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Slide 1
Introduction to the Industrial Revolution
An Overview
1700 - 1900
Slide 2
Shift from the Agrarian World• In England – majority of people were
farmers in rural areas
• Agricultural Revolution – New farming methods invented
• Enclosure movement had large land owners buying and then fencing public land
Subsistence Living!
Slide 3
Shift from the Small Farm World
• Wealthy landowners started buying land. Farmers pushed off the land
• Jethro Tull – horse drawn seed drill - efficient
• More food produced = population increase
• In 1700 there were about 100 million people in Europe, by 1800 the population had grown to 190 million.
Enclosures
Slide 4
Jethro Tull: Science Guy or British rock band?
Slide 5
Slide 6
Textile Industry Takes Off
• Domestic system (cottage industry) had dominated the early 1700s; merchants dropped off raw materials at people’s homes, picked up finished products later
• Work completed by entire family
The Family Institution
• How many people are in your family?
• What is the average expectancy for females and males living today?
• Boys: Are you going to do what your father does when you grow up?
• Girls: Are you going to be housewives or have a career?
Slide 7
Slide 8
• Living conditions were hard for most people– Life revolved around the success of
the crops.– Most people were malnourished and
susceptible to diseases. – Frequent diseases and epidemics
kept the population relatively stable.– Life expectancy was about 30-35
years.– Marriage and child bearing occurred
during the teenage period.
Slide 9
Slide 10
Textile Industry Takes Off
• Series of inventions modernize textile manufacturing, including:
• 1733 - Flying Shuttle (John Kay) – Used to weave cloth
The Spinning Jenny
Slide 11
Textile Industry Takes Off
• 1760 – Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) – Allowed for multiple threads to be woven together
• 1769 – Water Frame (Richard Arkwright) – Used water to power the spinning frame
The Spinning Jenny
Slide 12
Textile Industry Takes Off
• 1785 – Water Loom (Edmund Cartwright) – First machine that could weave cloth
• 1793 – Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney) – Machine that separated cotton seeds from the cotton
Plans for the Cotton Gin
Young Girl Working in Textile FactoryAs industrialization spread, factories employed children as young as 5 or 6 to work 12 hour days.
Slide 13
Slide 14
Textile Industry Takes Off
• These advancements resulted in the movement of work from the home to the factory
Plans for the Cotton Gin
Look Around Us, What Changed?
Slide 15
• The Industrial Revolution
• Definition– the shift from making
goods by hand to making them by machine
• The Industrial Revolution creates great wealth but also great social and economic inequality, prompting a backlash of political, social, and economic reforms.
Why Britain Industrializes First
• Land (raw material, natural resources)
• Labor (skilled and unskilled labor force, management)
• Capital (money for investments)
• Entrepreneurs (People with an vision and the ability to make it happen)
Slide 16
Slide 17
Land• 1715-1850• Natural resources
large amounts of coal and iron
• a large river system for water power and many natural harbors for easy trade
• Colonies – raw materials
Labor• An increase in
population created a surplus of workers
• Enclosed farms pushed farmers off the land and into the cities
• Unskilled laborers were needed to run the machines
• Middle management positions (factory managers, accountants, equipment managers)
Slide 18
Slide 19
Capital
• A strong, stable government allowed a strong, stable economy to develop which resulted in extra money to invest
• Banks gave loans to invest in new machinery and to expand operations
Slide 20
Entrepreneurs
• People with a vision who sees a need the public will respond to
• People with skills and knowledge to gather the needed raw material, recruit and organize workers, and arrange for capital and investments
Slide 21
Changes Brought by the Industrial Revolution
• Invention of the steam engine in 1763 by James Watt shifts labor from humans and animals to machines
• Inventions continue to make life, manufacturing, and farming easier and better
• Continuous reinvestment of profits fuel even greater growth
• Inventions in one area often led to inventions in others
• Transportation and communication systems are greatly enhanced
Slide 22
Changes Brought by the Industrial Revolution
• Cities begin to dominate the western world• Creates a new social order with the rise of an
influential middle class• Poor working conditions for lower classes
eventually lead to new social and political movements
• Need for markets and resources force Europeans to take over foreign lands (imperialism)