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Science Revision
BIOLOGY REVISION – Cell Structure
Animal & Plant Cells
KEY WORDS:
Nucleus Cellulose Chloroplast Mitochondria Ribosome
ASSESSMENT:
Label the diagrams of a plant and animal cell.
Eukaryotes and ProkaryotesPut a tick (✓) or a cross (x) to show whether these parts are present in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both.
Structure Purpose Plant/Animal/Both
Controls the cells activities
Cytoplasm
Both
Mitochondria
Ribosomes Protein synthesis takes place
Plant
Contain chlorophyll, absorb light energy to make food
Vacuole
Prokaryotes EukaryotesDNA
DNA enclosed in anucleusCell membraneCell wallPlasmid DNA incytoplasmRibosomesMembrane-boundorganelles
BIOLOGY REVISION - Transport
Draw a picture to explain how osmosisworks:
Describe the effects of osmosis in animalcells:
Describe the effects of osmosis in plantcells:
ASSESSMENT:
Specialised Cells
Cells are specialised to carry out a specific function. The structure gives a clue to its function. Name as many as you can, include their adaptations
Draw a picture to explain diffusion works:
What affects the rate of diffusion?
Give examples of diffusion in living organisms:
Describe active transport:
How is this cell adapted for the movement of substances?
KEY WORDS:
How is it different to diffusion?Specialised
Osmosis Diffusion
Active Transport Energy
Specialised Animal Cells Specialised Plant Cells
BIOLOGY REVISION – Cell Division
Cell division & GrowthWhat results in two identical cells being
produced from an original cell?
What are unspecialised cells called?
In body cells, what are found in pairs?
How many pairs?
Stem CellsWhat type of disorders can stem cells be used in treating?
Where can embryonic stem cells come from?
Why are some people concerned about the use of embryos?
KEY WORDS:What is cell differentiation?
When can it happen inhumans/plants?
Stem CellsEthics Mitosis DNA
Chromosomes
ASSESSMENT:
Stem Cell Debate
Reasons for Stem Cell Research Reasons against Stem Cell Research
BIOLOGY REVISION - Organisation
Define the following terms:
Organelle
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
KEY WORDS:
Structure Function Organelle Organism Tissue
ASSESSMENT:
Complete the table about the tissues in the stomach
Put the following in size order:Cell, Organism, Organ System, Organelle,Organ, Tissue.
Label the stomach with the names of the different tissues; epithelial, glandular and muscular.
Tissue Function
Muscular
Glandular
Epithelial
BIOLOGY REVISION – Organisation and the Digestive System
Label the organs of the digestive system
KEY WORDS:
Denatured Bile Enzymes IsomeraseCarbohydrase Amylase
ASSESSMENT:
Proteins, Catalysts & Enzymes
What are protein molecules made of?
Give 3 examples of what proteins can be? What are enzymes and what do they do?The in a reaction can be held in the active site and either be connected to another molecule or be broken down.
Enzymes in Digestion
Factors Affecting Enzyme Action
If the temperature gets too hot theenzyme stops working, the enzyme becomes . Each enzyme works best at a particular value.
Speeding up Digestion
What acid is produced from glands in thestomach?
Which 2 enzymes work in the smallintestine?
The liver produces that is stored in the .
What does bile do?
Enzyme Reaction
Amylase
Protease
Lipase
BIOLOGY REVISION – Organising Animals and Plants
ASSESSMENT:
Describe how the structure of each blood vesselhelps it carry out its function:
Artery:
Vein:
Capillary
What is a pacemaker?
Describe what an artificial heart is and why it isused instead of a real heart:
Transport in plantsWhat are the jobs ofxylem and phloem?
KEY WORDS:
Heart Transport AlveoliXylem Phloem Transpiration
What is transpiration?
Label the structures of the heart
State the parts that make up blood:
What substances are transported by the blood:
Label the alveoli
BIOLOGY REVISION – Communicable Diseases
ASSESSMENT:
Health
How can the following affect our health? Diet:Stress:
Life Situations:
KEY WORDS:
Viral Bacterial Risk Factors Pathogens Spreading
Who was Ignaz Semmelweis?
What did he introduce?
Spreading Pathogens
How pathogens are spread
Complete the table with the differences between bacterial diseases and viral diseasesComplete the table key points about the diseases
Disease Bacterial, Viral, Fungi or Protist?
Key points
Measles
HIV/AIDS
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Salmonella
Gonorrhoea
Rose BlackSpot
Malaria
Bacterial Viral
BIOLOGY REVISION – Preventing and Treating Disease
ASSESSMENT:
Vaccinations
How do vaccines work?
What is in vaccines?
KEY WORDS:
Drug Antibiotic VaccineWhite Blood Cell Herd immunity
What is herd immunity?
Write how each role of the white blood cells protects you against disease
Drug Development Timeline
Why are drugs tested ?
To the timeline, add the stages of drug development:
Antibiotics
What do antibiotics treat?
What did antibiotics do the number of diseaserelated deaths world wide?
How did Alexander Fleming discover Penicillin?
BIOLOGY REVISION – Non – Communicable Disease
ASSESSMENT:
Risk Factors
List as many risk factors of disease as you can: For example,Smoking
KEY WORDS:
Risk Factors Smoking Alcohol Carcinogens Cancer Tumour
What is the definition of ‘carcinogen’?
Cancer
What are the causes of cancer?
Define the following :
Malignant tumour:
Benign tumour:
How is cancer treated?
Effects of Lifestyle
Complete the table with the possible effects of these risks
Risk Effects
Smoking
Alcohol
Ionizing Radiation
Diet
Exercise
Obesity
BIOLOGY REVISION – Photosynthesis
Structure of a LeafLabel the diagram with the following; Epidermis, Palisade layer, Chloroplasts, Spongy layer, Air space, Stomata and Guard cell
How Plants use GlucoseConverted into for storage. Used for respiration.Converted into and oils for storage.Used to produce which strengthens cell walls.
KEY WORDS:
Glucose Limiting Factor Starch Structure Function
ASSESSMENT:
These 3 graphs show the limiting factors for photosynthesis. Explain what each graph shows.
PhotosynthesisWhat is the equation for photosynthesis?
What is used to test for starch?
What is the by-product of photosynthesis?
Limiting FactorsName the limiting factors and explain why the factor is limiting.
BIOLOGY REVISION – Respiration
Anaerobic RespirationWhen your muscles cannot get enough oxygen for aerobic
respiration, they start to respire anaerobically.What acid is produced?
Is more or less energy released from glucose in anaerobicrespiration?
When muscles respire anaerobically they build up an debt.
KEY WORDS:
Mitochondria Lactic acid Exercise Oxygen debt
ASSESSMENT:
Aerobic RespirationGlucose + oxygen → CO₂ + water (energy)Where do most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place?
Does aerobic respiration just take place in animals?
The energy released may be used by the organism to:Build larger from smaller ones. Enable contraction in animals.Maintain a constant body temperature in colder surroundings in mammals and birds.
Effect of exercise on the body.Why do muscles need more energy when you exercise?
What needs to be transported to the muscles?
To do this what changes take place?
What do muscles store glucose as?
If you need more energy when you exercise what other two things will youalso need more of?
What also will you need to remove more of?
BIOLOGY REVISION – The Human Nervous System
Put the statements in order
stimulus neurone muscles in legsensory neurone motorCNS effector
pressure receptors in skin
KEY WORDS:
Reflex Synapse Receptor Neuron Homeostasis
ASSESSMENT:
Reflex ActionsThe main six stages of a reflex action are: 1.
2.3.4.5.6.
At the junction between two neurons is a synapse, chemicals transmit the impulse across this gap.
Controlling Conditions
The body carefully controls its internal environment. What are 4 of the internal conditions that are controlled?
Why must we keep our temperature constant?
What organ controls the level of sugar in ourblood?
Responding to changeThe nervous system has receptors to detect stimuli.List the sense organs and the stimuli they detect.
Neurons are nerve cells which arefound in nerves, which carry electrical impulses.
BIOLOGY REVISION– Hormonal Coordination
Label the diagram of the endocrine system with the names of the glands and the names of the hormones they produce.
testosterone pancreas oestrogen progesterone adrenal insulin thyroxine ovariesLHtestes adrenaline glucagon FSHthyroid pituitary
KEY WORDS:
Hormone Insulin GlandContraception Pituitary Gland
ASSESSMENT:
Using Hormones in Women
Many use the contraceptive pill to prevent unwanted pregnancies, and also to plan when they have a baby.Hormones can also be used to help women get pregnant.Older women can use hormone treatment to allow them to have babies later in life.
Side effects are possible in some women if they take hormones for a long time.
What ethical concerns are there about using fertility drugs?
Controlling ConditionsFollicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is made by the pituitary gland and causes eggs to mature and oestrogen to be produced.Oestrogen is produced by the ovaries and inhibits the further production of FSH.Luteinising hormone (LH) also made by the pituitary gland and stimulates the mature egg to be released from the ovary (ovulation).
The artificial control of fertility
Contraceptive pills contain and/orto inhibit FSH. FSH can also be used to help a woman produce .Fertility treatment can be used to prevent pregnancy (e.g. the contraceptive pill), or increase chance of pregnancy (e.g. IVF)
Issues involved in contraception.
Advantages Disadvantages
BIOLOGY REVISION - Reproduction
Cell division & GrowthWhat results in two identical cells being produced from an original cell?
What are unspecialised cellscalled?
In body cells, what are found inpairs?
Types of ReproductionWhat are the differences between Sexual and Asexual reproduction?
KEY WORDS:
Meiosis Mitosis Gametes Sexual Asexual DNA
ASSESSMENT:
Cell division in sexualreproduction
By which process are gametes(sex cells) produced?
What does sexual reproduction giverise to?
What is the difference betweengametes and body cells?
DNA
What is the genome of an organism?
Where is DNA found in cell?
Describe the structure of DNA.
BIOLOGY REVISION – Reproduction
Inherited Condition in HumansSome disorders are caused by genes and can be inherited. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a allele.
Polydactyly is caused by a allele.Draw a punnet square where one parent has polydactyly - Pp, and one parent doesn’t have it - pp.
KEY WORDS:Sex chromosome Dominant Recessive
Carrier Genetic disorder
ASSESSMENT:
Embryo Screening
What is the purpose of embryo screening?
What are the concerns about embryo screening?
Inheritance in ActionHow many pairs of chromosomes do humans have? What is sex determined by?
Genes controlling the same characteristic are called .If an allele can be either or . Phenotype – physical appearance of the characteristic.
Genotype – the genetic make up – DD, Dd or dd. Homozygous – both alleles are the same DD or dd Heterozygous – the two alleles are different Dd.
Natural Selection
Use the Giraffe diagram to explain Natural Selection
KEY WORDS:Clone Chromosome Gene Gamete
Sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction
ASSESSMENT:
Inheritance
What does the nucleus of a cell contain that are thread like? What do they carry?When is genetic information from the parents passed to offspring?
In most body cells the chromosomes are in pairs. One set from the female gamete and one from the male gamete.
What do genes control?
Variation
What causes variation in these dogs?
Give an example of a characteristic that is affected by the environment.
BIOLOGY REVISION – Variation and Evolution
BIOLOGY REVISION – Variation and Evolution
Adult cell cloning
Ethical issues withadult cell cloning
In adult cell cloning the nucleus of an adult cell e.g. a skin cell,replaces the nucleus of an egg cell.
The nucleus of an adult cell is transplanted into an ‘empty’ egg cell. When the animal develops it has the genetic material of the original adult cell.
KEY WORDS:
Tissue culture Genetically modified Genetic engineering Adult cell cloning Selective Breeding
ASSESSMENT:
CloningHow can you clone a plant?
What is used to clone an animal?
What type of reproduction is used for cloning?
Tissue culture is more expensive but can be used to reproduce large numbers of a rare or top quality plant. Sometimes animals or plants are genetically modified to reproduce substances before being cloned.
Making choices about technology
For cloning & genetic engineering
Genetic Engineering
What does genetic engineering change?
What might GM crops be resistantto?
What is selective breeding?
Adult cell cloning diagram
Advantages Disadvantages
BIOLOGY REVISION – Genetics and Evolution
KEY WORDS:Extinction Predator Speciation
Geographical isolation
ASSESSMENT:
Exploring the Fossil Evidence
What do we use to date when different organisms existed? What part of animals form fossils?Why might we not have a complete picture of all the organisms that have lived previously?Extinction means that a species which once existed has completely died out.List as many changes in circumstance that may result in the extinction of a species.
What factors might have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
Why might climate change be having an impact on todays species?
Classification and Evolution
This is an example of an evolutionary tree. What can it tell us?What is group of organisms that can all interbreed called? Name the three main kingdoms of Eukaryotes.
Biologists study the similarities and differences between organisms in order to classify them. What is this branch of biology called?
From Mendel to DNA
What did Gregor Mendel work out with regard to characteristics?
What makes up chromosomes?
What is a small section of DNA?
Why is DNA important, what can it be used for?
BIOLOGY REVISION – Adaptations, Interdependence and Competition
Competition
KEY WORDS:Adaptation Herbivore Carnivore Extremophile Denature Stomata CompetitionASSESSMENT:
Adaptation in Animals & PlantsImpact of Change
What may happen if birds fly further North if the climate gets warmer?
The distribution of living organisms is affected by changes in what two factors?
The data on the effect of environmental change is not always easyto interpret.
Adapt & Survive
What does adaptation mean?
What is an extremophiles?
Measuring environmental change
Name 3 non-living factors: Name 3 living factors:Name an indicator species for both land and water.
Why are these indicator species?
Animals Plants
Give some examples of how animals and plants compete with each other.
Animals Plants
BIOLOGY REVISION – Adaptations, Interdependence and CompetitionCold areas Thick fur & blubber to keep
warmUsually large with a small surface area: volume ratio
Hot dry areas Reduce the surface area of leaves, tissues that store water & extensive root system.
Coat colour may change in different seasons giving year round camouflage
Plants develop thorns etc to put animals off.Loose water through holes inthe leaves called stomata.
BIOLOGY REVISION – Organising an Ecosystem
The Carbon Cycle
The recycling of carbon involves both photosynthesis and respiration. What does photosynthesis remove from the atmosphere?
When is CO₂ released back into the atmosphere?
KEY WORDS:Biomass Detritus feeder Decomposer Sewage Combustion Organic wasteASSESSMENT:
Feeding RelationshipsWhat is a producer? Give an example. Why do the arrows point right?
What is a top predator?
Decay Processes
What is needed for decay to happen?
Bacteria and fungi are microorganisms.Some bacteria and fungi cause decay. whatdo we call these?
Name two ways humans can recycle waste.
Under what conditions is decay quicker?
Predator Prey Graphs
Describe the trend the graph shows
Units
Complete the diagram
Surface Area to Volume Ratio Magnification Equation
How do we calculatemagnification?
How do we calculate image size?
How do we calculate actual size?
If an image is 2mm long and the actual object is 0.005mm long. What is the magnification?
ASSESSMENT:
Lines of Best Fit
Draw the line of best fit for this data
BIOLOGY REVISION– Maths Skills
What are the charges and masses of electrons, protons and neutrons
Where are the protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom found?
C1 REVISION – ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Charge Mass
Proton
Neutron
Electron
What is an isotope?
Balance the following equation:Ca + 02 CaOCl2 + Al AlCl3
How many atoms and elements are there in C2H5OHAtoms = Elements =
What is a mixture?
Draw the electronic configuration of Argon
Write the electronic configuration of argon
Describe a method to separate the dyes in coloured inks
Describe using diagrams how to separate two or more liquids using fractional distillation
Calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons these atoms have:
Be
9 4
P= E= N=
K39 P= E= N=
Chlorine has 2 isotopes, 75% is Cl35 and 25%is Cl 37. Calculate the relative atomic
17
Chlorine. Give your answer to 17
Draw and label the plum-puddingmodel of the atom
Describe the scatteringexperiment
How did this lead to a change in the atomic model?
Draw and label the nuclear model of the atom
Group 1 – the alkali metals:How many electrons in outer shell?
Describe the reactions of Lithium, Sodium and Potassium with: Oxygen
Chlorine
Water
Why do the elements in group 1 become more reactive as you go down the group?
Group 0 – the noble gases:How many electrons in outer shell?Describe the physical properties:
Describe and explain the chemical properties:
Group 7 – the halogens:How many electrons in outer shell?
Describe the physical properties:
Why do the elements in group 7 become more reactive as you go up the group?
Complete and balance the following chemical equations:
NaCl+LiBr+KBr+
F2 I2Cl2
+ + +
discoveredincompleteatomic numberleaving gapsatomic weight Mendeleev Before the discovery of protons, neutrons and electrons, scientists arranged the elements in order of their . The early periodic tables were and some elements were placed in inappropriate groups if the order of atomic weights was followed. overcame some of the problems by for elements that he thought had not been .The modern periodic table is ordered by .
Use two different colours to distinguish between metals and non-metals on the periodic table
C1 REVISION – THE PERIODIC TABLE
What is an ion?
Complete the table by giving the name and formula of the ionic compound formed
Give the electronic arrangement and charge of:a) A Sodium ion
b) A Chloride ion
c) An Oxide ion
d) A Boron ion
Use a diagram to describe how Potassium (K) Chloride (Cl) is formed:
How many protons, neutrons and electrons do the following ions have?Li+
F-
O2-
Mg2+
Explain why a Calcium ion has a charge of 2+
What is an ionic bond and how is it formed?
Describe what happens when Oxygen and Magnesium react to form an ionic bond
C1 REVISION – IONIC BONDING
Catio
nsAnions
ChlorideCl-
Oxide O2-
Iodide I-
HydroxideOH-
Sodium Na+
NaCl Sodium Chloride
Barium
Ba2+
BaI2Barium iodide
Calcium
Ca2+
Ca(OH)2Calcium hydroxide
Ammonium+
NH4
(NH4)2OAmmonium oxide
What forces of attraction hold the ions together ina giant ionic lattice?
Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?
Label the ions in this giant ionic lattice of Sodium Chloride (NaCl). Include which is the anion and cation and the charge on each ion
Why can a solid ionic compound not conduct electricity?Identify the compounds from the table that have ionic bonding and explain your reasoning
How do you know the other compounds do not have ionic bonding?
Which types of elements carry out ionic bonding?
Why can a molten or dissolved ionic compound conduct electricity?
C1 REVISION – IONIC COMPOUNDS
Difficult,compound,gaining,ionic,losing,new,nobleWhen two different elements react together they make a substance called a . It is to separate the elements after the reaction. Some atoms react by or electrons. We call this bonding. When atoms react in this way they get the electronic structure of a gas.
Compound Melting point(⁰C)
Soluble in water?
Conducts electricity when molten
A 2072 No Yes
B 191 No No
C 782 Yes Yes
D 605 Yes Yes
E 150 Yes No
What is a covalent bond? Which types of elements carry out covalent bonding?
Complete the electron shell diagrams to represent the bonding in the following molecules:Hydrogen (H2)
Methane can bewritten as:HH – C – H HWrite ammonia in the same way:
Chlorine (Cl2) Write water in the same way:
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
Complete the electron shell diagram to represent the bonding in the following molecules:Water (H2O)
Methane (CH4)
Ammonia (NH3)Covalent,difficult,compound,new,nobleWhen two different elements react together they make a substance called a . It is to separate the elements after the reaction. Some atoms react by sharing electrons. We call this bonding. When atoms react in this way they get the electronic structure of a gas.
Complete the electron shell diagrams to represent the bonding in the following molecules:Oxygen (O2)
Nitrogen (N2)
Describe the limitation of using dot and cross diagrams
C1 REVISION – COVALENT BONDING
C1 REVISION – SIMPLE COVALENT MOLECULES AND GIANT COVALENT STRUCTURES
Describe the structure of a polymer Describe the structure of a fullerene
The majority of covalent molecules are simple covalent molecules like the ones of the left hand sideThe diagrams below show the intermolecular forces between simple covalentmolecules
Explain in terms of intermolecular forces why simple covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points
Explain why simple covalent molecules do not conduct electricity
The diagram below shows the structure of diamond Describe the structure of diamond
The diagram below shows the structure of graphite Describe the structure of graphite
Why is graphite able to conduct electricity?
Describe the structure of graphene
Why do metals have high melting and boiling points?Why are metals good conductors of electricity?
C1 REVISION – METALLIC BONDING AND STATES OF MATTERUse the diagram to describe how metals bond Draw a diagram
to represent the arrangement of particles in a solid
What is the name of the process where a solid turns into a liquid?
What temperature does this happen at?
State symbol for solid?
What happens to the arrangement, movement and energy of the particles during this conversion?
Draw a diagram of a pure metals and a diagram of an alloy
Draw a diagram to represent the arrangement of particles in a liquid
What is the name of the process where a liquid turns into a gas?
What temperature does this happen at?
State symbol for liquid?
What happens to the arrangement, movement and energy of the particles during this conversion?
State symbol for dissolved?
Describe how the structures of alloys and pure metals are different
Draw a diagram to represent the arrangement of particles in a gas
What is the name of the process where a solid turns into a gas?
State symbol for gas?
Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals
strength energy stronger forces higher
The amount of needed to change state depends on the strength of the between the particles of the substance. The the forces between the particles, the the melting point and boiling point of the substance
C1 REVISION – QUANTITATIVE CHEMISTRYA student added marble chips to hydrochloric acid.Balance the symbol equation for the reaction that took place
HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H2O +
CO2 Explain why there was a change in mass in
the experiment
[H] When calcium carbonate is heated it thermally decomposes into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
Calculate the maximum mass of calcium oxide that could be formed from 1.5 g of calcium carbonate.(relative masses: Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16)
Calculate the concentration in g/dm3 for: Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of:
Sulfuric acid (H SO ).2 41. 50 g of sodium chloride in
2.5 dm3 of water
2. 1.8g of sodium carbonate in 862cm3 of water
Calculate the mass of potassium bromide (KBr) dissolved in 200 cm3 of water with a concentration of 1.5g/dm3
Relative atomic masses: H = 1, S = 32, O = 16
Ammonia (NH3).Relative atomic masses: N = 14, H = 1
Copper oxide (CuO).Relative atomic masses: O = 16, Cu = 64
0.50g of sodium chloride is mixed with water to make 25cm3 of solution.Calculate the mass of sodium chloride in 10cm3 of solution
[H] When potassium sulfate solution and barium chloride solution are mixed together, a displacement reactions takes place and a white precipitate is formed.
K2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) 2 KCl (aq) + BaSO4 (s)Calculate the maximum mass of barium sufate that could be formed from 870 cm3 of potassium sulfate.The concentration of potassium sulfate solution is 2 g/dm3 (relative masses: K = 39, S = 32, O = 16, Ba = 137)
You have access to water, acid and a selection of metals. How do you determine the relative reactivity of the metals?
Complete the general equation for the reaction of a metal with acid:Metal + acid + [H] What has been oxidised?[H] What has been reduced?
C1 REVISION – CHEMICAL CHANGESPotassium Less reactive metals are displaced by carbon. Complete the equations
below
Copper Oxide + Carbon + CuO + C +
What has been oxidised? What has been reduced?
Explain why carbon can reduce zinc oxide but cannot reduce aluminium oxide
Complete the general equation for the reaction of an acid with an
alkali:Acid + alkali +
Nitric acid + Sodium hydroxide + Describe how
to make a soluble salt from an acid and a metal oxide
SodiumCalciumMagnesiumAluminiumCarbonZincIronCopperSilverGold
[H] Describe the difference between a strong and a weak acid
[H] What is the difference between a dilute and a concentrated acid?Draw a diagram to help you explain
What is meant by oxidation?
What is meant by reduction?
Acids are substances that produce ions when you add them to water.Alkalis are substances that produce ions when you add them to water.As you move once along the pH scale the ion concentration changes by afactor of .
C1 REVISION – ELECTROLYSISWhat is electrolysis?
What do we call the substance that is broken down during electrolysis
What is the positive electrode
called? What is the negative
electrode called?
Label a diagram showing the electrolysis of molten copper bromide (CuBr2)
PositiveAnode
P a N i c
Describe the movement of ions and electrons at each electrode when
potassium iodide (KI) solution is electrolysed
Describe how to purify aluminium with electrolysis
Why can solid ionic compounds not be electrolysedbut molten ionic compounds can?
What is the rule for determining which element is formed at the cathode?
What is the rule for determining which element isformed at the anode?
Ionic substance in solution
Element formed at cathode
Element formed at anode
NaCl2 Hydrogen ChlorineCuCl2LiBrH2SO4
CuSO4
Why can aluminium not beextracted with carbon?
[H] Give the half equation for the reaction at the cathode:
[H] Give the half equation for the reaction at the anode:
C1 REVISION - ENERGY CHANGESWhat is an exothermic change?
What is an endothermic change?
Breaking bonds energy Making bonds energyOverall a heat energy change for a reactions is exothermic if:
Overall a heat energy change for a reaction is endothermic if:
What is activation energy?
[H]
Sketch an energy change graph for each of the following and explain the energy changes taking place:
Endothermic
Exothermic:
On both diagrams- Label the activation energy- Draw and label the reaction pathway
if a catalyst was used
Give one use of exothermic changes
Give one use of endothermic changes
Give an example of an exothermic reaction
Give an example of an endothermic reaction
Energyactivation collidefrequentlyminimum
Particles can react with each other only when they with sufficient . Reaction rates increase when collisions are more energetic and/or happen more . The amount of energy needed for particles to react is known as the energy.
C2 REVISION – THE RATE AND EXTENT OF CHEMICAL CHANGEWhat do we mean by ‘rate of reaction’?
What factors affect the rate of a reaction? 1.2.3.4.5.What must happen for a reaction to occur? 1.2.What is the smallest amount of energy that must be overcome for a reaction to occur?
Explain the effect of surface area on the rate of reaction
Draw diagrams to represent it:
Explain the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
Draw diagrams to represent it:
Low concn High concn
Why does increasing the pressure increase the rate of reaction?
Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
Draw diagrams to represent it:
Low temp High
temp What do catalysts do?
What happens to them during a reaction?
Small surface area Large surface area
[H] Describe how the following conditions affect a dynamic equilibrium:Increasing the temperature:
Decreasing the temperature
Increasing the pressure:
Decreasing the pressure:
Increasing the concentration of reactants:
Increasing the concentration of products:
What is a reversible reactions?
Give the symbol that represents a reversible reaction:
What is a dynamic equilibrium?
[H] The formation of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen is a reversible reaction that is exothermic in the forward direction
CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (g)
Explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of increasing:a) Temperature
b)Pressure
c) Carbon monoxide concentration
Energy EndothermicExothermic
Same
In a chemical reaction, one reaction is exothermic and the other is .The amount of transferred to the surroundings during the reaction is the amount of energy transferred back when the reaction goes in the opposite direction.
C2 REVISION - REVERSIBLE REACTIONS AND DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
C2 REVISION – CRUDE OIL AND FUELSComplete the table for the alkane homologous series Label the diagram of the fraction
column. Use the following phrases to help you:Small molecules collected Large molecules collected Hottest temperatures Coolest temperatures GasesLiquids
What is cracking and why is it necessary?
Large hydrocarbon molecules can be broken up into smaller hydrocarbon molecules by:1.
2.
Carbon Distillation Hydrocarbons Hydrogens Mixture
Crude oil is a of compounds. Many of these only contain atoms of and . They are called . The compounds in crude oil can be separated using .
The shorter the hydrocarbon chain: The the boiling point. The the ignition.The viscous.
Complete the symbol equation for the cracking of decane:
C10H22 2 C2H6 +
Complete the word equation which summarises the combustion of hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbon + Oxygen
+
Saturated High Colourless Small Alkenes Cracking Bromine
There is a demand for fuels with molecules.Complete and balance the symbol equations for the combustion of hydrocarbons: produces hydrocarbons, used as fuels, and
CH4 + O2 +
C20H42 + O2 +
unsaturated hydrocarbons called .
Alkenes react with orange water turning it .
No. of carbons in chain
Name Formula Displayed formula
1
2
3
4
Give the equation to calculate Rf values:
Calculate the Rf values of components A and BA:
B:
Use the diagrams to help you describe the difference between a pure substance and a mixture
A pure substance and a mixture were melted. The data obtained is shown below.
TimeWhich line shows the melting of a pure substance, and which shows the melting of a mixture?
How did you decide?
Attracted, separation, rates, mobile, stationaryChromatography is the of mixtures of soluble substances. The mobile phase is the and the stationary phase is the .The different substances in the mixture are all to the mobile phase and the stationaryphase by different amounts. This means the substances move at different up the paper.
What is a formulation?
Give an example of a formulation
Describe how to test for the following gases: Hydrogen:
Oxygen:
Carbon dioxide:
Chlorine:
C2 REVISION – CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Tem
pera
ture
C2 REVISION – CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE Gases produced by volcanic activity formed the early Earth’s atmosphere.What was the composition of the Earth’s earlyatmosphere?
Name the greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere that contribute to global warming
Explain what the greenhouse effect is and describe how these gases contribute to it
What is the carbon footprint?
How can the carbon footprint be reduced?
What happened to the water vapour in the atmosphere as the Earth cooled?
What caused the levels of oxygen in the atmosphere to increase?
How has the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reduced since the levels in the early atmosphere?1.
2.
How have humans increased the levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere?
What is the composition of the Earth’s atmospheretoday?
Describe the potential effects on the climate of increased levels of carbon dioxide and methane1.
2.
3.
4.
How is sulfur dioxide produced from burningfuels?
How are nitrogen oxides produced in car engines?
What are the negative effects of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides?
What is incomplete combustion?
What two pollutants are produced from incomplete combustion and what are their effects?
What is potable water?
What is the difference between potable water and pure water?
Describe the different stages in the purification of water:Filter beds:
Sterilisation:
Describe the two different ways salty water can be purified1.
2.
What is meant by a ‘finite’ resource
Give an example of a finite resource
What is meant by a ‘renewable’ resource
Give an example of a renewable resource
Outline the advantages of recycling What is a product life-cycle assessment?
Describe how waste water is treated before it is released into the environment1.
2.
3.
4.
C2 REVISION – USING RESOURCES
PHYSICS REVISION – Conservation and Dissipation of Energy
Forms of Energy
Write a definition for these different types of energy: Magnetic:Kinetic: Thermal: Light:Gravitational potential Chemical:Sound: Electrostatic: Elastic potential:Nuclear:
Here is a sentence to help you remember them:
Most Kids Hate Learning GCSE Energy Names
KEY WORDS:
Joule Efficiency Useful energy conservation
ASSESSMENT:
Does efficiency have a unit?
In a light bulb, for 25 joules of energy that are supplied to the bulb, 5 joules area usefully transferred into light energy. What is the efficiency of the bulb?
How can you make machines more efficient?
Useful Energy.Name the useful energy of a light bulb.
What is the wasted energy of a light bulb?
Conservation of energy? What does this mean?
What can you not do to energy?
Draw an energy transfer diagram for a kettle. State which is the useful/wasted energy
What is work done?
What is the equation for work done?
How does friction affect work done?
What is gravitational potential energy?
Complete the question below using this equation Ep=m ×g ×h If a 2kg mass is lifted 0.4 meters how much GPE does it gain?
What is kinetic energy?
Complete the question below using this equation EK = 2 × m × v2If a 500kg mass is moving at 12m/s how much kinetic energy does it have?
1
What energy transfers are happening as the bungee jumper jumps?
When energy is dissipated where is it transferred to?
Which type of energy is almost always wasted?
What is elastic energy?
Complete the question below using this equation 𝐸𝑒 = 1 × k × e22
If a spring has a spring constant of 250N/m, what is the elastic potential when the spring isstretched 0.21m?
KEY WORDS:Transfer Work doneGravitational potential energy Elastic potential energy
PHYSICS REVISION – Conservation and Dissipation of Energy
PHYSICS REVISION – Conservation and Dissipation of Energy
PHYSICS REVISION– Energy Transfer by Heating
Specific Heat CapacityThe specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of the substance by 1 degree celsius.
The equation for specific heat capacity is: E = m x c x θWhat do the symbols stand for and what are the units for each?
The specific heat capacity of water is 4200J/kgᵒC. Howmuch energy is needed to raise the temperature of 2kg of water by 1ᵒC?.
KEY WORDS:Absorbers Emitters Reflectors Conduction Conductor Insulator ASSESSMENT:
How can energy transfer bereduced in the home?
Conduction
Where does conduction occur?
What is a poor conductor called?
Explain the diagram:
What is this experiment used to show?
PHYSICS REVISION – Energy Resources
KEY WORDS:Turbine Generator Nuclear Fission Non-renewable renewable ASSESSMENT:
1. Fuels such as _ _ _, _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ areburnt to produce energy. Complete these sentences by
crossing out the incorrect word:Heat energy makes the water boil to produce .
Steam drives the , making it _ __ n.
The spinning turbine turns a g _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which produces _.
Most of our electricity iscurrently generated using fossil fuels / renewables.Non-renewable means you cannot get more in a reasonable timescale / cannot use it again.
5. The electricity travels through the national grid for use in our h .A biofuel is fuel that you get fromliving things / rocks.
homes, oil, steam, turbine, gas, spin, coal, electricity, heat, generator
Fill in the boxes to label the power station
generator, turbine, house,boiler
BENEFITS DRAWBACKS
Fossil fuels
Biofuel
Water
Sun
Wind
PHYSICS REVISION – Electric Circuits
KEY WORDS:Static electricitySeries ProtonsPotential difference NeutronsVolts (V)IonParallelElectric currentResistance ElectronsCoulombs (C)
ASSESSMENT:
Label these circuit components:
Link the component to the correct graph What is electrical current?
Calculate the current in a bulb if there is a charge of 0.8C passes throughthe bulb in 0.4 seconds:Equation: I = Q
t
What is resistance?
What is the equation for resistance?
What is the rule for resistance in a series circuit?
What is the rule for resistance in a parallelcircuit?
Label the diagram
What is static electricity?
Complete the sentence:
Like charges . Unlike charges .
PHYSICS REVISION – Electricity in the Home
KEY WORDS:Direct currentSocketAlternatingPlugscurrentCable FrequencyThree-pin plug Live/neutral/earth wire
ASSESSMENT:
What is the difference between direct current and alternating current?
Why do we use alternating current for mains electricity?
How do we measure alternating current?
In a standard 3-pin plug what is:X:
Y:
Z:Z
How do the materials and design of the following plug parts improve theirsafety? Case
Fuse PinsHow are electrical cables designed to be safe?
What is a fuse and how does it work?
What is a circuit breaker and how does it work?
Electrical power and potential differenceWork through these questions:A light bulb transfers 30000J of electrical energy when it is on for 300s. Calculate its power:P=t
E
Calculate the normal current througha 500W, 230V heaterI=P
V
Electrical energy and chargeWork through these questions: Calculate the charge flow when the current is 8A for 80s.Q = I X t
Calculate the energy transferred in acomponent when the charge passing through it is 30C and the potential difference is 20VEnergy transferred = volts X coulombs
Cost Effectiveness MattersWhat costs are involved in different appliances?
What is payback time?
Loft insulation costs £600.00 including installation. It saves £80.00 peryear on the fuel bill. How long is the payback time?
KEY WORDS:Kilowatt-hour (kWh) Power
Electrical appliance Payback timewatt
ASSESSMENT:
Electrical Power
What is the equation for power?
An electric motor transfers 48J ofelectrical energy into kinetic energy in 2 mins. What is the useful power output of the motor?
Fill in the box with at least 4 more electrical appliances.
Useful Electrical EnergyWhat is a kilowatt-hour?
E = P x t
E = P =t =
Total cost = number of kWh x cost per kWh
The price of 1kWh of electrical energy is 9p. How much does it cost to use a 60W electric light for 4hrs?
PHYSICS REVISION – Electricity in the Home
Electrical Appliance Type of energy produced
Lamp Light
PHYSICS REVISION– Molecules and Matter
States of Matter
Draw and describe the 3 states of matter
Name the changes of state
KEY WORDS:Absorbers Emitters Reflectors Conduction Conductor Insulator ASSESSMENT:
Latent HeatSpecific latent heat of fusion: Energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a substance from solid to liquid
Specific latent heat of vaporisation: Energy needed to change the state of 1kg of a substance from liquid to vapour
E = mL(F or V)
Calculate the energy require toevaporate a 1.5 kg of water. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2260 J/kg.
Density
A wooden post has a volume of0.025m3 and a mass of 20kg. Calculate its density in kg/m3
Explain this graph
PHYSICS REVISION – Radioactivity
What is radiation?
What causes background radiation?
Explain what half-life is:
Fill in this table assuming there is a 10% decay every hour:
Give 3 uses of radioactivity, and a brief description of how they work:
Describe radioactive decay:𝛼 emissions:
𝛽 emissions:
𝛾 emissions:
Properties of radiation:
KEY WORDS:Alpha radiation (𝛼) Beta radiation (𝛽) Gamma radiation (𝛾) Atomic number IsotopeMass number Half-life
ASSESSMENT:
Penetrating power
Deflection by magnetic field
Deflection by electric field
Alpha radiation (𝛼)
Beta radiation (𝛽)
Gamma radiation (𝛾)
Time from start (hours) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of unstable atoms 1000 900 477No, of unstable
atoms that decay in the next hour 100 90 48
PHYSICS REVISION – Forces in Balance
Calculate the resultant force:
Using the formula F=ma, fill in the table
Centre of massDescribe what the centre of mass of an object is:
Draw the centre of mass on theseshapes:
MomentsDescribe what a moment it:
Complete the equation:
Moment =X perpendicular distancefrom the line of the force to the pivot newtons
Nm m
What is the definition of a force?
What are balanced forces and when do they occur?
What are unbalanced forces and when do they occur?
What is terminal velocity? What is Hooke’s law?KEY WORDS:ForceGravitation field Resultant forcestrength Stopping distanceDrag force Thinking distanceTerminal velocity Braking distanceProportionalityWeightHooke’s lawMass
ASSESSMENT:
a b c d e
Force (Newtons, N) 200 840 5000
Mass (kilograms, kg) 20 7.0 0.40
Acceleration(meters/second squared, m/s2) 0.80 5.0 6.0 0.20
PHYSICS REVISION - Motion
Describe what is happening in the graph between points:A-B:
B-C:
C-D:
D-E:
Using the formula speed = distance work out the speed of the cyclist between points A andtime
B:
KEY WORDS:Distance-time graphs Gradient SpeedVelocity Acceleration Velocity-time graphs
ASSESSMENT:
Match the graph to the description of motion:
Work out the deceleration of the car andthe distance it has travelled:change in velocityAcceleration=
time taken
Distance = area under the line
PHYSICS REVISION – Force and Motion
What is momentum?
Complete the question below using this equationmomentum (kg m/s) = mass (kg) X velocity (m/s)If a sprinter with a mass of 50kg runs at a velocity of 10m/s what is their momentum?
A 0.5 kg trolley is pushed at a velocity of 1.2 m/s into a stationary trolley with a mass of 1.5kg. The two trolleys stick to each other after the impact. Calculate:The momentum of the 0.5 kg trolley before the collision The velocity of the two trolleys straight after the impact
KEY WORDS:Distance-time graphs Gradient SpeedVelocity Acceleration Velocity-time graphs
ASSESSMENT:
What is terminal velocity?
What is stopping distance, and what are the two parts that make up acar’s stopping distance?
What factors affect stopping distance?
Mass and Weight
Weight (N) = Mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg)
The gravitational field strength at the surface of the Earth is 9.8 N/kg. Calculate the weight of a person of mass of 50kg.
PHYSICS REVISION – Wave Properties
Measuring Waves
Label the above diagram with Amplitude, wavelength, peak andtrough.Then give an explanation on the following three terms including the units:Amplitude:
Wavelength:
Frequency:
Speed = v = f x λWhat is the speed of waves with a frequency of 5Hz and a wavelength of 2m?
KEY WORDS:Amplitude Frequency Wavelength Oscillation Transverse LongitudinalASSESSMENT:
What do we use waves for?
With a transverse wave theoscillation (vibration) of the particle is to the direction in which the wave travels.
Longitudinal Wave
The oscillation of the particles is to the direction of the travel of the wave.
A longitudinal wave is made up ofc and r .
Give an example of a longitudinal wave.
Mechanical WavesGive an example.
Are they transverse, longitudinal orboth?
What type of wave can be produced ona stretched string?
Electromagnetic waves
Give two examples:
Are they transverse or longitudinal?
Can they travel through a vacuum?
PHYSICS REVISON – Wave Properties (Sound)
Practice sketching waveforms, eg. Sketch a wave with twice the frequency and half the amplitude of your original wave.
KEY WORDS:Sound Echo Pitch
Frequency Amplitude
ASSESSMENT:
SoundWhat is the frequency range for the normal human ear? Sound waves are what type of wave?
What are reflections of sound called?
Explain why you will not be able to hear this electric bell.
Musical SoundsWhat does the pitch of a note depend on?
What does the loudness of a note depend on?
PHYSICS REVISION – Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Gamma Shortest wavelengthHighest frequency High Energy
You will need to knowthe order of the electromagnetic spectrum as it can be asked for in either decreasing or increasing wavelength, frequency or energy.
Longest wavelengthLowest frequency Low energy
Microwaves Radio wavesComplete the electromagnetic spectrum
KEY WORDS:Optical fibre Electromagnetic Gamma Radiation Spectrum ASSESSMENT:
Visible LightWhat is white light?
What are the colours of white light?
What waves are all used forcommunication?
Remember
Electromagnetic waves transfer e not matter.
V = f x λ can be used to calculate the f or wavelength of electromagnetic waves.
Research is needed to evaluate whether or not m p are safe to use.
R w of different frequencies are used for different purposes.
All electromagnetic waves can travel through space at the sames but they have different wavelengths and frequencies.
Communications
How are radio waves produced?
What is an optical fibre?
PHYSICS REVISION – Light
Diffraction Diffraction is the spreading out ofwaves when they pass through a gap or round the edge of an obstacle.
Write down the difference when the wave goes through a narrow gap or a wide gap.
Why might people living in hilly areas have poor radioreception?
KEY WORDS:Incidence Reflection Real image Virtual image Normal Refraction ASSESSMENT:
Reflection What is the normal?
Where are angles always measuredbetween?
What does the law of reflection state?
What is a real image?
What is a virtual image?
Refraction Refraction of light is thechange of direction of a light ray when it crosses a boundary between two transparent substances.
Why does light split up into different colours whenit passes through a triangular prism?
If the speed is reduced refraction is towards the normal. Give an example:
If the speed is increased refraction is away from the normal. Give an example:
Explain how an electromagnet works: Explain Fleming’s left hand rule: Explain how an electric motor works:
PHYSICS REVISION - Electromagnetism
Explain electromagnetic induction:
Explain how a transformer works:
KEY WORDS:InductionSouth poleTransformerNorth poleNational grid
Magnetic poleStep-up Magnetic field linestransformerMotor effectStep-down
‘Split-ring’transformer commutator
PHYSICS REVISION - Space
The Big Bang
What is the Big Bang Theory?
What has been expanding ever since the Big Bang?
What is Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)?
What can CMBR be explained by?
KEY WORDS:Doppler Effect Galaxies Cosmic
Big Bang Red-shift Blue-shift
ASSESSMENT:
Doppler Effect When the source moves away fromthe observer the observed wavelength and the frequency .
When the source moves towards theobserver the observed wavelength and the frequency .
For example a fire engine siren will sound different depending on whether it ismoving towards you (pitch is higher) or away from you (pitch is lower).
Red-ShiftLight observed from distant galaxies has been ‘shifted’ towards the red end of the spectrum. This is known as red-shift and means that the frequency has
d and the wavelength has i .
Which galaxies are moving fastest?
How does red-shift show that the universe is expanding?
What would a blue-shift indicate?
PHYSICS REVISION - Equations
Equations that will be given:
Equations to learn:
PHYSICS REVISION – Maths Skills
Quantities and Units
Complete the table
Quantities and Units Round the following to 1s.fa) 4978b) 58c) 0.903d) 0.000007006Round the following to 2s.f a) 0.9056b) 567834c) 34400d) 3002
Unit ConversionsComplete the table
Quantity and Symbol Unit
Frequency, F
Power, P
Charge, Q
Electric resistance, R
Force, F
Ampere, A
Volt, V
1kg g
1KJ J
1m mm
1 minute secs
1 hour mins
1 hour secs
1 kilowatt watts
1 amp milliamp
Number Multiplying Factor
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
Rearranging 3 part equations
1.What is the energy produced when 60 watts of power is supplied in 60seconds?
2.How much power is needed to produce 30 J of energy in 15 seconds?
3.How long does it take 750 W to transfer 75000 J of energy?
PHYSICS REVISION – Maths Skills
What is the energy transferred when 1kg of water is heated from 40°c to60°c? The SHC of water is 4200 J/Kg °c.
What is the mass of water when 6000J of energy is transferred to water,changing its temperature by 50 °c?
What is the temperature change when 2kg of water is supplied with 10,000J of energy?
What is the specific heat capacity of 1kg of a material that when supplied with 6000J of energy increases in temperature by 30 °c?
PHYSICS REVISION – Maths Skills
