Slide 1

Slide shows combined and modified from: http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Lecture/lecture.htm; http://www.explorebiology.com/ http://home.att.net/~tljackson/neville.html AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6 What You Should Know Already from BIO I Slide 2 Slide 3 Slide 4 CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER with PROTEINS Hydrophobic tails face in Hydrophilic heads face out Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Membrane Image from: Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved Phospholipid image from: http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Lipid/P_lipid2.htm SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM Slide 5 FLUID MOSAIC MODEL Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing Click here to See Fluidity Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif Slide 6 CELL MEMBRANES act as boundary selectively permeable ~ gases & hydrophobic molecules can pass through ~ large, ionic, OR polar molecules need help (facilitated diffusion, ion channels, Na+-K+ pump, endocytosis & exocytosis) http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.d.umn.edu/~sdowning/Membranes/membraneImages/jpegimages/diffusionmedium.jpg Slide 7 CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Includes ORGANELLES- small structures with a specific function CYTOSOL-semi-fluid goo Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm Slide 8 NUCLEUS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane (Nuclear envelope) Nuclear pores- allow molecules in & out Contains DNA Control center Replication (DNA DNA) Transcription (DNA RNA) Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html Slide 9 NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus Produces ribosomal RNA Assembles ribosomes (RNA & proteins) Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg http://universe-review.ca/I09-08-RNA.gif Slide 10 DNA CHROMATIN- spread out in NON-dividing cells to access info CHROMOSOMES- condensed in dividing cells for easier transport Slide 11 Cytoskeleton Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and anchoring organelles Microtubules Microfilaments Slide 12 RIBOSOMES Composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA Made of r-RNA & proteins Site of protein synthesis (~translation) Slide 13 Slide 14 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Lipid bilayer continuous with nuclear envelope Smooth ER no ribosomes synthesis of lipids metabolism of carbohydrates stores calcium detoxification of drugs and poisons Rough ER with ribosomes synthesis of secretory proteins (glycoproteins) membrane production Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF Slide 15 Golgi apparatus ( collection of Golgi bodies) UPS of cell Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu Slide 16 Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie Slide 17 EVERYTHINGS CONNNECTED! Slide 18 Lysosomes - membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes Breaks down food unwanted cell parts bacteria helps in APOPTOSIS programmed cell death See lysosomes in actionin action: Slide 19 http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH APOPTOSIS Embryo development Cell maintenance Signal to self destruct lost in cancer cells Slide 20 CENTRIOLES Made of microtubules Appear during cell division in animal cells to pull chromosomes apart Slide 21 CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm Slide 22 MITOCHONDRIA DOUBLE MEMBRANE (inner membrane = cristae) Has own DNA Powerplant of cell ~ site of cellular respiration ~ burn glucose ~ store energy as ATP Images from: Slide 23 CHLOROPLASTS DOUBLE MEMBRANE Has own DNA Contains thylakoid sacs with chlorophyll for photosynthesis http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm Slide 24 http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Lab/4551/fig12b.jpg Move substances past cells Help move cells http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of microtubules 9 + 2 arrangement Slide 25 CILIA Many short FLAGELLA Few Long WHATS THE DIFFERENCE? Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Slide 26 WHATS SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles Slide 27 CELL WALL Outside cell membrane Supports and protects cell Plants- Cellulose makes it sturdy Bacteria- have peptidoglycan instead http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg Slide 28 VACUOLES Huge in plants Storage space for water, food, enzymes, waste Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif Slide 29 VACUOLES can store WATER http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_vacuole.html Slide 30 Freshwater organisms have contractile vacuoles to control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif Slide 31 WHATS DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm Slide 32 WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cellAnimal cell bacteria Slide 33 DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELLBACTERIA Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane NO cell wallCell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular ring CYTOSKELETON Small vacuolesReally big vacuoleNO vacuoles Has lysosomesFew lysosomesNO lysosomes Has centriolesNO centrioles NO chloroplastsChloroplastsNO chloroplasts SMALLER sizeSMALL sizeSMALLEST size