Slide Kuali, Kuanti n Analitik

7/31/2019 Slide Kuali, Kuanti n Analitik

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Types of Research Designs

Descriptive

Comparative

Correlational

Causal Comparative

Non-Experimental

True

Quasi

Single Subject

Experimental

Quantitative

Case Study

Phenomenaology

Ethnography

Grounded Theory

Qualitative

Concept Analysis

Historical Analysis

Analytical Study Mixed Method

Research Designs

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2008


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Quantitative Designs

Two major categoriesExperimental

The investigation of causal effects through directmanipulation of an independent variable and control of extraneous variables

Non-experimentalThe investigation of the current state of a variable or the relationships, other than causal, between variables


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Kajian Kuantitatif

Dua Kategori Utama1.Eksperimental

~Penyiasatan masalah berdasarkan kepadapengujian sesuatu teori yang digubah olehpembolehubah.2. Bukan Eksperimental

~ Kajian terhadap keadaan semasa sesuatupembolehubah atau perkaitan antara pemboleubahyang ada.

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Quantitative Designs An example of an experimental design

Randomly assign students to one of two classrooms in which thesame social studies unit is being taught. Teach the first classusing the traditional lecture approach, the second class using co-

operative learning groups. Examine the achievement differencesbetween the two groups to see if the type of approach toinstruction had an effect.This study is characterized by the investigation of cause(instructional approach) and effect (achievement), manipulation

(choice of instructional approach), and control (same unit beingtaught, random assignment, etc.)


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Kajian Kuantitatif

Contoh;~ 2 kumpulan pelajar dari 2 kelas yg berbeza dipilih secara rawak, dimanakedua-dua kelas tersebut mempelajari subjek kajian sosial. Kelas pertamadiajar menggunakan teknik syarahan konvensional manakala kelas keduadiajar menggunakan teknik pengajaran berkumpulan. Kemudian perbezaanpencapaian diantara dua kelas tersebut dikaji utk menentukankeberkesanan diantara dua teknik tersebut.

~ Kajian seperti diatas dikategorikan oleh cara penyiasatan yg dilakukan(teknik yg digunakan) dan kesan (pencapaian), pemanipulasian (pilihan

teknik) dan juga pengawalan (kumpulan pelajar yg mempelajari subjek ygsama dan lain-lain).

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Differentiating the three types of experimentaldesigns

True experimentalRandom assignment of subjects to groups

Quasi-experimentalNon-random assignment of subjects to groups

Single subjectNon-random selection of a single subject


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Kajian Kuantitatif

Perbezaan tiga jenis Kajian Eksperimen

1. Eksperimen Benar

~ Pemilihan tugasan kepada kumpulan sasaran secara rawak.2. Eksperimen Kuasi

~ Pemilihan tugasan kpd kumpulan sasaran bkn secara rawak3. Eksperimen Subjek Tunggal

~ Pemilihan subjek tunggal bukan secara rawak.

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Quantitative DesignsExamples of non-experimental designs

Approximately 10% of Louisianas public school students do not finish highschool.The GPA of students participating in extra-curricular activities is higher than

that of student who do not participateStudent attitude is moderately related to achievementSeveral factors are related to the high dropout rate in Louisiana. Theseinclude the students age, academic record, repetition of grade(s), gender,and ethnicity.

These studies are characterized by descriptions (dropout rate,GPA differences, opinions) or relationships (attitudes andachievement, factors related to dropping out)


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Kajian KuantitatifContoh Kajian Bukan Eksperimental~ Dianggarkan 10% daripada murid sekolah awam di Louisianatidak berjaya menamatkan zaman persekolahan tinggi mereka.~ GPA bg murid yg menyertai aktiviti kokurikular adalah lebih tinggiberbanding mereka yg tidak menyertai.~ Hubungan antara sahsiah murid dengan pencapaian merekaadalah berkaitan.~ Beberapa faktor adalah berkaitan dengan masalah kadar keciciranyang tinggi di Louisiana. Antaranya ialah; umur, pencapaianakademik, pengulangan kelas, jantina dan kaum.~ Kesemua kajian ini adalah dikategorikan oleh ciri-ciri ini (kadar keciciran, perbezaan GPA, pendapat) atau hubungan (sahsiah danpencapaian, faktor yg mempengaruhi kadar keciciran).

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Differentiating the four types of non-experimental designsDescriptive

Makes careful descriptions of the current situation or status of avariable(s) of interest

ComparativeCompares two or more groups on some variable of interest

CorrelationalEstablishes a relationship (i.e., non-causal) between or among variables

Ex-post-factoExplores possible causes and effects among variables that cannot bemanipulated by the researcher.


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Kajian KuantitatifPerbezaan antara empat jenis kajian bukan eksperimen;1. Penjelasan

~ Membuat huraian secara teliti ttg keadaan semasa ataukepentingan keadaan pembolehubah yg ada2. Perbandingan~ Membandingkan dua atau lebih kumpulan sasaran denganbeberapa pembolehubah3. Perkaitan

~ Mewujudkan hubungan atau perkaitan antara pembolehubah4. Ex-post facto~ Meneroka kesan-kesan dan sebab-sebab antara pembolehubahyang tidak boleh dijelaskan oleh pengkaji.

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Qualitative Designs

Much less precision in the definitions of anddistinctions between qualitative designs incomparison to quantitative designs

Four major categories of designsCase studyPhenomenologyEthnography

Grounded theory


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Kajian Kualitatif

Kurang ketepatan dalam definisi dan jugaperbezaan dalam kajian kualitatif dan kajiankuantitatif.Empat kategori utama kajian kualitatif;

1. Kajian kes2. Phenomenology

3. Ethnography4. Grounded Theory

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Qualitative Designs

Case Study An examination of a specific instance of aphenomena in its natural context viewed fromthe perspective of the participants

This study explored the meaning of inclusion for threedisabled students who had been placed in a regular education setting.

This study examines in-depth a phenomena of interestto the researcher (i.e., the meaning of inclusion) in anatural context viewing it from the participantsperspectives


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Kajian Kualitatif

Kajian Kes~ Kajian teliti terhadap sesuatu keadaan dalam keadaanyg semulajadi yg diilhamkan daripada peserta yangmenyertai kajian.

~ Kajian ini meneroka kes dimana 3 bdk OKU diletakdalam keadaan atau persekitaran normal

~ Kajian ini juga mengkaji secara mendalammengenai kepentingan pengkaji dalam keadaan ygsemulajadi yang dilihat dari sudut pandangan pengkaji.

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Qualitative Designs

Phenomenology A description of the meaning of an experience

The purpose of this study was to examine themeaning of being left out for an adolescent This study examines in-depth the experiences of beingleft out from the perspectives of the adolescentexperiencing this phenomena


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Kajian Kualitatif

Phenomenology~ Kajian yg melibatkan analisis maksud kepadapengalaman yg ada.

~ Kajian ini bertujuan utk mengkaji mksdketinggalan atau keciciran bagi remaja

~ Kajian ini juga mengkaji secara mendalam tentangpengalaman remaja yg tercicir atau ketinggalan bagiperspektif remaja.

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Qualitative Designs

Ethnography A description the beliefs and practices of a cultural or social group or system

The purpose of this study was to identify and describethe conflicts that experienced second-grade teachersencountered as they switched from a traditionalapproach to teaching mathematics to a constructivist-sociological approachThis study examines the beliefs and practices of secondgrade teachers experiencing a common phenomenarelated to their approach to teaching


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Qualitative Designs

Grounded theory A description of a conceptual understanding of a particular phenomenon

The purpose of this study was to understand therelationship of the bar to the teachers who frequented it onFriday evenings. We found that teachers used the bar tofacilitate their movement from professional to personalself.This study examined a phenomena of interest to the

researcher (i.e., teachers congregating at a particular bar on Friday evenings) and developed a conceptualunderstanding of it.


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Kajian Kualitatif

Grounded Theory~ kajian mengenai kefahaman tentang sesuatu fenomena

~ Tujuan kajian adalah utk memahami hubungan penggunaan aras

bagi guru yg terlibat dengan mesyuarat pada petang Jumaat. Kamimendapati bhw guru yg menggunakan aras bagi mengawasipencapaian mereka dari profesional kepada pencapaian kendiri .

~ Kajian ini juga mengkaji kepentingan fenomena kepada pengkaji

dan juga utk memberikan kefahaman kpd pengkaji ttg fenomena ygdikaji.

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Analytical Designs

Descriptions of historical, legal, or policy issuesthrough an analysis of documents, oral histories,and relics

Two basic approachesConcept analysis the study of educational concepts(e.g., co-operative learning, leadership, etc.) todescribe the different meanings and the uses of theconceptHistorical analysis the systematic collection andcriticism of documents that describe past events of relevance to education


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Kajian Analitik

Kajian yg melibatkan sejarah, perundangan, dan jugapolisi melalui analisis dokumen, sejarah lisan dan jugaartifak.

Dua pendekatan biasa;~ Analisis Konsep; kajian ilmiah ttg konsep (cth:

pembelajaran koperatif, kepimpinan dan lain-lain) bagimenggambarkan perbezaan maksud dan juga kegunaankonsep.

~ Analisis Sejarah; pengumpulan secara sistematikatau secara kritis bg sesuatu dokumen yg berkaitan dgnsejarah lampau terhadap kewajaran sistem pendidikan.

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Analytical Designs

An example of a concept analysisThe purpose of this study is to examine the

meanings and uses of the term standards- based curriculum.

This study examined the varied meanings,interpretations, and uses of an importantcurricular concept.


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Kajian Analitik

Contoh Kajian Analitik~ Tujuan kajian adalah utk mengkaji maksud dan juga kegunaansistem kurikulum standard sekolah.

~ Kajian ini juga mengkaji kepelbagaian maksud, terjemahan dan juga kepentingan konsep atau sistem kurikular.

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Analytical Designs

An example of an historical analysis

The purpose of this study is to examine thechanges in standardized testing over the last40 years.This study addresses the historicaldevelopments characterizing the use of standardized tests over a 40 year period.


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Documents

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