Skeletal SystemSkeletal System

Alyssa Brief, Emma Gil, Emily KesselmeyerAlyssa Brief, Emma Gil, Emily Kesselmeyer

bone dance

• Support- bones are the framework of the bodySupport- bones are the framework of the body• Protection- protects our organs, reducing the risk of Protection- protects our organs, reducing the risk of

injury (ribcage protects heart, skull protects brain)injury (ribcage protects heart, skull protects brain)• Movement assistance- skeletal muscles are attached Movement assistance- skeletal muscles are attached

to the boneto the bone• Material storage- bone tissue stores calcium and Material storage- bone tissue stores calcium and

phosphorus, which the bone releases into the bloodphosphorus, which the bone releases into the blood• Blood Cell Production- blood cells produced in red Blood Cell Production- blood cells produced in red

bone marrowbone marrow• Energy storage- with age, red bone marrow turns to Energy storage- with age, red bone marrow turns to

yellow bone marrow, which consists of adipose cells. yellow bone marrow, which consists of adipose cells. We know that fat is used for energy storage.We know that fat is used for energy storage.

Functions of Bones:Functions of Bones:

Axial vs. Appendicular Axial vs. Appendicular SkeletonsSkeletons

• Axial skeleton – Form the vertical

axis of the body– Protection is a main

function• Skull• ribcage

Appendicular SkeletonBones that connect to

the axisMade for ACTION, not

protectionLocated in the

shoulderArmHandPelvisThighLegfoot

OssificationOssificationtissue formationtissue formation

Synthesis of bone from cartilage

Intramembranous ossification – transformation of embryo cells into

bones

Endochandral ossification – gradual replacement of cartilage by bone

during development

Example: Forming of skull Example: Forming of skull in infantsin infants

At birth, the skull is not yet fully formed

The sutures slowly obtain minerals and harden, joining the skull bones together

The spaces where the skull doesn’t touch are called the fontanelles

You may hear someone refer to this as the baby’s “soft spot”

The Long Bone’s connected to the..

o Longer than it is wideo Consists of long shaft

(diaphysis) and two ends (epiphyses)

o Outer part=compact boneo Inner part=spongy bone

that contains red bone marrow

o Examples: femur, tibia, and fibula of leg; humerus, radius, and ulna of arm; phalanges of fingers/toes

o Functin: SUPPORT and MOBILITY

Joint Articulation:Joint Articulation:Joints are classified by how they move

Function: Connect bone to bone

Types of Joints

Suture: don’t have wide range of movement, but allow for growth. (skull)

Hinge: allow for movement in one plane, like a door hinge (elbow and knee)

Ball and Socket: greatest range of motion, body part can rotate in full circle (shoulder and hip)

Gliding: 2 flat surfaced bones that slide over one another, limited movement (wrist and foot)

What Type of Joint??What Type of Joint??

Osteoporosis Osteoporosis

a disease where low bone a disease where low bone mass and structural mass and structural deterioration of bone deterioration of bone

tissue occur. This tissue occur. This increases the likelihood of increases the likelihood of fractures throughout the fractures throughout the

body. body.

Risk Factors:Risk Factors:– Smoking Smoking – Alcohol abuse Alcohol abuse – Certain medications such as steroid medicationsCertain medications such as steroid medications– Certain diseases and conditions such as anorexia, and Certain diseases and conditions such as anorexia, and

rheumatoid arthritisrheumatoid arthritis– Low sex hormonesLow sex hormones

• Low estrogen levels in women, including menopause Low estrogen levels in women, including menopause • Missing periods (amenorrhea) Missing periods (amenorrhea) • Low levels of testosterone and estrogen in men Low levels of testosterone and estrogen in men

– DietDiet• Low calcium intake Low calcium intake • Low vitamin D intake Low vitamin D intake • Excessive intake of protein, sodium and caffeine Excessive intake of protein, sodium and caffeine

–Being female Being female –Old age Old age –Family historyFamily history–Being small and thin Being small and thin –Certain race and ethnicities Certain race and ethnicities –History of broken bones History of broken bones –Inactive lifestyle Inactive lifestyle

Symptoms:Symptoms:• Most people do not realize they have the Most people do not realize they have the

disease until they break a bone. Someone disease until they break a bone. Someone with osteoporosis can fracture a bone from with osteoporosis can fracture a bone from a minor fall.a minor fall.

• Vertebral (spinal) fractures may initially be Vertebral (spinal) fractures may initially be felt or seen as severe back pain, loss of felt or seen as severe back pain, loss of height, or spinal deformities. Often, a height, or spinal deformities. Often, a vertebral fracture can occur without pain. vertebral fracture can occur without pain.

• Menopause makes women very Menopause makes women very susceptible to Osteoporosis. susceptible to Osteoporosis.

Treatments:Treatments: Antiresorptive Medications –BisphosphonatesAntiresorptive Medications –Bisphosphonates

Alendronate and alendronate plus vitamin D3 (brand Alendronate and alendronate plus vitamin D3 (brand names Fosamax® and Fosamax plus Dnames Fosamax® and Fosamax plus D

Ibandronate (brand name Boniva®) Ibandronate (brand name Boniva®) Risedronate and risedronate with calcium (brand names Risedronate and risedronate with calcium (brand names

Actonel® and Actonel® with Calcium). Actonel® and Actonel® with Calcium). Zoledronic Acid (brand name Reclast®).Zoledronic Acid (brand name Reclast®).

Other Antiresorptive MedicationsOther Antiresorptive Medications Calcitonin (brand names Fortical® and Miacalcin®).Calcitonin (brand names Fortical® and Miacalcin®). Estrogen (multiple brand names available). Estrogen (multiple brand names available). Estrogen Agonists/Antagonists also known as Selective Estrogen Agonists/Antagonists also known as Selective

Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) –Raloxifene (brand Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) –Raloxifene (brand name Evista®).name Evista®).

Bone Forming (Anabolic) MedicationsBone Forming (Anabolic) Medications Parathyroid Hormone –Teriparatide (brand name - Parathyroid Hormone –Teriparatide (brand name -

Forteo®).Forteo®).

Scoliosis: Scoliosis:

Lateral Lateral (sideways)(sideways)

curvature of the curvature of the spine.spine.

Causes:Causes:– 85% of scoliosis cases have an unknown 85% of scoliosis cases have an unknown

cause.cause.– The other 15% of cases fall into two groups: The other 15% of cases fall into two groups:

• Nonstructural (functional): a temporary condition Nonstructural (functional): a temporary condition when the spine is otherwise normal. The when the spine is otherwise normal. The curvature occurs as the result of another curvature occurs as the result of another problem.problem.

• Structural: the spine is not normal. The Structural: the spine is not normal. The curvature is caused by another disease process curvature is caused by another disease process such as a birth defect, muscular dystrophy, such as a birth defect, muscular dystrophy, metabolic or connective tissue disorders.metabolic or connective tissue disorders.

Symptoms:Symptoms:

Shoulders are different heights—one Shoulders are different heights—one shoulder blade is more prominent than the shoulder blade is more prominent than the other other

Head is not centered directly above the Head is not centered directly above the pelvis pelvis

Appearance of a raised, prominent hip Appearance of a raised, prominent hip Rib cages are at different heights Rib cages are at different heights Uneven waist Uneven waist Changes in look or texture of skin Changes in look or texture of skin

overlying the spine (dimples, hairy overlying the spine (dimples, hairy patches, color changes) patches, color changes)

Leaning of entire body to one sideLeaning of entire body to one side

Treatment:Treatment:

Three main treatment Three main treatment procedures:procedures:1. Observation1. Observation

2. Orthopaedic bracing2. Orthopaedic bracing

3. Surgery3. SurgeryDance

Skeletal Dysplasia:Skeletal Dysplasia:

Latin for “bad growth,” dysplasia is a Latin for “bad growth,” dysplasia is a medical condition were tissue is abnormally medical condition were tissue is abnormally developed. A person with skeletal dysplasia developed. A person with skeletal dysplasia will have abnormal sized arms, legs, spine, will have abnormal sized arms, legs, spine, or even skull.or even skull.

There is no true cause of dysplasia, There is no true cause of dysplasia, however genetic abnormalities and however genetic abnormalities and mutations play a big part in the diagnosis. mutations play a big part in the diagnosis.

There is no cure for this disease, however There is no cure for this disease, however doctors and therapists help patients cope doctors and therapists help patients cope with their illness.with their illness.

Effects:Effects:

Tiffany Geigal was born with was born with Spinal Thoracic Dysplasia. Spinal Thoracic Dysplasia. Simply, the bones in her spine Simply, the bones in her spine just did not grow. The disease just did not grow. The disease targeted her spine and the rest targeted her spine and the rest of her body developed regularly. of her body developed regularly.

Connections:Connections: The skeletal system gives the body a structure and

frame, which allows the muscles and tissue to stay where they belong instead of in a blob.

The attachment of the skeleton to muscles allows the movement of your arms and legs. This would not be possible without the muscular skeletal connections.

Bones act as a protective shell for many of our internal organs. The rib cage protects the heart and lungs The hip bone and thigh bones protect the bowels, vitals and

other large arteries that located in the inside of the legs. The skull protects your brain and main arteries.

Bones tissue supplies blood cells to allow circulation and to help the immune system

Current Research:Current Research:

In Pakistan, Safdar Khan is using an In Pakistan, Safdar Khan is using an MRI based technique to identify MRI based technique to identify strain distributions in a model of strain distributions in a model of intervertebral disc degeneration in intervertebral disc degeneration in an effort to discover what causes an effort to discover what causes spinal deformities. spinal deformities.

His research can help cure scoliosis.His research can help cure scoliosis.He received $10,000 of funding for He received $10,000 of funding for

his studyhis study