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Skeletal System
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Skeletal system includes:bones of the skeleton, cartilage and ligaments
Skeletal system
Functions:• Support (structural support of whole body)• Storage of minerals (calcium)• Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)• Blood cell production (red marrow)
• Bone houses stem cells that produce RBCs, WBCs & platelets• Protection• Movement (bones and skeletal muscles provide movement)
• Bones act as levers that move when attached muscles contract
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Axial Skeleton
Lies in the midline of the body
Bones of the axial skeleton:
Skull
Hyoid bone
The vertebral column
The thoracic cage
Middle ear bones
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• Frontal bone• Nasal bone• Vomer bone
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• Mandible bone • Maxilla bone
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• Temporal bone• External Acoustic Meatus• Mastoid process• Styloid process of temporal bone
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• Coronal Suture• Parietal bone• Zygomatic bone
• Temporal process of the zygomatic bone
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Occipital bone• Foramen Magnum• Occipital condyles
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Ethmoid bone• Cribriform plate
Sphenoid• Sella Turcica
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• Supports rib cage• Serves as a point of attachment for the pelvic girdle• Protects the spinal cord
Vertebral Column (Spine)
• Cervical vertebrae – 7 bones of the neck
• Thoracic vertebrae – 12 bones of the torso
• Lumbar vertebrae – 5 bones of the lower back
• Sacrum – bone inferior to the lumbar vertebrae • articulates with hip bones
• Coccyx
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Lordosis – exaggerated lumbar curvatureKyphosis – increased roundness of the thoracic curvatureScoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region
Abnormalities
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• Sternum• Manubrium • Body of Sternum• Xiphoid process
• Costal cartilage• True ribs (1-7) • False ribs (8-12)
• Floating ribs (11-12)
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Hyoid boneOnly bone in the body that does not articulate with another boneAnchors the tongueSite of attachment for muscles associated with swallowing
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BREAK
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Appendicular Skeleton
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Pectoral GirdleClavicle boneScapula bone
• Acromion process of scapula• Coracoid process of scapula• Spine of scapula• Glenoid cavity
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Humerus bone
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Radius and Ulna
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Carpal bones
Metacarpals
Phalanges
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The Pelvis
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Femur bone
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Patella bone
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Tibia and Fibula
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TarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges
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Joints (Articulations)Three types of joints:
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
Fibrous joints – fibrous connective tissue joins bone to bone• typically immovable• examples:
• sutures of cranium• tooth in socket
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Joints (Articulations)Cartilaginous joints – bones are joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage• typically slightly movable• examples
• between adjacent bodies of vertebral bodies • pubic symphysis of the pelvis• between ribs and sternum
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Joints (Articulations)Synovial joints – bones do not touch each other• bones are separated by a joint cavity• typically freely movable
• but have to be stabilized via ligaments, muscles, etc.
• examples:
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synovial membrane – lines joint cavity → produces synovial fluid (lubricant)ligaments (bone to bone connection) - support, strengthen joints
• sprain - ligaments with torn collagen fiberstendons (bone to muscle connection) - help support jointbursae - pockets of synovial fluid in CT (lined by synovial membrane)
• cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub; “shock absorbers”
Properties of Synovial Joints
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Movements Permitted By Synovial Joints
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Joint Damage and Repair
• Cartilage and bone deteriorate with age
• cartilage can undergo calcification
• interferes with diffusion of nutrients/wastes through cartilage
• Joints can also become damaged by overuse or chronic inflammation
Arthritis – joint inflammation and destruction
Osteoarthritis – deterioration of the articular cartilage
Rheumatoid arthritis – synovial membrane inflamed & grows thicker
• autoimmune cause (immune system mistakenly attacks synovial
membrane)