SKA1012 Water EngineeringGroup Assignment

SEMESTER 1 2013-14

QUESTION 1

QUESTION 2

QUESTION 3

QUESTION 4

QUESTION 5

QUESTION 6

QUESTION 7CREDIT

Water resources engineering is one of the major field of study in Civil Engineering. Describe what it is in terms of analysis and design and its importance to society and the environment.

QUESTION 1

Water Resources

analysis design

o Students learn to apply engineering analysis and computer models to identify water resources problems and design engineering solutions to these challenges.

o Students design and develop creative solutions to protect groundwater, soil, wetlands, streams and lakes to ensure that the development of new water supplies do not disrupt natural processes. 

importance

society Water resources engineering

combines elements of other disicplines in a unique combination ideally suited to address society’s concerns and needs for surroundings.

environment watering of natural or

artificial wetlands, artificial lakes intended to create wildlife habitat, fish ladder, and water releases from reservoirs timed to help fish spawn, or to restore more natural flow regimes

Role of civil engineer in…a) water and wastewater treatment

A water or wastewater engineer could...

-Design an engineering solution that will protect a town from the devastating effects of flooding.-Oversee daily testing on a city's water supply to ensure that it is safe for the population to drink.-Figure out the best place to locate a municipal water treatment facility.-Help design park water features in ways that will maximize both fun and water conservation.

QUESTION 2

b) Storm water management

Engineers has considerable experience with these types of projects and has assisted clients with the development of:

• Site maps showing topography, drainage areas, discharge structures and outfalls, paved areas and buildings, and storage areas• Estimates of impervious surfaces and total area drained by each outfall• Designs of storm water retention basins based upon pre vs. post development conditions• Storm Drain reports utilizing computer modeling, HEC-RAS, HEC-HMS, SWMM, etc

c) Water supply and distribution

Civil engineers…

- plan and design the water distribution systems and assist in its operation- Do Computer Network Analysis for System Planning- Computerized maintenance management systems- maintain the integrity of the infrastructure throughout its life cycle

Dams are major water resource structures that require in-depth analyses and stringent design processes. What are the major activities involved in the following stages of the dam construction? a. Feasibility and Preliminary Stage b. Site Investigation Stage c. Design Stage d. Construction Stage e. Operation and Maintenance Stage

Question 3

A)FEASIBILTY AND PRELIMINARY STAGE: A SPECIFIC NEED FOR A DAM STIMULATES THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING AND BUILDING A DAM. THE NEED AND THE SUITABILITY LOCATION TO CONSTRUCT A DAM ARE VERY ESSENTIAL. DURING FEASIBILITY STUDIES, ENGINEERS IDENTIFY THESE SITES, MAKE PRELIMINARY COST COMPARISONS, DECIDE ON A PROBABLE DESIGN, AND CHOSE THE BEST SITE FOR EXPLORATION. FEASIBILITY CERTAINLY REFERS TO THE COST OF BUILDING THE DAM, BUT IT ALSO INCLUDES THE TECHNICAL PRACTICALITIES OF SITE SUITABILITY, DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY.

AFTER A FEASIBLE SITE IS CHOSEN, A PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF THE DAM IS DEVELOPED. THE LOCATION OF THE DAM IS SUPERIMPOSED ON A TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP. THE PROPOSED WATER LEVEL ELEVATION SHOWN FROM MAP SHOWS THE EXTENT OF THE RESERVOIR AND DETERMINES ALONG WITH THE SHAPE OF THE BASIN AND THE QUANTITY OF WATER THAT THE RESERVOIR WILL HOLD. QUANTITIES OF WATER STORED AND MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTING THE DAM HELP DETERMINE THE VALUE OF THE PROJECT AND ITS COSTS. SOMETIMES MULTIPLE ITERATIONS OF SITE SELECTION, PRE-DESIGN, AND COST ESTIMATING ARE NEEDED. IDEALLY, THE FOUNDATION AREA UNDER THE DAM WILL NOT REQUIRE MUCH EXCAVATION OR GROUTING TO PREVENT SEEPAGE, AND THE MATERIALS INSIDE THE RESERVOIR AREA CAN BE EXCAVATED AND USED TO BUILD THE DAM SO THAT MORE RESERVOIR STORAGE IS GAINED AT THE SAME TIME AS SOIL OR ROCK ARE EXCAVATED TO CONSTRUCT THE EMBANKMENT.

ASSESSMENT OF PRELIMINARY DATA WILL ASSIST IN THE CHOICE OF EXPLORATORY METHODS AND IN DESIGN OF THE EXPLORATORY PROGRAMME AS A WHOLE.

B)SITE INVESTIGATION STAGE• The purpose of geological site investigations for a dam project is to provide info for the basis

requirement of the designers to design a safe dam structure and to be able to assume how much the construction cost of the dam. The aim of the dam designers is to build the dam for the lowest cost consistent with currently meet the standards of safety.

• In order to be able to answer the above questions the dam site must be explored by an experienced engineering geologist. Methods commonly used to explore sites for construction projects are;

a) Geological mapping of surface rock outcrops;

b) Geophysical surveys and seismic refraction is used to determine depth of overburden;

c) Excavation of trenches and pits by using bulldozers, backhoes ,vibrators plate and etc.;

d) Diamond core drilling. As usually carried out this method recovers an undisturbed, cylindrical sample (a core sample) about 50 mm in diameter from depths of a few metres to hundreds of metres, if necessary. Other types of drilling which recover disturbed samples may also be used in some circumstances;

e) These geological site investigations allow the engineering geologist to construct a "geological model" of the site which is then used by the dam designers as a basis on which they can design a safe and economic dam structure appropriate to the geology of that particular site. The actual geological conditions revealed during construction will be compared with the geological model of the site derived from the site investigations and

C)DESIGN STAGEAfter the field exploration and laboratory testing are complete, the engineering team begins final design of the dam based on the preliminary assumptions, the findings in the field, and any changes in design or economics that are based on field findings.The engineers will look at five important criteria:

1. the mass of the dam that will make it stable

2. design of a core and other interior part to prevent seepage means the percolation of water through the dam

3. design of a cutoff wall or other seepage prevention under the dam

4. erosion protection on the upstream face, and most importantly economics.

CROSS SECTION OF A TYPICAL FILL DAM

D)CONSTRUCTION STAGE:

• Dams are usually constructed in the dry season when water levels in the river or stream are lower, rainfall intensity on that area is less so that the conditions are better for operating large construction equipment. Before construction proceed,the site is surveyed to locate the dam alignment on the existing ground, the areas that will be excavated, and the borrow areas or sources for the soil or rock used in construction.Other important factors for construction are topography of the land, nature of ground, type of rocks present to be excavated for the use of dams construction and type of soil that are need to be compacted for a the base.

D)CONSTRUCTION STAGE:

• Dams are usually constructed in the dry season when water levels in the river or stream are lower, rainfall intensity on that area is less so that the conditions are better for operating large construction equipment. Before construction proceed,the site is surveyed to locate the dam alignment on the existing ground, the areas that will be excavated, and the borrow areas or sources for the soil or rock used in construction.Other important factors for construction are topography of the land, nature of ground, type of rocks present to be excavated for the use of dams construction and type of soil that are need to be compacted for a the base.

Question 4Water resource systems can be defined as a “water control” or a “water use” system. What is your understanding of each category? For each category, describe a type of engineering project associated with it

water control water use

water use

• The amount of water used by a household or a country, or the amount used for a given task or for the production of a given quantity of some product or crop. The term "water footprint" is often used to refer to the amount of water used by an individual, community, business, or nation.

Water control• These are fully defined in Section 104 of the Water Resources

Act 1991. They include in summary:• Relevant territorial waters which extend seaward for three

miles from the low-tide limit from which the territorial sea adjacent to England and Wales is measured.

• Coastal waters from the low-tide limit to the high-tide limit or fresh-water limit of a river or  watercourse.

• Inland freshwaters– Natural and artificial lakes, ponds, reservoirs, rivers or watercourses

above the fresh-water limit– Natural and artificial underground rivers and watercourses– Surface water sewers, ditches and soakaways that discharge to

surface or groundwater– It also includes those that may be currently dry.

• Ground waters any waters contained in underground strata.• It does not include any public sewer or any drain that enters

into a public sewer (foul sewer).

Water Control

PROJECT WATER RESOURCESSMART TUNNEL

• One of our most distinctive and challenging engineering projects we undertook was the Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) project – conceived after a series of devastating flash floods washed the heart of Kuala Lumpur city centre and accumulated losses rose to billions of ringgit.

• Conceived with an innovative and never-before-attempted concept to tackle the crippling floods and snarling traffic jams that plaque the Southern Gateway of Kuala Lumpur, SMART captured the attention of the international engineering community with its ingenuity and functional capability.

• Employing two Slurry Mix-Shield Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) measuring 13.26m in outer diameter, the largest in Sought-East Asia then, we tunnelled under live traffic that began from the old Public Works Department football fields at Jalan Chan Sow Lin, at the central of the alignment, and moved outwards towards their respective ends.

• Altogether, the TBMs – named Tuah and Gemilang (literally “Luck” and “Splendid” in English terms) – traversed a combined distance of 9.7km beneath federal-owned owned roads and the city centre’s highly unstable tropical karstic limestone and alluvium geology that included loose silt sand, peats, cliffs, pinnacles, cavities, collapsed cavities and sinkholes.

• In the process, our engineering team achieved a world record and record-breaking time of building 66 rings in a week and 13 rings in 24 hours of operation for a large-diameter TBM.

• The 9.7km stormwater tunnel in SMART helps divert excess floodwater from Sungai Klang and Sungai Ampang saving the Financial District of Kuala Lumpur, in the surrounding area of Masjid Jamek, from future floods. The 3km motorway tunnel incorporated into SMART acts as an efficient alternative route from the Southern Gateway of KL-Seremban Highway, Federal Highway, Besraya and East-West Link from entering and exiting the city centre.

• This iconic project assembled the best of Malaysian engineering expertise and won the Group international accolades from the most prestigious builders’ award, the British Construction Industry Award (BCIA) for Best International Project.

• Locally, SMART won double honours from the Construction Industry Development Board of Malaysia for Excellence in Innovation and Environmental Protection, and a year later as the top builder in the country.

• Three-mode operation: The SMART system works on a three-mode principle based on the level of flood discharge.

• Mode 1Motorway tunnel operates as usual when there is no storm and excess floodwater

• Mode 2In the event of a moderate storm, the SMART system will be activated and excess rainwater will be diverted through the stormwater bypass tunnel, in the lower channel of the motorway tunnel. The motorway tunnel is open to motorists

• Mode 3During severe storm or heavy inundation, the monitoring stations will issue an alert of the need to close the motorway tunnel from motorists. Sufficient time will be allocated to allow the last vehicle to exit the motorway safely before the automated water-tight gates are opened to allow floodwater to pass through to the storage pond and subsequently to Sungai Kerayong. The motorway tunnel will be re-opened to traffic within 48 hours after closure

SMART TUNNEL

QUESTION 5 Coastal Engineering is an example of a specific discipline in water resource studies. Describe the following aspects related to coastal engineering. a. The coastal zone b. The maritime zone c. Coastal hydrodynamic processes d. Four(4) categories of coastal structures e. Give a brief write-up on one major port in Malaysia

Coastal engineering

THE COASTAL ZONE A coastal zone is the interface between the land and

water . Coastal zones are continually changing because of the

dynamic interaction between the oceans and the land. Waves and winds along the coast are both eroding rock

and depositing sediment on a continuous basis, and rates of erosion and deposition vary considerably from day to day along such zones.

THE MARITIME ZONE. The maritime zones recognized under international law

include internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone, the continental shelf, the high seas  and the Area.

With the exception of the high seas and the Area, each of these maritime zones is measured from the baseline determined in accordance with customary international law as reflected in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention.

Internal waters-the waters (for example, bays and rivers) on the landward side of the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

The territorial sea-Each coastal State may claim a territorial sea that extends seaward up to 12 nautical miles (nm) from its baselines.

The contiguous zone-Each coastal State may claim a contiguous zone adjacent to and beyond its territorial sea that extends seaward up to 24 nm from its baselines.

The exclusive economic zone-Each coastal State may claim an Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) beyond and adjacent to its territorial sea that extends seaward up to 200 nm from its baselines (or out to a maritime boundary with another coastal State).

The continental shelf-Each coastal State has a continental shelf that is comprised of the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nm from its baselines where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance (or out to a maritime boundary with another coastal State).

The high sea-The high seas are comprised of all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a State, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State.

The area-The Area is comprised of the seabed and subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.

5.CCoastal hydrodynamic processes

The Coastal Processes and Hydrodynamics is to identify whether cumulative impacts from offshore structures might affect coastal hydrodynamic processes to the extent that adverse impacts to geological or ecological values occur and make recommendations to avoid such impacts.

Ongoing research topics include coupling of hydrodynamic processes in muddy environments, coupled effects of wave and surge during hurricane inundation, effects of waves and currents on the evolution and stability of the barrier islands.

The main hydrodynamic processes in the coastal zone are:

• wind-induced and tide-induced waves,

• tide-, wind-, density- and wave-induced currents

5.DOF COASTAL STRFOUR (4) CATEGORIES UCTURES

a)Seawallsb)Perched beachc)Groundwater

drainaged)Zoning

SEAWALLS•Seawalls are usually massive, vertical structures used to protect backshore areas from heavy wave action, and in lower wave energy environments, to separate land from water.

PERCHED BEACH•Construction of a low retaining sill to trap sand results in what is known as a "perched beach," one that is elevated above its original level.

GROUNDWATER DRAINAGE•Groundwater drainage, or bluff dewatering is a common practice used to rapidly drain ground and surface waters away from a bluff in order to eliminate or reduce bluff failures initiated by groundwater seepage.

ZONING•Zoning measures involve the implementation and enforcement of planning and zoning by-laws to control development in flood and erosion hazard zones.

5.EONE MAJOR PORT IN MALAYSIA

ISKANDAR MALAYSIA’S FLAGSHIP ZONES

Iskandar Malaysia’s master plan involved the sectioning of the region into five developmental focal points that were called ‘Flagship Zones’. Four of these zones are located in the Special Economic Corridor (SEC) of Nusajaya-Johor Bahru-Pasir Gudang. The main purpose of these Flagship Zones is the strengthening of existing economic clusters, as well as the diversification and development of targeted growth sectors.

The Flagship Zones are named from A to E, with Zones A to D being coastal areas, while E is located inland.

ZONE A : JOHOR BAHRU CITY

ZONE B : NUSAJAYA

ZONE C : WESTERN GATE DEVELOPMENT

ZONE D : EASTERN GATE DEVELOPMENT

ZONE E : SENAI-SKUDAI

QUESTION 6 Name and describe the roles of THREE (3) government department/agency/authority that deals with water related issues and development in Malaysia.

INDAH WATERIndah Water is the national sewerage company, strives to provide effecientand environmentally-caring sewerage service to all Malaysians.These services are monitored and evaluated for contiuous improvements.

SERVICE PROVIDEDBlockage within premisesThe toilet will overflow.If there is a blockage in the

internal sewerage pipelines within the premises or between the premises to the nearest public manhole. This is usually caused by solid waste/objects blocking the flow of water in the pipelines.

Clearing of the blockage will be performed through the

drainage pipes in the "inspection chamber" or the internal sewerage pipelines within the premises.

The service is rendered within 48 hours from the time of notification. (Advance payment is required before the service is rendered)

Missing manhole coverAreas which have a sewerage system that is

connected to a public sewage treatment plant would have manholes along the roads or sidewalks.

Public manholes are covered with a round metal cover made of cast iron and an embossed with "JPP" (Jabatan Perkhidmatan Pembetungan), "Indah Water" or Local Authority's logo.

There have been many cases of the cover being stolen by inresponsible individuals.

 Indah Water will replace the missing manhole within 12 hours from the reported time with a hinge and lock manhole to prevent from be stolen again.

Spills/Overflowing manholeThe flow of waste water in the underground

public sewerage pipelines is blocked by rubbish or solid waste. When this happens, the waste water will overflow at the public manholes.

Indah Water is responsible to clear the blockage in the sewerage pipelines through the manholes using high pressured water hoses, high powered vacuum and mechanical rodders within 24 hours from the reported time.

SYABASSyarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn Bhd (SYABAS) was incorporated on 8th July 1996 under the Malaysian Companies Act, 1965 to undertake the privatisation of water supply services in the State of Selangor and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.

SYABAS is responsible for the distribution of water services to over 7.8 million people via over 1.9 million consumer accounts that include domestic consumers, factories, commercial and industrial buildings in the State of Selangor and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, of which 85% are from the domestic consumers and 15% are commercial consumers.

OPERATIONMAINTAINANCEA stretch of 26,705.79km water pipes that are made of

mild steel, ductile iron, asbestos cement, HDPE, uPVC and cast iron ranging from 100mm to 2200mm diameter

1528 service reservoirs, tower reservoirs, and suction tanked

Replacement of at least 6,000 km of old pipes that needed replacement

Cleaning of 1,100 reservoirsCollecting and digitising of main trunks, pipes and

reservoirs which were non existence when SYABAS first took over

MANAGEMENTAssisting the State Government by

taking over PUAS debts to the water treatment operators amounting to RM 2.4 billion

Investigating and assisting the authorities to prosecute water theft activities amounting to 6,000 cases recorded

Improving existing poor customer service which had resulted in the loss of confidence to lodge reports to PUAS Berhad

JABATAN PENGALRAN DAN SALIRAN (JPS)

Launched during the Department's diamond jubilee celebrations (60 years anniversary) on 1st. January 1992.

The waves represent the five main functions of the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, namely drainage, irrigation, river engineering, coastal engineering and hydrology.

The waves transforming from blue to green signify agricultural progress amidst Nature's beauty, the result of harmonious integration of engineering works with the environment in line with the maxim; "Water and its Environment, Our Heritage."

SERVICESFlood managementNew non-structural measures were introduced

and the most significant being that required under Manual Saliran Mesra Alam. Compliance to this manual is now a mandatory requirement for all new urban development projects since 2001.

Since the new millennium, the DID has adopted the Integrated River Basin Development and the Integrated Flood Management approaches for its flood management programs

DamsJPS presently manages 15 dams located in

various states to fulfill the department's role in providing adequate irrigation water, flood mitigation and silt retention.

More dams are scheduled for implementation in the future to meet the ever increasing demands and social expectations of the public as the nation strives towards becoming a developed country by the year 2020.

The main activities are such as monitoring the safety ofthe dams, safety inspection of the dams, formulation of related procedures, standards and guidelines on dams safety and budget preparation.

Water resources management and hydrology

Development, O&M of hydrological network To develop, manufacture and test hydrological

instrument or system to suit local conditions. Provide supporting services in the field of hydrological instrumentation. Use of instruments in major irrigation and drainage schemes. provide regular training on maintenance of hydrological instrument and telemetric equipment. 

 Analysis of hydrological data. Collaborate with UNESCO's International

Hydrological Programme (IHP) for the advancement of hydrological and water resources research and technology to the benefit of the nation. Conduct hydrological research to understand specific hydrological processes and characteristics. Carry out basic and continuous water resources assessment.

River managementIntegrated River Basin Management (IRBM) is

the process of coordinating conservation, management and development of water, land and related resources across sectors within a given river basin, in order to maximize the economic and social benefits derived from water resources in an equitable manner while preserving and, where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems.

In simple terms, it is the management of a river basin as an entity, not as a series of individual, unconnected pieces. It is geared towards integrating and coordinating policies, programmes and practices. It addresses water and water related issues. It requires improved professional capacity and increased financial, legislative, managerial and political capacity.

QUESTION 7

Name and describe ONE (1) actual water related project in Malaysia for each of the following categories below. a. Flood mitigation b. Hydroelectric power generation C. Irrigation scheme c. d. Coastal protection e. River improvement works

Flood Mitigation Muda River flood mitigation project. Sg. Muda is located within the boundary of Kedah and Pulau Pinang with a

catchment area of 4,210 km2 and 180 km length begin from Muda Dam and flows across district of Baling, Sik and Kuala Muda. Water supply for agricultural, industrial and domestic sector for both Penang and Kedah is the key role of the river.

The catchment often being flooded on the rainy season from April to May and from September to November every year. Many problems raised when flood keep on worsening each year (e.g.riverbank erosion, river pollution and reduction of water resources). The flood event which occurred on October 2003 was the worst compared to previous event in 1988, 1995 and 1998.

The objective of the project is to reduce flooding events that often occur in it's catchment. The project includes to deepen and widen river, construction of drainage systems and flood control gate, and Sg. Muda river mouth improvement work.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

•BAKUN DAM

BAKUN DAM

Location of Bakun Dam

BAKUN DAM

Embankment damn located in Sarawak, Malaysia on the Balui River, a tributary or source of the Rajang River

 Generate 2,400 megawatts (MW) of electricityFuture plan for the dam is to supply power to

Sabah,Sarawak,Brunei and Kalimatan,Indonesia

Construction of the dam required the relocation of more than 9,000 native residents (mainly Kayan/Kenyah)

BAKUN DAM

Once completed Bakun Dam will be:-Tallest concrete faced rockfill dam (CFRD) in the world-Biggest lake in Malaysia by storage volume.-Largest hydroelectric dam in Malaysia

Irrigation Scheme Kerian Irrigation Scheme.

The Kerian Irrigation Scheme, covers about 23,400 hectares of land on the coastal alluvial plain in northern peninsular Malaysia.

It provides water for paddy rice, the oldest and third largest granary area in the country.

The primary source of irrigation supply for the Kerian Irrigation Scheme is from the Bukit Merah Reservoir having a total storage area of approximately 75 million cubic meters of water.

The Bogak Pumping Plant supplements the irrigation supply. In advance of the bigger project, an automation demonstration system was

installed on the existing slide gates at the head of Selinsing Canal at Bukit Merah Dam.

COMMUNITY-BASED COASTAL HABITAT RESTORATION (ëGREEN COAST PROJECTí)

Coastal Protection

Objective/Expected outcomes Healthy coastal ecosystems are vital for fisheries, aquaculture and other sources of income for coastal populations such as eco-tourism and agriculture. They also function as buffer zones in case of extreme weather events such as storms and prevent coastal erosion and intrusion of salt water in fresh water systems. Working in areas of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, and Malaysia that had suffered in the 2004 tsunami, the ëGreen Coastí project aimed to restore and manage damaged coastal ecosystems to restore livelihoods and increase resilience to the impacts of climate change. Actions Communities were engaged in the planning, preparation, planting and nursing of mangroves and other coastal vegetation. The project provided financial and technical support for communities to explore alternative livelihood activities. Policy guidance was also provided, aimed towards influencing coastal resource management policies of district and national governments and to increase general awareness on value of coastal ecosystems.

Results achieved Within 3 years, the project planted more than 3 million seedlings, re-establishing over 1,100 hectares of coastal forest and mangroves, helping to protect communities against storm surges, sea level rise and coastal inundation. In addition, communities were involved in the cleaning up of beaches and over 100 hectares of coral reef and sea grass beds. Sand dunes were restored over a total length of 3km and some other key natural habitats such as lagoons were rehabilitated. The restoration activities help to increase the resilience of 91,000 people in the coastal regions, whilst more than 12,000 households directly benefit from increased income through livelihood activities (fishing, small scale aquaculture, eco enterprises, home gardening and animal husbandry). Lessons learned The benefits of restoring coastal ecosystems can help to deal with threats from multiple impacts of climate change, including storms, coastal flooding, saltwater intrusion and erosion (with knock on effects for other ecosystems including coral reefs). An independent assessment of the project found it to be a highly cost-effective and successful approach to disaster risk reduction. The model is now being promoted by Wetlands International to restore mangroves along highly vulnerable tropical coastlines, including West Africa. Challenges include ensuring the legacy of the project, which requires ongoing management of the rehabilitated mangroves to ensure the resilience of the ecosystem.

River Improvement Works Skudai river improvement works.

Sg. Skudai commands a catchment area of about 270 km2 and rises from the oil palm plantation in the hilly areas about 50 m above the mean sea level to the north of the Johor Bahru City.

Sg. Skudai is one of the main sources of drinking water for the Johor Bahru City and the neighbouring Singapore. However the presently is severely polluted by wastewater and solid waste.

Engineering works were proposed at the pre-feasibility study stage consisting of wastewater treatment, solid water disposal/collection system, riverbank erosion protection, sediment traps, retention ponds and wetlands.

The main components of the works identified by JPS Malaysia for the rehabilitation area are:

a) Solid Waste Disposal. b) River Management. c) Flood Mitigation Plan. d) Wetlands. e) River Corridor Plan encompassing beautification of the riparian with landscape.

REFERENCES

http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-engineering-careers/EnvEng_waterorwastewaterengineer_c001.shtml

http://www.mydotdesign.com/cep/projects/water-management/

http://whatiscivilengineering.csce.ca/WR_distribution.htm

http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/application/pdf/13eba.pdf

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_use http://www.slb.com/~/

media/Files/resources/oilfield_review/ors00/spr00/p30_51.pdf

http://www.syabas.com.my/ http://

www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/bakun-dam And others….

THANKS YOU

PROF DR AHMAD KHAIRI ABD WAHAB

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CREDIT TO:PROF DR AHMAD KHAIRI ABD WAHAB