Slavery and the Civil Slavery and the Civil Rights Movement Rights Movement

In what ways were African In what ways were African Americans treated as second Americans treated as second class citizens?class citizens?

Slavery Slavery

Slaves were Slaves were considered property considered property of their owners.of their owners.

They often bought They often bought and sold at auction.and sold at auction.

It was against the It was against the law to educate a law to educate a slave.slave.

Slaves could be Slaves could be whipped, beaten, whipped, beaten, raped, or killed.raped, or killed.

Hard TimesHard Times

Slaves lived at a Slaves lived at a subsistence level subsistence level with minimal with minimal clothing, shelter, clothing, shelter, and food.and food.

They worked long They worked long hours in the hours in the fields for up to 15 fields for up to 15 hours per day.hours per day.

Slavery is AbolishedSlavery is Abolished

The emancipation The emancipation proclamation proclamation freed slaves only freed slaves only in Confederate in Confederate controlled controlled territory.territory.

The 13The 13thth amendment amendment freed all slaves at freed all slaves at the end of the war.the end of the war.

Citizenship Citizenship

The 14The 14thth amendment made amendment made former slaves former slaves citizens of their citizens of their state and country. state and country.

They were They were supposed to supposed to receive equal receive equal protection under protection under the laws.the laws.

Post Civil War Post Civil War RepressionRepression

The KKK was set up to The KKK was set up to terrorize black citizens terrorize black citizens and establish a white and establish a white power structure in the power structure in the south.south.

Black leaders were Black leaders were beaten, tortured, and beaten, tortured, and murdered if they murdered if they challenged southern challenged southern tradition.tradition.

White government White government officials and police officials and police used the KKK terrorist used the KKK terrorist activities to keep activities to keep themselves in power.themselves in power.

Share croppingShare cropping

Landless and Landless and impoverished impoverished freemen were freemen were forced to pay a forced to pay a portion of their portion of their crops to the crops to the plantation owner plantation owner each year as rent.each year as rent.

The The sharecroppers sharecroppers quickly fell into quickly fell into debt.debt.

Vagrancy LawsVagrancy Laws

When share croppers fell into debt with When share croppers fell into debt with the white plantation owners they could the white plantation owners they could not leave the plantation. not leave the plantation.

Black people who were off the plantation Black people who were off the plantation were arrested under state vagrancy laws were arrested under state vagrancy laws because they owed money and did not because they owed money and did not have jobs.have jobs.

White people refused to hire freed slaves White people refused to hire freed slaves for any work other than manual labor. for any work other than manual labor.

Voting RightsVoting Rights

The 15The 15thth amendment was supposed to give amendment was supposed to give black males the right to vote in all local, black males the right to vote in all local, state, and federal elections. Voting state, and federal elections. Voting restrictions were set up as reconstruction restrictions were set up as reconstruction ended. ended.

Voting Voting RestrictionsRestrictionsThe Grandfather The Grandfather clause required clause required black citizens to black citizens to prove that their prove that their ancestors had ancestors had voted in previous voted in previous elections in order elections in order to vote.to vote.The poll tax was a The poll tax was a fee that had to be fee that had to be paid by freed paid by freed slaves in order slaves in order participate in participate in elections. elections.

Literacy TestsLiteracy Tests

Under state law a local registration Under state law a local registration official could choose to have any person official could choose to have any person take a literacy test. This test was up to take a literacy test. This test was up to ten pages long and required the citizen ten pages long and required the citizen to interpret the state Constitution. to interpret the state Constitution.

Only African Americans would be given Only African Americans would be given the test. The county official would the test. The county official would determine if the answers were determine if the answers were acceptable. All black people were failed. acceptable. All black people were failed.

InjusticeInjustice

Without the right to vote black Without the right to vote black citizens could not hold office or sit citizens could not hold office or sit on juries.on juries.

Any black person accused of a Any black person accused of a crime was usually found guilty by crime was usually found guilty by all white juries.all white juries.

Lynch mobs would kill innocent Lynch mobs would kill innocent blacks and nobody would be blacks and nobody would be convicted of these hate crimes. convicted of these hate crimes.

Lynch MobLynch Mob

SegregationSegregationSeparating people by Separating people by RaceRace The Plessey vs. Ferguson decision The Plessey vs. Ferguson decision

established a legal system of established a legal system of segregation. segregation.

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled separate The U.S. Supreme Court ruled separate railroad cars did not violate the 14railroad cars did not violate the 14thth amendment as long as separate amendment as long as separate facilities were equal. facilities were equal.

As a result states passed a series of As a result states passed a series of segregation laws which became known segregation laws which became known as Black codes or Jim Crow laws.as Black codes or Jim Crow laws.

Which types of public Which types of public places were segregated places were segregated under state law?under state law? SchoolsSchools HospitalsHospitals PrisonsPrisons HotelsHotels Stores Stores RestaurantsRestaurants PoolsPools ParksParks

Jim Crow continuedJim Crow continued

BussesBusses CemeteriesCemeteries NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods Drinking Drinking

fountainsfountains Game RoomsGame Rooms Doctors officesDoctors offices All public spaces All public spaces

Black people were Black people were treated as second treated as second class citizens.class citizens. Uneducated blacks Uneducated blacks

had no chance to had no chance to compete for jobs compete for jobs and housing and housing because of this because of this injustice.injustice.

Segregation Segregation destroyed people’s destroyed people’s sense of self worth. sense of self worth.

SurvivalSurvival

De jure segregation kept African De jure segregation kept African Americans powerless and poor in Americans powerless and poor in the south.the south.

De facto segregation had the De facto segregation had the same impact in the north.same impact in the north.

Jobless and underpaid blacks Jobless and underpaid blacks suffered from poor housing, suffered from poor housing, poverty, hunger, disease, and poverty, hunger, disease, and terrorism.terrorism.

The Civil Rights The Civil Rights MovementMovement Dr Martin Luther Dr Martin Luther

King Jr. was a King Jr. was a black Baptist black Baptist minister who minister who preached that the preached that the way to stop the way to stop the evils of racism was evils of racism was through act of through act of non-violent civil non-violent civil disobedience.disobedience.

Non Violent Civil Non Violent Civil DisobedienceDisobedience This tactic was This tactic was

copied from copied from Gandhi who led a Gandhi who led a movement to get movement to get Independence for Independence for India and India and Pakistan against Pakistan against British British Imperialism.Imperialism.

Non violent Civil Non violent Civil DisobedienceDisobedience Protesters were Protesters were

taught to break taught to break evil laws in order evil laws in order to get them to get them changed.changed.

They were to They were to respond to respond to attacks and arrest attacks and arrest by not fighting by not fighting back. back.

Black people made up Black people made up less than 10% of the less than 10% of the population.population. Whites controlled Whites controlled

the government, the government, police, prisons, police, prisons, courts, and military.courts, and military.

Television coverage Television coverage of attacks on of attacks on peaceful protesters peaceful protesters would cause white would cause white citizens to demand citizens to demand change in the laws.change in the laws.

Montgomery Bus Montgomery Bus BoycottBoycott Dr. Martin Luther Dr. Martin Luther

King Jr. organized King Jr. organized thousands of thousands of protesters to stop protesters to stop riding segregated riding segregated busses.busses.

The Supreme Court The Supreme Court ordered the city to ordered the city to integrate the integrate the buses.buses.

Brown Vs. Board of Brown Vs. Board of EducationEducation In 1954 the U.S. In 1954 the U.S.

Supreme Court Supreme Court overturned the overturned the doctrine of doctrine of separate but separate but equal in the equal in the public schools . public schools .

ResistanceResistance

Orval Fabus the Orval Fabus the Governor of Governor of Arkansas tried to Arkansas tried to keep schools keep schools segregated.segregated.

President President Eisehenhower Eisehenhower used federal used federal troops to enforce troops to enforce the decisionthe decision

Freedom RidersFreedom Riders

IN the early 60’s IN the early 60’s freedom riders freedom riders rode integrated rode integrated busses into the busses into the south.south.

These busses were These busses were fire bombed and fire bombed and riders were riders were attacked. attacked.

Sit In Sit In

This type of protest This type of protest involved thousands involved thousands of people who would of people who would allow themselves to allow themselves to get arrested while get arrested while breaking Jim crow breaking Jim crow laws.laws.

They would fill the They would fill the jails until the city jails until the city gave in to demands. gave in to demands.

March on BirminghamMarch on Birmingham

Young people Young people marched through marched through Birmingham Alabama Birmingham Alabama to protest to protest segregation.segregation.

They were attacked They were attacked by police dogs and by police dogs and fire hoses. Thousands fire hoses. Thousands were arrested. were arrested.

Kennedy’s civil Rights Kennedy’s civil Rights addressaddress President Kennedy President Kennedy

supported a bill that supported a bill that would outlaw would outlaw various forms of various forms of segregation across segregation across the nation. After his the nation. After his murder President murder President Johnson managed Johnson managed to pass it through to pass it through the Congress. the Congress.

Assassinations Assassinations

The Mississippi The Mississippi leader of the leader of the NAACP, Medger NAACP, Medger Evers was shot Evers was shot dead by a Klan dead by a Klan leader on the same leader on the same night as the night as the President’s speech.President’s speech.

The all white juries The all white juries could not deliver a could not deliver a guilty verdict. guilty verdict.

March on WashingtonMarch on Washington

In 1963 over In 1963 over 250,000 250,000 protesters protesters marched on marched on Washington D.C.Washington D.C.

This march This march convinced convinced Congress to pass Congress to pass the civil rights the civil rights act of 1964. act of 1964.

Civil Rights act of 1964Civil Rights act of 1964

This Federal law This Federal law outlawed outlawed segregation in all segregation in all states.states.

It also outlawed It also outlawed job and job and promotional promotional discrimination discrimination based on race or based on race or sexual gender. sexual gender.

KKK backlashKKK backlash

Shortly after the passage Shortly after the passage of the 1964 civil rights act of the 1964 civil rights act the KKK in Birmingham the KKK in Birmingham exploded a bomb in a exploded a bomb in a Baptist church where the Baptist church where the children's march had been children's march had been organized killing several organized killing several children. children.

Voting Rights act in Voting Rights act in Selma (Bloody Selma (Bloody Sunday)Sunday) Governor George Governor George

Wallace ordered Wallace ordered State troopers to State troopers to stop a voting stop a voting rights march in rights march in Alabama.Alabama.

Marchers were Marchers were gassed and gassed and beaten outraging beaten outraging the nation. the nation.

Voting Rights act of Voting Rights act of 19651965 The voting rights The voting rights

act outlawed act outlawed literacy test as a literacy test as a voting barrier.voting barrier.

Federal officials Federal officials were sent south were sent south to take over the to take over the registration of registration of blacks. blacks.

Civil Rights act of 1968Civil Rights act of 1968

This law outlawed This law outlawed housing housing discrimination in discrimination in selling and renting selling and renting properties. properties.

For the first time For the first time wealthy minorities wealthy minorities could live outside could live outside the ghettos. the ghettos.

MLK AssignationMLK Assignation

In 1968 Dr. King In 1968 Dr. King was shot dead in was shot dead in Memphis on the Memphis on the balcony of his balcony of his hotel.hotel.

Outraged black Outraged black citizens started citizens started race riots in cities race riots in cities across the across the country. country.

Violent resistanceViolent resistance

Groups like the Groups like the Black panthers and Black panthers and Black Muslims Black Muslims preached that black preached that black people had a right people had a right to use violence to to use violence to protect themselves protect themselves and take control of and take control of their communitiestheir communities

Race riots spread Race riots spread across the country. across the country.

Race riots of the late Race riots of the late 1960’s.1960’s. Police brutality and Police brutality and

slow progress slow progress contributed to race contributed to race riots in over 100 riots in over 100 cities. cities.

Hundreds of people Hundreds of people were killed or were killed or injured when injured when national guard units national guard units were brought in to were brought in to restore order. restore order.

Newark/Watts/Detroit/Newark/Watts/Detroit/YorkYork

Signs of progressSigns of progress

Over time the Civil Rights acts of 64’, Over time the Civil Rights acts of 64’, 65’ and 68 have helped more 65’ and 68 have helped more minorities get out of poverty.minorities get out of poverty.

A significant education and income A significant education and income gap still exists today.gap still exists today.

Many Africa Americans are still poorly Many Africa Americans are still poorly educated today and lag behind educated today and lag behind whites in income earning potential. whites in income earning potential.