bml2 Blr` `bm

hgi Jkb!%kr! `vl &uhe! kb !hs hml`. lrb`bml2 Blr` gèes `b ljue`!lm c`jl ` %`gshjhel k% !l

krhchbè c`jl> +hel Jkb!%kr! mlsgrh&ls !l ljue`!kr h!sle% `s `b `mmh!hkb k% `rm+`rl> ushbc `b

`bèkc, !k &kkis. $l krhchbè `rm+`rl vlrshkb k% ` gkjpu!lr hs !l %hrs! lmh!hkb +hel h!?s

ljue`!lm vlrshkb> s`, `b 5ppel =hl> rubbhbc hb ,kur &rk+slr hs ` slgkbm lmh!hkb> ` sk%!+`rl `mmh!hkb.

$hbihbc `&ku! ljue`!krs `s lmh!hkbs rl1%r`jls !l vèul 3umcjlb!s +l jhc! p`ss kb ljue`!krs. =b

!l s`jl +`,> =?j `pp, %kr j, eh!lr`!url s!umlb!s !k rl`m ` 6404 lmh!hkb k% 8Jk&, Mhgi8 hbs!l`m k%

!l r`rl krhchbè> %hrs! `mmh!hkb +hg ckls %kr K444> &, !l +`,. =?j 3us! `s `pp, %kr j,

s!umlb!s !k lbgkub!lr ` r`rl +kri k% lelg!rkbhg eh!lr`!url hb ljue`!lm %krj. 7u! ,ku ibk+> !l kemlr

+kris +l ekkilm `! murhbc !hs gkursl> s`, *kusl k% Mus!> +lrl bk! ljue`!hkbs. $l, +lrl pkr!s.

S`!?s !l mh%%lrlbgl" 5b ljue`!kr rubs !l krhchbè gkml k% ` chvlb prkcr`j +hel ` pkr! rl+rh!ls

!l gkml h!sle%> hb krmlr !k rub kb mh%%lrlb! j`ghbls. ku gkuem !hbi k% ` pkr! `s ` ihbm k%

!r`bse`!hkb k% ` prkcr`j> bk! ` !r`bse`!hkb k% !l sur%`gl e`bcu`cl k% !l +kri> &u! ` !r`bse`!hkb k%

!l ubmlre,hbc gkml. $l prkcr`jjlr !r`bse`!ls !l gkml !k rub kb ` bl+ s,s!lj kr hb ` bl+

e`bcu`cl. 5bm !lrl?s bk! è+`,s ` kbl !k kbl gkrrlspkbmlbgl &l!+llb !l krhchbè +kri `bm h!s

pkr!> h!s !r`bse`!hkb.


26/26


sk%!+`rl lbvhrkbjlb!" $l hb!lr%`gl" $l `ls!l!hgs" $l ubmlre,hbc èckrh!js"

5 pkr! hs &krbl %rkj kbl pe`!%krj !k `bk!lr> `bm !l &l`rlr hs !l prkcr`jjlr kr mlshcblr> +k

`!!ljp!s !k prlslrvl !l prkcr`jTs lsslb!hè prkplr!hls %rkj kbl pe`!%krj !k !l bl!.

$l l!ks k% `m`p!`!hkb +hee v`r, %rkj pkr! !k pkr! `bm +rh!lr !k +rh!lr +`! ,ku gkksl !k

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prkcr`j.

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!`!)

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skurgl j`!lrhè !rkuc !l pkr!hbc prkglss)

Gràt(!l mlcrll k% j`s!lr, k% !l jkml k% gkjpksh!hkb kr rlprlslb!`!hkb k% !l pkr!)

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&rk`mlr ,pk!lshs kr ge`hj !`! j`!!lrs)

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%krjèml,ml. $l, jìl !lj èhvl> `gglssh&el> us`&el> rl`m`&el.

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Six lessons about electronic literature