Slide 1 of 26

Classification of Living Organisms

Slide 2 of 26

Classification: To group according to like traits

Biodiversity: All the different types of organisms living in one area

Why is this needed?

5 million organisms have already been classified BUT…7 to 8 million still need discovered

Slide 3 of 26

This furry lobster is so distinct a new family and genus had to be created.

Found 2300 meters deep in the South Pacific ocean!!!

There is still a lot to classify……..

Slide 4 of 26

Aristotle: Greek philosopher (384 - 322 B.C.)

Slide 5 of 26

Aristotle created the 1st system of classification

Aristotle divided all living organisms into two main groups based on physical traits:

Plants (structure) Animals (habitat)

Large Woody

Small woody

LandAir

Wat

er

Soft Stemmed

Slide 6 of 26

Good start but……….

What about:

Slide 7 of 26

Carl Linnaeus’ system of classification (1700s): still used today!!!

Binomial Nomenclature

Bi = 2 Nomial = nameNomenclature = naming system

In other words…a two-name (2-word) naming system

Slide 8 of 26

We call this two-word name a scientific name

Example: What is the scientific name of a human?

Homo sapien

Slide 9 of 26

What does a Puma, Cougar and Mountain Lion have in common?

Puma…………….

Cougar………….

Mountain Lion…..

They are all the SAME organisms

just with DIFFERENT

common names!!!

Slide 10 of 26

Puma, cougar, mountain lion, catamount, panther, mountain screamer, painter…

Common names are different names for the same organism based on where they live.

Slide 11 of 26

Since they are all the same organisms they all have the same scientific name…………Felis concolor or Felis concolor

Slide 12 of 26

Scientific names are universally used or used around the world

Slide 13 of 26

8 Division of Classification: **Largest, Broadest to Smallest, most Specific**

DomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

Did King Phillip Come Over For Grape Soda?

Do Kind People Cheer Only For Greensburg Salem?

Slide 14 of 26

Slide 15 of 26

3 Domains:

1. Archaebacteria: “Ancient Bacteria”-First living cells, live in extreme conditions-Known as EXTREMOPHILES-live in swamps, guts of animals, salty oceans,

volcanic vents and hot springs

2. Eubacteria: “True Bacteria”-Affects your everyday life causingtooth decay, spoils our food, causes illness-Evolved from Archaebacteria

Slide 16 of 26

3. Eukarya: “True Nucleus”-Contains all organisms whose cells contain a nucleus (“brain” of cell, contains DNA)

Eukarya Domain is divided into 4 Kingdoms:

Protista:

Fungi:

Plantae:

Animalia:

Slide 17 of 26

Kingdom Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Autotroph/Heterotroph

Unicellular/Multicellular

Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic

Nonmobile/Mobile

Other (repro., habitat)

Examples

Additional Notes

AutotrophicMakes own foodPhotosynthesis

HeterotrophicObtains food from other

sources

UnicellularMade up of only one cell

MulticellularMade up of many cells

Prok aryoticCells without a nucleus

EukaryoticCells with a nucleus

Slide 18 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification

Red fox

Grizzly bear

Black bear

Giant panda

Sea star

Coral snake

Abert squirrel Eukarya

Domain

Levels of each Domain= taxon

Slide 19 of 26

Linnaeus' System of Classification

The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus' taxonomic categories.

Black bear

Giant panda

Grizzly bear

Red fox

Sea star

Abert squirrel

Coral snake

Slide 20 of 26

A Kingdom is made up of several different Phylum.

PHYLUM Chordata

Black bear

Giant panda

Grizzly bear

Red fox

Abert squirrel

Coral snake

Subphylums: Invertebrates (lack backbone) Vertebrates (has a backbone)

Linnaeus' System of Classification

Slide 21 of 26

A Phylum is made up of several different Classes.

Abert squirrel

Class Mammalia

Black bear

Giant panda

Grizzly bear

Red fox

Linnaeus' System of Classification

Slide 22 of 26

A Class is made up of several different Orders. Red

fox

Grizzly bear

Black bear

Giant panda

Linnaeus' System of Classification

Slide 23 of 26

An Order is made up of several different Families.

Grizzly bear

Black bear

Giant panda

Linnaeus' System of Classification

Slide 24 of 26

Each Family is divided into different Genus and Species.

Grizzly bear

Black bear

Linnaeus' System of Classification

Slide 25 of 26

Species: Most specific division of classification

-Organisms of the same species can successfully reproduce viable

offspring.

Linnaeus' System of Classification

Slide 26 of 26

Species can be further divided into subspecies:

Breeds:

Races:

Varieties:

Slide 27 of 26

Scientific Names: -2-word name

-based on the two most specific divisions of classification:

GENUS AND SPECIES

Slide 28 of 26

Rules for writing Scientific Names:

1. First word is the Genus and it is always capitalized.

2. Second word is the species and it is always lower case.

3. The entire name is underlined or italicized.

Ursus arctos or Ursus arctos

Slide 29 of 26

Hybrids:

Organisms of the same genus but different species reproduce and produce offspring that are “usually” sterile

Slide 30 of 26

LIGERA liger is the offspring of a lion and a tigress. It is bigger than either parent, 10 - 12 ft in length - making it the biggest hybrid cat and, for many people, the most fascinating.

Slide 31 of 26

A tigon is the offspring of a tiger and a lioness.

Slide 32 of 26

s

Beefalo is a species cross between Bison (buffalo) and domestic cattle of any breed. The purpose of the species cross was to blend the outstanding qualities of the Bison with outstanding qualities of the bovine breeds of the world.

Slide 33 of 26

A Zebroid is a cross between a zebra and any other equid: essentially, a zebra hybrid. They are also known as zebra mules. In general, the sire is a zebra stallion..

Slide 34 of 26

Zebroid: Shetland Pony and a Zebra

Slide 35 of 26

Eubacteria

Slide 36 of 26

Slide 37 of 26

STOP HERE MRS. RED!!!!

Slide 38 of 26

Aristotle based his system on: structure for plants and habitat for animals.

Linnaeus based his system on: just structures (morphology-study of form & structure)

Slide 39 of 26

Modern scientists (taxonomists) who study taxonomy (science of naming, describing, & classifying organisms) use the following:

1. Homologous Structures-similar structures with different functions

Slide 40 of 26

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 41 of 26

2. Evidence from Genetics/Biochemistry

Common or similar DNA codes or proteins

Analysis of the DNA sequence determined that the monkey's DNA code is about 93 percent similar to the human DNA code!!!

Slide 42 of 26

3. Similarities in embryonic development.

Slide 43 of 26

Evolution- How we came into existence How we related to those in the past Driving force of evolution = natural selection

4. Phylogeny-evolutionary history of an organism

Slide 44 of 26

BIG Ideas in Evolution:A. DNA holds the code of life to make

Proteins which give us traitsMutations which alter DNA then alter these

ProteinsMost mutations are evolutionary neutral

Slide 45 of 26

B. Natural Selection

Slide 46 of 26

C. SpeciationOccurs when 1 population is isolated from

another population (usually geological)

Slide 47 of 26

D. Selective breeding and biotechnology contribute to the deliberate changing of the genetic makeup of a population

Slide 48 of 26

5. Fossil Records- shows development of organisms throughout time

Slide 49 of 26

Two approaches to Phylogenetic Classification:

1. Systematics-organizes the diversity of living things based on context of evolution

Based on:Fossils, homologous structures, embryology, genetics, biochemistry

Slide 50 of 26

Creates a Phylogenetic/genic Tree

-Each successive group (taxon) should be represented by finer and finer branches all stemming from a common ancestor

-Creates a “tree of life”

Slide 51 of 26

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Slide 52 of 26

Slide 53 of 26

Slide 54 of 26

2. Creating a cladogramUses certain features of an organism called shared derived characteristics

-features that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration

Example: Feathers…..birds are the only animals that have feathers therefore it separates it from all other vertebrates.

Slide 55 of 26

Slide 56 of 26