Small Animal Anatomy Unitd

8/3/2019 Small Animal Anatomy Unitd

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Anatomy and

Physiology- Unit D



External Features

and Bones

Competency: 9.00Summarize the major parts of

small animals



Objective 9.01

Describe the major external parts of smallanimals



Basic Anatomy Terminology

1. Cheek- fleshy side of the face

2. Dewlap- loose skin under the chin

3. Elbow- upper joint of the front leg4. Flank- fleshy part of the side

5. Foot pad- part that the animal walks on

6. Forearm- front limb just below the elbow

7. Guard hair- longer course hair above theshorter under fur (protection)




8. Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb

9. Lion- fleshy part of the side under the spinal

column10. Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth)

11. Nose pad

Tip of the nose Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects

Called the nose leather in cats




12. Rump- upper rounded part of thehindquarter

13. Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg14. Stifle- joint above the hock

15. Thigh- area between the rump and hock

16. Whiskers- long hairs growing near themouth



Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds

1. Crown top of the head

2. Ear covert feathers covering the ears

3. Mandible upper or lower segment of the bill

4. Nape back of the neck

5. Orbital ring ring around the eye



Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish,

Amphibians, and Reptiles1. Brille

transparent layer covering eyes

Eyelid for snakes

2. Fins

Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage

rods Enables fish to move through water



Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish,

Amphibians, and Reptiles3. Gills

Major organ of the respiratory system

Breath without lungs4. Scales

Modified portion of the epidermal layer

Provides protection

5. Scutes

Epidermal scales found on turtles



Objective 9.02

Define major skeletal parts of smallanimals



Skeletal System

Axial skeleton

vertebral columnRibs

Sternum

skull



Dog Skeleton

http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/000f09ca.gif



Dog Skeleton

http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/images/S23.GIF



Skeletal System

Pectoral limb

front limbs

shoulders, legs and feet

scapula (shoulder blade)

humerus (arm)

radius and ulna (forearm)

carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)



http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mammals/CatSkeleton.jpg



http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/zoo.225/Catskeleton.jpeg



Skeletal System

Pelvic limbrear legs and pelvic bones

hookspin bones femur (upper leg bone) tibia and fibula (lower leg bones)

Tarsals (hocks)Metatarsals (feet)Phalanges (toes)



Rabbit Skeleton

http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/foods/458-878/rabbit.gif



Rabbit Skeleton

http://www.avte.net/AVTE2003/contents/anatomy/lab%20animal/rabbit_skeleton.jpg



Skeletal System-Birds

Have some unique bones unlikemammals

Most have a skull bone that elongatestoward the front of the head

Some have a skull with an upper beakfused to it while other birds have hingeson both upper and lower mandiblesgiving it more flexibility



http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml

http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/



Objective 9.03

Discuss the role of internal organs in smallanimals



Major organs and systems

Heart

major organ in the circulatorysystem

3 muscle layers



Circulatory System

Myocardiumsecond layer muscle that makes up the

thickness of the heart Endocardium thin layer inside myocardium

Epicardium thin cover over the myocardium

Other parts of the circulatory system are thearteries, capillaries, veins and blood



Layers of the Heart



Heart



Circulatory System

Other parts of the circulatory system are

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Blood



Circulatory System- Functions

Transports

nutrients

metabolic waste

oxygen

Protects against microbes andinjury



Kidneys and Bladder

Part of the excretory system

rids the body of waste maintain chemical composition

volume of blood

regulates tissue fluid



Stomach and Intestines

Major part of digestive system

breaks food down into smallerpieces to be used by the body

Nutrients are gleaned from these

food materials



Lungs

Part of the respiratory system

oxygen is taken in by the nose,passed on to the lungs and thengoes into the blood



Nervous System

Brains, spinal cord, and nerves

Coordinator of all body activitiesRegulates other systems

Controls memory and learning



Reproductive system

Ovaries and testes

EggSperm

Help produce new individuals of

the same species



Muscular System

Muscles

MovementPosture

Support

Produces heat



Small Animal

Nutrition

Competency: 10.00

Examine the role of nutrition in

the support of animals life



Objective 10.01

Discuss the six basic nutritionalrequirements of small animals in relation

to the function they serve for the smallanimal



Nutrition

Nutrient- single group of foods ofthe same general chemical

composition that supports animallife

There are six basic nutrient



Water

More important nutrient than anyother nutrient

makes up 55-65% of an animal’s

body



Water

Aides in digestion

Transports nutrients

Regulates body temperature

Carries waste from the body

Supports respiration



Proteins

Complex nutrients composed ofcarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, andnitrogen

Develop and repairing body

organs and tissuesmuscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves,

and feathers



Proteins

Production of milk, wool, and eggs

Reproduction process of thedeveloping fetus

Developing the young

Transmitting DNA



Carbohydrates Converting of food into energy

Made up of chemical elements

CarbonHydrogen

Oxygen

Supports breathing and digesting



Carbohydrates Production of heat for body warmth

Stores fat

Types of carbohydratesSugars

Starch

fiber



Fats

Chemical elements of

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Same elements as carbohydratesbut different combinations



Fats

Fats contain 2.25 times more energy

Aid in absorbing fat-soluble vitaminsA, D, E and K

Provides the essential fatty acids

needed in an animal’s diet



Vitamins

Organic substances needed forspecific biochemical reactionsA,B, C, D, E and K

Needed in small amounts



Vitamins

Regulation of body glands

Digestive system

Absorption

Metabolism The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or

organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. Inmetabolism some substances are broken down to yieldenergy for vital processes while other substances, necessaryfor life, are synthesized.



Minerals Supply the material for building

the skeleton and producing

regulators such as enzymes andhormones

Divided into 2 groups

Macro

Micro



Macro vs. Micro

Macro

Seven major minerals needed in

largest quantity and most likelylacking in the ration

Micro

Nine trace minerals needed insmall amounts



Macro-minerals

Phosphorus

Calcium

Potassium

Sodium and chlorine

SulfurMagnesium



Micro-minerals

Iron

Iodine

Copper

Cobalt

Manganese

Zinc

Molybdenum

Selenium

Fluorine



Objective 10.02

Determine symptoms related to nutrientdeficiencies in small animals



Nutrient Deficiencies

NutritionProcess by which an animal receives and

balanced food and water ration Grow Maintain its body

Reproduce

Perform

Nutrientsubstance that is necessary for an organism to

live and grow




Slow growth (common of all nutrients)

Water deficiencyOverheatingslowdown in normal body functions occurs

Carbohydrates

lack of energyLack of normal body functions loss of body heat




Proteins

Normal growth development and repairing of bodyorgans ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and

feathers suffers Protein deficiency may result

Anorexia

Anemia

Edema Slow growth rate

Low birth weight of young

Lower milk production

Decreased feed efficiency




Fats

Provides energy

aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins

various body functions will suffer whenvitamins are lacking

Depends on the vitamins in question




Mineral deficiency

low rate of gains

poor feed efficiency

decreased reproduction

decrease in milk, meat, eggs, andwool production



Nutrition andDigestion of SmallAnimals

Competency: 11.00

Analyze the digestive process andfeeding requirements for smallanimals



Objective 11.01

Discuss the digestive process in aruminant’s digestive system.



Ruminants

Considered as “forage consuming”

Ruminants have one stomach with

multiple compartments Food is acted on by millions of

bacteria and microorganisms

Transform low-quality protein andnitrogen compounds

essential amino acids



http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/Classes/ASC106/media/RUMEN.GIF



Four compartments

Rumen

largest compartment

contains bacteria & microorganisms

aids in the digestive process



Rumen Papillae

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab21/IMAGES/rumen%20copy.jpg



Reticulum

Second compartment

aides in the formation of cud for

regurgitation

Also known as the hardware

stomach because it collects nailsor pieces of wire



Reticulum

https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0508/5af1ca948b75e/5af1cabf41b75.jpg



Reticulum

http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/herbivores/retic.jpg



Omasum

Third compartment

removes water from food

Looks like the folds of a book



Omasum

http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/m

ammal_digestive_photos.htm

http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/cow_omasum.jpg



Abomasum

Fourth compartment

Referred to as the “true stomach”

Breaks down food material

muscular movement

secretes digestive juices

The material then passes into the smallintestine



https://reader009.{domain}/reader009/html5/0508/5af1ca948b75e/5af1cac3a6f69./A



Objective 11.02

Explain the digestive process in a non-ruminant’s digestive system



Non-Ruminants

Single-stomached

Mono-gastric

includes all of the small animalsCats

Dogs

Rabbits

Birds





Rabbits

Non-ruminant herbivores

Consumes large amounts of

roughage

Large cecum and colon between

the small and large intestines contains bacteria



Rabbit Digestive System

http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/mammal_digestive_photos.htm

http://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/453/photos/gut_photos/rabbit_cecum.jpg



Rabbits

Rabbits eat undigested feces

Coprophagy

Usually occurs late night or earlymorning

Makes use of undigested materialso they can make full use of bacteria

in cecum



Birds

Lack teeth

Saliva is added to aid in swallowingVery little breakdown in the mouth

Gizzard

Largest digestive organGrinds and crushes



Digestive System- Bird

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/bird_anatomy.jpg



Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants

Food is broken down in mouth (exceptbirds)

Passes to the stomach Small Intestine

Primary site of absorption

Large IntestineAbsorption of Water

Addition of mucus



Fish Digestive System

Systems vary

Type of feed determines teeth

Some fish swallow their prey wholewhile others chew it up



Fish digestive system

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/Grzimek_fish/structure_function/digestive_system.jpg/medium.jpg



Objective 11.03

Distinguish between feeding programs ofthe small animal



Nutrient Use

Maintenance

keeping constant

no gain or loss of weightusually high in carbohydrates and

fats

Growthincrease in body size

rations high in energy and protein



Nutrient Use

Reproduction

failures are a major result frompoor nutrition

Contains a large amount of protein,minerals, and vitamins

Improper nutrition can affectconception rates and breedingability



Reproduction

Babies that are underweight atbirth, or which become an aborted

fetus are often the result ofimproper nutrition to female

during gestation



Nutrient Use

Lactation

time during which females are

producing milk

Requires the proper nutrients to

have large milk production



Lactation

Diet high in protein, calcium, andphosphorus.

The same nutrients contained inthe milk are the same needed by

a lactating female



Nutrient Use

Work and activityIncreased amounts of fats and

carbohydrates are needed in a workingdiet to supply the extra energy needed

Hunting dogs need special dietsbecause they require energy to chaseafter game

F di T i l



Feeding Terminology DietFeed and water that an animal uses

Amount and type of feedstuff is based

upon:Animal Needs

Kind of and amounts of nutrients contained infeed

Palatability- digestible and appeals to theanimalA good nutritious feed is only good if it is eaten



Feeding Terminology

Feed classificationsRoughages (or forages)

made up of leaves and the plants tenderstems



Feeding Terminology

Concentratesrecommended for small animals as a

regular part of their dietHigh energy

Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats

High protein Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower

meal



Feeding Terminology

Supplementscontains a specific nutrient

Rationfeed that contains the right amount

and proportion of nutrients



Specific Diets

Dogs and Cats

Commercial feed is the best

Puppies need diet higher in protein thanadults and food intake is regulated byactivity

Cats need 2X the protein of dogs10% of their diet should be fat



Rabbits

Pellet type of commercial feed isbest

Avoid feeding leafy greenvegetables



Pocket Pets

Best to use pellet typecommercial feed

If mixing ration; should have awide range of food



Pocket Pets

Gerbils

Little green food in diet

Rats

can have dog food substituted

Ferrets can eat cat food



Pocket Pets

Mice

will not overeat

Guinea pigs

need solid food to dull their teeth and acertain amount of Vitamin C



Amphibians & Reptiles

Prefer to eat animals if large enough

Tadpoles

eat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food

Turtles

Pieces of liver

Strawberries and other fruits



Amphibians & Reptiles

Snakes (in captivity)Full grown can learn to eat canned dog

Variety of insectsBaby rodents

Frogs and toads

LizardsMost eat insects



Birds

Diet mostly consists of seeds

Including cereal seeds and oil seeds

Fruit and nectar birds

eat oranges

Grapesapple slices



Fish

Diet is affected by water temperature

Higher temperature

Increased food intake Variety of food should be given to

decrease boredom



Fish

Amount fish is fed should be amount it caneat in a few minutes to avoid contaminatingwater

Smaller fish Flaked food

Larger Fish Shrimp Krill

Plankton



Small Animal

Reproduction

Competency: 12.00

Analyze Reproduction in

Small Animals



Objective 12.01

Discuss reproduction of small animals



Sexual Reproduction

Two parents are required

Natural Insemination

Male Spermatozoa or male sex cell

Female

Egg or ovum (female sex cell)



Trout Spermatozoa

http://www.rennes.inra.fr/scribe/images/spermato.jpg



Sexual Terminology

Conception

Creation of new life by fertilization

Union of egg and sperm Estrus

Heat period

Female is receptive to breedingStand for mating



Estrus- Stand for mating

http://www.clas.ufl.edu/jur/199912/images/balaguer_4.jpg



Sexual Terminology

Gestation

Period of pregnancy

Begins at conception ends at parturition Ovulation

Release of egg

ParturitionProcess of giving birth





Female Reproductive Anatomy

Uterus

Place of embryo growth and development

CervixPart of uterus that contains rings

Cervical mucus

Seals uterus during pregnancy

F l R d i A



Female Reproductive Anatomy

Vagina

Reproductive passageway

Urine excretio Vulva

External opening of reproductive tract





G i



Gestation

Time from conception to parturition (birth)

Varies for each species

General Characteristics Increase size of breast and abdomen and

appetite

Restlessness End of gestation

E d f G t ti



End of Gestation

Pocket pets and rabbits

Nesting box should be provided

Wood shavings

Straw Paper

Dogs and cats

Birthing box

One to three weeks prior

Helps them to get comfortable with the setting

Gestation Period



Gestation Period

Species Period (days)Cats 51-65 (7-9 weeks)

Dogs 56-70 (9-10 weeks)

Rabbits 28-32 (4-4.5 weeks)

Hamsters 30-32

Gerbils 16

Rats 21-24

Mice 21-24

Guinea Pig 56-74

Documents

Small Animal Anatomy Unitd