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Skeletal System: Skeletal System: Ch. 7Ch. 7
-Bones(206)
-Ligaments-Cartilage
Functions-Functions-1. Support: (framework
that shapes the body)
2. Protection: (skullbrain, ribs heart)
3. Body Movement: (the levers that are moved by muscle)
4. Mineral Storage: (mostly Ca & P) (regulated by hormones)
5. Hematopoiesis: (blood cell formation)
Types of Bone:Types of Bone:1. Long - ex.= femur,
humerus, tibia, etc.
2. Short or Cubic - ex.= phalanges(fingers toes) carpals (wrist)
4. Irregular - ex.= vertebrae, facial bones
3. Flat - ex.= parts of the skull, scapula (shoulder blade), ribs
Parts of a Long Bone (pg 190):Parts of a Long Bone (pg 190):
Epiphysis:bulbous ends of
bone
Periosteum: Dense white fibrous covering of bone (tendons and ligaments “weave” into this)
Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage of joint surfaces
Diaphysis: main shaft of the bone
Parts of a Long Bone (pg 190):Parts of a Long Bone (pg 190):Endosteum: thin epithelial
membrane lining medullary cavityBone tissue: •compact •spongy (cancellous)
Medullary Cavity: tubelike hollow center
Parts of a Long Bone (pg 190):Parts of a Long Bone (pg 190):
Marrow: red:-in the spongy bone of
epiphysis -makes blood cells (red,
white, platelets) yellow:
-in the medullary cavity -mostly fat but makes some white bl. Cells
2 Bone Tissues 2 Bone Tissues Compact Bone –
◦ dense cylinder shaped units- Haversian systems
Cancellous (spongy) Bone- ◦ only looks like a sponge -
NOT soft◦ open spaces contain red
marrow◦ bony spicules are called
trabeculae◦ NO Haversian system!
Spongy boneCompact bone
Haversian System of compact bone (p Haversian System of compact bone (p 192)192) - also known as “osteons”
and are made of 4 structures: 1. Lamellae- concentric layers of
hard calcified matrix 2. Lacunae- “little lakes” where
bone cells lie “imprisoned” between the lamellae.
3. Canaliculi- “tiny canals” connecting cells of the lacunae
4. Haversian canal- runs through the center of the Haversian
system and contains blood vessels(Volkmann’s canals – like Haversian canal but perpendicular)
Types of Bone Cells•Osteoblast- makes bone•Osteoclast- break down bone to release minerals•Osteocytes- mature osteoblasts “frozen” in lacunae
Development of Bone:Development of Bone:- called “osteogenesis”-Long bone = endochondral ossification
(Cartilage becomes bone)-Flat bone=intermembranous ossification (membrane becomes bone)
-growth: epiphyseal Plate of cartilage thickens and becomes ossified lengthening long bones (p 199)
Types of Fractures:Types of Fractures: Simple: does not break the skin
Compound: breaks the skin
Spiral: from twisting injury
Greenstick: bending of the bone, (cracks on one side)
Comminuted: breaks into several pieces
Hangman’s: a very dangerous break of 1st or 2nd neck vertebrae
Types of CartilageTypes of Cartilage
1. Hyaline: lining of joints
2. Fibro- cartilage: shock absorbers of knees and spine
3. Elastic -ears, nose, etc.
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