Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Sixteenth-century EuropeReligious Change
PoliticalChange
EconomicChange
IntellectualChange
Europe 1350-1600
• European economy became more commercial• Stronger governments began to appear and feudalcontrols weakened• Culture began to shift away from traditional religious values
What do you remember about the Renaissance?
The Dawn of the Renaissance
Medieval vs. Renaissance Art
Economic ChangeSocial Change
Raphael: 1483-1520“The School of Athens”
Plato
Aristotle
Michaelangelo
Ptolemy
Raphael
Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519“Mona Lisa”
Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519“The Last Supper” 1498
The Spread of
the Printing
Press:
Johann Gutenberg
1468
§ Church corruption
§ Nationalism (pride in one’s nation)
§ Papal need for money = unfair taxes and indulgences (pardons issued by priest to reduce time in purgatory)
§ Printing Press + Vernacular + 95 Theses = Reform
Causes of the Reformation?
Religious Change
Chapter 15 Section 3
The Protestant Reformation
St. Peter’s Basilica
Indulgences
An indulgence, 1517, Translation: With the Authority of all Saints and with mercy for you, I free you of all sins and crimes and excuse you from all punishments for ten days - Johann Tetzel
"When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Purgatory?
The Spread of Lutheranism
Martin Luther1483-1546
“Justification By Faith Alone”
Salvation Through Grace
82. To wit: -- "Why does not the pope empty purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the dire need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a Church? The former reasons would be most just; the latter is most trivial.“
86. Again: -- "Why does not the pope, whose wealth is to-day greater than the riches of the richest, build just this one church of St. Peter with his own money, rather than with the money of poor believers?"
Luther’s Message:1.God’s grace can not be won by good works.2.Faith alone was needed3.Only head of Catholic Church was Jesus, not the pope4.Individual Christians should be their own Bible interpreters5.Christian practices should come only from the Bible
Reaction of the CHURCH?
1. Martin Luther is excommunicatedBy Pope Leo X2. Summoned to Diet of Worms 1521 byHR Emperor Charles V (Edict of Worms condemns Luther)
“Unless I am convicted (convinced) of errorby the testimony of Scripture…I cannot and will not recant anything, for to act against our conscience is neither safe for us, nor open to us.” Luther’s Idea’s continued to spread
Protestants? Ulrich Zwingli? = theocracy (too radical/died in battle)
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
75,000Peasants
Killed
John Calvin’s World in the 16c
Doctrine of Predestination= God knows who will be saved
even before you are born(man was evil so needed strict
discipline)(goal was to make world fit for
the “elect”)
Protestantism Spreads to England
(page 453)
King Henry VIII1491-1547
Queen Elizabeth I1558-1603
Religious Conflict
King Henry VIII:•Catherine of Aragon (daughter = Mary)•Needed a male heir AND fell in love with Anne Boleyn•Wanted an annulment/ pope said NO•(Catherine’s nephew = HR Emperor Charles V)•Henry summoned Reformation Parliament•Closes Catholic monasteries/ distributes wealth•1534 Act of Supremacy = Henry becomes head of the Church of England
•Married Anne Boleyn (daughter = Elizabeth)
Edward VI (son of Henry VIII andJane Seymour) assumes the throne at age 9 when Henry VIII dies- he himself dies at 16
Mary I (daughter of Catherine and Henry VIII)
Returned England to the authority of the Pope – burned Protestants at the stake
Elizabeth I (daughter of Henry VIII andAnne Boleyn) assumes the throne upon death of “Bloody”Mary I
(5th and last Tudor Monarch)Reigned from 1558-1603
1559 Supremacy Act = England again splitsfrom Rome
Homework questions from c 15 sec 3?Cause and Effect Visual - TOMORROW IN CLASSC 15 sec 3 Sensory Figure
Catholics at all levels recognized the need for reform in the church.
Their work turned back the tide of
Protestantism in some areas and renewed the
zeal of Catholics everywhere
Religious Transformation
Chapter 15 Section 4
The Counter- Reformation
Monk Girolamo Savonarola“Bonfire of the Vanities”
St. Ignatius of Loyola(The Jesuits)
Goals:•Obedience to Church•Renewal of Church’s spirituality•Concentrated on education
Accomplishments:•Schools and Universities•Missionary activity• Knowledge of other cultures
REFORMS?• Delegates addressed abuses• Reforms addressed corruption of the clergy• Training of priests were regulated/ schools established• Financial abuses checked• Publish Bible in vernacular• SALE OF INDULGENCES ABOLISHED
Pope Paul III
Individual faith
NO ROLE FOR THE INDIVIDUAL: YOU NEED PRIESTS
Mary Ward:The first sister of feminism
She threw off her habit and put women on the stage
St Teresa of Avila:Most famous female
spiritual leaderFollowed own strict rules
Deep spirituality
The Great Witch Hunt
Germany =3,229 witches killed (burned)Swiss Confederation = 5,417 witches killed (burned)Estimated 60,000 killed in total , 95% of them women
Reasons?? Explain misfortune, misogyny, eliminating non-conformists, rising role of women
The Spanish Inquisition 1478-1576…Muslim?
Jew?Protestant?
~ 2000 killed
What methods did the Church use to stop the spread of Protestantism?
NOTEBOOKSDue on M 10/10
C 15 Free Choice Assignment and C 15 title pageDue on M 10/10
TEST C 15sec 3 and 4FRIDAY 10/780 Points
REVIEW in class tomorrow
1. What did Wycliffe and Hus dislike about the Church?
2. What were Martin Luther’s beliefs?
3. How did the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor react to Luther?
4. Why and how did Henry VII break from the Catholic Church?
Cause and Effects of the Protestant Reformation??
FIND THISCHART
C 15 sec 3 REVIEW
1. What did Wycliffe and Hus dislike about the Church?
2. What were Martin Luther’s beliefs?
W (theologian) -church should give up worldly possessions-his views were VERY unpopular with Church officials-he was removed from his teaching duties
H (Bohemian priest) -disliked immorality and worldliness-excommunicated in 1412- later found guilty of heresy- burned at the stake
• Justification by Faith alone• Only head of Church was Jesus• Individual Christians should be their OWN interpreters of the Bible• Bible should be translated in the VERNACULAR• End sale of indulgences
3. How did the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor react to Luther?
4. Why and how did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church?
1520: Luther was excommunicated
1521: Luther summoned before HRE Charles V at Diet of WormsHis writings were condemnedHe was declared an outlaw
1529: Lutheran German princes issues a PROTESTation against these measures
- Wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, HRE Charles V’s aunt
-Called a Reformation Parliament- declared England no longer under th authority of the Pope
- Said he was now head of the Church of England and closed Catholic monasteries and redistributed their wealth to the people of England to encourage their support for his actions
Find a textbook and work ONE PARTNER:
Read the section: Religious and Social Effects page 458Take notes on the three bold sections:
Changes in ReligionPersecution and Hysteria
Political Effects
Leave room to add notes when we share answers
3 bulleted pieces of information should be enough per topicPrepare to share
Changes in Religion
• Protestants break away and form several factions
• Renewed zeal for Catholic faith led by Jesuits• Jesuits soften harsh rule of church• However, persecution of non-Catholics =
the Spanish Inquisition
• Religious wars break out • Peasant's War in HRE• Martin Luther denounces the violent reaction
to his ideas• Eventual religious freedom =
Peace of Augsburg, Edict of Nantes
RELIGIOUS WARS/ The Italian Wars
1494: King Charles VIII of France invaded ItalySpain and England also became involved
Finally = SACK of Rome by HRE Charles V in 1527
WHY?
Consequences:•Italian Renaissance spread throughout Europe•Peasants unhappy with high taxes = Peasant’s War•Luther’s refusal to side with peasants preventedreligious wars from starting social reform/ equality
Spain = 130 shipsEngland = 150 ships
Persecution and Hysteria
• Jews and Muslims viewed as heretics = migration of these groups into E and S Europe
• Educated Jews who converted, stayed in Spain• Witch hunts/ torture• Poor harvests, turmoil contributed to the
hysteria over witches• Eventually thousands were killed in W Europe
between 1580 and 1660 (mostly women)
Political Effects
• Formation of independent states and nations• Nationalism grew• Rulers and merchants wanted the church to be
less involved in their affairs
• Political power became separated from religion
HRE Charles V wants to reverse rise of Protestantism1546 started a war against the German princes Enthusiasm died = Peace of Augsburg 1555
German princes can chose their own religion (Catholicism or Lutheranism)Subject people had no voice….
Henry IV of NavarreEdict of Nantes 1598?? Hugenots!
Question authoritarianPower (HRE)
Religious toleration eventually
Catholic Church is no longer THE authority in Europe
Power of individual thought
Power of individual curiosity
NationalismSale of Indulgences for St. Peter’s Basilica
John Gutenberg Council of Trent Ignatius of Loyola Peasants’ War95 Theses Elizabeth IJohn Calvin Counter-ReformationPredestination IndulgencesHenry VIII St. Peter’s BasilicaAct of Supremacy Teresa of AvilaAnnuled Spanish InquisitionMartin Luther HRE Charles VJesuits Peace of Augsburg 1555Purgatory Edict of Nantes 1598Protestant Reformation HugenotsNationalism TheocracyIndex of Forbidden Books
27
TEST C 15 sec 3 and sec 4 = FRIDAY 10/780 points
Short Answer Questions: Free Choice =MONDAY 10/10
1. Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the church’s teachings of his day.
2. What were the effects of the Reformation in England? How did the royal family in particular respond?
3. What methods did the Catholic Church use to stop the spread of Protestantism? Were they successful? Why or why not?
4.What reforms were made in the Catholic Church and why were these reforms agreed upon by church officials? What were the effects of these reforms?
