Upload
matthew-mcbride
View
218
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Six Six currentcurrentMPAMPAProjectsProjects::
Offshore MPAs
National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment
BCLME
KwaZulu-Natal
Prince Edward Islands
Agulhas Bioregion
#
#
#
#
Cape Vidal
Cape Point
Sylvia Hill
Mbashe River
(Namib Bioregion)
Namaqua Bioregion
Agulhas Bioregion
Natal Bioregion
Delagoa Bioregion
30 m
150 m
South-western Cape Bioregion
Bioregions
KwaZulu-Natal
Sea-PLAN
Dr Jean Harris
KZN-Wildife
FINE-SCALE(high resolution/detail)
Suitable for local scale management interventions
PLANNING AREA
Provincial waters out to the EEZ (200 nm)
1. PATTERNS
Shoreline
•Habitats
•Species
Offshore
•Bathymetry
•Reefs
•Geology
•Canyons
2. PROCESSES
•Oceanography
•Fish spawning areas
•Fish nursery areas
•Fish migrations
•Predictable aggregations
•Dispersal routes
3. THREATS
•(lots)
E d g e o f S h e lf 1 0 0 m 3 m S L W S H W
1 .
1 . In th e sou th o f D u rb an if H is d eep th en p ro tec t 2 0 % + H + B .2 . N eed to d ese lec t trash ed co ra l ree fs .3 . + R in th e n orth - M ap u ta lan d .4 . G rass d u n e g e ts R va lu e fo r sou th b u t n o t fo r n o rth .5 . N eed to fin d ou t w h a t it look ed like p re -E u rop ean .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
H - h e te rog en e ityR - ra rityB - d iffe ren ce to n e ig h b ou rP - p o ten tia l th rea t
H ig h R e lie f (2 0 % + R )L ow R e lie f (2 0 % + R )
D eep
R ock R ee f
Y ou th fu l (1 0 0 % )M atu re (1 0 0 % )
C an yon
M u d d y S an d (2 0 % )
S L O P E
H ig h = 2 0 % + HL ow = 2 0 %
D eep
H ig hL ow
M ed iu m
H ig hL ow
S h a llow
R ock R ee f
D eep - H ig h = 2 0 % + H + BS h a llow - 2 0 % + H + B + P
C ora l R ee f
C an yon -1 0 0 %
Tu g e la - 2 0 %S t L u c ia -1 0 0 %
M u d B an k - 2 0 % + R + B
S an d B ed - 2 0 %
S H E L F
R ocks - 2 0 %
S an d - 2 0 %
S U R F Z O N E /N E A R S H O R E
S an d edU n s an d ed
E xp osed
S an d edU n s an d ed
S h e lte red
H ig h L ed g e - 2 0 % + H + B
L ow L ed g e - 2 0 %M ixed S h ore - 2 0 %B roken L ed g e - 2 0 % + HB ou ld ers - 2 0 %
R ocky S h ore
S an d y S h ores - 2 0 %
S H O R E L IN E
F ores t D u n e
G ras s - 2 0 % + RB u sh - 2 0 %
S cru b D u n e
F ore D u n e - 2 0 % + P
D U N E C O R D O N
CLASSIFICATION OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY1. PATTERNS
Mapping the shoreline at 100m intervals
SHORELINE BIODIVERSITY MAPPING
Data mapped onto high resolution colour aerial photos
FORESTDUNEIndigenous coastal forest
SCRUBDUNEBushes dune scrubBushes dune scrub & grassnot present
FOREDUNEBare_Blow_Extensive foredune dune fieldsBare_Blow_Vegetation_Extensive foredune dune fieldsBare_Broken rocksBare_Indigenous coastal forest_broken rocksBare_Vegetation_Extensive foredune dune fieldsVegetationnot present
HIGHSHORESand / Sandbar
MIDSHORERock low ledge_Sand / SandbarSand / Sandbar
LOWSHOREBroken rocks_Rock High ledgeBroken rocks_Scattered rocksLow ledgeRock High ledgeRock low ledge_Sand / SandbarSand / SandbarScattered rocksScattered rocks_Sand / Sandbar
SURFZONEBroken rocks_Rock Low ledge_Rocks submergedBroken rocks_Rocks emergentBroken rocks_Rocks submergedRock Low ledge_Rocks submergedRocks emergent_Rock High ledgeRocks emergent_Rock High ledge_Scattered rocksRocks emergent_Rocks submerged_Scattered rocksRocks emergent_Scattered rocksShallow sandy bottom
Three major beach types were identified and mapped:1. Reflective beaches2. Intermediate beaches3. Dissipative beaches
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
55.7 45.7 31.4 23.4 0
B
R
X
F
S
Beach Type: ReflDeans: 1.067Avg Grain Size: 425 µmWave Height: 0.9mWave Freq: 4 min-1
Slope: 1/12
SANDY SHORES (Ronel Nel)
314 transects
SPECIES Seaweeds
Other invertebrates
Sponges
•Fish
•Birds
Species being mapped spatially (Kerry Sink)
1. Fisheries importance
2. Over exploited species
3. Threatened speciesIUCN 2006 Red listSouth African Mammal Red data book National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment Priority linefish species for conservationCITES Listed
4. Endemic species
5. Rare species
6. Other species of concern (NGOs, User Groups, Literature)
1. PATTERNS
Shoreline
•Habitats
•Species
Offshore
•Bathymetry
•Reefs
•Geology
•Canyons
2. PROCESSES
•Oceanography
•Fish spawning areas
•Fish nursery areas
•Fish migrations
•Predictable aggregations
•Dispersal routes
3. THREATS
OFFSHORE BATHYMETRY - DEPTHCouncil for Marine Geoscience
10-30 m (Cloverley Lawrence)
ShallowReefs2-10m(SeanPorter)
Deep reefs>40mKerry Sink
Reefs – Photic BioZones
#
##
#
#
###
#
##
## #
##
#
#
###
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
# #
#
## #
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
##
#
###
#
##
##
#
#
#
#
##
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
#
##
#
##
#
#
##
##
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
# #
##
#
# #
##
#
#
#
#
##
##
# #### #
##
##
######
###
###### ###
#
# #### #
#
###
#
#
##
### ## #########
## # ## #
#########
####
#
## ##
#
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
#
##
#
##
###
##
###
#
#
#
### #
#
#
#
#
####
###
#
#
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#####
#
#
##
#
#
##
#
#
#
### #
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
###
##
##
#
#
#
##
##
###
# ##
#
#
##
# #
##
###
####
###
###
####
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
#
####
#
#
#
#
#
#
####
#
#
#
#
#
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
###
##
##
#
#
##
##
### ##
#
#
##
##
#
DURBAN
RICHARDS BAY
PORT SHEPSTONE
0 100 Kilometers
N
KZN Reef Points depicting different users
# Commercial users# Recreational users# Divers
Reef positions – compiled data, all sources
OFFSHOREHABITATMAPPING
SeafloorGeology
Canyons
$
$
$
$
$$
$
$
$
$
$
27°
43'
27°43
'
27°
42'
27°42
'
27°
41'
27°41
'
27°
40'
27°40
'
27°
39'
27°39
'
27°
38'
27°38
'
27°
37'
27°37
'
27°
36'
27°36
'
27°
35'
27°35
'
32°37'
32°37'
32°38'
32°38'
32°39'
32°39'
32°40'
32°40'
32°41'
32°41'
32°42'
32°42'
32°43'
32°43'
32°44'
32°44'
Hummock/Swales StructuresMedium 2D Subaqueous Dunes
Sediment Transport Direction
Giant 2D Subaqueous Dunes
Quartzose Shelf SandScattered Reef Outcrop (aeolian/beachrock)Reef Outcrop (aeolian/beachrock)
$ Pinnacle
LEGENDSide-Scan Sonar Interpretation
Bedforms
Coordinate SystemReference Spheroid: WGS84Decimal Degrees
<
Seafloor Map of the Continental Shelfbetween Red Sands & Ntabende
DIEPGAT CANYON
Kingfish Bay II
Kingfish Bay I
Adlams
Ntabende
1000 0 1000 2000 Meters
1:25000
N
OFFSHOREHABITATMAPPING
$
$
$
$
$$
$
$
$
$
$
27°
43'
27°43
'
27°
42'
27°42
'
27°
41'
27°41
'
27°
40'
27°40
'
27°
39'
27°39
'
27°
38'
27°38
'
27°
37'
27°37
'
27°
36'
27°36
'
27°
35'
27°35
'
32°37'
32°37'
32°38'
32°38'
32°39'
32°39'
32°40'
32°40'
32°41'
32°41'
32°42'
32°42'
32°43'
32°43'
32°44'
32°44'
Hummock/Swales StructuresMedium 2D Subaqueous Dunes
Sediment Transport Direction
Giant 2D Subaqueous Dunes
Quartzose Shelf SandScattered Reef Outcrop (aeolian/beachrock)Reef Outcrop (aeolian/beachrock)
$ Pinnacle
LEGENDSide-Scan Sonar Interpretation
Bedforms
Coordinate SystemReference Spheroid: WGS84Decimal Degrees
<
Seafloor Map of the Continental Shelfbetween Red Sands & Ntabende
DIEPGAT CANYON
Kingfish Bay II
Kingfish Bay I
Adlams
Ntabende
1000 0 1000 2000 Meters
1:25000
N
1. PATTERNS
Shoreline
•Habitats
•Species
Offshore
•Bathymetry
•Reefs
•Geology
•Canyons
2. PROCESSES
•Oceanography
•Fish spawning areas
•Fish nursery areas
•Fish migrations
•Predictable aggregations
•Dispersal routes
3. THREATS
Offshore “Domains” – 1km x 1km
Defined by …….
* Depth
* Turbidity
* Temperature
* Chlorophyll
* Sediment type
Oceanography
2. PROCESSES
ChlorophyllSea surface temperature
0 70 140 210 Kilometers
Turbidity_21 April 2003LandSlight TurbidityMedium TurbdityHigh TurbidityNo Turbidity
N
Turbidity Data Analysis based on colour
• 5 categories
Oceanographic Provinces
Bakun (Ocean triads)
3. Threats & degree of impact/transformation
• Commercial exploitation• Subsistence and small scale commercial use• Recreational fishing• Shark control installations• Aquarium trade – commercial• Aquarium trade - recreational• Ornamental shell trade• Mariculture • Alien invasive species• Mining• Shipping• Pollution• Non-extractive recreational activities• Coastal development and access• Natural threats e.g. cyclones• Disease• Climate change
200 0 200 Kilometers
KZN MPAsKZN BoundaryOccurance of Commercial linefishingKZN EEZ
N
Areas along the KZN coastline where commercial linefishing occurs
Commercial Exploitation
200 0 200 Kilometers
KZN MPAsKZN BoundaryOccurance of Commercial longlining (swordfish)KZN EEZ
N
Areas along the KZN coastline where commercial longling (swordfish) occurs
Issues & challenges?
* Offshore profiles as proxy for biodiversity - test
* Integrating estuaries
* Measuring threat intensity
* Threats vs vulnerability
* Setting targets
* Connectivity & proximity factors
#
#
#
#
Cape Vidal
Cape Point
Sylvia Hill
Mbashe River
(Namib Bioregion)
Namaqua Bioregion
Agulhas Bioregion
Natal Bioregion
Delagoa Bioregion
30 m
150 m
South-western Cape Bioregion
Bioregions
FINE to MEDIUM-SCALE
Suitable for bioregional prioritisation
PLANNING AREA
Bioregional waters out to 30 m depth
Used MARXAN to site new MPAs using coastline accessibility (by foot or boats) as a cost factor
Conservation planning analyses1. MARXAN (1 km coastal planning units)
2. Meet targets
3. Avoid areas of high cost
4. Cluster solutions
1. Intertidal habitats (1:5000)
2. Reef fish abundance (1 km coastal segments)
3. Coastal dune systems (exact locations)
4. Marine geology (surrogate for different reef types, 1:2million)
Features
Costs1. Foot access
2. Boat access
#Y
12
34 5 6
7 8
9
ROCKY SHORESRock_ShelteredRock_ExposedRock_Very exposedBoulders on rock_ShelteredBoulders on rock_ExposedBoulders on sand_ShelteredBoulders on sand_ExposedPebbles_Exposed
MIXED SHORESSand above rock_ShelteredSand above rock_ExposedRock above sand_ExposedBroken rock and sand_ShelteredBroken rock and sand_ExposedScattered rock and sand_ShelteredScattered rock and sand_Exposed
SANDY SHORESSand (dissipative)Sand (intermediate)
RIVERSEstuary permanently open_ExcellentEstuary permanently open_Excellent?Estuary permanently open_GoodEstuary permanently open_FairEstuary permanently open_PoorEstuary open river mouth_ExcellentEstuarine bay_GoodEstuary temporarily closed_ExcellentEstuary temporarily closed_Excellent?Estuary temporarily closed_GoodEstuary temporarily closed_FairEstuary temporarily closed_PoorEstuarine lake system_GoodEstuary canalized_PoorEstuary in harbour_PoorRiver outlet
TRANSFORMED AREASTransformed
10
Port ElizabethCapePoint
MbasheRiver
0 200 400 Kilometers
N
Feature 1: Intertidal habitats (1:5000)
N
5
43
210 100 200 300 400 Kilometers
Reef fish abundance score00 - 0.50.5 - 11 - 1.51.5 - 22 - 2.52.5 - 3
Feature 2: Reef fish abundance (1 km coastal segments)
N
5
43
210 100 200 300 400 Kilometers
Feature 3: Proposed coastal dune reserves (exact locations, Tinley 1985)
#YPort Elizabeth#Y
Mossel BayCapePoint
Mbashe River
Bot River
Go
u ri ts Rive
r
Groot - Vis River
#Y
Plettenberg Bay
N
0 100 200 300 400 500 Kilometers
Argillaceous quartzite_black phylliteArgillaceous quartzite_black phyllite_GraniteClayGlauconitic clay with pyrite and plant fragments_shale_siltstoneHard grey shale_silty shaleLimestone_calcareous clayQuartzite (Table Mountain Group)Quartzite (Witteberg Group)Red and grey sandstone and siltstone
Feature 4: Subtidal geology (1:2 million)
Access score (foot and boat)1.5 - 22 - 2.652.65 - 33 - 3.253.25 - 3.53.5 - 44 - 4.554.55 - 5.25.2 - 66 - 7
Accessibility model
Costs
Priority areas avoided
coastlines with high cost
(accessibility)
N
0 100 200 300 400 500 Kilometers
1 2
3 4
5
19 Priority areas