SLD 08 Terrorism

8/3/2019 SLD 08 Terrorism

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Terrorism &

Force Protection


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Freedom and fear

are at warEither

you are with us, oryou are with the

terrorists.President George W. Bush20 September, 2001


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History

Definitions

Impact of Terrorism Objective of Terrorism

Tactics of Terrorism

Effects of Terrorism on National

Security

Force Protection

Overview


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Found as early as biblical times Jewish and Palestinian groups opposed Roman

rule in 66-73 A.D.

Word terrorism has roots in French Reignof Terror

1773-1794, Jacobins under leadership ofMaximilien Robespierre

Huge explosion in incidents of terrorism inlatter part of 20th century

History


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1996: Osama bin Laden issues declaration of war: Declaration of

War Against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two HolyPlaces

1998: Osama bin Laden issues another Fatwaduty to kill

Americans anytime, anywhere

1998: Coordinated bombings of U.S. Embassies in Nairobi,Kenya and Dar el Salaam, Tanzania

2000: USS Cole attacked by suicide bombers while refueling in

Yemen

2001: World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks 2002: Diplomat Laurence Foley murdered in Jordan

2005: Bombings at 3 American owned hotels in Amman, Jordan

al-Qaeda vs. U.S.


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Terrorism

22 United States Code 2656d(f)

the term terrorism means

premeditated, politically motivatedviolence perpetrated against

noncombatant targets by

subnational groups or clandestine

agents


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Terrorism

Walter Laqueur

Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of

force to achieve a political objective when innocentpeople are targeted.


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Terrorism

The calculated use of violence or threat of

violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce

or to intimidate governments or societies inpursuit of goals that are generally political,

religious or idelogical. Joint Publication 3-07.2, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and

Procedures for Antiterrorism


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Domestic Terrorism

Terrorism perpetrated by the citizens

of a country against their fellowcitizens

Includes acts against citizens of a

second country when they are in thehost country, and not the principal or

intended target

Terrorism


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Oklahoma City bombing ofMurrah Federal buildingon19 April 1995 killed 168 peopleand injured hundreds of others.

Domestic Terrorism

Centennial Olympic Park

bombingon 26 July 1996 inAtlanta, Georgia killed 2 andinjured 111.


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Tokyo subway sarin gasattackon 20 March 1995 bythe Aum Shinrikyo (SupremeTruth) cult killed 12 andinjured approximately 6,000.

Domestic Terrorism

Bali Nightclub Bombingson

12 October 2002 by the JemaahIslamiah organization killed 202people and injured 209.


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International terrorism

Terrorism in which planning andexecution of the terrorist act

transcends national boundaries

Terrorism


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Bombing of Le Belle DiscoinWest Berlin on 5 April 1986,sponsored by Libya,killing 3and injuring more than 100.

International Terrorism

Pan Am Flight 103 bombing

over Lockerbie, Scotland on21 December 1988 by Libyanagents killed 270.


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First World Trade CenterAttack on 26 February 1993:Islamic terrorists detonated atruck bomb under the towers

killing six and damaging thebuilding.


American Airlines Flight 63attempted shoe bombing byIslamic fundamentalist RichardReid on 22 December 2002.


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September 11 Attacks

- Perpetrated by al-Qaeda

- Two jets crashed into the World- Trade Centers killing 2,752

- One jet crashed into the

- Pentagon killing 189

-- One jet crashed in PA killing 45



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Terror Threat The impact on the actual victim of the

terrorist attack is often secondary to the

emotional or psychological impact on anaudience far larger than the victims

The true target of the terrorist is

society as a whole.

Terrorism


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Terrorism Objectives

Attract attention for groups cause

Demonstrate groups power

Show the existing governments lack of

power

Extract revenge

Obtain logistical support Cause a government to overreact


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Assassination: The killing ofprominent persons andsymbolic enemies or traitors

who defect from the group.

- On 6 October 1981, Egyptian PresidentSadat was assassinated during anmilitary parade by army members whowere part of the Egyptian Islamic Jihad

- On 4 November 1995, Israeli PrimeMinister Rabin was assassinated afterattending a rally by a right-wing activist

Common Terrorist Tactics


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Arson

- Less dramatic than most tactics

- Low risk

- Low level of technical knowledge

- Often associated with environmentalterrorists

- 1 August 2003: Biggest act of eco-terrorism in U.S. history was a fire set bythe Earth Liberation Front thatdestroyed a $50 million apartment

complex just outside San Diego



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Vail, Colorado: The arson attack

at a Colorado ski resort October19, 1998, was apparently carried

out by members of the so-called

Earth Liberation Front.

Destroyed a ski patrol headquarters

building, a skier shelter, a

mountaintop restaurant and several

chairlifts Caused some $12 million in damage

Set to protest the Vail ski resort's

880-acre expansion.


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The improvised explosive device (IED) or

Bombis the terrorists weapon of choice. Inexpensive to produce

Various detonation techniques available, may be a low risk

to the perpetrator. Suicidal bombing cannot be overlooked.

Other advantages include their attention-getting

capacity-ability to control casualties through time of

detonation and placement of the device.

Easily deniable should the action produce undesirable results.

From 1983 through 1996, approximately half of all recorded

terrorist incidents involved explosives.


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Bombing: the improvisedexplosive device (IED) is theterrorists weapon of choice.

- 7 July 2005, London bombings were aseries of coordinated three suicidebombings that struck public transportsystem killing 56 and injuring 700

- 25 June 1996, Hezbollah exploded afuel truck packed with 3,000-5,000 lbs ofexplosives at the Khobar Towers inDhahran, Saudi Arabia; 20 killed and 372

wounded



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Bombing: the improvised explosivedevice (IED) is the terrorists weapon

of choice.

- 23 October 1983, terrorists using a truckbomb destroyed the Marine barracks inBeirut, Lebanon. 245 killed and 146wounded

- 12 October 2000, suicide attack on theNavy destroyer USS Cole in the port ofAden in Yemen. 17 sailors, 39 injured



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Bombing: the improvised explosivedevice (IED) is the terrorists weapon

of choice.

- 7 August 1998, bombs exploded almostsimultaneously at the U.S. Embassybuildings in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar EsSalaam, Tanzania

- Killed 153 and left over 4,500 injured

- Severely damaged both installations



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Hostage Taking: an overtseizure of individuals with theintent of gaining publicity orother concessions in return for

release of the hostage.

- On 1 Sep 2004, Chechen terrorists tookhundreds of school children and adults

hostage in Beslan, Russia; 331 civilianswere killed, 186 of them children

- On 4 Nov 1979, student militantsstormed the U.S. Embassy in Teheran,Iran and held 66 American diplomats andMarines hostage for 444 days.



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Kidnapping: a covert seizureof one or more specific personin order to extract specificdemands.

- On 23 October 2002, the RevolutionaryArmed Forces of Colombia took ngridBetancourt, a Colombian senator whilecampaigning for president; still missing

- On 17 December 1981, U.S. ArmyGeneral James Dozier was kidnapped inMilan by Red Brigade terrorists; Italiancounter terrorist squads subsequently

rescued him on January 28, 1982



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Hijacking or Skyjacking: isnormally carried out to producea spectacular hostage situation

- Although trains, buses, and ships havebeen hijacked, aircraft are the preferredbecause of their greater mobility

- 14 June 1985, TWA Flight 847 was

hijacked by Lebanese terrorists en routefrom Athens to Rome

- Robert Stethem, a United States Navydiver and steelworker, was killed

- Three of the alleged hijackers are onthe FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list



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Seizure: usually involves abuilding or object that has valuein the eyes of the audience

- 20 November 1979, 250 Sunni Muslimmilitants occupied Mecca's Masjid al Harammosque; 250 killed and 600 wounded

- 1786-1787, Shays' Rebellion shut down the

unpopular debtors' courts in Massachusetts- 4 rebels killed

- Key event leading to ConstitutionalConvention



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Armed attacks on facilities are usuallyundertaken for one of three purposes:

To gain access to radio or television

broadcast capabilities in order to make astatement;

To demonstrate the governments

inability to secure critical facilities ornational symbols;

To acquire resources (e.g., robbery of abank or armory).

Raids or Attacks on Facilities


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During the 1970s, the Symbionese

Liberation Army conducted a 22-month reign of terror in Californiaduring which time 2 people were

murdered and 3 others werewounded. Gained most of their notoriety by

kidnapping newspaper heiress Patty

Hearst Majority of their crimes, which they

financed by robbing banks, involvedbombings.


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The objective in most sabotage incidents is to

demonstrate how vulnerable society is to terrorist

actions.

Industrialized societies are more vulnerable to

sabotage than less highly developed societies.

Sabotage

Eco-Terrorists have long used sabotage as aform of attack.Spiking trees (the process of placing a spike in a

tree so that a logger will hit it when downing thetree)

Burning buildings under construction, such as theVail, Colorado attack


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Hoaxes: Group that has established credibilitycan employ a hoax with considerable success.

- Threat that causes diversion of resources

- False alarms dulls efficiency and readiness

- 11 October 2001: 800 at Connecticut's Department ofEnvironmental Protection were kept out for 2 days after ananthrax hoax. $40,000 to decontaminate 12 employees

with $1.5 million lost work.

- 17 October 2001: 17 year-old brought an envelopecontaining white, powdery material to school. 3,000 wereheld in lock-down for 90 minutes while 50 emergencyresponse personnel assessed the situation.



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Infrastructure technologies provideattractive targets for terrorists who can

apply a range of rudimentary and advanced

attack techniques to disrupt or undermineconfidence in a range of systems.

National infrastructure, transportation,

telecommunications, energy, banking, public

health, and water supply are becomingincreasingly dependent on computerized

systems and linkages

Use of Technology


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Environmental Destruction: increasingaccessibility of sophisticated weapons andexplosives to terrorists has the potential tothreaten damage to the environment.

- Iraqi Armed Forces retreated from Kuwaitand practiced a scorched earth policy bysetting fire to oil wells in 1991

- Protection of oil wells was a key featureof planning for the 2003 invasion of Iraq

Uncommon Terrorist Tactic


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Terrorists to date have used chemical

weapons and there is potential for the use of

both chemical and biological weapons in

the future. Relatively cheap and easy to make, could be used in

place of conventional explosives in many situations.

Sarin gas attack in March 1995 in theTokyo subway

2001 Anthrax attacks

Use of Special Weapons


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Today, we face a new enemyone who

wages a different kind of war

Asymmetric Warfare As the single remaining large superpower, most

of our enemies know that challenging the

United States symmetrically carries too muchrisktherefore, they hit and rungenerally

soft targets

Terrorisms Affect On

National Security:

U.S. Strategy


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Current U.S. policy on countering terrorism

was first stated by the Reagan Administration

and has been reaffirmed by every presidentsince.

Counter Terrorism Policy

National Security Strategy

1. The U.S. will make no concessions to terrorists

2. The U.S. will treat terrorists as criminals and applythe rule of law

3. The U.S. will apply maximum pressure on statesponsors of terrorism


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The Clinton Administration added a

corollary to these rules:

4. The U.S. will Help othergovernments improve their

capabilities to combat terrorism.


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Cabinet DepartmentMichael Chertoff

- Coordinates the response capabilities of

22 governmental agencies

- Second only to the DoD in size, consisting of180,000 employees

Department of

Homeland Security


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Not a new concept

- Coastal forts

- National Airborne Operations Center

- Ballistic Missile Defense

Department of

Homeland Security


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1. U.S. forces will continue to perform ourmissions; and

2. Force protection will be a majorconsideration in future actions.

The DOD program adheres to this policy whileaddressing acts of terrorism from two perspectives:

- Counter-terrorism (offensive measures)

- Antiterrorism (defensive measures)

U.S. Military Policy


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Examples of offensive measures taken toprevent, deter, and respond to terrorism.

- Operation El Dorado Canyon

- Operation Infinite Reach

- War on Terrorism

Article 51 of the UN Charter entitles a

nation to defend itself against attack.

Counter-Terrorism


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Defensive measures used to reduce thevulnerability of individuals and property toterrorist acts

Includes limited response and containment by

local military forces

Setting new buildings back from roads andparking lots

Khobar Towers actions Army limiting access to all of their CONUSpostscompletely open in past

Antiterrorism

Counter and Anti terrorism both rely on intel


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For our counter-terrorism and antiterrorismmeasures to be effective, we must have

some idea of what particular terrorist groupsare attempting to accomplish.

We gain this insight through an activecounterintelligence program.

FBI, CIA, NSA, OSI, CID, NIS, ATF,DEA

Counterintelligence


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Force Protection

The use of forces to protectresources and personnel with

thorough force protection

measures.


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After the Khobar Towers bombing, theUSAF relocated all of our forces in theater

out of heavily populated areas to an

isolated, defensible, base in the desert

Force Protection

After the USS Cole bombing, the U.S.

Navy instituted plans to deploy a floatingbarrier around its warships in high riskareas


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History Definitions

Impact of Terrorism

Objective of Terrorism

Tactics of Terrorism

Effects of Terrorism on NationalSecurity

Force Protection

Summary


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Questions

Documents

SLD 08 Terrorism