Slide 1

Project ManagementProject ManagementChapter 3Chapter 3

Alan Dennis, Barbara Wixom, and David Tegarden

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Slides by Fred NiedermanEdit by Solomon Negash

Slide 2

Key Definitions

Project management is the process of planning and controlling the development of a system within a specified timeframe at a minimum cost with the right functionality.A project manager has the primary responsibility for managing the hundreds of tasks and roles that need to be carefully coordinated.

Slide 3

A Workplan Example

Work Plan Information Example

Name of task Perform economic feasibilityStart date ` Jan 05, 2001Completion date Jan 19, 2001Person assigned Mary Smith, sponsorDeliverable(s) Cost-benefit analysisCompletion status OpenPriority HighResources needed SpreadsheetEstimated time 16 hoursActual time 14.5 hours

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Identifying Tasks

Top-down approachIdentify highest level tasksBreak them into increasingly smaller units

MethodologyUsing standard list of tasks

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Top Down Task Identification

PhasesPhases with

high level steps

Work Plan Deliverables Estimated Actual Assignedhours hours To

****

Slide 6

Estimating a Project Based on Industry Information

Planning Analysis Design Implementation

IndustryStandardFor Web 15% 20% 35% 30%Applications

TimeRequired 4 5.33 9.33 8in PersonMonths

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Time Estimation Using a More Complex Approach

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Estimation Trade-offs

SizeFunction pointsLines of code

EffortPerson-months

TimeMonths

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Getting the Right Numbers for Estimation

Prior projectsPast experienceIndustry standards

Detailed analysis

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Function Point Estimation-- Step One

Complexity

Description Low Medium High Total

Inputs __x 3 __x 4 __x 6 ____

Outputs __x 4 __x 5 __x 7 ____

Queries __x 3 __x 4 __x 6 ____

Files __x 7 __x 10 __x 15 ____

Program __x 5 __x 7 __x 10 ____Interfaces

TOTAL UNADJUSTED FUNCTION POINTS ____

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Function Points Estimation-- Step Two

Scale of 1 to 5

Data Communications _____Heavy Use Configuration _____Transaction Rate _____End-User efficiency _____Complex Processing _____Installation Ease _____Multiple sites _____Performance _____Distributed functions _____On-line data entry _____On-line update _____Reusability _____Operational Ease _____Extensibility _____

Project Complexity (PC) _____

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Function Point Estimation -- Step 3

Processing Complexity (PC): ________(From Step 2)

Adjusted Processing Complexity (PCA) = 0.65 + (0.001 * ____ )

Total Adjusted Function Points: _____ * ____ = (TUFP -- From Step 1)

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Function Points Estimation-- Step Four

Adjusted Project Complexity

= .065 + (0.01 * Project Complexity)

Total Adjusted Function Points

=

Adjusted Project Complexity * TUFP

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Converting Function Points to Lines of Code

Source: Capers Jones, Software Productivity Research

Language LOC/Function Code Point

CCOBOLJAVAC++Turbo PascalVisual BasicPowerBuilderHTMLPackages (e.g., Access, Excel)

130110 55 50 50 30 15 1510-40

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Your Turn

It takes time and effort to produce even rough estimates of the function points for a given project

What would you need to make it worthwhile?

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Estimating Effort

Function of size and production rateCOCOMO model

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COCOMO Estimation Calculation

Effort = 1.4 * thousands-of-(in Person- lines-of-codeMonths)

Example:

If LOC = 2000 Then...Effort = (1.4 * 2000) = 28

Person Months

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Estimating Schedule Time

Rule of thumb for estimation

Schedule Time (months)

=

3.0 * person-months1/3

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Staffing Attributes

Staffing levels will change over a project’s lifetimeAdding staff may add more overhead than additional laborUsing teams of 8-10 reporting in a hierarchical structure can reduce complexity

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Increasing Complexity with Larger Teams

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Your Turn

How do you know how many people to assign to a project?

How do you know what special skills will be needed for completion of the project?

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Timeboxing

Fixed deadlineReduced functionality, if necessaryFewer “finishing touches”

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Timeboxing Steps

Set delivery dateDeadline should not be impossibleShould be set by development group

Prioritize features by importanceBuild the system corePostpone unfinished functionalityDeliver the system with core functionalityRepeat steps 3-5 to add refinements and enhancements

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Staffing Projects

The staffing plan describes the kinds of people working on the projectThe project charter describes the project’s objectives and rulesA functional lead manages a group of analystsA technical lead oversees progress of programmers and technical staff members

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Motivation

Use monetary rewards cautiouslyUse intrinsic rewards

RecognitionAchievementThe work itselfResponsibilityAdvancementChance to learn new skills

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Conflict Avoidance Strategies

Clearly define roles and project plansHold individuals accountableProject charter listing norms and groundrulesDevelop schedule commitments ahead of timeForecast other priorities and their possible impact on the project

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CONTROLLING AND DIRECTING THE PROJECT

Slide 28

The Hurricane Model

Project StageTime

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Margins of Error in Cost and Time Estimates

Typical margins of Error for

Well-done Estimates

Phase Deliverable Cost (%)time (%)

Planning System Request 400 60Project Plan 100 25

Analysis System Proposal 5015

Design System Specification 25 10

Source: Boehm et al. (1995)

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Tracking Tasks Using Gantt Chart

Go to Library

Go to Bookstore

Select and Purchase Book

Skim Book

Write Phase One

Read Book Carefully

Write Phase Two

Action Week 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

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CASE Tools

Initiation Analysis Design Implementation

Upper CASE Lower CASE

Integrated CASE (I-CASE)

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Procedural MetadataLogic

Diagrams ScreenDesigns

CASE Repository

CASE Components

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Standards

ExamplesFormal rules for naming filesForms indicating goals reachedProgramming guidelines

Can you think of more examples?

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Documentation

Project binderTable of contentsContinual updating

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Managing Scope

Scope creep -- a major cause of development problems

JAD and prototypingFormal change approvalCharging for changes

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Managing Risk

Risk assessmentActions to reduce riskRevised assessment

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Classic Mistakes

Overly optimistic scheduleFailing to monitor scheduleFailing to update scheduleAdding people to a late project

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Summary

Project management is critical to successful development of new systemsProject management involves planning, controlling and reporting on time, labor, and costs.

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Expanding the Domain

For more detail on project management, visit the project management institute and its special interest group on information systems:

www.pmi.orgwww.pmi-issig.org