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Slide 1
World Religions
Part 7: Islam
Session 2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires
Dirk’s Contact Info
Phone: 603.431.3646 (Bethany Church’s main number) Email: [email protected] Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers
Twitter: @dirk_at_bethany Tumblr: www.tumblr.com/blog/dirkscorner
Dirk’s Web Site: www.dirkscorner.com Bethany Church Web Site: www.bethanychurch.com
Slide 2
This Session
1 Traditions: Hadith, Sunnah andMedieval Biography
2 Succession Issues3 Dynasties and Empires4 Sharia Law
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Slide 3
1 TRADITIONS: HADITH, SUNNAHAND MEDIEVAL BIOGRAPHY
Part 7.2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires
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Slide 4
The Hadith
Image Source: By Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20912230
Calligraphic representation ofMuhammad's name, from gates in
The Mosque of the Prophet, Medina
Arabic, “to report”Record of the sayings and
traditions of MuhammadPassed down orally until
the 8th and 9th centuriesVarious levels of
authority within the Hadith are debated, based on transmission
Sunni count 6 collections; Shia count 4 collections
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Slide 5
A Sample Hadith
Narrated 'Aisha: (the mother of the faithful believers)
Al-Harith bin Hisham asked Allah's Messenger “O Allah's Messenger! How is the Divine Inspiration revealed to you?" Allah's Messenger replied, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell, this form of Inspiration is the hardest of all and then this state passes off after I have grasped what is inspired. Sometimes the Angel comes in the form of a man and talks to me and I grasp whatever he says." 'Aisha added: Verily I saw the Prophet being inspired divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over).
Sahih al-Bukhari 2
Source: http://sunnah.com/bukhari/1
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Slide 6
The Sunna
Image Source: By Morgan Phoenix - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11703943
Arabic, “path; habitual practice”
Authoritative law and practice emerging from tradition.
Hadith serve as the foundation of Sunna, although sometimes the terms are used synonymously
Sunnah become sources for Sharia Law
The name Muhammad written in Thuluth, a script variety of Islamic
calligraphy.
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Slide 7
Biographies
Ibn Ishaq (704 – c. 761)
Ibn Hisham (d. c.827)
Al-Tabari (839-923)
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Slide 8
2 SUCCESSION ISSUES
Part 7.2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires
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Slide 9
Muhammad’s SuccessorTwo Primary Possibilities
Abu Bakr, his father-in-law though his marriage Aisha
Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law (married his daughter, Fatima)
Image Source: By Mark Ahsmann - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30194034
Image Source: By © José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro /, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=16748021
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Slide 10
The Rashidun (“Rightly Guided”)Caliphate
Abu Bakr (632– 634) Umar (634– 644) Uthman (644– 656) Ali (656-661)
Rashidun Caliphate at its greatest extent, under Caliph Uthman's rule
Image Source: By Mohammad adil at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5031572
“Caliph”: from Arabic ḵalīfa meaning ‘deputy, as opposed to “sheikh”, based on Arabic šayḵ‘old man,
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Slide 11
The Siege of Jerusalem, 636 - 637
Umar travels to Jerusalem to accept
the surrender of the Byzantine
Patriarch, Sophronius
Image Source: http://jansandvik.blogspot.com/2013/07/historical-timeline-of-jewish-people_9982.html
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Slide 12
Ali’s Caliphate Begins, 656 Ali’s Caliphate supported by
the Egyptian soldiers who assassinated Uthman
Aisha opposed Ali’s Caliphate in the “Battle of the Camel”
Ali himself assassinated by former supporters in 661
Succeeded by Muawiyah, a relative of Uthman Ali and Aisha at the
Battle of the Camel
Image Source: By Mohammad adil at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5031572
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Slide 13
Battle of Karbala, 680
Who will succeed Muawiyah to the Caliphate?
Yazid I, son of Muawiyah, vs. Husayn, son of Ali
Battle of Karbala by Abbas Al-Musavi
Image Source: By Abbas Al-Musavi - Online Collection of Brooklyn Museum; Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 2010, 2002.6_PS2.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10195432
Husayn killed/”martyred” Finalizes the split between Shia (who support Husayn
and the line of Ali), and Sunni (who support the community’s decisions for Muawiyah and Yazid)
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Slide 14
Shia: Three Most Prevalent Branches
Ithna Asharis(Twelvers or Imamis)
There were 12 imams following Muhammad in Ali’s line; the last imam disappeared and will return one day
Zaidis - Also believe in 12 succeeding imams, but disagree on the identity on one of them
Ismailis (“Seveners”) - Believe in 7 succeeding imams
Shi'i phrase 'Ali is the vicegerent of God‘, in Arabic
Image Source: Mahmoud Ibrahim - Library of Congress[1], Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5745144
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Slide 15
3 DYNASTIES AND EMPIRES
Part 7.2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires
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Slide 16
Two Early Dynasties
Umayyad:661-750, Damascus, Syria756-1031, Cordoba, Spain
Image Source> By Gabagool - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6587559
Abbasid:750-1258, Bagdad, Persia
By Gabagool - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6595604
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Slide 17
Saladin Retakes Jerusalem, 1187
Crusaders had held the city since 1099
Image Source: Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville - François Guizot (1787-1874), The History of France from the Earliest Times to the Year 1789, London : S. Low,
Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1883, p. 435, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2548986
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Slide 18
“The Golden Age,” Cordoba, Spain
A “Flowering of Culture”
Muslim conquest, 756
Reached high point in 10th
& 11th
centuryImage Source: http://www.shunya.net/Pictures/Spain/Cordoba/Cordoba-town.jpg
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Slide 19
“House of Wisdom”, Baghdad Medieval Abbasid
Library reported to be world’s largest in its day
Established, 9th
century Destroyed
following the theMongol Siege of Baghdad in 1258 Image Source: By Zereshk - Own work, Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2809505
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Slide 20
Sufisim
“Sufism or tasawwuf, as it is called in Arabic, is generally understood by scholars and Sufis to be the inner, mystical, or psycho-spiritual dimension of Islam. Today, however, many Muslims and non-Muslims believe that Sufism is outside the sphere of Islam.” Source: Alan Godlas, University of Georgia, in http://islam.uga.edu/Sufism.html
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=997371
Rumi Sufi mystic, 13th founder of the “Whirling Dervishes”
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Slide 21
Al-Ghazali, c. 1058 - 1111
Scholar and Sufi Mujaddid, “Renewer” of
the Faith Sought to reconcile
orthodoxy and mysticism Incoherence of the
Philosophers, rejects Aristotle & Platonic influences in Islam
Deliverance From Error, an autobiography
Image Source: Abū Hāmid al-Ghazzālī, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4641327
Last page of Al-Ghazali's autobiography in MS Istanbul
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Slide 22
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 1126 - 1198
Sought to reconcile orthodoxy and Aristotle
Called the “Commentator” by Aquinas and others, for his commentary on Aristotle
Incoherence of the Incoherence, in opposition to Al-Ghazali
Image Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1099525
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Slide 23
Three Early Modern Empires
Ottoman Empire, 1299–1923, Constantinople/Istanbul, Turkey (as of 1453) - Sunni
Safavid Empire, 1501–1736, Tabriz, Qazvin & Isfahan, Persia – Shia
Mughal Empire, 1526–1540, 1555–1857, Various cities in India (and what is modern Pakistan)
Image Source: http://iranpoliticsclub.net/maps/maps09/
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Slide 24
Fall of Constantinople, 1453
Image Source: Bertrandon de la Broquière in Voyages d'Outremer -www.bnf.fr, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=564233
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Slide 25
4 SHARIA LAW
Part 7.2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires
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Slide 26
What is Sharia?
Arabic term meaning…
“a clear, well-trodden
path to water”
Image Source: http://www.hyattmoore.com/painting/Path_to_the_Water
Hyatt Moore – Path to Water
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Slide 27
A Broad Definition“Shariah is the Islamic Law – the disciplines and principles that govern the behavior of a Muslim individual towards his or herself, family, neighbors, community, city, nation and the Muslim polity as a whole, the Ummah. Similarly Shariah governs the interactions between communities, groups and social and economic organizations. Shariahestablishes the criteria by which all social actions are classified, categorized and administered within the overall governance of the state.”
Shaykh Muhammad Hisham KabbaniSource: http://islamicsupremecouncil.org/understanding-islam/legal-rulings/52-understanding-islamic-law.html, accessed, 5/13.2016
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Slide 28
Conflicting Definitions“Now a great problem today is that a new movement within Islam, the Islamist movement, has innovated a non-traditional approach to Shariahwhich vitiates all of the past approaches and establishes a rigid, hardline and non-pragmatic approach which vitiates all semblance of humaneness, sanity, moderation and decorum which constituted Islamic Law’s traditional implementation over the past 14 centuries of history.”
Shaykh Muhammad Hisham KabbaniSource: http://islamicsupremecouncil.org/understanding-islam/legal-rulings/52-understanding-islamic-law.html, accessed, 5/13.2016
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Slide 29
Three Dimensions of Sharia
Source: https://ing.org/a-closer-look-at-sharia-in-the-united-states/, accessed, 5/13.2016
“Religious worship and ritual. These include acts of worship such as the five daily prayers (salat), fasting during Ramadan (sawm), and pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj). This area also includes some lifestyle practices, such as diet (no pork or alcohol) and wearing modest dress (ie. hijab).”
“Private social interactions. These are mainly family issues (marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc) and marketplace affairs (respect for private property, rules for giving to charity and the community, ethical investments, contracts, etc).”
“Public law issues. These are issues such as criminal law, and some general principles of constitutional government.”
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Slide 30
Sources of Sharia
Authoritative collection of Islamic laws emerging from:
QuranHadith/SunnahIjma (unanimous consensus)*Qiyas (analogy)*Istihsan (public interest)*Urf (custom)*
Fiqh(Interpretation/Juisprudence)
*Muslim jurists debate the extent to which these elements should determine Sharia
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Slide 31
Muslim Countries and Sharia Law
Image Source: By 2013_Freedom_House_world_map.svg: *2011_Freedom_House_world_map.svg: *2010_Freedom_House_world_map.svg: *2009_Freedom_House_world_map.svg: *derivative work: Voland77 (talk)Freedom_House_world_map_2009.png: Voland77 - This file was derived from 2013 Freedom House world map.svg:, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24745568
Countries and members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation where sharia plays no role in the judicial system
Countries where sharia applies in personal status issues (such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child custody)
Countries where sharia applies in full, covering personal status issues as well as criminal proceedings
Countries with regional variations in the application of sharia.
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Slide 32
Different Sharia Schools
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Slide 33
Source: http://www.pewglobal.org/2010/12/02/muslims-around-the-world-divided-on-hamas-and-hezbollah
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Slide 34
Sharia in America: The Debate
A Continuum of Opinion
Normal,Necessary
Dangerous,Should be Banned
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Slide 35
Sharia in America: Recent Stories
Oklahoma: “Save Our State Amendment”
o Passed by 70% Voters, 2010o Temporary Injunction, Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, 2012o Injunction upheld US District Court, 2013
Similar Measures passed in Alabama, North Carolina, Arizona, South Dakota, Kansas, Louisiana and Tennessee; proposed in several other states
Maryland, Custody, 1996New Jersey, Marital Relations, 2009; reversed
2010
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Slide 36
Sharia in America: Recent Stories
Dallas/Ft Worth Texas, Islamic Tribunal“The need for a mediation and non-binding arbitration firm that adheres to Islamic principles in the Muslim community has been a long time in the making.”
Source: http://www.islamictribunal.org/our-mission/, accessed 5/13/2016
Federal Judge awards fees and costs to Christians who were arrested for ‘disturbing the peace’ by sharing the gospel during Arab festival, 2014
‘Spoof’ article, “City in Michigan First to Fully Implement Sharia Law”, 2013
Dearborn, Michigan
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