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Slide 1© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Why go digital?
• Digital signal processing techniques are now so powerful that sometimes it is extremely difficult, if not impossible, for analogue signal processing to achieve similar performance.
• Examples:– FIR filter with linear phase.
– Adaptive filters.
Slide 2© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Why go digital?
• Analogue signal processing is achieved by using analogue components such as:
– Resistors.
– Capacitors.
– Inductors.
• The inherent tolerances associated with these components, temperature, voltage changes and mechanical vibrations can dramatically affect the effectiveness of the analogue circuitry.
Slide 3© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Why go digital?
• With DSP it is easy to:– Change applications.
– Correct applications.
– Update applications.
• Additionally DSP reduces:– Noise susceptibility.
– Chip count.
– Development time.
– Cost.
– Power consumption.
Slide 4© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Why NOT go digital?
• High frequency signals cannot be processed digitally because of two reasons:
– Analog to Digital Converters, ADC cannot work fast enough.
– The application can be too complex to be performed in real-time.
Slide 5© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
• DSP processors have to perform tasks in real-time, so how do we define real-time?
• The definition of real-time depends on the application.
• Example: a 100-tap FIR filter is performed in real-time if the DSP can perform and complete the following operation between two samples:
Real-time processing
99
0k
knxkany
Slide 6© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
• We can say that we have a real-time application if:
– Waiting Time 0
Real-time processing
Processing TimeWaiting Time
Sample Timen n+1
Slide 7© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
• Why not use a General Purpose Processor (GPP) such as a Pentium instead of a DSP?
– What is the power consumption of a Pentium and a DSP processor?
– What is the cost of a Pentium and a DSP processor?
Why do we need DSP’s?
Slide 8© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
• Use a DSP processor when the following are required:
– Cost saving.
– Smaller size.
– Low power consumption.
– Processing of many “high” frequency signals in real-time.
• Use a GPP processor when the following are required:
– Large memory.
– Advanced operating systems.
Why do we need DSP processors?
Slide 9© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
What Problem Are We Trying To Solve?
Digital sampling of an analog signal:
A
t
Most DSP algorithms can be expressed with MAC:
count
i = 1Y = coeffi * xi
for (i = 0; i < count; i++){ sum += c[i] * x[i]; }
DACx Y
ADC DSP
Slide 10© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Typical DSP algorithms
Algorithm Equation
Finite Impulse Response Filter
M
kk knxany
0
)()(
Infinite Impulse Response Filter
N
kk
M
kk knybknxany
10
)()()(
Convolution
N
k
knhkxny0
)()()(
Discrete Fourier Transform
1
0
])/2(exp[)()(N
n
nkNjnxkX
Discrete Cosine Transform
1
0
122
cos).().(N
x
xuN
xfucuF
• The Sum of Products (SOP) is the key element in most DSP algorithms
• DSP’s are optimized to perform multiplication and addition operations.
• Multiplication and addition are done in hardware and in one cycle.
Slide 11© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Sum of Products – Flow Chart
No
Y
Requirements:•Fast Multiply and Accumulate
(MAC)
•Pointer Update Mechanism
•Loop Counter
•Conditional Branch
x[0]x[1]
x[i]x[i+1]
x[N-2]x[N-1]
a[0]a[1]
a[i]a[i+1]
a[N-2]a[N-1]
Acc
Yesi≥0?
MPY
i=i-1
Add
Initial Conditions:•*x points to x[0]
•*a points to a[0]
•Loop Counter = N-1
•S=0
Slide 12© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Floating vs. Fixed point processors
• Applications which require:– High precision.
– Wide dynamic range.
– High signal-to-noise ratio.
– Ease of use.
Need a floating point processor.
• Drawback of floating point processors:– Higher power consumption.
– Can be more expensive.
– Can be slower than fixed-point counterparts and larger in size.
Slide 13© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Floating vs. Fixed point processors
• It is the application that dictates which device and platform to use in order to achieve optimum performance at a low cost.
• For educational purposes, use the floating-point device (C6748) as it can support both fixed and floating point operations.
Slide 14© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials 14
MPUs – Microprocessors
TI Embedded Processing Portfolio
32-bit ARMCortex™-M3
MCUs
16-bit ultra-low power
MCUs
DSPDSP+ARM
ARM Cortex-A8
MPUs
Stellaris®ARM® Cortex™-M3
MSP430™ Sitara™
ARM® Cortex™-A8& ARM9
C6000™
DaVinci™
video processors
Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)Microcontrollers (MCUs) ARM®-Based Processors
Integra™
Software & Dev. Tools
Up to 100 MHz
Flash8 KB to 256 KB
USB, ENET MAC+PHY CAN, ADC, PWM, SPI
Connectivity, Security,Motion Control, HMI,Industrial Automation
$1.00 to $8.00
300MHz to >1GHz
Cache, RAM, ROM
USB, CAN,PCIe, EMAC
Industrial computing, POS & portable
data terminals$5.00 to $20.00
Up to 25 MHz
Flash1 KB to 256 KB
Analog I/O, ADCLCD, USB, RF
Measurement,Sensing, General
Purpose
$0.25 to $9.00
300MHz to >1Ghz +Accelerator
Cache RAM, ROM
USB, ENET, PCIe, SATA, SPI
Floating/Fixed PointVideo, Audio, Voice,
Security, Conferencing $5.00 to $200.00
32-bit real-time
MCUs
C2000™
Delfino™
Piccolo™
40MHz to 300 MHz
Flash, RAM16 KB to 512 KB
PWM, ADC, CAN, SPI, I2CMotor Control, Digital Power,
Lighting, Ren. Enrgy
$1.50 to $20.00
Ultra Low power
DSP
C5000™
Up to 300 MHz+Accelerator
Up to 320KB RAMUp to 128KB ROM
USB, ADC McBSP, SPI, I2C
Audio, Voice
Medical, Biometrics
$3.00 to $10.00
Multi-coreDSP
C6000™
24.000 MMACS
Cache RAM, ROM
SRIO, EMACDMA, PCIe
Telecom test & meas, media gateways,
base stations$40 to $200.00
Slide 15© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials15
DSP/ARM + VideoDSP DSP + ARM
TI C6000 Processor Portfolio
C645xC641xC674xC642xC672xC671x
C6L138/OMAP-L138C6L137/OMAP-L137 DM6467/T
OMAP3530/25DM644xDM3xxDM643xDM64xPe
rfor
man
ce
DSP with focus on intensive
Signal Processing
DSP with integrated Controller/Host Processing
Video and Imaging
Processors
• Power-efficient fixed/floating pt DSP devices; 38mW to 467mW
• High-performance DSP devices; up to 8000 MMAC @ 1GHz
• Excels at communications, industrial, military, medical, T&M and audio processing
• Low power (38mW standby; <520mW typical active) fixed and floating point DSP with ARM core• Ideal for industrial, audio and communications apps
• High performance multi-format video up to 1080p
• Ideal for Video, Imaging and Vision applications
Featured Product
Slide 16© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
• Ease of programming shortens development time by weeks or months resulting in reduced time to market
• Energy efficient DSP devices as low as 38mW standby, 467mW active power consumption
• Floating point instructions for applications that require high precision, wide dynamic range
• Connectivity peripherals for BOM cost reduction, including Ethernet MAC, UPP, SATA, USB, VPIF, etc.
• Code compatibility across full line of C6000 DSPs – C64x, C64x+, C67x and C674x DSPs
• Industrial/automotive temp support from -40 to 125 deg C
Design considerations: Applications such as:
TI’s C6000 DSP processors applications
• Medical imaging• Test and measurement• Military• Audio • Communications• Industrial
Slide 17© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials17 17
The C674x™ - floating/fixed point core
• Native instructions for IEEE 754, SP & DP
• Advanced VLIW architecture
• 2X registers
• Enhanced floating point add capabilities
• Audio-specific and mixed precision instructions
• Advanced fixed point instructions
• Four 16-bit or eight 8-bit MACs
• Two-level cache
• SPLOOP and 16bit Instructions for smaller code size
• Flexible level one memory architecture
• IDMA for rapid data transfers b/w local memories
• 100% upward object code compatible with C64x, C64x+, C67x and C67x+
• Best of fixed point and floating point architecture for better system performance and faster time-to- market
C67x C67x+ C64xC64x+C674x
FLOATING POINT VALUE FIXED POINT VALUE
BINARY COMPATIBLE BINARY COMPATIBLE
Slide 18© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
TMS320C674x Processors Industry’s Lowest Power Floating Point DSPs
Example Applications:
• SW Defined Radio• Intelligent Occupancy
Sensors• Bar Code Scanners• Audio Effects
Benefits:
• Unique connectivity options• Fixed- and Floating-pt operations
in single core• High system integration• Lowest power floating-pt DSP
DSP Subsystem
C674x DSP
Core
Switched Central Resource (SCR) / EDMA
Program/Data Storage
I2C(2)
Serial Interfaces
Connectivity
WDTimer
System
PWM(3)SATA*UHPI USB2.0
HS
UART (3)McASPSPI
(2)MMC/SD
(2)
Video IN*
USB 1.1 EMAC
LCD Controller
uPP*
McBSP*AsyncEMIF16-bit
mDDR/ DDR2/
SDRAM16-bit
Peripherals
128KB RAM
Slide 19© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
19
Four new processors offer combinations of peripherals and memory C6746 C6748 OMAP - L138
C674x DSP200 MHz
C674x DSP300 MHz
C674x DSP300 MHz
C674x DSP300 MHz
ARM9300 MHz
C6742
488 KB320 KB128 KB 448 KB
EMACEMAC
MMC/SD
USB 2.0
uPPuPP
USB 1.1
LCD Ctr SATA
EMACEMAC
MMC/SD
USB 2.0
uPPuPP
USB 1.1
SATASATALCD Ctr
EMACEMAC
MMC/SD
USB 2.0
DSPDSP
ARM
MemoryMemory
Key
peripherals
Key
peripherals uPPuPPVideo I/O Video I/O Video I/O
PWMPWM
SPISPI
McASP
UARTUART
I2CI2C
Target
applications
Target
applications
• SDR• Audio conf systems• Portable data term
• Intelligent occupancy sensors
• Bar code scanner
• Power protection systems
• Industrial automation• Barcode scanner
w/GUI• Test & measurement
• Audio effects• Audio mixers
Software & Pin - for - Pin Compatible Across FamilySoftware & Pin - for - Pin Compatible Across Family
$6.70@1Ku / $5.95@10Ku
PRU2 x 150 MHz CPU 2 x 150 MHz CPU 2 x 150 MHz CPU
Slide 20© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
The OMAP-L138 (DSP + ARM9)
ARM926EJ-S
375/456 MHz
Memory Interface
Connectivity
10/100 EMAC
USB 1.1 w/ PHY
USB OTG w/ PHY I2C x2
MMC/SD/SDIO x2
SPI x2
mDDR/DDR2 WDT
McASP UART x3
Serial Interface
SATA
PWM x2
Shared Central Resource (SCR)
8K RAM
16K/16K L1
C674x DSP
375/456 MHz
256KB L2
32K/32K L1
PRU Subsystem
2 PRU
4K + 4K Prog512 + 512 Data
Video/Display Subsystem
LCDControll
er
McBSP x2
eCAP x3
uPP
UHPI
GP x3
Timers
Input x2
Output x2
NAND/Flash/SDRAM(EMIFA)
128KB On-chip Memory
GP
IOs
EDMA
Benefits• Real time signal performance of floating/fixed point DSP• ARM host processor to run high level OS and control • Customizable industrial interfaces through the programmable real
time unit (PRU)• Security-boot enabled for customer software IP protection Sample Applications• Portable Test and • Public Safety & Military Radio Measurement • Power Protection Systems• Portable Medical Instruments
Software and Development Tools• Linux, WinCE, and drivers direct from TI• RTOS (QNX, Green Hills, etc) from partners• Free C6EZ Tools DSP Development software from TI
Power• Total Power <481mW @ 300MHz, 1.2V, 25C• Deep Sleep Power <11mW @ 1.2V, 25C
Schedule and Packaging• Samples: Now; Production: Now• Packaging:
- 16x16mm BGA (0.8mm pitch) - 13x13mm, nFBGA (0.65mm pitch)
• Available in industrial and extended temp
Software and Pin Compatibility• C6748/6/2 and AM1808/6/2
Slide 21© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
The TMS320C6748 (C674x DSP core)
SDR, Bar Code Scanner, Portable Data Terminals, Audio Conferencing, Gaming, Portable Medical
Core & Subsystems• C674x™ Floating/Fixed Point DSP – 375/456 MHz • 2 Programmable Real Time Units (PRU) Subsystem
Memory• DSP: 32KB/32KB L1P/L1D; 256KB L2• Additional On-chip Memory: 128KB SRAM• External: DDR2/mDDR - 300MHz data rate
SDRAM - 100MHz data ratePower
• Total Power <420mW @ 300MHz, 1.2V, 25C• Deep Sleep Power <11mW @ 1.2V, 25C
RTOS Support and Software Development Tools• DPSBIOS and drivers from TI• Free C6EZFLO Graphical DSP Development software tools from TI
Security• Secure ROM boot• 128-bits device specific private key
Schedule and packaging• In Full Production Today; 1Ku price $14.40• Packaging:
- 16x16mm BGA (0.8mm pitch) - 13x13mm, nFBGA (0.65mm pitch)
Software and Pin compatible with OMAP-L138 and AM1808/6/2
Memory Interface
Connectivity
10/100 EMAC
USB 1.1 w/ PHY
USB OTG w/ PHY I2C x2
MMC/SD/SDIO x2
SPI x2
mDDR/DDR2
WDT
McASP UART x3
Serial Interface
Async EMIF
SATA
PWM x2
Shared Central Resource (SCR)
C674x DSP
375/456 MHz
256KB L2
32K/32K L1
PRU Subsystem
2 PRU
4K + 4K Prog512 + 512 Data
Display Subsystem
LCDControll
er
McBSP x2
eCAP x3
uPP
UHPI
GP x3
Timers
Input x2
Output x2
Flash/SDRAM* Available in industrial and extended temp*
128KB On-chip Memory
GPIO
s
EDMA
Slide 22© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials22
Test and
measurement
Sound/Music generationMusicalInstruments & effectsTypical
Applications Audio conferencingGaming
Software Compatible
C674x™ DSP Comparison Matrix
Slide 23© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
C67x
C6000 DSP Family CPU Roadmap
C62x
C64x+
C66x
C674
C67x+
C64x
C671x
C621x
Floating Point
Fixed and Floating Point
Lower power EDMA3 PRU
L1 RAM/Cache Compact Instr’s EDMA3 Video/Imaging
Enhanced EDMA2
Fixed Point
Available on the most recent releases
Slide 24© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Flexible OMAPL138/C6748 eXperimenter
for Teaching with Floating Point DSP
24
TI Part Number Description Used For
TMDSEXPL138-UNV OMAPL138 /C6748 Experimenter Kit - University Version
Base eXperimenter board provides everything needed to teach and do projects using Real-Time DSP
TMDSEXPL138 OMAPL138/ C6748 Experimenter Kit
Standard eXperimenter provides touchscreen & linux SDK
TMDSEVML138 OMAPL138/ C6748 Evaluation Module
EVM provides base board plus user interface module and additional software
OMAPL138 incorporates C6748 Floating Point DSP Core plus ARM9 MPU
Teaching ROM & 2 Comprehensive Textbooks Available -UNV eXperimenter Kit provides academics everything needed to get
started teaching real-time DSP Standard eXperimenter and EVM use same base board plus LCD
module or touch screen & Linux software packages for projects using dual core capability
Getting started website for documentation, software and teaching materials: www.ti.com/EXPL138-UNV
Slide 25© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Textbook:
Digital Signal Processing and Applications with the
OMAP- L138
eXperimenter
By Donald Reay
Strong history of teaching at university level and publication with TI C6000 & co-authored DSP and Applications second edition w/ Rulph Chassaing
Covers DSP concepts, extensive theory and real-time DSP practice for each example
Programming specific to OMAPL138/C6748 Experimenter Platforms Companion site with source code, examples and programs Contents include:
OMAP-L138 Development System Analog I/O with the OMAP-L138 eXperimenter FIR & IIR Filters Fast Fourier Transform & Adaptive Filters DSP/BIOS and Platform Support Package
Published March 2012, Wiley Publishing
ISBN: 978-0-470-93686-3
Author and Educator: Donald Reay
Slide 26© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials
Textbook:
Real-Time Digital Signal Processing from MATLAB® to C
with the TMS320C6x DSPs
By Welch, Wright and Morrow
26
Authors have extensive experience teaching at university level and also professor workshops
Fills gap between theory and practice using real-time DSP Step by step framework demonstrates via MATLAB, winDSK8, C Companion site with source code, examples and programs Integrates solutions in the text and challenges in each chapter Sections for classroom use or self learning
Sampling & Reconstruction, Filters – FIR, IIR, FFT, Frame based DSP, Digital Filters using Frames, FFT, more
Projects including: Guitar Special Effects, Graphic Equalizer, AM transmit & receive, LogicPD Experimenter kit, BPSK, QPSK, MPSK, more
Appendices: Code Composer Studio, DSP/BIOS, Architecture, moreExercises use either OMAPL138/C6748 or 320C6713 DSP
Second Edition – Published December 2011,
CRC Press ISBN: 978-1-4398-8303-7
Authors & Educators: Thad Welch, Cameron Wright, Michael Morrow
Slide 27© 2011 Texas Instruments Inc, C6000 Teaching Materials 27
TMS320C6748 Documentation:
• TMS320C6748 Fixed/Floating-Point DSP Datasheet: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/sprs590d/sprs590d.pdf
• TMS320C6748 DSP Technical Reference Manual: http://www.ti.com/lit/ug/spruh79a/spruh79a.pdf
Tools:
• Code Composer Studio v4: http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Category:Code_Composer_Studio_v4
• Code Composer Studio v5: http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Category:Code_Composer_Studio_v5
• OMAPL138 University Kit: http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/OMAPL138_Univ_Kit
C6EZFLO Graphical Development Tool
http://focus.ti.com/docs/toolsw/folders/print/c6flo-dsptool.html
Software included in SDK kit, additional software or upgrades for download
http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/tms320c6747.html#toolssoftware
http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/tms320c6748.html#toolssoftware
TI Wiki and Forum C674x info - http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/Category:C674x
C674X forums: http://e2e.ti.com/support/dsp/tms320c6000_high_performance_dsps/f/115.aspx
For more information: