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Small Animal Care. Michael Lavoie B.S. Middlesex Community College Veterinary Assistant Program October 2011. Breeds- Dogs. American Kennel Club (AKC) 155 Breeds of dogs Seven categories Working dogs Sporting dogs Hounds Toys Terriers Nonsporting dogs Herding dogs. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Small Animal Care
Michael Lavoie B.S.Middlesex Community College
Veterinary Assistant ProgramOctober 2011
Breeds- Dogs
American Kennel Club (AKC)
155 Breeds of dogs Seven categories
Working dogs Sporting dogs Hounds Toys Terriers Nonsporting dogs Herding dogs
Breeds to Know- dog
Golden Retriever Boxer Poodle Greyhound Great Dane Border Collie Labrador Retriever Airdale Chihuahua Dachshund
Breeds- Cats
Cat Fanciers’ Association (CFA) Promotes the health and
responsible breeding of cats 30 different breeds recognized US= over 70 million cats as
pets Longhair or shorthair Miscellaneous breeds The domestic cat Variety of sizes (5-25 pounds)
Breeds to know- cats
Siamese Ragdoll Siberian Abyssinian Maine Coon Scottish Fold Persian Devon Rex Exotic Shorthair
Vaccinations
Provide Protection from common diseasesCats and dogs receive a vaccine series, or
multiple vaccines, in one doseVaccine series= series of letters that
represent the disease from which the vaccine protects against
Vaccinations- Dog
Start at 6-8 weeks of age Given multiple times-
boosters- to build up the immune system’s protection
Boosters are given approximately 3-4 weeks apart up to 16 weeks of age
Adult vaccinations are scheduled every 1-3 years.
DHLPPC- dog
Most common series in dogsKnown as the “distemper” vaccinesD= distemperH= hepatitisL= leptospirosisP= parainfluenzaP= parvo virusC= corona virus
Rabies vaccine (RV)- Dogs
Given between 12-16 weeks of age“rabies on the right”Valid for 1-3 weeksBooster yearly or moreRequired by law
Be familiar with the laws of the state that you are working in
Rabies tag and certificate given to the owner at the time of vaccine
Other vaccines- dog
Lyme disease Kennel cough
(bordetella) Become familiar with
the vaccines offered by the clinic you are working in
Vaccinations- cats
Start at 6-8 weeks of ageGiven multiple times- boosters- to build up
the immune system’s protectionBoosters are given approximately 3-4
weeks apart up until 16 weeks of ageAdult vaccination schedule every 1-3
years
FVRCP- Cat
Most common feline vaccine series
The “distemper” series
FVR= Feline Viral Rhinotracetis
C= calicivirus P= panleukopenia
Rabies vaccine (RV)- cat
Given at 16 weeks of age“rabies on the right”Rabies tag and certificate given to the
owner at time of vaccineFamiliarize yourself with your state lawsYearly booster3yr vaccine
fibrosarcoma
Other Vaccines- cat
Vaccines against other feline diseasesFeline leukemia (FeLV)
Indoor cats vs. outdoor cats
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)Be familiar with vaccines offered by the
clinic you are working in
How vaccines are given
Subcutaneous (SQ) Under the skin Easier to administer Most frequently used for vaccines and antibiotics
Intramuscular (IM) Into a muscle Placed deeper into the body Many different sites/muscle groups
Be familiar with your clinic’s practices
An injection/vaccination
Need a needle and syringe
Select the proper size of the syringe and needle
Selecting a syringe size
Select a syringe that has a volume slightly larger than the dose being administered
Allows for space to remove any air bubbles that may be drawn into the syringe
Allows space for aspiration
A vaccine is typically 1 mL so a 3 mL syringe would be an appropriate choicem
Selecting a needle size
Needle size or gauge Patient size Rate at which the injection is being administered Thickness of the liquid being administered Measured by the diameter of the needle The greater the diameter of the needle, the
lower the gauge size A 20 gauge needle has a greater diameter than the 25
gauge needle
Needle gauge- continued
More rapid administration- lower gauge needle
A thick liquid drug (viscous)- lower gauge needle
Selecting needle length
Type of injection Depth of the
medication will be administered
Short length needle; cats, thin skinned
Longer needle for an IM injection
Some things to remember:
Handle syringes and needles with care
Avoid contamination Clean injection vial with
alcohol prior to inserting needle
Never mix liquids in the same syringe unless otherwise instructed (label)
Label syringes with: Drug or vaccine type/name Amount or dose prepared Date Patient name Your initials
Aspiration
Process of a syringe when the plunger is drawn back slightly to make certain no blood vessel has been accidently penetrated prior to administering an injection
Done immediately prior to injecting an medication into a patient, regardless of route
Avoid accidental injection of a medication into the blood stream
“draw back”
Vaccine reconstitution
Select appropriate syringe size and needle gauge/length Hold vial upside down in one hand while other hand
controls the syringe which is pointing upward into the vial Needle should penetrate the rubber stopper of the vial at
the level of medication Pull the plunger of the syringe back to withdraw the
proper amount of contents Withdraw the needle from the vial Tap or snap with the finger to remove any air bubbles Or gently push on the end of the plunger
Vaccine reconstitution- continued
Hold vial in one hand and use your other hand to use the needle to puncture the top of the vial
Put gentle pressure on the plunger to inject the syringe contents into the vial
Once all the liquid is expelled from the needle gently shake the now reconstituted vial
Once all of the powder is mixed well with the liquid you then pull back the plunger to withdraw the contents at the level of the reconstituted vaccine
Withdraw the needle from the vial Snap or tap with a finger to remove any air bubbles Or gently push on the end of the plunger Recap the needle and label the syringe appropriately
Subcutaneous injections (SQ)
Easiest to administer Most frequently used site for vaccinations Most common site- loose skin over the base of
the neck and between the shoulder blade Clean site with alcohol Hold the syringe with one hand and the free
hand pinches the skin over the shoulder blades and lift gently to form a triangle or tent
Insert the needle at the base of the tent parallel to the body
SQ injections- continued
Short needle- fully insert Long needle may only be partially inserted Once the needle is placed, release the skin Use your free hand to palpate the needle below the skin
(note that the needle has gone through the skin) Aspirate the end of the plunger If no blood enters the syringe administer the injection Withdraw the needle and place in a sharps container Rub the injection site
Don’t forget…
After the injection PRAISE the patientTry to keep positiveDistract puppies with treatsDistract kittens with treatsMake it as pleasant as possible especially
with young and impressionable patients
SQ Injections
IM injections
Given into a muscleMany different sites
Quadriceps: the cranial part of the thigh (hind leg)
Hamstrings: mid to distal part of the thigh (hind leg
Epaxials: band of muscles along either side of the spinal column near the back end of the animal
SQ vs. IM injections
SQ Usually well tolerated Very common site for
vaccines No risk of injuring the
sciatic nerve
IM More rapid onset Patient may react
more to injection Risk of injury to
sciatic nerve with hamstring/quadriceps injection
Caution
Caution must be taken with giving an IM injection in the hamstring or quadriceps of the thigh
Sciatic nerve- can be easily injected= irreversable damage and potential paralysis
Alternate sites to avoid pain and trauma
IM injection
Hold the syringe/needle like a dart Direct the needle below the skin parallel into the
muscle mass (be careful not to inject as you are placing the needle)
Aspirate the plunger on the syringe Inject the substance slowly if no blood is noted Withdraw the needle and place in a sharps
container Massage the area and praise the patient
Quadriceps/Hamstrings
Epaxial Muscles
Intravenous (IV) injections
Administering directly into a veinUsed for fluids or medications that must
rapidly reach high blood levels or if given another route is irritating to the skin or tissue or insufficiently absorbed
Dog: cephalic, lateral saphenousCat: medial saphenous, cephalic, femoral
Oral medications
Administration of food or medication by direct placement into the oral cavity
Easily performed (usually)Liquids, capsules, tablets, pasteHyperextend the neckDon’t get bitCan use your fingers, pill pockets, small
amounts of food, syringe, “pill guns”
Rectal medications
Way to administer therapeutics to a patient that cannot tolerate oral medications or to deliver an enema
Enema: given to constipated animals in encourage defecation Specific fluids, volumes, and tubes to be used Retention enemas
Valium administration to seizuring patients at home
Sharps
“Sharps”; sharp instruments and equipment that can injure a human or animal May cause a wound or cut Possible transmission of a contagious disease
due to contamination Needles, glass, surgical blades Sharps containers: prevent contamination and
spread of disease Need proper disposal/incineration
Anal glands
Scent glandsLocated on either side of the rectumSacs that hold small amounts of fluids
from a bowel movementEventually fill and put pressure on the
rectumSometimes expressed during a bowel
movement
Signs the anal glands need expression
Scooting their rear on the floorExcessive licking at the rectumDiscomfort in the rectal areaCan be expressed internally or externally
Anal gland location
Sacs located on either side of the rectumLocated at 3 o’clock and 9 o’clock
positions
Odorous fluids
External anal gland expression
Will need exam gloves, paper towels, soapy water or waterless shampoo
Locate the sacs on either side of the rectum Gently apply pressure to the sac area by
massaging the site using your thumb and pointer finger
Sacs should press against each other and release the fluid
*do not stand behind the dog *odorous fluid may project several feet Clean rectal area
Internal anal gland expression
Performed by a veterinarian or veterinary technician
Glands may become impacted (difficult to express due to thickening)
Expression of the sacs via the inside of the rectum Wear gloves with lubricated finger Place finger just inside the rectum Locate each sac separately and “milk” the contents out Clean the rectal area
Bathing
Clean the skin and hair coat of the animal
To apply medicated shampoos or dips to the skin and hair coat
Removes dirt and debris from the skin and hair with the use of shampoo, conditioner or water
Dipping
Process of applying a chemical pesticide or medication to the skin and hair coat to treat a specific condition
Remain on the skin and hair coat for a period of time to allow them to work as specified (see label instructions)
Fleas, ticks, and mites
Bathing- continued
Warm waterBathe most dogs/cats every few monthsCareful not to over bathe= strips natural
oils and skin can dry out to become flakyUse a protective eye ointment to lubricate
and prevent injury from shampoo and/or water
Place cotton balls in ears
Secure bathing
Use a leashHarnessSecure leash to bath area or hold securely
in one handGet help if needed*NEVER leave the patient unattended
when tied in a bathing area.
Bathing- continued
Wet haircoat thoroughly with warm water
Include the digits, around the rectum and genital area, ears, axillary areas, care around face
Massage shampoo and conditioner into the skin
Keep conditioner on longer (5-10 minutes)
Rinse thoroughly Squeeze excessive water
from coat
Bathing - Continued
Dry with a towel Dry with hair dryer or cage dryer; high powered
dryer Watch dryer temperature settings to avoid thermal
burns- monitor closely Comb out hair during drying process Make sure all areas are dry (ear flaps, digits,
under the tail) After the patient is dry, comb and brush out Place patient in a clean area and clean the
grooming area
Bathing- personal protection
Wear an apron or water resistant coatWear goggles or glasses to protect your
eyes
*CAREFUL* when bathing cats Generally do not enjoy bathing/water Avoid injuries to both patient and personnel
Basic nutrition
All animals require food to live, survive, reproduce and work
Each animal species has needs and requirements based on: Age Health Genetic makeup Work and activity level Animal’s environment
Nutrition - continued
Nutrient: any single class of food or group of like foods that aid in the support of life, makes in possible for growth, provides energy for physiological processes in life
Ration: amount of food required per day (24 hrs) Fed as one meal or more
Nutrition - continued
Balanced ration: diet that contains all the nutrients required by an animal in correct and specific amounts
Understand the correct rations for various species of animals
Essential nutrients
WaterCarbohydratesFatsProteinsVitaminsminerals
Water
Makes up more than 75% of an animal’s body Newborns= 90% of body weight is water Controls body temperature Maintains body shape Transports nutrients within the body’s cells Aids in food digestion Breaks down food particles Carries waste products
Water- continued
Makes up major part of all body fluids- urine, feces, sweat, blood, lung vapors
“most critical nutrients in an animal’s diet” 20% water loss and patient may die Cannot live long without water
Dehydration: water loss through vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, panting and lactation Can be a serious problem
Carbohydrates
Provide energy for body fuctions and allow for body structure formation
Compose about 75% of an animal’s food supply Starches, sugars, fiber materials Combos of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Required on a daily basis- not stored in the body Can be converted into fats Maintain blood sugar levels, store fat,
metabolism, and create lactose in milk
Starches
Plant or grain materialsProvide fibers and bulkConvert to sugar during digestionOats, corn, cereal grains
Sugars
Simplest example of nutrient in an animal’s diet
Fruits, milkSimple or monosaccharides (glucose)Double or disaccharides (table sugar)Polysaccharides (chain of simple sugars)Easily digested in the stomach and
intestine
Fiber
From plant cellsLeft after other nutrients are digestedAids in the digestion of food and helps
produce positive bacteriaHay, grassHelps to slow down the process of
digestion and helps protect the lining of the stomach and intestinal tract
Fats
Concentrated source of energy Highest amount of energy of all nutrients Found in every cell Provide insulation Protect vital organs Flavor in food Energy reserves Form cholesterol, steroids and other hormones
Fats- continued
Absence- hair and skin problems Increased amounts- obesity and other health
problems Measured by calories (defines energy in food) Animal feed measured in kilocalories (kcal) Fat increases palatability Fatty acids (oils- products of fat sources)
Essential- necessary in diet and produce natural hormones
Nonessential- not necessary; used as additions to diets
Proteins
Essential for growth and tissue repair Helps in the formation and development of muscles,
internal organs, skin, hair, hoofs, horns and feathers Forms the basis of the structure and function of cells Vital to growth and development of young animals and in
reproduction and breeding Amino acids- building blocks of proteins (10 are
essential) Eggs, milk, meat, fish Beware of protein deficiency
Minerals
Found mostly in bones and teeth Calcium- 50% of the body’s mineral source Found in blood and tissue Maintains regular rates (heart rate, respiration
rate) Macro minerals- needed in large amounts
(calcium, iron, phosphorous) Micro minerals- needed in small amounts
(sodium, potassium, magnesium); aka trace minerals
Vitamins
Needed in small amounts for the life and health maintenance
Provide a defense against disease Promote growth and reproduction Regulate body functions Antioxidants- boost the immune system Fat soluble- stored in fat and released when
needed (A, D, E, K) Water soluble- not stored in the body and are
dissolved in water, needed daily (C, D)
Types of diets
GrowthMaintenanceReproductiveLactationWorkReduced caloriesenior
Growth diets
Specialized and formulated to: Increase the size of the
muscles, bones, organs and body weight
Large amounts of proteins, vitamins and minerals
Each animal will have specific needs and requirements
Maintenance diets
Given to adult animals that are in the prime age and health
Goal is to keep a specific body weightHigh in fats and carbohydratesSmall amounts of proteins, vitamins, and
minerals
Reproductive diets
Given to breeding animals for additional nutrient needs
Increase energy needs for beginning the lactation phase and embryonic formation
First trimester of pregnancy is most criticalQuality sperm production
Lactation diets
Provided to lactating females who are nursing young
Large amounts of water, high amounts of protein, vitamins and minerals
Calcium and phosphorous improve the milks quality and quantity
Work diets
For animals that use a large amount of energy for some type of work activity
Increased carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals
Show animals, hunting dogs, draft animals, competition animals
Reduced calorie diets
Are used for overweight or less active animals
Specific for low energy needs
Decreased amounts of carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Senior diets
Specific to age and healthFormulated for geriatric animals over a
specific age for their speciesLow in carbs and fatsModerate in protein (healthy bone and
skeletal mass)Increased vitamins and minerals (protects
body and immune system)
Ideal Weight
The breed standard is based on the animal’s age, species, breed, purpose, or use and health
Body Condition Scoring
An ideal body appearance
Rating on how an animal appears in looks based on an ideal weight
Scale of 1-10; 5 being average
Larger than ideal- overweight or obese 7-10
Thin; lack of body fat- <4
Feeding schedules
Free choice- good for livestock, animals eat whenever they want
Scheduled feedings- most companion animals, a set of amount of food given at specific times during the day
Questions?