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Introductory Certificate in Obesity, Malnutrition and Health
Slide set for Workshop 5Child obesity challenges and opportunities
Acknowledgments R Pryke
WORKBOOK PAGES 39 - 47
Workshop 5 Child obesity challenges and
opportunities
Look at growth charts and how they can be useful in everyday practice• Use BMI look-up table – no calculator
required• Interpreting growth through puberty
Look at suitable themes to bring into discussion with families
Role play and cases – small group work
Aims
Growth trends shine a light on health
Growth is best indicator of health
Charts demonstrate normal growth by age and stage of puberty - and in relation to parental height
Identify disorders of growth
Assess obesity
Isolated readings of weight height or BMI are inadequate – they must relate to the appropriate age/sex reference ranges which change throughout childhood
RCPCH UK 2-18 Growth chart
UK90 reference after age 4
WHO standards until age 4
Birth centiles
Predicted adult height scale
Parent height comparator
Mid parental centile scale
Breast-fed baby population trends
WHO produced charts that set breastfeeding as the norm and described optimal rather than average growth, that can be used worldwide.
Swap over from ‘breast-fed baby’ charts to UK-90 chart at age 4. (note the centile lines alter slightly at age 4)
There is a wider weight range in breast fed baby populations indicating that lower weight ranges can be normal
Body Mass Index (BMI) lookup
• Read weight and height centiles from the growth chart.
• Plot weight centile (left axis) against the height centile (bottom axis)
• Read off the corresponding BMI centile from the slanting lines
• Record centile on grid at top of chart
• Accurate to ¼ centile space
BMI =
91st centile
BMI Interpretation
A child whose weight is average for their height will have a BMI between the 25th and 75th centiles‘Growth’ continues into early 20s e.g. bone and muscle mass. Caution re restrictive dieting
For children yet to reach adult height:-
‘Growing into one’s weight’ means slowing down the rate of weight gain whilst further increase in height helps to normalise BMI
Children at full height will require weight loss in order for BMI to normalise
BMI centile grid: plotting example
>91st centile suggests overweight>98th centile is very overweight (clinically obese)
Pre-puberty ONLY
Puberty starting before
8♀or 9 ♂ is precocious
Growth during Puberty
Plotting pubertal children on the UK 2-18 Growth charts
The 3 Phases of Puberty: from history
Pre-puberty(Tanner stage 1)
In Puberty (Tanner stage 2-3)
Completing Puberty(Tanner stage 4-5)
Girls If all of the following:
No signs of pubertal
development
If any of the following:Any breast enlargement
pubic or axillary hair
If all of the followingStarted periods with signs
of pubertal development
Boys If all of the following:
High voice and No signs of pubertal
development
If any of the following:Slight deepening of the voice Early pubic or axillary hair
growth Enlargement of testes or
penis
If any of the following:Voice fully brokenFacial hairAdult size of penis with pubic and axillary hair
Talking child obesity
It’s not only puppy fat...
‘Growing out’ of a weight problem requires altering ‘energy in/out’ balanceAdvising ‘eat less and exercise more’ should work - but it doesn’t… Avoid simplistic adviceObesity does not mean gluttony:- A small but prolonged energy imbalance can lead to obesity
Tools required
TimeRapportEntry point into the conversation …NCMP letter?Method for data recording on GP systems that relates to UK/WHO reference ranges – note the centilesGuidance on what to say in a short consultation
Promote positives - 'do's' rather than 'don'ts’
Focus on families not individuals - Encourage parents and carers to model a healthy lifestyle
Explore feelings to test water non-judgmentally
Test kids on what they already know - build on this
Relate lifestyle to a variety of health factors - dental care, fitness, bone and muscle strength, not just weight
Teach concepts
Eat together as whole family - siblings and friends influence food preferences too
‘Do as I do rather than Do as I say’ - Children gradually learn to copy parent behaviours – diet and activity
Manage expectation of energy dense foods – ‘save for special times’
Reduce sugary drinks and increase consumption of water and milk
Developing a ‘taste’ – varied diet
Children learn to accept new foods by repeated exposure and seeing others enjoy them
It may take many calm exposures to a new food for it to become ‘normal’ – food we eat and choose without giving much thought
Never force food – it creates strong dislikes and behaviour battles. Why do so many children dislike ‘greens!’
Use unusual settings, games and appealing presentation to generate positive associations
Tuning in to appetite
Abandon ‘clear your plate’ concept – it teaches children to ignore appetite signals and risks eating whatever portion is served or simply to please others.
Parent guides – child decides
Involve children in choosing appropriate portion size – they know best how hungry they are and need practice choosing right amount
Think of ‘portions’ as handfuls – little hands, little portions
Screen time
Avoiding being sedentary (reducing screen time) is strongly linked to preventing obesity – due to both the relation to activity and to exposure to advertising
4 hours a day screen time doubles the risk of overweight cf <1 hour
Having a TV in the bedroom is linked with overweight in young children
Workshop 5 Cases – p 39
Divide into small groups 1. Plot the height and weight centile examples then
use the BMI Look up chart
2. Using ‘Bea’ as a case for role play, explain the concept ‘growing into one’s weight’ to Bea’s parent
Choose a caseTry the opening few sentences as role play to test out how phrases can come across. Discuss the other questions as a group
Resources
• Growth charts http://www.rcpch.ac.uk/child-health/research-projects/uk-who-growth-charts/uk-who-growth-chart-faqs/uk-who-growth-chart-faq
• Tackling obesity through the Healthy Child Programme http://www.noo.org.uk/Mary_Rudolf