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A HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF SKILL TRAINING IN
MALAYSIA
AZIZI BIN HAMID
RUSHAZILA BTE AMIR NORDIN
SALWANI BTE DAUD
ABSTRACT
VET earliest appearance in the form of traditional handicraft training almost 120 years ago, and craft and trade skills training about a century ago
post-First World War years, apprenticeship training had already made its presence
1957 that vocational training began as a major component of Malaysia’s education and training system
achieved largely through the Razak Report in 1956, the Rahman Talib Report in 1960 and the Cabinet (Mahathir) Report of 1979
during the 1970s, occupational skills standards named National Trade Standards but yet known as National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS) on 1993
ABSTRACT
enactment of the National Skills Development Act 2006 [Act 652] (NASDA) on June 29, 2006
national legislation has been enacted directly for skills training and development in Malaysia through NASDA
Malaysian industries have created new demands on the skilled workforce, namely for knowledge-workers or ‘k-workers’- 19 May 2004 to implement the National Dual Training System (NDTS) starting from 2005
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS OF VET IN MALAYSIA
1897 – set up trade school to prepare Malay boys work as mechanics and fitters on the railways
1900 – Selangor engaged local craftsmen such as wood carver, silversmith, blacksmith and tailor teach Malay student residing in the Malay Settlement on the outskirts of Kuala Lumpur
1902 – Malayan Art School (Perak) under the patronage of its Sultan, providing training for weaving, embroidery, wood-carving, silversmith’s work, pottery and mat-making
1906 - Treacher Technical School was established by the Public Works Department to train technical assistants for the Railways and Public Works Department (closed at First World War and reopened 1918)
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS OF VET IN MALAYSIA
1919 - government set up a committee to review the needs for technical and industrial education
1926 - Federal Trade School in Kuala Lumpur was opened to provide full-time three-year courses to train mechanics, fitters, machine workers and other technicians (student capacity fifteen to twenty per year and primarily served the needs of Public Works Department)
1931 - The Education Department took over then was called Technical School, to serve the needs of other public departments apart from the Public Works Department, as well as business enterprises such as mines, estates and private firms.
Later, it also took in private students leading towards Technological Certificates awarded by the City and Guilds Institute of London
Later, three other trade schools were built in Penang, Ipoh and Singapore to prepare apprentices as artisans in trades such as mechanics, plumbers, fitters, electricians and blacksmith
1945 - pioneer technical school was renamed Technical College
upgraded in 1972 to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS OF VET IN MALAYSIA
1955 - set up an Education Committee headed by Abdul Razak Hussein, the Malayan Education Minister, to review the existing education system and to formulate an education system for post-independence Malaya
1956 - The study led to a report known as the Razak Report which recommended a unified education system for all Malayans. Report’s recommendation that technical education and training be organised into three levels namely :- technical colleges (for those who had completed a full (five years) secondary education)
technical institutes (for those who had completed three years of secondary education and who seek employment as techniciansand)
trade schools (for those who had completed a primary school education especially in rural areas
EARLY DEVELOPMENTS OF VET IN MALAYSIA
1960 - Rahman Talib Report was published. proposed that the majority (up to 70 percent) of pupils be given the opportunity in ‘post-primary’
schools to acquire manual skills whilst preparing for the Lower Certificate of Education examinations that is at the end of three years of secondary education
noted that there were only eight rural trade schools
student enrollment of 616
junior technical (trade) schools were converted to secondary trade schools which, in turn, were converted in 1968 to secondary vocational schools
1969 - the total enrollment in vocational and technical schools was 3,786 compared with the total secondary school enrollment of 468,816
1979 - Deputy Prime Minister, Dr. Mahathir Mohamed, was formed Cabinet Report reaffirmed that the country’s upper secondary education should comprise of both the academic and vocational streams
SHAPING OF THE MALAYSIAN SKILLS TRAINING SYSTEM
skills training had emerged as a visible and distinct component of Malaysia’s education and training system by the late 1970s
Ahmad (2003) observed Malaysian VET system was dominated by three different pathways namely:-
higher education (Professional and managerial personnel such as engineers, architects, and surveyors)
technical and vocational education (Supervisory personnel such as technical assistants and supervisors)
skills training (Skilled and semi-skilled workers)
Rashid & Nasir (2003) highlighted that the mainstream secondary school system comprised of three different pathways :-
Tertiary or higher education in universities and other higher educational institutions (academic pathways)
Technical and vocational education undertaken largely in the formal school system under the Ministry of Education (technical and vocational education stream)
Post-secondary technical and vocational education and training (skills training stream)
SHAPING OF THE MALAYSIAN SKILLS TRAINING SYSTEM
The ‘Basic Study on Designing a Dual training Scheme in Malaysia’ undertaken from 1997 to 1999 by a large team of German consultants described the Malaysian VET system was made up of three subsystems :-
1st subsystem: technical education and vocational training in schools of the Ministry of Education
SPM as the leaving qualification
had a choice of several educational or vocational avenues such as colleges, universities, polytechnics, Teacher training, Various skills training programmes and Direct entry into the employment market
2nd subsystem : technical and vocational training which did not come under the purview of the Ministry of Education (Ministry of Human Resources, Ministry of Youth and Sports, and MARA) as well as private training institutions
based on the National Occupational Skill Standard (NOSS)
The qualifications involved were mainly the Malaysian Skills Certificate Levels 1 to 3, diploma for Level 4, and advanced diploma/degree for Level 5
3rd subsystem : The standardisation and certification of occupational skills based on NOSS and Certification System
It started with a three-level skill certification system (basic, intermediate and advanced)
1992, a new 5-level skills qualification framework was introduced, followed by the adoption of an accreditation approach in 1993.
The accreditation of training centres and their training courses was conducted by the NVTC
SHAPING OF THE MALAYSIAN SKILLS TRAINING SYSTEM
‘Strategic Review of Technical Education and Skills Training (TEST) in Malaysia’ was undertaken by Australian consultants during 1998-1999 period confirmed that :-
vocational education under MOE was one major component of the Malaysian public sector VET system
training conducted by the MOHR, MYS and MARA using NOSS as a basis, formed the other major component of the national system
2005 - study undertaken on behalf the World Bank categorised Malaysia’s TVET system into five main pillars including a NOSS-based training system :-
1st.Pillar : Public higher education system
Excludes universities and university colleges
includes polytechnics and community colleges under the Ministry of Higher Education
Includes technical schools under the Ministry of Education
Includes training institutions under the Ministry of Human Resources, Ministry of Entrepreneurial Development and Ministry of Youth & Sports
SHAPING OF THE MALAYSIAN SKILLS TRAINING SYSTEM
2nd.Pillar : Malaysian Skills Qualifications Framework
five-tiered skills certification system based on the NOSS
3rd.Pillar : Company-based training which comes under the Human Resource Development Fund (HRDF)
established in 1993 to promote the training of employees
4th.Pillar : Private higher education
largely under the purview of the Private Higher Education Institutions Act 1996
accredited by the National Accreditation Board
5th.Pillar : Continuing education and training
caters to the demands of
employers, community or society at large for further education, skills upgrading,
retraining, career advancement and enrichment
LEGISLATIONS CONCERNING SKILLS TRAINING
Five pieces of legislation were enacted for the development of skills training in Malaysia
1. Education Act 1996 (Act 550)
2. Private Higher Educational Institution Act (Act 555)
3. National Accreditation Board Act 1996 (Act 556)
4. Skills Development Fund Act 2004 (Act 640)
5. National Skills Development Act 2006 (Act 652)
EDUCATION ACT 1996 (ACT 550)
takes a very broad view of education that clearly encompasses all forms of training including skills, specialised, job-based and continuing training
subsection 35(2) of the Act which stipulates that ‘technical education’ includes the provision of: Skills training; Specialised training related to a specific job; Training for the upgrading of existing skills; and Such other technical or vocational training as may be approved by the
Minister of Education
PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION ACT (ACT 555)
to specifically regulate private higher educational institutions in Malaysia
adopts the same broad view of education adopts several interpretations which show its intent to treat training as
a component of education, albeit higher education, in Malaysia Examples stated in act :-
“Course of study” includes a training programme. (Malaysia, 1996b: 11). “Higher education” means “instruction or training on or teaching of a
course of study leading to the award of a certificate, diploma or degree upon the successful completion thereof.” (ibid: 12)“
NATIONAL ACCREDITATION BOARD ACT 1996 (ACT 556)
the architects of educational reforms during the 1990s regard training as merely a part of education in Malaysia
emphasises that a course of study may include any training programme (Malaysia, 1996c: 6)
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT FUND ACT 2004 (ACT 640)
gazetted on 31st December 2004 (Malaysia, 2006a: 2) establishing the Skills Development Corporation to manage the
Skills Development Fund The Fund has been established to grant skills training loans to
trainees of approved skills training programmes, especially those based on NOSS (ibid: 14)
NATIONAL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT ACT 2006 (ACT 652)
effect on 1st September 2006 after it was officially gazetted on 29th June 2006 exclusively for skills training and development meaning and scope of ‘skills training’ has been clarified and more importantly establishment, review, variation and use of National Occupational Skills
Standards (NOSS) implementation of a Malaysian Skills Certification System, leading to the
award of five levels of national skills qualification, namely Malaysian Skills Certificate Level 1, 2 and 3; Malaysian Skills Diploma; and Malaysian Skills Advanced Diploma
INTRODUCTION AND PROVISIONING OF SKILLS TRAINING BASED
ON NOSS
1968 - International Labour Organisation (ILO) expert on teaching technique was started a Trade Instructors Training Programme which 72 instructors were trainedThe programme was expanded with the signing of a Plan of
Operation agreement between the Malaysian Government and the United Nation Development Programme in June 1969
to include, amongst others, establishing trade skill tests and “the strengthening of apprenticeship standards”
INTRODUCTION AND PROVISIONING OF SKILLS TRAINING BASED
ON NOSS
1972 - the development of occupational skills standards – known as ‘trade standards’ at that time – received greater attention from the government Central Trade Standards and Testing Committee (CTSTC) was established, consisting
of 10 members of whom 2 represented employers’ organisations and another 2 represented employees’ organisations :-
To determine the trades for which testing is to be carried out for purposes of common certification; and
To establish, apply and review standards for certification at various levels of performance. (ibid: 79)
National Trade Standards for the Basic, Intermediate and Advanced grades had been approved by the CTSTC for three trade skills areas, namely Motor Vehicle Mechanic, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Mechanic; and Earth-moving Equipment and Constructional Machinery Mechanic (ibid:79)
INTRODUCTION AND PROVISIONING OF SKILLS TRAINING BASED
ON NOSS
December 9, 1992 - ‘National Occupational Skills Standards (NOSS)’ was first introduced following the decision of the National Vocational Training Council :- to agree to several measures that sought to improve the national
vocational training and certification system in Malaysia to adopt the accreditation approach in the implementation of the
national skills certification system to enhance the competency-based training approach in the
country’s training system
INTRODUCTION AND PROVISIONING OF SKILLS TRAINING BASED
ON NOSS
May 2007 - a total of 1,151 different training institutions have been accredited to offer 6,575 training programmes based on NOSS, of which 363 centres are administered by public agencies and authorities, whilst the remaining 788 are privately run
Within the public sector : 26 accredited centres (478 accredited programmes) come under the Ministry of Human Resources;
165 centres (744 programmes) under the Ministry of Entrepreneur and Cooperative Development; 15 centres (322 programmes) under the Ministry of Youth and Sports; 66 centres (366 programmes) under the Ministry of Education; 10 centres (31 programmes) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industries; 16 centres (55 programmes) under the Ministry of Home Affairs; 15 centres (158 programmes) under the Ministry of Defense; 2 centres (25 programmes) under the Ministry of Rural and Regional Development; 4 centres (8 programmes) under the Ministry of Family, Women and Community Development; 1 centre (2 programmes) under the Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodities; 42 centres (460 programmes) under various state authorities
CHANGING DEMANDS: INTRODUCTION OF THE NATIONAL
DUAL TRAINING SYSTEM
new demands on the skilled workforce - knowledge-workers or ‘k-workers’ 19 May 2004 - to implement the National Dual Training System (NDTS) commencing in 2005
to produce 31,500 skilled workers by 2010 Dual Training System Project (DSP) which was formulated with the purpose of strengthening
technical education and vocational training in Malaysia by incorporating the dual training system practiced in Germany
two-year training programme carried out at two learning environments, namely 70-80 percent in workplaces and the remaining 20-30 percent in selected training institutions
National Occupational Core Curriculum (NOCC) was introduced as the basis for training and assessment
NOCC is a new form of training documentation and it differs from training resources used in the existing NOSS based training because its development has been premised on the work process orientation