Skill 01 – Data/sTATISTICAL interpretationlshub.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/skill-01-datastats.pdf · HIV Infection Describe the pattern of HIV infection as shown… 4 2017 Paper

1 | P a g e © L S H u b Skill 01 – Data/Statistical Interpretation


Content Page

P.2 Content Page

P.3 Introduction and Past DSE Records

P.4 Steps for Reading a Statistical Data

P.5 Different Question Types of Statistics

P.6 Paper 1 Requirement and General Skills

P.7-8 Organization and thinking process of

trend description

P.9 Steps to write trend description essay

P.10-11 Methods for Trend Description

P.12 Elements, Template and Common Mistakes

P.13 Vocabularies for Trend Description

P.14 Different Statistical Diagrams

P.15 Hints and Technique

P.16 Student Common Questions

P.17 Special Words for Trend Description

P.18-35 Sample Demonstration 1-5

P.36-37 Exercise for Practice

P.38 Consolidation and Summary

P.39-41 Blank Note Page

P.42-43 LS Hub Information


Skill 01 – Data Interpretation

In Liberal Studies DSE Exam Paper 1, questions related to Data/Statistical Interpretation always appear. These questions usually consist of 4-5 marks and they are the easiest marks to get in the exam paper.

Question Appearance in past Liberal Studies DSE Exam:

Year Q. No. Statistical Info.

Question Mark

2012 Paper 1 Q1(a)

HK Population Statistic

Describe the trends of the population statistics…

4

2014 Paper 1 Q3(a)

Binge Drinking among HK adults

Describe the pattern of binge drinking among…

4

2015 Paper 1 Q1(a)

Sannong Statistics of China (Chart)

With the reference of source A, B and C, describe the changes in……

5

2015 Paper 1 Q3(a)

International Tourist Arrival and Receipts (Chart)

Describe the trend in international tourism shown in source A….

4

2016 Paper 1 Q1(a)

Hong Kong Agriculture

Describe the trend in Hong Kong agriculture as….

4

2016 Paper 1 Q3(a)

HIV Infection Describe the pattern of HIV infection as shown…

4

2017 Paper 1 Q1(a)

Acceptance of Ethnic Minorities

Describe the pattern of acceptance of different…

4

2017 Paper 1 Q3(a)

Happiness Index of Quality of Life

Based on the source, compare… and compare patterns of…

5

What is Data/Statistical Interpretation?

1. Describing the Data from the given statistics 2. Observing the trend from the given statistics 3. Phenomenon expressed from the given statistics

***To conclude the information shown from the given statistic


Steps for Reading a Statistical Data

© LS Hub

1. Look at the title to know what the statistic is

talking about (睇標題去了解圖表介紹內容)

2. Observe the different items in the chart (深入

觀看圖表內容) [Tips: Look at the literal part,

to see what is comparing with one another 淨

係睇文字，去知道內容。數據／數字寫個

陣時才直接引用。慳時間 ]

3. Mark down the significant items (圈出重要，

具象徵的資訊)

Significant Items:

• Maximum / Minimum (最大與最小)

• Fluctuation and Changes (轉變)

4. Start writing your essay. As the question about

interpreting statistical data are slightly

different, you cannot always use the same

method. (Details check P.9)

5.

)


Different Question Types

Student Common Question:

有時又問你 trend，有時就問 features，有時問

pattern，咁多種問法，點算好？

Actually, 百變不離其宗, 全部都係到問緊一樣 common

thing: Key of the Data (The Key Trend) 數據所顯示的突出

重點

There is only a slight/minor difference between different question types, but also be aware of those too:

➢ Trend (趨勢) – The Direction of the phenomenon

o E.g. Hong Kong’s agricultural development is turning down.

➢ Pattern (格局) – Common Pattern – Similar Trend

o E.g. Hong Kong’s agricultural development pattern is similar to Singapore, also turning down gradually

➢ Features (特徵) – Key Characteristics, Overall

Characteristics/Overall Key point/focus o E.g. Generally, more male suicide than female

➢ Performance (表現) – The performance of an activity.

Usually quite subjective by using your own view o E.g. Hong Kong performance on quality of life is

quite good.

➢ Mode (模式) – Need conceptualization to generalize

different categories [More details on video]


In Paper 1,

You must quote/use the information from the statistic provided.

General Steps:

1. Quotation Words (E.g. Firstly, secondly…)

2. Topic Sentence (The general trend)

3. Use the source (According to the source…)

4. Further Explanation (Explain the relationship

between the source and the trend)

5. Short Conclusion (Repeating the trend)

Common Types of Statistics

Chart Line Graph Bar Chart Pie Chart

Use calculation and

combination from the sources

+

Use conceptualization to

conclude the development

trend


Organization and Thinking Process for Trend Description

After you have briefly read the statistic, you need to plan how will you write the essay. The below show some tips and organization methods for you to know how to think about what to write:

1. Relationship between the title and the question asked

2. LS Module Involved and Module Topic

3. 5W1H (Where does it refer to? When it happens? Who

are the stakeholders? What is the event? Why is there

such statistic? How can we show the key points?)

4. ***The general trend of the statistic

5. Significant Items (E.g. Max. Min. Transitioning Point)

Title

Significant LS Module

General Trend 5W1H


For Example:

The Unemployment Rate of Hong Kong

Unemployment Rate of Hong Kong

2003 (7.9%) M2T1 (QoL)

2008 (3.6%) M2 M

Who: HK ppl.

When: 2001-2010

Where: HK

What: Unemployment Issues and QoL

Why: Performance of the Economic

How: Time Trend Description

1)Unemployment of HK is lower than 10%

2)Decreased gradually from 2003-2008


Steps to Write Trend Description Essay (Whole

Process)

© LS Hub

1. Find the relationship between the statistic and the question

a. Title Relation with the question

b. Related Category to the question

2. Find the relationship between the X-axis and Y-axis to find

the corresponding data of description

3. Horizontal Analysis (Same Category, Different Items):

Compare the items in the same category but different

items, use descriptive trend wordings)

a. E.g. Same Item in Different Years

4. Vertical Analysis (Different Category, Different/Same Items):

Compare the items in different categories but same items

a. E.g. Same Year different items (Get the max. and

min.)

5. Overall Analysis – The Whole Trend and the Significant

Values

6. Concluding Trend - Implication


Methods for Trend Description

Method 1: General Description

Paragraph 1: Overall Trend How many people? Percentage involved? Overall Increase / Decrease? Increase / Decrease how much? More or less than what? The problem and issue appear (E.g. It shows that…..)

Paragraph 2: X-axis Analysis Most significant figure of X-axis (Maximum and Minimum) - Trend of X-axis Calculate percentage change (how much) Compare different items in X-axis (XXX has the most and YYY has the least, it show that XXX deals with __________________ than YYY.)

Paragraph 3: Y-axis Analysis Most significant figure of Y-axis (Maximum and Minimum) - Trend of Y-axis Calculate percentage change (how much) Compare different items in Y-axis (XXX has the most and YYY has the least, it show that XXX deals with __________________ than YYY.)

Paragraph 4: Overall Analysis (Implication) Link the relationship between X and Y axis What overall phenomenon has appear? The problem shown through the implication.


Method 2: Specific Trend Description

Usually, in order to get 4-5 marks, you need to include 3 specific trends.

Template:

Paragraph 1 – Trend 1

1. The Trend you will be talking about 2. What has been shown in the statistic to prove your

trend, describe the corresponding statistic 3. Proving your trend 4. Implication (Short Conclusion) – Repeat the trend








Elements for Taking full marks in Trend Description

1. Describe at least 3 objectives/trends

2. Provide at least 2 implications

3. Clearly and logically explain the source

4. Structure is precise, strong and expression is clear.

General Template of Trend Description

According to the source, (Overall

Trend) . From the source, it mentioned that

(The relevant statistic from the source) . This means

that (vertical/horizontal situation) . Therefore, it

implies that (Short Conclusion – Overall Trend) .

Common Mistake

1. Did not connect the relationship between the statistic and the phenomenon -> Need to explain the phenomenon appear

2. Only describe the basic content, lack of specific elaboration -> Need to use specific terms (E.g. Increased gradually, fluctuation….)

3. Quote the wrong numbers 4. Mis-using Percentage Change Formula (Percentage

Change occurs when there is a time difference/time change)


Vocabularies for Trend Description


How to deal with different statistical diagrams?

Chart

• Vertical and Horizontal Comparison

• Find max. and min.

Line Graph

• Pay attention on time change

• First and Last Time Comparison

• Significant Transitioning Points

• X and Y-axis • Slope Calculation to see

change Bar

Chart

• Comparison of different items (Max and Min)

• If more than 1 bar combine, compare the bars. Check out the genre if such case

Pie Chart

• The largest proportion and the least proportion

• Arrange the order and the ratio

In DSE, basic chart will commonly appear because to test more on your organization ability. Really testing your understanding about statistical reading.


Hint and Techniques

1. Use percentage change formula whenever

talking about time change (E.g. Difference

between 2002 and 2003)

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =𝑁𝑒𝑤 − 𝑂𝑙𝑑

𝑂𝑙𝑑× 100%

2. Do comparison

a. Horizontal Comparison (Different item, same

category)

b. Vertical Comparison (Same item, different

category)

c. Overall Comparison (The overall trend)

d. Significant Data (E.g. Max. and Min.

distance, drastic change…)

3. Overall Trend (5-20 words)

a. Concluding and explaining the phenomenon

of the society

4. Categorize into groups

a. For simpler organization and show critical

understanding (E.g. U.S.A. -> Developed

Country, Conceptualization!!!)

b. Set different indicators by your own (E.g.

Over half/less than half, Easy/Hard…)

5. Use descriptive terms/adjectives to describe the

statistic (E.g. Drastically decrease, stable…)


Student Common Questions

Question: If the source figure is not even or cannot see clear

implications, what can I do?

Solution 1: Don’t do it, find another objective/implication

Solution 2: Fluctuation - From the source, you can see that

the number is not even between each form, therefore, the

______________________ is very fluctuated, affecting

_________________________.

Solution 3: There are no direct relationship between the 2

objectives

Fluctuation: Unstable

*** This 4 marks is the easiest 4 marks to get in LS exam or

even in DSE, you must try to get 4 out of 4 in this question in

order to replace mark deduction in other questions.***

If you really don’t know, then we suggest you guys to search

for sub-totals and total amounts


Special Words of Trend Descriptions (Terms)

Term Meaning Suggest to use in

Gradually Increase/Decrease

Increased/decreased Slowly Trend

Steadily Increase/Decrease

Increased/decreased in a stable rate

Trend

Fluctuated Not stable, ups and downs Trend Sharply Increase/Decrease

Increased/decreased significantly, a lot

Trend

Drastically Decrease Decreased a lot Trend Continuously Increase/Decrease

Increased/Decreased in a similar rate

Trend

Stable/In a constant rate

Stable, not fluctuated, normal, same

Trend

Improving The situation becomes better Trend Deteriorating The situation becomes worser Trend Generally / Mainly The overall situation Pattern Positively/Negatively Correlated with

Positive/Negative Relationship

(正比／反比關係)

Pattern

Usually Increase/Decrease

Usually Increase/Decrease

(整體上升／下降)

Pattern

Higher/Lower 比較低／比較多 Features

Changed 改變 Features

Performs well/badly 表現良好／惡劣 Performance

In Shrinkage 逐漸式微 General Description

In lead 帶頭領導（上升） General Description

Leaping forward 躍升 General Description

Falling Back 退後 General Description

The result is improved/worsen

成績進步／倒退 Performance


Sample Demonstration 1

Source A – Statistics of Agriculture in Hong Kong

(Source: LS_DSE_2016 Paper 1_Q1 Adapted Source A)

(a) Describe the trends in agriculture in Hong Kong as shown in source A. (4 marks)


Sample Essay (4/4 marks)

Firstly, according to the source, the area of land

for agriculture in Hong Kong keeps decreasing. The area

decreases sharply from 1995’s 2070 tones to 830 tones in 2005

which has decreased for around 60%, more than half. It then

gradually decreases from 2005’s 830 tons to 2013’s 730 tons

which is just only around 12%. Comparatively, modern

agricultural area of land decreases less than before. However,

the land area for agriculture is constantly decreasing.

Therefore, Hong Kong agricultural development is dropping

down.

Secondly, according to the source, the local

vegetable production amount in 1995 is 88000 tons. It then

sharply decreased to only 25000 tons in 2005 which is around

71.5%. After that, it gradually decreased to 16000 tons in 2013

which is only 36%. Therefore, the local vegetable production

amount keeps decreasing. The development of Hong Kong

agriculture is dropping down.


Thirdly, by considering the proportion of local

vegetable production amount to the total vegetable eating

amount. In 1995, the proportion of local vegetable production

is around 17% of the total amount. The proportion then turn

distant to only 1.9% of the total amount in 2013, that’s a 15.1%

distance. From this, you can know that the local vegetable

production contains a very less amount of total vegetable

amount in Hong Kong. Therefore, the agricultural

development of Hong Kong is gradually declining and has not

been an important part in Hong Kong economic

development.

✓ Clearly describes the 3 trends of Hong Kong

agricultural situation

✓ Describe the 3 trends in details and with appropriate

calculation and conclusions

✓ Appropriately and wisely use the sources provided

correctly

✓ Clear structure and coherent

More Examples from HKEAA:

http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/HKDSE/assessment/subject_inf

ormation/category_a_subjects/lib_st/sp/2016.html

http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/HKDSE/assessment/subject_information/category_a_subjects/lib_st/sp/2016.html




(Source: LS_DSE_2017 Paper 1_Q1 Adapted Source A)

(a) Describe the pattern of acceptance of different ethnic minority groups by Hong Kong ethnic Chinese as shown in source A. (4 marks)

Demonstration Example from HKEAA: http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/tc/HKDSE/assessment/subject_information/category_a_subjects/lib_st/sp/2017.html

http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/tc/HKDSE/assessment/subject_information/category_a_subjects/lib_st/sp/2017.html




From the source, the least minority who Hong

Kong people can accept them are the Africans and the

highest acceptance minority are the Japanese. Firstly, the

acceptance of Africans is only ranging from 18.6% to 70.3%

but the acceptance of Japanese is ranging from a minimum

of 71.6% to the highest 92.9%. The minimum acceptance of

Japanese is even higher than the maximum of the Africans.

In general, Hong Kong people have higher acceptance with

people in developed countries as shown in the statistics such

as Americans, Europeans and Japanese. However, they have

lower acceptance with people in developing countries such

as Africans, South Asians like India, Nepal, Pakistani….

Therefore, Hong Kong people have different level of

acceptance with different ethnic minorities.

Secondly, Hong Kong people can accept being

friends with ethnic minorities is the highest. Ranging from the

least, 70.0% by the South Asians and the highest 92.9% by

the Japanese. Hong Kong people have a high degree of

acceptance being friends with ethnic minorities. The least

acceptance is marrying with them, it only ranges from the


least 18.6% by the Africans and the highest only 71.6% by the

Japanese. Therefore, in these close relationship events, Hong

Kong people cannot have a high degree of acceptance with

them.

✓ Shows 2 detailed and clear trends of the mode of

acceptance of the ethnic minorities

✓ Clearly and describe the modes in a detailed way

✓ Appropriately and wisely use the sources correctly

✓ Clear structure and coherent

Hint and Strategies***

• You may not necessarily write 3 trends, you may also

write 2 trends as long as they are detailed and clear.

• For mode questions, you require more generalization:

o You need to generalize more on the statistics

o Suggestion: Group them into different groups

▪ E.g. Africans, South Asians -> Developing

Countries, Americans, Japanese -> Developed

Countries

▪ E.g. Being friends, studying in same classroom

-> Low intimacy, marriage -> High intimacy



(Source: LS_DSE_2015 Paper 1_Q3 Adapted Sources A, B)

(a) Based on the source, compare the level of happiness in Singapore and Hong Kong, and compare the patterns of satisfaction with quality of life in these two places. (5 marks)


Sample Demonstration from HKEAA: (Level 5)


Sample Demonstration from HKEAA: (Level 3)

(Source from HKEAA: http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/en/HKDSE/assessment/subject_information/category_a_subjects/lib_st/sp/2017.html )





(Source: http://www6.cityu.edu.hk/puo/newscentre/publication/CT_Magazine/issues/issue51_May16/Happy.pdf)

(Modified from LS_DSE_2017_Paper 1_Q3(a))

(a) Based on the source, compare the level of happiness

in Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong, and compare

the patterns of satisfaction with quality of life in these

3 places.

(5 marks)

http://www6.cityu.edu.hk/puo/newscentre/publication/CT_Magazine/issues/issue51_May16/Happy.pdf

http://www6.cityu.edu.hk/puo/newscentre/publication/CT_Magazine/issues/issue51_May16/Happy.pdf



Firstly, Hong Kong’s overall happiness index is the

lowest comparing to Japan and South Korea. The full mark

is 10 and according to the source, Hong Kong’s overall

happiness index mean score is just 6.83 but comparing to

Japan and South Korea which are 7.41 and 7.01 respectively

where Japan is higher than Hong Kong 0.58 marks and

South Korea is higher than Hong Kong for 0.18 marks. Hong

Kong is the lowest where it cannot even reach the 7-mark

level. Therefore, comparing to the 2 developed Asian Cities,

Hong Kong has the lowest happiness index.

Secondly, the worst measure item towards quality of

life in Hong Kong is housing. The mean score is just 4.05

which it didn’t even get a pass. Among all measuring items

in Hong Kong, housing has the worse result. Comparing to

Japan’s 6.45 marks and South Korea 6.19 marks, there is a

more than 2 marks difference. Therefore, Hong Kong has a

very poor result in housing. Hong Kong’s housing situation is

not satisfactory.


Thirdly, Hong Kong’s quality of life is generally worse

than the 2 other Asian countries in all aspects. 3 out of 6

measuring items in Hong Kong didn’t get a passing score (5)

where Japan has get all pass and South Korea had just 1

failed. Furthermore, by comparing all items, Hong Kong

always has the least score among the 2 other Asian countries.

Such as the highest score in Hong Kong – 6.62 on leisure and

entertainment, Japan and Singapore had an even higher

score which is 7.78 and 7.92 respectively, higher than Hong

Kong for more than 1 mark and for all other items, Hong

Kong always has the least mark. Therefore, Hong Kong’s

quality of life is worse than the 2 other compared Asian

countries.

✓ 3 Trend Objectives

✓ Comparing between Hong Kong, Japan and South

Korea but remain Hong Kong as main objective

✓ Calculation and Clear Comparison

✓ Comparing between the same category and different

category

✓ Clear Structure



Overall, Hong Kong has the lowest overall level of

happiness. It is just 6.83 marks which is lower than Japan

and South Korea.

Also, the best performance of Hong Kong is leisure

and entertainment, Hong Kong scored 6.62 which has the

highest score among all Hong Kong sub-items. The worse

performance of Hong Kong is Housing, Hong Kong only

scored 4.05 which has the lowest score among all Hong

Kong sub-items.

The best performance of Japan is leisure and

entertainment which they scored 7.78. The worse

performance of Japan is environment which they only

scored 5.27.

The best performance of South Korea is leisure and

entertainment which they scored 7.92. The worse

performance of South Korea is Politics and Society which

they only scored 4.77.


✓ Showed the overall situation and Hong Kong

Situation

✓ Structure is quite clear and organised

✓ Described the Basic Trend for Hong Kong Happiness

Index

Did not compare between Hong Kong and Japan +

South Korea (Did not compare with different

categories)

No calculation of comparison

No meaning of significance of the marks

Hint for Comparing Trend Questions:

▪ Must compare between different categories

o Compare the largest/least amount of the own

category to the same item of the other category

▪ Should include the overall situation, describe the trend

of the overall situation

▪ Set your own indicator to define scores (E.g. Passing

Score is 50% -> Most common)



Source A - The % contribution of different types of industries to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in China

Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 Primary Industry

27.1% 20.0% 15.1% 12.1% 10.1% 10.0%

Secondary Industry

41.4% 47.1% 45.9% 47.4% 46.7% 43.9%

Tertiary Industry

31.5% 32.9% 39.0% 40.5% 43.2% 46.1%

*Primary industry includes farming, forestry etc. Secondary industry includes manufacturing industry, construction industry etc. Tertiary Industry includes retailing, financial services, etc.

Source B - The percentage of rural population in the total population of China

Year 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 Percentage of

Rural Population 73.6 71.0 63.8 57.0 50.1 46.3

Source C – A cartoon about the incomes in urban and rural areas in China

(Source: LS_DSE_2015 Paper 1_Q1 Adapted Sources A, B and C)


(a) With the reference to the source, describe the

changes in the condition of sannong (agriculture,

rural area and farmer) in China. (5 marks)

(Modified from LS_DSE_2015_Paper 1_Q1(a))

~Notes~

More demonstration from HKEAA: http://www.hkeaa.edu.hk/tc/HKDSE/assessment/subject_information/category_a_subjects/lib_st/sp/2015.html





Firstly, according to source A, the performance in

agriculture in China is in shrinkage. From the source, the

contribution of GDP in Primary Industry which mainly

includes agriculture has decreased a lot from 27.1% in 1990 to

10.0% in 2013 which is more than 1 times. Oppositely, the

contribution of GDP in Secondary Industry and Tertiary

Industry has an increasing trend like in terms of Secondary

Industry, it has increased from 41.4% in 1990 to 43.9% in 2013

which has increased for 2.5%. In terms of tertiary industry, it

has increased from 31.5% in 1990 to 46.1% in 2013 which has

increased for 14.6%. Therefore, Primary industries and

agriculture had been shrivelling in China.

Secondly, the percentage of rural population

in the total population of China has stably decreasing. From

source B, the percentage of rural population in 1990 is 73.6%,

it then decreased to only 46.3% in 2013 which is less than half

of the total population, it decreased for around 30%.

Therefore, you can see people move to urban areas due to

rapid urbanization and industrialization. The proportion of

rural population is getting more less.


Thirdly, according to source C, the income of

farmers cannot catch up with urban residents. From the

cartoon, it shows that a farmer carrying a piece of Renminbi,

hitting the horse hardly to make the horse move faster.

However, in another side, there is a high-speed train

carrying the income of urban residents carrying a bunch of

Renminbi. The train is a lot faster and further away than the

farmers. This implies that the income of farmers cannot

catch up with income of urban residents and this shows the

disparity between the rich and the poor ~ The rich urban

residents and the poor farmers. Therefore, more and more

people leave rural areas to urban areas.

In conclusion, the condition of sannong is

getting more shrivel. There is a huge change in sannong in

China and less and less people deal in with agriculture, rural

areas and farmers.

✓ Can describe the change of sannong in time

✓ Uses simple calculation to describe the change

✓ Uses the sources widely and correctly

✓ 3 Clear Changes descriptions

✓ Clear Structure and coherent


Exercise for Practice I

***For Exercises, you may complete it by your own and

contact with LS Hub members, you can complete it and

submit it to LS Hub for free marking or we will send you

the marking scheme via email to your own. Any queries,

please contact LS Hub. ***

(Source: LS_DSE_2012_Practice Paper_Q2)

(a) Using source A, identify the trends as shown in the

statistics on Hong Kong Young People aged 18-22.

(Retrieved from LS_DSE_2012_PP_Q2(a)) (4 marks)

(b) ***What might have been the challenges for young

people aged 18-22 in 2006 as reflected in source A?

Explain your answer. (6 marks)

(Retrieved from LS_DSE_2012_PP_Q2(b))


Exercise for Practice II

(Source: LS_DSE_2013_Practice Paper_Q1)

(a) Compare the carbon monoxide level data on the two

days shown in source A. (4 marks)

(Retrieved from LS_DSE_2013_PP_Q1(a))

(b) “The idling engine ban is an effective policy to control

the carbon monoxide level” Do you agree? Explain

your answer with the reference to Source A and your

own knowledge. (6 marks)


Consolidation and Summary

1. Find the following things: a. Largest Significant Data b. Smallest Significant Data c. The Most Significant Data/Change d. 3 Objectives that can be described

i. Age ii. Gender iii. Amount iv. Year v. Observe the X-axis vi. Observe the Y-axis

2. Calculate the changes between different data

3. Vertical Analysis - Different year performance

4. Horizontal Analysis - Different items

performance (Largest and smallest) within one year

5. Connect the relationship between your data

and the phenomenon in the society E.g. From the chart, you can see that more males suicide than female, it shows that there may be gender stereotypes giving more pressure on male than female.


~Notes~


~Notes~


~Notes~


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Documents

Skill 01 – Data/sTATISTICAL interpretationlshub.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/skill-01-datastats.pdf · HIV Infection Describe the pattern of HIV infection as shown… 4 2017 Paper