145

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS

VOL. 42, 2014

A publication of

The Italian Association

of Chemical Engineering

www.aidic.it/cet Guest Editors: Petar Sabev Varbanov, Neven Duić

Copyright © 2014, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l.,

ISBN 978-88-95608-33-4; ISSN 2283-9216 DOI:10.3303/CET1442025

Please cite this article as: García Á.R., Ekpeni L.E.N., Bobadilla M.C., González E.P.V., Lorza R.L., 2014, Sludge

treatment analysis in potable water treatment plant (PWTP) in Logroño (Spain), Chemical Engineering Transactions, 42,

145-150 DOI:10.3303/CET1442025

145

Sludge Treatment Analysis in Potable Water Treatment Plant (PWTP) in Logroño (Spain)

Álvarez R. Garcíaa, Leonard E. N. Ekpeni*b, Marina C. Bobadillac,

Eliseo P. Vergara Gonzálezc, Ruben L. Lorzac aProject and Construction Section, City Council of Logroño, Spain

bBiofuel Research Group, School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland

cMechanical Engineering Department, University of La Rioja, Spain

leonard.ekpeni3@mail.dcu.ie

In a Drinking Water Plant the first step in purifying water is the removal of the suspended solids and other

organic or inorganic compounds (silts, clays and very fine particles). The separation is based on settling

processes that is carried out through coagulation and sand filtration and the resultant product in the

process is sent to sludge line. In this line, the sludge is flocculated, decanted and then thickened. As the

water obtained is recirculated to first-stage treatment, the concentrated sludge is dehydrated for later use.

The sludge contains a large amount of flocculants and as a result, the sludge recirculation would be

possible so as to reduce the dosages of the chemical polymer streamlining the process of dehydration.

This study shows the inefficiency of the sludge recirculation, and therefore proposes sludge removal

process for future designs and sludge lines projects.

1. Introduction

A Potable Water Treatment Plant (PWTP) not only produces drinking water but it is also considers as a

solids generator. The water that comes to the stations (PWTP) for human consumption contains some

substances which are in form of suspension and dissolved soluble materials as well as the waste

produced by coagulants and other chemical reagents used in the purification process.

As these substances are retained within the in the water that needed to be purified at the station, a semi-

solid residue (sludge) is formed as a result and therefore will need to be eliminated. Basically, sludge at

the station is formed in the water through any of these means as shown below here (Westerhoff, 1978);

Clay, silt and sand with reduced grain size;

Waste of coagulation and / or flocculation mainly generated in the process of decanting and filtering;

Possible residues of softening processes;

Waste by activated carbon (if the powdered carbon is used in the treatment process).

Water treatment plants that employ the conventional processes of coagulation, flocculation and

sedimentation produce large quantities of sludge and Qasim et al., (2006) suggested that the volume of

generated sludge can be as high as 2 % of the total volume of water treated, and the use of water

treatment plant sludge for various industrial and commercial manufacturing processes has been seen in

most part of the world including the USA and the UK (Victoria, 2013), hence as studied previously

(Anyakora et al, 2012) asserted mineralogical composition of the water treatment sludge being close to

that of clay, which therefore encourages the use of water treatment sludge in brick manufacture.

The characteristics of this sludge depend essentially on the quality of raw water and the treatment applied at

the station (PWTP), which for example, as considered primary sludge formed in the PWTP decanters consist

primarily of aluminium oxides or iron together with materials of organic and inorganic nature (Sandoval et al.,

2008). Most of these sediments are very stable and must be removed periodically from the decanters. The

sludge generated by the runoff of surface waters which directly comes to the station; PWTP are largely made

from inorganic materials such as clays, sands and silts. The compositions of the sludge from the filters are

very similar to those contained in the bottom of the decanter, although its concentration is less when mixed

146

with the cleaning water. Hence, these types of sludge from washing the filters are called secondary sludge.

Some years back this station was only managed through the removal of sludge contained in the water, but

now, due to more restrictive legislative measure being in place, new improvements to treat this sludge

therefore require that the solid matter content are removed, thereon generates clean effluent which can be

discharged into the public domain for the irrigation of parks and gardens.

Furthermore, because the filters in biological development can be assisted, the water used in the washing

of these filters can contain a larger amount of organic matter that purges from decanters.

For this reason, it is very common that the water from the washing of these filters is treated and can be

done in four ways as highlighted here, such as; recycled, recovery through sending it for treatment from

the start, discharging it directly into the general drainage or sending it to outside plant treatment.

In the treatment plants otherwise called "annexed", the sludge from the purges of the decanters are

subjected to a treatment this is required so as to remove its moisture and then have it converted into a

solid compound which could be a potential recyclable product, offering one of the greatest commercial

potential for reuse (Rensburg and Morgenthal, 2003) and in the same way, another analysis showcased

the potential of incorporating aluminum and ferric coagulant sludge in various manufacturing processes

including clay brick making (Goldbold et al., 2003)

This paper therefore shows a study of the treatment by recycling sludge at the head of the plant which

then results in no performance in sludge dehydration as well as improving the treated water clarification.

2. Process and Problems of PWTP

The drinking water plant for the treatment of sludge is not overly complex; hence in the first phase of

treatment, the water is stored in an equalization tank, pond or rolling pond so as to enable the other

equipment operation of the plant to continue without any barrier. Subsequently, the stored water passes on

to a device otherwise known as floculador-thickener, where the sludge is concentrated.

The thickener is therefore responsible for the sludge concentration, and then through a system of electrical

pumps or gravity application, the concentrated sludge is passed on to the dewatering equipment where the

sludge is dried up eventually. The dewatering sludge as part of the process in the treatment of water is

performed in the so-called sludge lines mainly through four distinct ways, such as; centrifugation, filter press,

belt filter and drying beds. The design of these lines of sludge called "annexed" to the PWTP is based on

environmental principles as well as economic and administrative accordance with respect to the watershed.

These as indicated in Table 1 are the input and output of treated water in the PWTP Logroño city of Spain

in the period 1997 - 2001.

Table 1: Data input and output of water in the PWTP of Logroño City [M = Mega (106)]

Year

Raw water

m3

(M)

Potable water

m3

(M)

Consumptive Water

m3

(M)

Purged water in decanters

m3

(M)

Washing Water from filters

m3

(M)

1998 16.22 14.25 1.97 1.31 0.66 1999 17.65 15.62 2.03 1.24 0.79 2000 18.10 15.77 2.32 1.72 0.61 2001 18.09 15.87 2.21 1.54 0.67 2002 20.43 18.21 2.22 1.43 0.79

Total 90.48 79.72 10.75 7.24 3.52

From the Table 1 above, it was deduced that in four years, the total volume of water that entered the

PWTP was equivalently 90.48 Mm3 and of which 10.75 Mm

3 were poured or evacuated to the existing

irrigation ditch in the vicinity of the station, in the Iregua River, or in the dam of Grajera for agricultural

purposes.

The resultant was calculated through the difference between the two values and gives 79.72 Mm3 of

potable water which was generated from the provincial water station to Logroño city and its environs of the

surrounding towns (Lardero, Villamediana and Alberite), for human consumption, industry and various

public uses (cleanings streets and irrigation of parks and public gardens etc.).

Another conclusion that can be derived from Table 1 is that the volume of water needed to clarify and

wash the filters (wasting water) amounted to 10.75 Mm3 in that period.

Likewise, 7.24 Mm3 were used to purge water in decanters and remove the sludge precipitates and 3.52

Mm3 were used to wash filters. These filters wash water were then transferred directly to Grajera dam and

canals network in the vicinity of the company and due to the reduction of the concessional fee for Iregua

river catchment and the obligation to reduce the operating costs of the water station (PWTP) in Logroño, a

147

new header recirculation line was proposed and constructed in 2002 which was set to be a by passer to

the previous one as a way to improve the plant.

3. New Line Proposed for Logrono PWTP in the Year 2002

The new line proposed for the Potable Water Treatment Plant (PWTP) in Logroño was formed so as to

have water storage area for regulated and also to control the flow in treatment or homogenization tank

(Figure 1), a decanter for clarify the sludge and an equipment formed by electric pumps to send the water

treated at the head of the PWTP all together were proposed to improvise for then existing one (Dytras,

2002).

Moreover, part of the thickened sludge was recirculated through two electric pumps of eccentric theme of variable flow in order to increase process efficiency.

Figure 1: Homogenization tank for the PWTP of Logrono

This sludge line was designed to remove and dry the sludge generated in the process of settling and

filtrating, and thus, will assist in reducing the costs of transport to landfill. The equipment installed in this

new sludge line were made up of a thickener, dehydration area, sludge recirculation line, a transmission

line through electric pumps as well as sludge storage hopper.

3.1 Process Result: Mass balance (July - December 2002) In interpreting the data shown below here, it is of importance to consider that the data were taken at

installation of the said equipment, making it evident that the experience and expertise provides significant

improvements in the overall performance of dehydration.

Furthermore, during the cleaning of the decanters, the sludge line was out of service for 12 days at least, and

in the same vein, the facility were always considers to be out of service on Sundays. Table 2 shows the

results of a controllable mass of sludge line done between the months of July to December, in the year 2002.

From these data it follows that the performance in the recovery of water supply for human consumption or

irrigation water for city gardens were almost equated to 100 % and, the state of dryness of the sludge then

thus exceeded 20 % according to the design of the new line that has been planned then.

Table 2: Mass balance in the new line projected for year 2002 (July - December) [M = Mega (106)]

Raw water m

3

(M)

Purged water in decanters

m3

(M)

Washing Water from

filters m

3

(M)

Dehydrated sludge volume

m3

Water volume restored

m3

(M)

Volume of water in

dehydration m

3

11.10 0.86 0.39 1,042 1.25 5,215

3.2 Study of Physicochemical Variables (2005 - 2007) Also of consideration in this paper was to study how the sludge recirculation had influences in the

thickener with respect to the number of physicochemical variables that has been studied. It is known that

percentage value wherein recirculation sludge flow forwarded to the decanter with respect to the total

sludge. The percentage (%) of this recirculation sludge flow was invariably sent to the two centrifugal line

located in sludge dewatering.

148

From the analysis, the sludge is thought to be enriched with anionic polymers and that by this assumption

the sludge recirculation can be improved through the sludge dryness, clarification of the treated water,

reduction of the polyelectrolyte consumption as well as reducing the aluminum of drained water.

Besides, it was assumed that the recirculation proposed will substantially improve the reduction in the

operating costs of the PWTP as this would make it necessary to cut down the amount of anionic

polyelectrolyte in flocculation as well as that of cationic polyelectrolyte in dehydration. Also, the drainage

water could be sent to the head of the plant for reuse in the PWTP due to a low concentration of aluminum

that would eventually result.

Table 3 are shows the percentages of thickened sludge recirculation and recirculated or shipped back to

the decanter (10 %) in the period between 2005 and 2007. Likewise, the physicochemical variables are

registered for a period of 5-7 d and also, in Table 4 are shown the values of the physico-chemical variables

studied during the period 2005 to 2007 against the sludge recirculation rates of 5, 10, 15, 17, 20, 22, 25, 27

and 40 % taken at different points as the new line project on the PWTP were being implemented.

4. Results / Conclusion

Below shows a statistical study with the objective of investigating the influence of the recirculation of

sludge with the most important physicochemical variables studied in the PWTPs. Figure 3 shows a graph

multivariate which follows as the variable "% of recirculation of sludge" and the variable "Duration of the

recirculation" remained constant. Also in Figure 4 shows that the variable "Flocculation polymer dosing"

and the variable "Runoff water in sludge" have also remained constant. From these two figures, (Figure 3

and 4); it is deduced that the thickened sludge recirculation in the waters line of the PWTP in Logroño is

fully dispensable in the water purification process. This malfunction in the recirculation of sludge in this

PWTP may be due primarily to improper sludge concentration and its biological contaminants. The sludge

must not contain a very high concentration for proper operation and must be less than 0.5 % overall.

Another parameter which can affect the efficiency of the recirculation of sludge may be due to geological

characterization of the watershed from which the water outlets for purification, especially the type of silt

and clay in the mixture. For this reason, the recirculation of sludge in the PWTP should generally be

ignored and the future designs of such facilities should then systematically consider sending thickened

sludge dehydration directly without recirculation.

Figure 2: Centrifuges for dewatering sludge

Table 3: Planning and recirculation criterion data collection in PWTP for 10 % of recirculation

Trial Period Recirculation time and

% recirculation

2 31/10 /2005 5 – 60/s

15/03 - 19/03/2007 10

6 5 – 25 10 – 60/s

2000 – 12000 10

15 28/03 - 31/03/2006 20 – 60/s

23/01 - 24/01/2007 10

20 15/05 - 19/05/2006 25 – 60/s 07/02 - 09/02/2007 10

149

Table 4: Variables studied in the sludge line of the PWTP

Phases of the process

Variable name Variable code Range Units of Measure

Untr

eate

d

wate

r in

put Untreated water Vol_B 400 – 5,000 m

3/day

Turbidity NTU_B 20 – 4,600 NTU Flocculation FLOC_B 5 – 25 ppm Aluminium AL_B 2,000 – 12,000 ppb

Settleable Solids SS_B 10 – 1,000 ppm

Slu

dge

treatm

ent

Centrifuged Turbidity of Water

NTU_C 0.25 – 2.00 NTU

Aluminium water centrifuged

AL_C 200 – 20,000 ppb

Dry Sludge SeqF 10 – 25 %

Water Centrifuged VolSC 1 – 250 m3

Recirculation Recir 5 – 120 %

Tre

ate

d

wate

r

outp

ut

Turbidity Output NTUSC 6.00 – 900.00 NTU

Aluminium output ALSC 10 – 200 ppb

Slu

dge

Dew

ate

ring

Poly flow rotameter Qrpolicentr 400 – 1,000 l/h Sludge flow Qfango 0.5 – 1.5 l/s

Poly concentration Cpoli 2.0 – 2.4 g/L Poly dose Dpolicentrif 0.200 – 0.600 g/L

Figure 3: Multivariable correlation of the variables used in the process in relation to the different times and

recirculation values

150

Figure 4: Multivariable correlation general process at 10 % of recirculation

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waste. J. Environ. Qual., 32:1658-1668.

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treatability for the purification of drinking water, Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua (IMTA),

Jiutepec, Morelos, México (in Spanish).

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Treatment Disposal, Atlantic City, June 25–26, 1-11.